ALL INDIA COORDINATED RESEARCHPROJECT ON FLORICULTURE

ANNUAL REPORT2014-15

ICAR- DIRECTORATE OF FLORICULTURAL RESEARCH(INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH)

PUNE 411005

Citation:AICRP (Floriculture), Annual Report 2014-15, Pune-411005, Maharashtra, India

Published by:DirectorICAR-Directorate of Floricultural ResearchCollege of Agriculture CampusShivajinagar, Pune-411005, MaharashtraPhone: - 020-25573024, 25573025E-mail: directordfr@gmail.com, director.dfr@icar.gov.in

© 2015, ICAR-DFR, Pune

Compiled and Edited by:K. P. Singh, Director (Acting)Prasanna Holajjer, Scientist (Nematology)Girish K. S., Scientist (Agricultural Entomology)Tarak Nath Saha, Scientist (Floriculture)

Acknowledgements:

The Directorate acknowledges the contribution of all the scientific/technical/supporting staff ofthe coordinated centres for the execution of experiments and compilation of data for the AnnualReport 2014-15.

Printed at:Pooja Copiers, 1133/5, F. C. Road, Shop No.4, Nirankar Apts., Opp. Cello Platina,Shivajinagar, Pune 411016 Tel.: 020-25662890

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PREFACEI am glad to present the Annual Report 2014-15 of AICRP on Floriculture, which covers the

research activities in the areas of germplasm conservation and evaluation, crop improvement, crop

management, crop protection and postharvest technology and value addition in this report. The

research programme undertaken are as per the technical programme finalized during the XXIII Group

Meeting of the All India Coordinated Research Project on Floriculture, held at Punjab Agricultural

University, Ludhiana from 25-27 February, 2014. The centres undertook the work during the period

2014-15 and the detail results of these (ongoing and new) experiments were compiled. In addition to

the research findings, the objectives, technical programme, salient achievements, budget and staff

position have been incorporated.

I am grateful to Vice-Chancellors, Directors/Directors of Research and Officers Incharge of all

the centres for providing the necessary facilities and conducive environment to carry out the research.

The scientists of AICRP (Floriculture) centres who put their sincere efforts and hard work to fulfill the

objectives and goals of the project in submitting annual report is gratefully acknowledged.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. S. Ayyappan, Hon’ble Secretary DARE and

Director General ICAR for his valuable guidance and Dr. N. K. Krishna Kumar, Hon’ble Deputy

Director General (Horticultural Science) and Dr. T. Janakiram, Assistant Director General

(Horticultural Science) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi for their constant

inspiration and encouragement.

I am highly thankful to the Dr. Prasanna Holajjer, Mr. Girish, K. S. and Dr. Tarak Nath Saha,

Scientists of the Directorate of Floricultural Research for their help and cooperation rendered in

compilation and editing of this report.

The help of administrative, finance and office staff in various ways is duly acknowledged.

(K. P. Singh)Director (Acting)

CONTENTS

1. Introduction i

2. Major Highlights iv

3. Salient Research Achievements v

4. Progress Report Discipline wise

I. Germplasm Conservation and Evaluation 1

II. Crop Improvement 228

III. Crop Management 345

IV. Crop Protection 414

V. Postharvest Technology and Value Addition 448

5. Staff Position 599

6. Name and Addresses of Officers-in-Charge 605

of AICRP Centres

7. Budget (2014-15) 609

I

Introduction

The All India Coordinated Research Project on Floriculture was established during IV Five-Year Plan in the year 1970-71 to carryout nation-wide interdisciplinary research by linking ICAR Institutes with State Agricultural Universities (SAU’s). The necessity of the project has been reviewed from time to time in view of growing importance and potential of floriculture in different regions of the country and the numbers of Coordinated Centres as well as the research programme were modified accordingly. At present the Coordinated Project has 21 Centres which includes 15 budgetary, 4 institutional and 2 voluntary Centres. The project has been upgraded to a full-fledged institute named as Directorate of Floricultural Research during XI Plan.

The establishment of an independent institute ‘Directorate of Floricultural Research’ by ICAR at IARI Campus, New Delhi, was a positive step to strengthen the existing network of AICRP on Floriculture and also to make them more focussed and research oriented. Newly established Directorate of Floricultural Research with the help of AICRP network is playing an important role in strengthening floricultural research and augmenting the technological base in floriculture in different regions of the country. Outreach of the technologies and creating awareness about the benefits of practicing floriculture among rural population is the need of the hour, which would be achieved through the network of coordinated centres spread all over the country.

Vision

To harness the research and development activities in flower crops and landscape gardening for promotion of domestic and export markets.

Mission

To carry out research, impart education, conduct outreach programmes in floriculture and landscaping with national and international partners for enhancing the production, productivity, profitability besides alleviating the rural poverty.

Objectives • Effective management, enhancement, evaluation of genetic resources and development of

improved cultivars, with high quality characteristics for export, productivity and resistance to pests and diseases.

• To undertake basic, applied and strategic research for addressing national problems, enhance productivity, shelf life, product diversification and value addition.

• To develop technologies for protected cultivation of flowers. • To act as a repository of scientific technology and information relevant to floriculture and

develop region specific technologies. • To frame policy research and intensify outreach programme. To act as advanced centre for

training for upgradation of scientific manpower in modern technologies related to flower production.

• To collaborate with relevant national and international agencies to bring synergy between the technologies.

II

Research Network The Directorate of Floricultural Research would undertake basic and strategic research and

will play a leading role in research and development of Floriculture while AICRP on Floriculture with its network of 21 Coordinated Centres spread all over India provides a platform for applied region specific research including testing of the technologies and strengthens the outreach programme of the Institute. The lists of Coordinated Centers under the AICRP are as follows:

List of Coordinated Centres along with the year of their establishment and mandate crops.

Sl. No. Centre

Year of

Start Crop

Budgetary Centres

1. Floricultural Research Station (SKLTSHU), Hyderabad, Telangana State

1987 Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum, Tuberose, Turf Grass

2. Horticultural Research Station (AAU), Kahikuchi, P.O. Azara, Guwahati, Asom

2001 Gladiolus, Orchids, Chrysanthemum, Anthurium, Tuberose, Gerbera

3. Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, District-Nadia, West Bengal

1972 Carnation, Orchids, Anthurium, Tuberose, Gerbera

4. Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand

2001 Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum, Gerbera

5. Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh

1975 Gladiolus, Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Tulip, Daffodil, Lilium, Alstroemeria

6. G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand

2001 Rose, Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum, Tuberose, Gerbera

7. Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala

1975 Orchids, Anthurium, Gerbera

8. National Agricultural Research Project (MPKV), Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra

1975 Rose, Gladiolus, Carnation, Tuberose, Gerbera

9. Agricultural Research Station (Hill Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalimpong, District-Darjeeling, West Bengal

1985 Gladiolus, Carnation, Orchids, Anthurium, Alstroemeria

10. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab

1975 Rose, Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum, Tuberose, Gerbera, Lilium

11. Rajasthan College of Agriculture (MPUAT), Udaipur, Rajasthan

1980 Rose, Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum, Tuberose

12. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

2011 Rose, Chrysanthemum, Marigold

13. Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural 1987 Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum,

III

Sciences &Technology, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir

Tulip, Daffodil, Lilium, Alstroemeria

14.

Horticultural College and Research Institute (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Sub-centre: Horticultural Research Station (TNAU), Ooty, Tamil Nadu

1982 Carnation, Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum, Orchids, Anthurium, Tuberose, Gerbera

15. Rajendra Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar

2010 Rose, Tuberose, Gladiolus, Marigold

Institutional centres

16. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

1971 Rose, Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum

17. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Katrain, Himachal Pradesh

1971 Gladiolus, Carnation, Gerbera, Tulip, Daffodils, Lilium, Alstroemeria

18. ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru, Karnataka

1971 Rose, Gladiolus, Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Orchids, Anthurium, Tuberose, Gerbera

19. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Barapani, Umiam, Meghalaya

1971 Orchids, Anthurium, Gerbera

Voluntary Centres

20. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka

1977 Carnation, Anthurium

21. Horticultural College and Research Institute (TNAU), Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu

2010 Marigold, Tuberose, Chrysanthemum

Budget & Personnel As per the XII Five Year Plan, the total outlay is Rs. 5087.90 lakh, which include ICAR share of Rs. 4100.00 and state share of Rs. 987.90 lakhs. The provision for AICRP centres is Rs 4056.59 lakhs of which ICAR share is 3068.69 lakhs and state 987.90 Lakhs.

