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Name ________________________________________________________
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
CCEA GCSE BIOLOGY: 2.2.1 - 2.2.7, & 2.54
UNIT 2.2 Chromosomes, Genes & DNA
LEARNING OUTCOMES PUPIL SELF-EVALUATION
Pupils should be able to: Good Average
Requires Attention
1 Identify and describe chromosomes as genetic structures in the nucleus of a cell
2 Know that chromosomes occur as functional pairs (except in sex cells)
3 Identify and describe genes as sections of chromosomes that operate as functional units to control characteristics
4 Know that genes are short lengths of DNA
5 Understand the structure of DNA to include:
a phosphate and sugar (deoxyribose) backbone with interlinking bases to form a double helix;
base pairing rules and the unique nature of an individual’s DNA;
the link between the DNA code and the building up of amino acids in the correct sequence to form protein – the base triplet hypothesis (transcription and translation not required)
6 Describe how the work of Chargaff, Franklin and Wilkins, and Watson and Crick (in outline only), using different lines of evidence, led to the discovery of the structure of DNA.
7 Know that the development of the scientific theory of the structure of DNA is an example of the collaborative nature of science, that many scientific theories are developed in stages using different lines of evidence, and how new scientific knowledge is validated (for example peer review).
8 Understand genetic engineering to include:
the basic techniques used to produce human insulin (for the treatment of diabetes) – transfer of a human insulin gene into the plasmid of a bacterial cell to form a genetically modified bacterium which can then be cultured in a fermenter to produce human insulin;
the use of restriction enzymes to produce ‘sticky ends’;
the need for downstreaming (extraction, purification and packaging) to produce a pure form of insulin which can be used to treat diabetics;
the advantages of producing human insulin (and other products) by this method, exemplifying how and why decisions about science are made
Terminology
UNIT TEST RESULT: % GRADE:
COMMENT
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Chromosomes Genes and DNA
Chromosomes
• Chromosomes are made _______________________________________
______________________________________________________ a cell.
• Chromosomes ________________________________________ sex cells
(_________________________________________).
• Genes _________________________________________________ DNA.
• There are hundreds of genes contained in a chromosome.
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DNA Structure
DNA is a d_____________________ h___________ It contains three subunits these are
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________
• ________________________________________
Each repeating unit of DNA consisting of a deoxyribose sugar,a phosphate
and a base is called a _______________________________.
There are four types of bases
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Adenine binds with _______________________________________.
Guanine binds with _______________________________________.
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How does DNA work?
DNA provides ___________ which allows the cell to make________________.
The most common proteins that the DNA makes are _____________________.
By making enzymes DNA controls ___________________________________
_______________________________________________.
The bases along ____________________ of the DNA molecule form
_______________________________________________________________.
Each sequence of _______________ is called a_________________________.
Each base triplet __________________________________________
- which are the building blocks of__________________________________
Figure 3 Protein synthesis – making protein from DNA
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Who discovered DNA?
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Exam Question Answers
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Past Paper Questions
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