The Coordinated Project has sanctioned staff strength of 74, which include 40 scientific (Floriculturist-11, Asst. Floriculturist-21, Geneticist-3, Plant Physiologist-2 and Plant Pathologist-3), 10 technical, 1 administrative and 23 supporting staff. Work done during 2014-15 The AICRP on Floriculture since its inception has made substantial contribution in standardization of technologies for flower production, improved plant protection measures, postharvest management etc. This report is an embody of the work done during 2014-15, as per the technical programme approved in the XXIII Annual Group Meeting held at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 25-27 February, 2014.

IV

Major Highlights 2014-15 Director and Directorate: ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research (DFR) as an Institute

under Indian Council of Agricultural Research was formally launched on 10th December, 2009 during the XIX Group Meeting of All India Coordinated Research Project on Floriculture, held at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi to promote and strengthen floricultural research and enhance the technological base in floriculture the first of its kind in the Country. Initially it was put up in IARI Campus, New Delhi. Recently, the Directorate has been shifted to its new location i.e. College of Agriculture Campus, Shivajinagar, Pune 411005 (Maharashtra). The institute is at its infancy at the new location. Land acquisition has been completed and field preparations and planting is in progress. Dr Ramesh Kumar was Director upto 21 August, 2014 (Forenoon) and thereafter Dr K. P. Singh took over the charge of Director (Acting) from 21 August, 2014 (Afternoon).

RAC Meeting: The Research Advisory Meeting under the Chairmanship of Dr V. A. Parthasarathy was held on 09-10th February, 2015.

Monitoring and Evaluation: The monitoring and evaluation of existing programmes were done for majority of the Coordinated Centres. Director DFR visited centres for monitoring the experiments.

Group Meeting: The XXIV Annual Group Meeting of All India Coordinated Research Project on Floriculture was scheduled to be held at Sher-e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (Kashmir), Shalimar Campus, Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) from 17-19 April, 2015.

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SALIENT RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS GERMPLASM CONSERVATION AND EVALUATION ROSE

At Chiplima centre, under the climatic conditions of Odisha, hybrid tea rose cultivars like Paradise, Mainu Parle, Montezuma and Papa Meilland can be grown as cut flower. These cultivars produce long stems during winter under open cultivation. Cultivars like Lal Bahadur, Grand Opera, Pusa Ajay, Kentuky Derby and Montreal were found to be highly suitable for loose flower production. Among the Floribundas, Castle Manheim and Neelambari were found to be ideal for loose flower production. Floribunda cultivars like, Sadabahar and Harkness Marigold were found suitable for borders and garden display.

CARNATION

At Pune centre, maximum plant height (87.60cm), number of flowers per plant (7.8), stalk length (74.2 cm), flower diameter (6.2 cm) and flowering duration (29.8 days) were observed in cultivar Gaudina.

At Solan centre, total germplasm collection consisting of 64 cultivars was enriched by adding 7 new cultivars from different sources to make it total 71. The newly collected cultivars are being multiplied for their further evaluation. During 2014-15, sixteen cultivars of carnation namely; Gaudina, Diana Yellow, White Dona, Turbo Red, Golem, Happy Golem, Angelica, Tamarind, Cinderella, Aicardi, Victoria, Snow Storm, Don Pedro, Hermes, Kleos and Madame Colette were evaluated for various growth and flowering parameters. Earliest flowering (153.12 days) recorded in cultivar Gaudina was found statistically at par with Turbo Red (154.00 days), Don Pedro (157.83 days) and Tamarind (158.11 days). Cultivar Madame Colette recorded the maximum number of flower stems per plant (7.92) which was followed by cvs. Cinderella (7.47), Tamarind (7.17), Happy Golem (6.97), Diana Yellow (6.78) and Aicardi (6.69).

TUBEROSE

At Pune centre, Single type cvs. of tuberose viz. Phule Rajani, Shringar and Prajwal were found promising in respect of number of florets per spike. While in the Double type cvs. Local Double and Suvasini were found promising in respect of number of florets per spike.

At Udaipur centre total number of 17 genotypes (out of that ten Single type and 7 double types) exist during 2014-15.

Ludhiana centre maintains a collection of seven genotypes of Single types of tuberose namely , Phule Rajni ; Local Single; Pune Local Single; Calcutta Single; Hyderabad Single ; Shringar, Prajwal and five cultivars of Double type named as Pearl Double, Suvasini, Pune Local Double, Hyderabad Double and Vaibhav, for evaluation of growth and flowering parameters. Among these, cvs. Prajwal (Single) and Suvasini (Double) performed better over the other cultivars in terms of growth, flowering and bulb production parameters.

At Coimbatore centre, the estimated flower yield as loose flowers in cv. Prajwal (Single type) is 18.31 t/ha and the estimated yield in terms of no. of spikes with respect to Suvasini (Double type) is 2.40 lakhs cut stems/ha. Hence the cvs. Prajwal and Suvasini have been identified for commercial cultivation.

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GERBERA

At Pune centre, gerbera cv. Batvia recorded more number of flowers per plant (36.3) followed by cvs. Alcatraz (34.5), Faith (32.7) and President (32.4). In case of stalk length cv. Excite produced highest stalk length (63.4 cm) followed by cvs. Visuvicus (62.2 cm) and Latra (60.5 cm). However, more flower diameter recorded by cvs. Batvia, Faith, Alcatraz, Juba, Virginia and Cash.

At Kalimpong centre, gerbera cvs. Goliath, Red Explosion, Sangria, Sunway, Kalimpong Red and Kalimpong Pink produced good quality flowers and can be recommended for commercial cultivation in Darjeeling hills of West Bengal.

At Kahikuchi centre, amongst the six genotypes of gerbera evaluated, Tecta registered least days to first flowering (112.79), flower diameter (10.32cm) and stalk length (48.78cm).These characters were on par with cvs. Reene and Loreto respectively. However, maximum number of suckers per clump per year (3.30), was observed in cv. Leroto.

Among the 30 hybrids/cultivars grown in fan and pad polyhouse at Barapani centre, RCGH-60 showed highest number of suckers (3.8 per plant), minimum number of days taken to bud burst from bud initiation (4.5 days) and minimum number of days taken to flower opening (10.8 days) which was at par with RCGH-65 (11.0 days). RCGH-7 recorded maximum flower diameter (11.3 cm). RCGH-93 showed maximum stalk length (62.38 cm) followed by RCGH-22 (49.40 cm). RCGH-117 had maximum number of flowers (10.0 per plant). Maximum vaselife was recorded in RCGH-1 (7.1 days), RCGH-12 (7.0 days) and RCGH-114 (7.0 days).

CHRYSANTHEMUM

At Udaipur centre, during 2014-15 the total available chrysanthemum germplasm was 70. Ludhiana centre is maintaining 150 genotypes of chrysanthemum. The genotypes found

suitable for various purposes are as follows: Cut flower - Reagan White, Reagan Emperor, Kelvin Mandarin, Kelvin Tattoo, White Bouquet, Ajay, White Staphour, Obsession and Yellow Delight; Loose flower - Baggi, Birbal Sahni, Ratlam Selection and Basanti; Pot culture- Chidori, Lemon Baby Drop, Mother Teresa, Yellow Charm, Anmol, Royal Purple, Tomiko and Dolly Pink; Garden decoration- Garden Beauty, Winter Queen, Autumn Joy, Flirt and Jaya.

At Coimbatore centre, of the 106 accessions evaluated during 2014 -15, the following types were identified for, Loose flower types - Punjab Anuradha (Acc. 124); Garden display - Mohini (Acc. 33), RRS 85 (Acc. 85); Pot mums - Star of India (Acc. 8). The yield recorded by the Acc. 124 was 281.23 g per plant when compared with the local check Acc. 110 (148.90 g). The accessions 33 and 85 registered higher number of flowers per plant (100.60 and 128.0) when compared with Acc. 110(68.0). These accessions have been identified for garden display. The plant height recorded by acc. 8 was 24.7 cm when compared with acc. 110 (34.20 cm) and hence can be recommended for pot mums.

FILLERS

At Pune centre, Asparagus (Narrow leaves) recorded more plant height (96.40 cm), number of leaves (32.4) and leaf longevity (12.8 days). However, more vase life (14.0 days) was recorded by Asparagus (Broad leaves).

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At Kahikuchi centre, a total of 22 species of ferns (both exotic and indigenous species) and 5 species of Asparagus were collected and evaluated. The performance of these ferns and Asparagus species based on their morphological traits, vegetative growth and vase life studies is being carried out to find out their uses as indoor potted plant, ground cover and cut fillers .

At Hyderabad centre, among the fillers, Asparagus setaceus showed maximum plant height (265.4 cm), plant spread (154.3 cm) and petiole length (33.4 cm), in Philodendron, Philodendron ‘williamsii’ showed maximum plant height (98.76 cm), leaf length (30.2 cm), leaf width (12.36 cm), petiole length (29.38 cm) and petiole girth (10.93 cm). Among flower fillers, gypsophila showed maximum plant height (69.34 cm), length of inflorescence stalk (25.64 cm) and more number of flowers/ cluster (124).

At Vellanikkara centre, twenty five varieties/species of philodendrons were evaluated and standardized for their indoor light requirements. The best variety based on quality rating was identified (Philodendron ‘Majesty’). Varieties tolerant to pollution (Majesty and Serratum) were identified and P. sagittifolium and P. Wendlandii were identified as pollution indicators.

At Ludhiana centre, all the species of fillers, namely, Asparagus setaceous, A. densiflorus, Gypsophylla elegans, Dracaena fragrans and Nephrolepis exaltata performed better under Punjab conditions.

ORCHIDS

At Kalimpong centre, Arundina graminifolia recorded the highest plant height (116.24 cm) which was statistically at par with Thunia alba (113.72 cm). Maximum number of leaves was observed in Coelogyne nitida (123.75). Regarding the flowering parameters, Dendrobium densiflorum recorded highest number of flowers per spike. Among the Cymbidium species, Cymbidium devonianum produced highest number of flowers (27.49). The species namely, Coelogyne nitida, Cymbidium devonianum, Cymbidium tigrinum, Paphiopedilum venustum, Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum, Paphiopedilum insigne have been found superior for pot cultivation.

At Kalimpong centre, among the Cymbidium hybrids, Golden Girl, Kenny wine, December Gold and Culvetra Sydney performed well in Kalimpong region with respect to both vegetative and flowering parameters and was found suitable for commercial cut flower production.

At Vellanikkara centre, germplasm collections of 270 species/varieties of orchids are being maintained.

ALSTROEMERIA

At Kalimpong centre, Alstroemeria cvs. Pluto and Pink Panther performed better in this region with respect to vegetative and flowering characters and can be recommended for commercial cultivation.

At Solan centre, germplasm collection of nine cultivars was enriched by adding five more cultivars to make a total collection of 14 cultivars. In this year, nine cultivars were evaluated for growth and flowering characters. It was found that maximum plant height was obtained in cultivar Cinderella followed by Pluto. Maximum number of buds was recorded in

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cultivar Pink Panther. Maximum floret size was recorded in cultivar ‘Pink Panther’ followed by ‘Aladdin’ and minimum floret size was recorded in cultivars Piantum and Capri.

LILIUM

At Solan centre, the germplasm was enriched by adding 10 more cultivars of Asiatic and LA hybrids, therefore total number reaching to 25. Out of these cultivars, maximum number of buds were obtained in cultivar Franc Hals followed by Jazz It Up, Pollyanna, El Divo and Brunello. Maximum flower size was recorded in cultivar El Divo followed by Pollyana and Salmon Classic.

UNDEREXPLOITED ORNAMENTALS (Heliconia, Ginger Lily and Bird of Paradise)

At Periyakulam centre, considering the growth, yield, quality of inflorescence, duration of flowering season and longevity of flowers in plant and vase of Heliconia, the varieties Iris and Wagneriana Red are found to be best.

At Kahikuchi centre, in case of Heliconias (Heliconias sp.): In respect of plant height Bihai Yellow Dancer registered highest plant height (2.30 m) and maximum number of suckers (10.00) per clump per year. However, maximum plant spread1.25 m (E-W) and 1.00 (N-S) leaf numbers (14.60), highest length of flower spike (48.50cm) and flower stalk (30.64 cm), maximum number of florets (60.50) per spike and longevity of spikes on field (28.25 days) were observed in Heliconia pendula.

At Kahikuchi centre, in case of Bird of Paradise: Two unknown accessions were collected and have been grown in open space to study their various traits on vegetative and reproductive parameters.

At Hyderabad centre, with regards to vegetative characters, Heliconia caribaea ‘Richmond Red’ showed maximum plant height of 2.32m, maximum leaf length of 80.3cm and leaf width of 18.2cm. With regards to yield characters, H. latispatha ‘Alan Carle’ recorded maximum number of spikes/clump/yr (9.8).

At Vellanikkara centre, ten under-exploited native ornamentals were evaluated for their different uses like cut flower, dry flower and for the extraction of pigments and essential oils. Though none of them were selected as suitable for use as cut flower, flowers suitable for dry flower production (Bauhinia acuminata, Calycopteris floribunda, Cassia fistula, and Antigonon leptopus) could be selected. Pigments were extracted from the flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Cassia fistula and Clerodendrum paniculatum. Essential oil was extracted from Gardenia jasminoides and Quisqualis indica.

TURF GRASSESAND SHRUBS

At Hyderabad centre, Doob grass (Cynodon dactylon) was more suitable to Hyderabad conditions followed by Korean grass.

At Solan centre, germplasm of lawn grass consists of five temperate lawn grass species; Eragrostis curvula , Poa pratensis, Agrostis stolonifera, Paspalum dilatatum var. Pensa Cola and Lolium perenne. Maximum number of leaves per10 cm2 was found in Agrostis stolonifera followed by Lolium perenne. Among the qualitative characters, Agrostis has a

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fine texture whereas Lolium has medium texture. Both the grasses are suitable for lawn making under Solan conditions.

At Ludhiana centre, among various turf species, Cynodon dactylon Seletion -1 performed better over others evaluated turf grasses.

At Vellanikkara centre, ten turf grass species (exotic and indigenous) were evaluated and identified, species suitable for open conditions (Cynodon, Zoysia and Stenotaphrum) and under shade (Stenotaphrum). Species tolerant to pollution (Dichondra micrantha) and pollution indicator (Paspalum notatum) were identified. Pests, diseases and common weeds among the grasses were identified and recorded.

At Vellanikkara centre, thirty ornamental flowering shrubs were evaluated for their different landscape uses. They were classified into different groups according to their growth habit and flowering seasons. Pollution tolerant (Calliandra haematocephala) and pollution indicator (Allamanda cathartica ‘Dwarf’) shrubs were identified.

Based on the different characters, the shrubs evaluated were classified into different landscape uses (accent plants, borders, hedges, foundation planting, etc.). Major pests and diseases of these shrubs were recorded.

At Coimbatore centre, among the turf grass species evaluated, C. dactylon X C. transvaalensis, S. secundatum, B. reptans and D. bicornis were found to be superior in terms of high turf quality and shoot density. The turf quality was higher for C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis (8.59) followed by S. secundatum (8.50) while the least was observed in the treatment C. ciliaris (5.50). The number of roots was highest in C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis (257.55) followed by B. reptans (250.00) and it was least in) C. ciliaris (58.00). The species viz., Z. japonica and Z. tenuifolia were also found to be promising based on turf quality and shorter internodes. These grasses can be recommended for sports turfs, golf courses and for landscaping purposes.

Kalyani centre reported that in Gangetic West Bengal, Bermuda grass and Korean grass are suitable for easy establishment and multiplication. Selection one Cynodon dactylon is the most tolerant species and is found to be the quick growing and most easily maintained lawn grass. It requires less irrigation than Zoysia japonica for establishment. Multiplication and establishment rate of both Kentuki blue grass (Poa partensis), Perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne) were very slow and turf cover could not be established. Dichondra established very easily with quick multiplication. Being dicot it is not suitable as turf.

NATIVE ORNAMENTALS FOR COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION

At Periyakulam centre, two native ornamental species viz., Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.)– Asparagaceae, Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees– Acanthaceae has been identified and IC Number 598296 has been obtained for Chlorophytum tuberosum from NBPGR, New Delhi.

At Solan centre, native ornamental plants collected under this project are being maintained. In the year 2014-15 five new ornamentals i.e. Bauhinia vahlii, Leucanthemum vulgare, Arisaema flavum, Notholirionthom sonianum and Woodwardia unigemmata were identified. Apart from this, off- season flowering in Inula cuspidata, an autumn flowering shrub was successfully achieved by control of photoperiod.

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CROP IMPROVEMENT ROSE

At Pune centre, maximum bud length (3.30 cm) and bud diameter (2.50 cm) were observed in IIHR-7-1 and flower diameter (7.70 cm) was noticed more in cv. Naranga. However, the highest number of flowers per plant (28.0) and number of petals (106.0) were recorded in cultivar Top Secret.

At Udaipur centre, it has been observed that highest flower diameter (6.70cm), flower yield per plant (1.70kg) and petals per flower were recorded in Rosa bourboniana. Lowest yield was recorded in Rosa damascena as it is highly fragrant species that flowers in the month of March 2015 and also shows tolerant to powdery mildew, thrips, and mites. Rose cv. Arka Parimala was not liked by the farmers due to absence of compactness of petals and cannot be utilized for garland making as loose flower and also lower fragrance then the Rosa damascaena.

At Periyakulam centre, Andhra Red Rose recorded the highest number of flowers per plant (72.43) followed by Edward rose (72.31) and Arka Parimala (64.86). Flower size, stalk length (7.2 cm), flower colour, vase life (3.0 days) and fragrance are found to be best in Arka Parimala. Arka Parimala is performing well under open field condition.

GLADIOLUS

At Pune centre, amongst the 35 hybrids, 19 hybrids recorded more than average (87.80 cm) spike length. However 6 hybrids GKGL-07-05, 07,13,16, 17, and GKGL 07-22 were found promising in respect of flower colour, number of florets per spike, spike length and rachis length.

At Pune centre, cvs. White Prosperity and Phule Ganesh recorded significantly more (94.26 and 92.89 cm, respectively) spike length. Cultivar Phule Ganesh recorded significantly more number of florets per spike (17.44) and maximum rachis length (47.57cm) was obtained in cv. Phule Prerna. In case of corm, GK-GL-94-66 was produced more no. of corms per plant and was at par with Sancerre (2.60) and Phule Ganesh (2.43).

At Udaipur centre, on the basis of rachis length and no. of florets/ spike, number of daughter corms per plant and number of spikes per plant, cv. Arka Kesar performed better.

At Ludhiana centre, cvs. Namely, Punjab Flame, Punjab Pink Elegance, Red Beauty and White Prosperity were found to be the most promising with respect to spike length, floret count and corm production.

At Solan, 47 cultivars were evaluated for growth and flowering parameters. Cultivars Thumbolina, White Prosperity, Punjab Dawn, Arka Kesar, Tilak, Eurovision, Suchitra, Novelty, Applause, Nova Lux, Top Brass, Red Beauty, Red Ginger, King Lear, Solan Mangla, American Beauty, Sylvia, Summer Parl and Spic and Span were found suitable for commercial cultivation.

Wadura centre of J&K recommended following cvs. for commercial cultivation For cut flowers: Amesterdom, Apple Blossom, Big Time Supreme, Eurovision, Jasckson Villa Gold, Jester, Jester Gold, Mescagami, Moralla, Oscar, Peter Pears, Priscilla, Rattna’s Buttterfly, Rose and Wine, Rose Delight, Rose Supreme, Sanceree, SKG-10, Sunset Jubilee, Traderhorn, Vink’s Glory, Water Melon Pink, White Friendship, White Giant, White Goddess, White Prosperity, Wind Song, Yellow Stone. For corm production: Buff Beauty, King Lear, Mayur,

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Moralla, Priscilla, Purple King, Pusa Suhagin, Regency, Traderhorn, Wind Song and Wig’s Sensation.

Wadura centre developed twelve gladiolus hybrids viz; SK-86-10,SK-86-8, SK-96-4/1, SK-96-4/4, SK-96-5/1, SK-96-5/2, SK-96-5/3, SK-96-5/5, SK-96-5/6, SK-96-8/1, SK-96-7/17, SK-96-4/16.

TUBEROSE

At Pune centre, genotype GK-T-C-4 was found to be early in flowering and genotype GK-T-C-2 recorded maximum plant height (84.63cm), stock length (79.22 cm) and spike weight (81.10g) and number of spikes per plant (10.06) then other genotypes. The genotype L4P7 recorded highest number of florets per spike (58.72) as compared to others and progenies of cross between Variegated (Single) x Phule Rajani (Single) and Phule Rajani (Single) X Suvasini (Double) recorded the single type flower. Among the four progenies of cross between Vaibhav (Double) X Phule Rajani (Single) genotypes L1P1 and L1P2 recorded higher spike length (73.99 and 73.96 cm, respectively) and number of florets per spike (67.16 and 54.72, respectively).

At Pune centre, among the genotypes in tuberose tested for higher flowers yield (loose/cut flowers), concrete yield,cvs. Shringar (9.87) and Phule Rajani (9.71), Local Double (9.67), Hyderabad Double (9.40) and Prajwal (9.04) produced significantly more number of spikes per plant. In case of number of florets per spike, genotype Local Double (48.38), Suvasini (46.33) and Hyderabad Double (45.88) significantly recorded more number of florets per spike in Double.

At Udaipur centre, out of various populations, ten lines flowered during 2012-12, 2013-14 and 2014-15 which were distinct from their initial maternal parent in various characters. Out of that two distinct variants were selected from seed population of Phule Rajani viz MPUAT-S-7. it is smallest in plant height (37.67 cm) with greenish flower bud. Second selection MPUAT-S-7 (1), contains pinkish tinge on white colour floral bud. Third variant was selected from Sikkim Selection-6 i.e SSVP-3 contains highest plant height (125.88cm).

At Udaipur centre, tuberose cv. Prajwal was found best followed by cv. Phule Rajani. At Periyakulam centre, seven cvs. of tuberose were evaluated for their growth and yield

performance continuously for three years. Cultivar Phule Rajani performed better consistently for the three years in terms of growth and yield under Periyakulam condition followed by Arka Nirantara and Prajwal. The same cv. produced the highest estimated yield of 16.06 t / ha and BCR of 2.31.

At Hyderabad centre, among singles, cv. Prajwal showed superiority over other in important economic characters like maximum rachis length (20.34 cm), more no. of florets/ spike (43.4), maximum length of floret (6.3cm), maximum diameter of floret (3.66cm) and maximum weight of individual floret (2.2g).

At Hyderabad centre, among Doubles, Hyderabad Double showed superiority over other genotypes in important economic characters like maximum rachis length (20.74 cm), more no. of florets/ spike (42.4), maximum diameter of floret (3.96cm) and maximum weight of individual floret (3.0g).

At Hyderabad centre, among new genotypes of tuberose, maximum no. of spikes/plant (40.27) and no. of florets per spike (40.28 no.) was recorded in Calcutta Single, over check Hyderabad Single. Maximum number of bulblets (35.80) was recorded in GK-T-C-4 over

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check Hyderabad Single (20.93) and maximum no. of bulbs (19.40) was recorded in Calcutta Single.

Among the tuberose cultivars tested at Kalyani centre, Calcutta Single recorded highest spike yield (80 spikes per m2), followed by Bidhan Jyoti (Bidhan Rajani 3) and Shringar. In terms of floret yield per unit area Bidhan Snigdha (Bidhan Rajani 1) recorded maximum yield (5100 g/m2) which was followed by Bidhan Ujwal (Bidhan Rajani 2) (4469g/m2) and Arka Prajwal (3659 g/m2). Arka Nirantara recorded 6433 g/m2 floret yield. Bidhan Snigdha also had highest floret length, floret weight and floret number, followed by Bidhan Ujwal and Prajwal.

CHRYSANTHEMUM

At Chiplima centre, Spray type chrysanthemum cultivar,Bidhan Madhuri can be taken up by farmers interested for commercial cultivation of chrysanthemum as it gives maximum yield among the cultivars evaluated. Bidhan Mum can be successfully grown as a pot plant among the cultivars tried as it exhibited maximum height and spread. UHFS Chr-44 can also be grown as a pot plant as it produced attractive flowers with longest flower retention capacity.

At Udaipur centre, at 15 and 20 gy gama radiation two mutants were observed in cv. Indra which does not exhibit disc and change in colour then the control. Cultivars Mayur and Punjab Anuradha did not respond to gamma radiation.

At Udaipur centre, in spray category, on the basis of various floral and vase life parameters cv. Shova performed better. Among standard category cv. Pusa Centenary found better for earliest first bud appearance (27.67 days), highest plant height (46.10 cm), number of branches per plant (4.50) flower diameter (9.67 cm ), flower duration (43.33 days), vase life (6.33 days) and Yellow group 11 B then the John Webber as a local check.

At Hyderabad centre, in newly evolved genotypes of chrysanthemum, maximum no. of flowers/spray (12.20), maximum no. of flowers/plant (144.53) and duration of flowering (34.67 days) was recorded in BC-32-20 and maximum no. of branches/plant (23.53) and minimum days taken to bud appearance (37.83 days) were recorded in Silper i.e. check.

At Ludhiana centre, based on the breeding program, three Lines namely, A-43, A-44 and C-4 have been found suitable for garden decoration while E-82 suitable for cut flower production.

At Wadura centre, following chrysanthemum genotypes were recommended for commercial cultivation. For pot culture: Arun Kumar, Arun Singar, Hemant Singar, Local White, Panchoo, Preet Singar, Sharad Singar, Sweta Singar. For cut flower: Alison, Apsara, Baggi, Basanti, Davidson, Donald, Flirt, Pink Cloud, Raja,Vinaya, , C-25, C-38,C-68 and C-136. For garland making: Apsara, Aparajita, Kundon, Khusroo, Lilliput,Nanako, Phyllies,Vasantika, C-122,C-125,C-147and C-156. For garden decoration: Aparajita, Bett, Dora, Fish Tail, Local yellow, Red Gold, White Quills, C-115,C-131 and C-136.

MARIGOLD

At Pune centre, genotype 786 (65.00 days) and IIHR-Mo-3 (67.00 days) were found significantly early in flowering and found at par with each other. Cultivar Pusa Arpita was found significantly superior in respect of more (184.33) number of flowers per plant with their weight per plant (1007.73 g) and number of harvestings (5.97).

At Kahikuchi centre, among the 7 genotypes tested Bidhan Marigold -1 recorded highest flower production (255.8 nos. /plant) from maximum number of harvest (5.90 /season).

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At Solan centre, in one trial 11 genotypes, namely, IIHR FM-1, IIHR MO-2, IIHR MO-3, IIHR MO-4, IIHR MY-4, IIHR MY-5, Bidhan I Orange, Bidhan II Orange, Pusa Narangi Gainda, Pusa Basanti Gainda and Pusa Arpita were planted. It was found that number of flowers per plant, was maximum, in genotype IIHR FM-1 which was found to be superior among all the genotypes.

At Solan centre, in the second trial on six genotypes of marigold viz., IIHR MO-3, IIHR MO-4, IIHR MY-4, IIHR MY-5, Bidhan I Orange, Pusa Narangi Gainda, Pusa Arpita and FM-786 were planted. It was found that maximum number of flowers per m2 were recorded in genotype IIHR FM-1 was found statistically at pat with IIHR MO-4.

CROSSANDRA

At Pune centre, four cvs. Arka Ambra, Arka Kanak, Arka Shreeya, Arka Shrvya are collected from IIHR, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru and three genotypes i.e. Local – 1, Local – 2 and Local – 3 collected from local area.

At Hyderabad centre, among new genotypes of crossandra developed by IIHR, Bengaluru, minimum days taken to flowering (49.00 days), maximum spike length (10.25 cm) and no. of flowers/plant (16.87) were recorded in cv. Arka Shravya.

CHINA ASTER

At Coimbatore centre, of the seven China aster genotypes evaluated Hosur Local recorded significance with regard to vegetative parameters, while Kamini exhibited significant results for flowering parameters, viz., maximum flower diameter (7.46 cm) and flower weight (5.21 g).

TULIP

At Solan centre, six cvs. of tulip were evaluated for growth, flowering and bulb parameters. Days to coloured bud formation and flowering was recorded minimum in cv. Red Impression. Maximum stem length was recorded in cv. Red Impression followed by Benja Luka. Maximum size and weight of bulbs was observed in cultivar Red Impression.

At Wadura centre, cultivars recommended for commercial cultivation for cut flower include Abba, Apledoorn, Ballerian, Cassini, Golden Melody, Inzell Lucky Stricke, Parade and Purrisima. Whereas for garden decoration cvs. Cassini, Beethoven’s Memory, Cantala, and Golden Melody were found to be suitable.

DAFFODIL

At Solan centre, 15 genotypes of daffodil were evaluated for their growth and flowering performance. Minimum number of days to reach goose neck stage was recorded in Local Collection whereas maximum number of days to reach goose neck stage was recorded in cultivar Sir Winston Churchill followed by Geranium. Maximum scape length was recorded in cultivar Scilly White followed by Sir Winston Churchill. Maximum flower size was recorded in Ice King followed by Ice Follies and Rainbow Mix 2. It was found that maximum weight of bulbs was observed in Local Collection followed by Fortune. Maximum size of

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bulbs was recorded in Fortune followed by Geranium, Ice King, Local Collection, Rainbow Mix 2 and Carlton and Scilly White. Maximum number of bulblets per plant was recorded in Scilly White, Local Collection and Geranium followed by Ice Follies.

At Wadura centre cultivar Vansion, Wrestler,N-23, White Well, Golden Pedestal and Tunis were found ideal for cut flower. While cultivar Scilly White, N-25, N-30 and Texas were found ideal for pot cultivation.

ALSTROEMERIA

At Wadura centre, Alstroemeria genotypes Allaha Din and NO 14 are ideal for commercial cultivation of cut flowers, while Pluto, Serina and Rina are ideal for pot culture.

LILIUM

At Solan centre, sixteen cultivars of lilium consisting of Asiatic, LA and OT hybrids were planted for studying various growth and flowering characteristics. It was found that minimum number of days to flowering was recorded in cultivar Brindisii, whereas cultivar Avocado took maximum days to flower. Maximum plant height was recorded in cultivar Avocado. Maximum flower size was recorded in cultivar Golden Tycoon followed by Pratolo, Serrada and Courier. In case of bulb parameters; maximum bulb weight was observed in cultivar Alaska followed by Pratolo. Maximum bulb diameter was observed in cultivar Pratolo followed by Courier.

At Wadura centre, London, Merced Pollyanna, Royal Trinity, Monorca, Brindsi, Courier, Dream Land, Novocenta and Elite were recommended for commercial cultivation.

CROP MANAGEMENT ALSTROEMERIA

At Kalimpong centre, alstroemeria cv. Pluto performed best in growing medium comprising of sand + soil + FYM + vermicompost + cocopeat (2:2:2:1:1;v/v) with respect to vegetative and reproductive parameters.

ROSE

At Periyakulam centre, miniature rose cv. Pink showed better performance for most of the important traits. Similarly, the growing media Soil + FYM + Leaf mould recorded the highest value for the most important economic traits like early flowering, number of flowers and flowering duration. The same growing media recorded the highest benefit cost ratio (3.4).

At Chiplima centre, herbicide treatment with Pendimethalin pre-emergence @1kg a.i./ha followed by post emergence ethoxysulfuron (20g a.i./ha) is effective in controlling weeds in rose under Chiplima conditions.

At Chiplima centre, the potting media composed of vermi-compost, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1 produced tallest plants with maximum spread, maximum number of branches/ plant and maximum number of flowers/ plant over other treatments.

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At Ludhiana centre, for standardization of media composition for pot grown roses, treatments comprising of Cocopeat + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) were found better over the others for floribunda and polyantha roses; while treatment comprising of Vermicompost + Perlite +Vermiculite (2:1:1) induced better flowering response in miniature rose cultivar Centre Piece.

At Ranchi centre, the media composition of Vermicompost + Perlite + Vermiculite and FYM + Perlite +Vermiculite were good for plant growth, number of flowers, flower size as well as duration of flowering in miniature rose.

At Ranchi centre in rose, the pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha followed by post emergence Ethoxysulfuron @ 20 g a. i/ha gave good result to reduce weed which helpful to increase the vegetative growth as well as reproductive characters of rose plant.

At Pantnagar centre, among the various media tried for standardization of potting media composition for different classes of roses under Tarai conditions, the media consisting of Vermicompost + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) was found best for growing of different classes of roses under pot production.

At New Delhi centre, the herbicides Atrazine 1.0 kg a.i/ha + Ethoxysulfuron 20g a.i/ha was the best treatment and it significantly reduced the weed count, fresh weight and dry weight of weeds/m2 in comparison to weedy check in rose cv. Raktagandha. The weedicides did not affect the plant height, number of branches per plant, flowering duration, days to flowering, number of flowers per plant, length of flower bud and vase life significantly.

MARIGOLD

At Periyakulam centre, growth and yield of three marigold genotypes viz, Pusa Narangi Gainda, L-3 and Nilakottai Local type were assessed during every month continuously for three years. Among the three marigold genotypes tested for year round production, L-3 (F1 hybrid), excelled the others in terms of morphological and yield traits and the next best was the Nilakottai Local. Transplanting during the month of July recorded better performance invariably in all the genotypes when compared to the other months.

At Kahikuchi centre, among the different dates of planting, irrespective of the cultivars, October planted crop recorded the longest flowering duration (81.26 days), flower yield (194.66 flower/plant) and flower diameter (6.50 cm). Again, irrespective of the dates of planting, among the five genotypes Hajo Local Yellow recorded individual flower weight (6.22 g), flower yield (987.96 g/plant) in the year 2011-12. During 2012-13, Cracker jack, Hajo Local Yellow and Hajo Local Orange recorded maximum number of flowers per plant (117.03 -118.67).

At Hyderabad centre, the weed occurrence with regards to weed count at 25 days interval, weed fresh and dry weight were minimum with the application of herbicide Pendimethalin @1 kg a.i/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 & 60DAP. With regards to yield characters, weed free treatments recorded more number of flowers/plant (69.07) followed by Pendimethalin @1 kg a.i/ha + hand weeding at 30 & 60DAP (66.87).

At Ludhiana centre, Pendimethalin @1.0kg a.i./ha and Atrazine @1.0kg a.i./ha were found to be very effective for the control of weeds in marigold during Rabi season.

At UAS, Bengaluru centre for year round cultivation, the African marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda recorded higher plant height (90.80cm), more number of primary branches, (11/plant),

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number of flowers (32/plant), number of seeds (165/flower), seed yield (14.51g/plant) and 1000 seed weight (2.63g) during July planting. Whereas, in case of French marigold significantly higher plant height (38.61) more no. of flowers (54.90/plant) flower yield (96.46g/plant), no. of seeds (44/flowers), seed yield (4.86 g/plant) and 1000 seed weight (2.35) were recorded during July planting.

Application of Atrazine (pre-transplanting pre-emergence) @0.75kg a.i./ha followed by one hand- weeding at 30 & 60 DAP was the most effective in favour of suppressing weed growth, followed by Oxyflurofen (pre-transplanting pre-emergence) @0.2kga.i./ha followed by hand- weeding at 30 & 60 DAP and Pendimethalin (pre-transplanting pre-emergence) @1.0kga.i./ha followed by hand- weeding at 30 & 60 DAP at Kalyani.

In marigold under Pusa Bihar agro-climatic conditions, pre-emergence application of Pendimethaline @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAP produced the best result. Application of Atrazine (Pre emergence)@ 0.75/kg ai/ha and Oxyflurofen (Pre emergence) @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha) followed by hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAP were observed to be next two better treatments.

The herbicidal sprays at New Delhi centre significantly affected the growth, development and yield attributes of marigold. Pendimethalin (pre-planting, pre-emergence) @1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAP; Oxyflurofen (pre-planting, pre-emergence) @0.2kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding 30 and 60 DAP showed better result.

FOLIAGE PLANTS

At Periyakulam centre, growth performance in terms of plant height, plant spread, no. of leaves, leaf area, no. of suckers and quality parameters in terms of pigmentation and leaf longevity were found to be best in the growth retardant treatment with paclobutrazol 0.19 mg per pot. The same growth retardant at 0.19 mg concentration recorded the highest cost benefit ratio (1:2.28).

At Periyakulam centre, growth performance in terms of plant spread, no. of leaves, leaf area, no. of suckers and quality parameters in terms of pigmentation and leaf longevity were found to be best in the growing media with Coco peat + Sand + Vermicompost (2:1:1 v/v). The same growing media recorded the highest cost benefit ratio (1:1.92).

At Vellanikkara centre, treating with Paclobutrazole (drenching @ 0.125 mg/pot cointaining 5 Kg and Ancymidol cointaining 5 Kg media (drenching @ 0.25 mg/pot with 5 Kg media) were found to be able to develop compact growth form in foliage plants.

At Vellanikkara centre, potting media containing soil+ sand+ FYM+ Vermi compost in the ratio of 2:1:1:0.5 was found to be best for the growth and performance of foliage plants. Media containing only cocopeat was found to be not suitable.

At Coimbatore centre, incorporation of 4 g of hydrogel per kg of the soil media in the pots is found to be effective in increasing the plant height (36.30 cm), stem girth (6.15 cm), no. of leaves (7.10), leaf length (27.10 cm), leaf width (5.88 cm), petiole girth (2.00 cm), root length (7.83 cm), number of primary roots (21.00) and plant spread (21.22 cm) and in maintaining the moisture content (18%) after 5 days of watering.

At Kahikuchi centre, in terms of height of the plant, least height and minimum number of leaves were observed in Rhapis (28.45cm and 4.92, respectively), Aglaonema (22.72 cm and 5.13, respectively), and Dracaena (24.23cm and27.11, respectively) while the plants were drenched with Ancymidol 1.00 mg/pot. However, the maximum plant height and leaves

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number was recorded in untreated control in all the plant species. Significant reduction in number of root production was also observed due to treatment effect which was reversed in untreated control. Drenching of Paclobutrazol (0.25mg/pot) significantly reduced the root numbers in raphis to 11.44, Aglaonema to 10.27 and Dracaena to 7.98 numbers.

At Kahikuchi centre, significantly differed results due to different media composition in respect of height of the plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, plant spread, number of roots per plant, petiole length and petiole longevity were observed in all the three plant species. The maximum plant height and number of leaves were observed in Rhapis (43.56 cm and 8.23, respectively), Aglaonema (43.33cm and 9.35, respectively), and Dracaena (56.67cm and 46.61, respectively) while the plants were raised in Coco peat, Sand and FYM at a ratio of 2:1:1.This was followed by the media enriched by cocopeat, sand, farm yard manure and vermicompost at a ratio of 2:1:1:0.5.

GLADIOLUS

At Kahikuchi centre, application of Atrazin @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha was found to be most effective herbicide for controlling weeds in gladiolus as well to enhance the flower character and corm production.. Flower characters recorded were best in Atrazin and Metribuzin (0.25 kg a.i/ ha).

At Hyderabad centre, among different dates of planting, good vegetative growth was noticed in plants sown on 15th November while, early flowering was recorded in September 1st planted crop with less no. of days to spike emergence (58.87) and less no. of days for flowering (70.47). Superiority in important economic characters was observed in October 1st planting crop with maximum spike length (91.84cm) and rachis length (41.99cm), maximum no. of florets/spike (15.20), maximum size of floret (9.26cm), maximum weight of spike (46.40g), maximum duration of flowering (19.13 days) and maximum vase life (8.67 days).

At Hyderabad centre, among the different herbicides used, Pendimethalin @ 1kg a.i/ha as pre emergence herbicide followed by hand weeding at 30 & 60 DAP showed good performance in controlling the weeds followed by Atrazine @ 0.75 a.i/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 & 60 DAP.

At Ludhiana centre, pre-emergence application of Atrazine @ 1.00 kg a.i./ha was found to be the best with respect to weed control, number of florets per spike and corm production in gladiolus.

At Wadura centre among four cultivars tested, White Prosperity performed better during March planting in respect of plant height, spike length, number of florets/spike, fresh weight of spike (g), vase life and number of spikes/ plant/ m2. June planting and Red Beauty was found second best planting time and cultivar for above mentioned vegetative and floral characters of gladiolus.

CHRYSANTEMUM

At Ludhiana centre, among the different pre- and post-emergence herbicides tested in chrysanthemum, Pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by hand-weeding at 30 and 60 DAP was found to be effective for controlling weeds and improving growth and flowering parameters in chrysanthemum cv. Ratlam Selection.

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At Ludhiana centre, among various growth retardant treatments, Daminozide @ 1000 ppm was the effective treatment that showed dwarfing effect in chrysanthemum.

At Kalyani centre, application of Atrazine (pre-transplanting pre-emergence) @0.75kg a.i./ha followed by one hand- weeding at 30 & 60 DAP was the most effective in favour of suppressing weed growth, followed by Oxyflurofen (pre-transplanting pre-emergence) @0.2kga.i./ha followed by hand- weeding at 30 & 60 DAP.

CARNATION

At Hyderabad centre, in carnation, application of 75% RDF (WSP) through drip + 25% RDF (WSF) through sprayer + 100 ppm of micronutrients recorded minimum number of days taken for bud to flower (14.2) and maximum number of flowers/m2.

OTHER CROPS

At Wadura centre growing medium consisting of (Sand + Soil + FYM) + cocopeat (1: 1; v/v) was found to be the best module for lilium flower production.

At Wadura centre growing medium consisting of (Sand + Soil + FYM) + cocopeat (1: 1; v/v) was found to be the best module for alstroemeria flower production.

At Coimbatore centre, investigation revealed that the foliar application of NPK 20:10:10 (0.3%) at weekly intervals improved the growth, development and flower yield of Dendrobium orchid hybrid Emma White. Hence weekly application of 0.3% of NPK 20:10:10 is recommended for better yield of Dendrobium orchid Emma White.

At Coimbatore centre, among the 13 treatments, application of the recommended dose of fertilizers (NPK 20 : 10 : 10 @ 0.2%) + 600 ppm Fe was found superior in orchids in respect of all the vegetative parameters viz., plant height (39.31 cm), number of leaves / plant (7.51), number of pseudobulbs / plant (7.12) and number of roots / plant (23.41) as well as flowering parameters viz., number of spikes / plant (6.73), number of florets / spike (9.21), spike length (35.24 cm), flower pedicel length (4.91 cm) and vase life (16.72 days).

Among different growth regulator treatments tried in lilium at Katrain centre, earliest bulblets sprouting was found with NAA (500 ppm) (111.4 days) and IBA (500 ppm) (111.5 days). Interaction between growth regulator and cultivars revealed that in cultivar Pavia earliest bulblets sprouting (107.2 days) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm). The interactions between growth regulators x cultivars x propagation media showed that in cultivar Pavia earliest bulblets sprouting (102.3 days) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm) when scales were planted in Perlite + Vermiculite media.

In tulip at Katrain centre, maximum vase life (12.25days) was recorded with BAP 50 ppm. Significant reduction in vase life was observed in all the treatments containing Ancymidol (50 ppm) or Ethrel (25 ppm) either singly or in combination. Significant reduction in stalk elongation was recorded with Ethrel (25 ppm) and Ethrel (50 ppm) + BAP (50 ppm). However, all the treatments containing Ethrel (25 ppm) significantly reduced the vase life and resulted in stalk bending.

At Katrain centre, in daffodil, among the various packaging materials tried the maximum vase life was recorded with LDPE 25μ followed by pp 25 μ during all the storage durations. With the increase in duration of storage there was reduction in vase life. However, non significant reduction in vase life was observed when either LDPE 25μ or PP 25μ was used as packaging

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material. Vase life of cut daffodils was significantly reduced in perforated LDPE as well as PP on longer duration of storage. LDPE 25 μ was found ideal for long term storage of daffodils.

CROP PROTECTION SURVEY FOR PEST AND DISEASE INCIDENCE

Stem rot incidence to a tune of 7.5% was recorded in tuberose at Markal, districu Pune, besides 10.15 % of leaf blight. In case of marigold leaf blight incidence was recorded to a tune of 8.75 %. Rust incidence to a tune of 21.5 % was observed in golden rod.

ROSE

At Pune centre, trial was conducted in existing rose cv. Gladiator under open field condition. Amongst the six fungicides tested the fungicides Propiconazole (0.1%) and Azoxystrobin 0.1% showed the least disease intensity (7.60%) of black leaf spot disease and were found most effective as compared to other fungicides tested.

GLADIOLUS

At Pune centre, pre storage and pre-planting treatment of corms with Captan (0.2%) + Carbendazim (0.2%) for 30 min. + soil drenching either with Captan 0.2% + Carbendazim 0.2% or T. harzianum @ 10 g in 1 kg FYM for 10 m2 showed least disease incidence (3.33% each) with maximum flower stalk per plot (11.33 and 10, respectively). Pooled results 2011-12 to 2013-14 showed pre storage and pre planting corm treatment with Captan (0.3%) was found cost effective for better management of Fusarium wilt of gladiolus and increasing yield and monetary returns in gladiolus.

At Kahikuchi centre, pre-storage treatment of corms in hot water at 50°C for 30 min followed by dipping of corms in the fungicidal solution of Captan (0.2%) + Carbendazim (0.2%) registered less disease incidence of 17.80 per cent with the highest per cent disease control (69.79 %) and benefit cost ratio (3.28). Maximum flower spike (18.59/m2) and number of corms per plot (32.80) were also registered by this treatment.

At Hessaraghatta centre, pre-storage and pre planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106 CFU per litre) for 30 min followed by drenching with Captan 0.2% and Carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval resulted in the least wilt incidence of 12.8% compared to 32.1% in control. The flower yield was on par among the treatments (63.7 to 69 flowers per 10m2) except control (45.2) which was due to more wilted plants.

CARNATION

At Pune centre, root dip in Carbendazim 0.1% with alternate drenching of Captaf 0.3% and Carbendazim 0.1% ( 3.33 and 10.0 PDI) and root dip in Captaf 0.3% with alternate drenching of Carbendazim 0.1% and Captaf 0.3% (5.00 and 11.66 PDI) showed significantly the least disease incidence of wilt at both the stages and found at par with each other.

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TUBEROSE

At Pune centre, six sprays of Iprodine + Carbendazim 0.1% starting the first spray at disease appearance were found effective for better management of leaf blight and increasing monetary returns in tuberose. The Iprodine + Carbendazim is not a label claim fungicide in tuberose.

At Kahikuchi centre, spraying with Azoxystrobin (0.1%) or Difenoconazole (0.1%) or Iprodione + Carbendazim (0.1%) were found effective in managing the leaf spot disease of tuberose, which recorded significantly lowest disease incidence of 8.21, 9.43 and 10.37 per cent with highest per cent disease control of 75.49 , 71.32 and 69.83, respectively.

At Ludhiana centre, severity of leaf blight of tuberose was significantly reduced by four fungicidal treatments, namely Difenconazole (0.1%), Chlorothalonil (0.2%), Azoxystrobin (0.1%) and Mancozeb (0.2%) over the control.

Application of 5 tons of FYM enriched with 1 kg of Pseudomonas fluorescens recorded the maximum increase in flower yield (46.91%). Application of 5 tons of FYM enriched with 1 kg of Pochoniachlamy dosporia (2 x 108cfu/g)/ ha resulted in the maximum reduction in final population of M. incognita (35.78%) at Hessaraghatta centre.

GERBERA

At Pune centre, Neem cake colonized with T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray either with Captan 0.3% or Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP 0.3% after one month of planting showed significantly the least disease incidence (8.16 and 8.58 %, respectively) with maximum disease reduction (77.40 and 76.23%, respectively). These treatments also gave significantly more number of flowers per plant (15.63 and 15.03, respectively) with more flower diameter (9.15 and 8.91 cm, respectively).

The pooled results over three years revealed that the Neem cake colonized with T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray either with Captan 0.3% or Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP 0.3% after one month of planting showed significantly the least disease incidence (8.95 and 9.36%, respectively) with maximum disease reduction (78.2 and 77.2%, respectively). These treatments also gave significantly more number of flowers per plant (19.06 and 18.42, respectively) with more flower diameter (9.93 and 9.60 cm, respectively) having maximum flower stalk length (57.33 and 55.33 cm, respectively). Hence, these treatments are recommended for better management of foot rot/ root rot of gerbera.

At Pune centre, pooled results of 2012-13 to 2014-15, the six sprays at 8 days interval starting the first spray at disease appearance either with Azoxystrobin 0.1% or Difenoconazole 0.05% were found effective for better management of leaf blight and increasing monetary returns in gerbera. The fungicides Azoxystrobin and Difenoconazole are not label claim fungicides in gerbera.

At Kahikuchi centre, application of Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500 g/m2 at the time of planting followed by soil drenching with Metalaxyl + Mancozeb @ 0.25% after one month of transplanting recorded lowest foot rot disease incidence of 15.49 per cent with high per cent disease control of 67.86 over the check.

At Kahikuchi centre, spraying with Difenoconazole (0.05%) or Iprodion + Carbendazim (0.2%) or Azoxystrobin (0.1%) were found effective for managing the leaf spot/blight disease of gerbera which recorded significantly lowest disease incidence of 16.50, 20.30 and 21.07 per cent with maximum per cent disease control of 68.27, 61.70 and 58.96, respectively over the check.

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Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha significantly increased the flower yield by 41.67% and reduced the nematode population by 21.96%. This treatment was on par with application of chemical nematicide, Carbofuran in reducing the nematode population at Hessaraghatta centre.

MARIGOLD

At Pune centre, pooled results of 2012-13 to 2014-15 showed that four sprays of Iprodine + Carbendazim 0.2% starting the first spray at disease appearance were found cost effective in reducing the leaf and bud blight disease intensity and increasing yield and monetary returns in marigold. The fungicide Iprodine + Carbendazim is not a label claim fungicide in marigold.

At Kahikuchi centre, spraying with Difenconazole (0.1%) or a combo fungicide, Iprodion + Carbendazim (0.2%) were found effective for managing the leaf and blight of marigold which recorded significantly lowest disease incidence of 9.41 and 12.24 per cent with maximum per cent disease control of 75.90 and 68.65, respectively .

At Ludhiana centre, per cent incidence and severity of leaf and flower blight of marigold was significantly reduced by Difenconazole (0.1%), and Iprodione+ Carbendazim (0.2%). Mancozeb was also found to be promising in controlling this disease.

MANAGEMENT OF SOLIDAGO (DAISY/GOLDEN ROD) RUST

At Pune, amongst seven fungicides tested the treatment with Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin 0.05% showed significantly the least disease intensity (4.91%) and found significantly superior over rest of the treatments.

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POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY AND VALUE ADDITION

Standardization of modified atmosphere storage for cut roses

At Ludhiana centre, stems of rose placed in solution of Aluminium Sulphate (300 ppm) during pre-cooling showed improvement in degree of bud opening as well as vase life. Vase life decreased with increase in storage duration. The stems stored in sleeves of PP (100 gauge thick) showed improvement in vase life. The perforations in the sleeves did not influence keeping quality parameters.

At Ranchi centre, in rose cv First Red, the vase life was found to be maximum (7.25 days) at 300 ppm Al2(SO4)316H2O solution when packed with 25 micron with PP sleeves with perforation after 6 days of storage period and was at par with 300ppm Al2(SO4)316H2O, after 0 days (6.10day) when packed with 25 micron with PP sleeves with perforation.

Standardization of modified atmosphere packing for transit of cut flowers of roses

At Chiplima centre, cut rose stems of hybrid tea rose Mainu Parle treated with Aluminium Sulphate (300ppm) and sealed in LDPE (25m, with perforations) and subjected to simulated transit for 16 h exhibited longer vase life over other treatments.

At Ludhiana centre, MA packaging of cut rose stems in PP sleeves and pre-treatment with Aluminium Sulphate (300 ppm) showed significant improvement in opening of the bud as well as vase life after simulated transit.

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Effect of ABA and Salicylic Acid on postharvest keeping quality of cut rose stems

At Pune centre, in cut rose stems, treatment of Salicylic Acid 50ppm recorded maximum vase life (7.50days), flower diameter (3.70cm) and total water absorbed (40.80ml).

At Chiplima centre, pulsing cut flowers of hybrid tea rose Mainu Parle with Salicylic Acid (50 ppm) for 20 h can increase the vase life by 2 days over control.

At Ludhiana centre, ABA at 5 and 10 ppm concentrations decreased keeping quality of cut rose stems whereas Salicylic Acid improved the same at 25, 50 and 100 ppm concentrations and all the concentrations were more or less equally effective.

At Hessaraghatta centre, rose cv. First Red exhibited maximum vase life of 12.4 days when cut flowers were kept in vase solution of 100ppm of Salicylic Acid followed by 50 ppm of Salicylic Acid (11.6 days). Least vase life of 8.2 days was obtained with cut flowers held in vase solution of ABA at 10ppm as compared to control (9.4 days).

At Ranchi centre, in rose cv. First Red maximum vase life (7.18 days), flower diameter (7.05 cm) and water absorption (26.75 ml) was recorded in the treatment Salicylic Acid @ 50 ppm which was at par with Salicylic Acid @ 25 ppm.

Standardization of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus cut spikes

At Kahikuchi centre, among all the packaging and cold storage duration combinations, gladiolus cv. White Prosperity spikes harvested at tight bud stage wrapped in LDPE-40 micron thick sleeves without perforations (covering approx. 4% area of the polymeric sleeves) and stored for 6 days was found superior.

At Hyderabad centre, modified atmosphere packing of gladiolus spikes cv. White Prosperity with poly propylene material (25u) both during transit and storage, recorded maximum vase life (7.8 and 8.0 days) and flower diameter (7.3 and 7.5 cm) respectively.

At Solan centre, studies conducted on postharvest handling showed that packaging of cut stems of gladiolus in polypropylene sleeves, cellophane or LDPE significantly increased vase life and other parameters during storage of stems at 4°C for different durations. Among the storage durations, storage of cut stems for 7 days was found best. Rotting of florets has been observed under 21 day’s storage treatment irrespective of packaging material.

At Ludhiana centre, days to opening of basal floret in gladiolus decreased with increase in the duration of storage. The packaging sleeves did not significantly affect the same. Vase life also showed decrease with increase in the duration of storage and was slightly higher in case of spikes packed in PP sleeves. Similar trends were observed for per cent opening of florets.

At Wadura centre, among four packing materials tested, cellophane recorded superior for maintaining quality and longevity characters of gladiolus cut spikes for transit. Next best packing material was PP-100 gauge thick then LDPE-100 gauge thick.

At Wadura centre, wet storage:- In postharvest management of gladiolus cv. White Prosperity, shorter duration 0,3,6,and 9 days associated with tight bud stage of harvesting, the cut spikes proved best for maintaining the keeping quality of the flowers.

At Wadura centre, dry refrigerated storage: cut gladiolus spikes cv. White Prosperity [given pre-storage pulsing treatment with sucrose 20% + Al2 (SO4)3 300ppm] shorter storage levels 0, 7, and 14 days, proved best in enhancing the vase life and maintaining the keeping quality than longer durations (21 and 28 days).

At Wadura centre, gladiolus cvs. White Prosperity, Priscilla and Sancere tested in storage durations (0, 6, 12 and 18 days), cultivar White Prosperity and Priscilla harvested at the stage

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II (when 5-6 florets showed colour) proved best in shorter durations of 0, 6, and 12 days than longer one i.e. 18 days.

Gladiolus cut flowers which were pulsed with Sucrose 20 per cent + Al2 (SO4)3 300 ppm +GA3 50 ppm showed significantly higher average longevity and least per cent decrease in fresh weight and maximum vase life after storage and after simulated transit. Also, the flowers which were stored for 3 days storage duration under dry cold storage had significantly maximum vase life (7.85 days) at UAS Bengaluru centre.

In gladiolus cv. White Prosperity, maximum vase life of 8.5days,76% of opened florets and 8.4cm of floret diameter with least fresh weight loss of 2.6% was obtained with spikes transited in polyethylene no perforation MAP followed by spikes transited in MAP of polypropylene no perforation at Hessaraghatta centre.

Effect of ethylene inhibitors for prolonging keeping quality of cut flowers of carnation

At Pune centre, treatment Acetylsalicylic Acid 25ppm recorded significantly maximum vase life (8.50days) and water absorbed (44.60ml) in cut carnation flowers.

At Hyderabad centre, in carnation cut flowers cv. Gaudina, pre-storage treatment with Silver Thio-sulphate (2mM Conc.) recorded maximum vase life (8.1 days) and flower diameter (5.3.). Similarly MA packing with polypropylene (25 u) recorded maximum vase life (7.5 days).

At Solan centre, in experiment on wet storage, maximum vase life of carnation cultivar Master was found when the cut stems were stored for 3 days, which was however found to be at par with storage for 6 and 9 days at 4°C. Among the holding solutions maximum vase life (11.25 days) of cut stems of carnation cv. Master was recorded when the cut stems were placed in a solution containing Al2(SO4)3.16H2O (300 ppm) + BA (25 ppm).

Standardization of tinting process for tuberose spike

At Pune centre, tuberose spikes treated with Apple Green (1500 ppm) found significantly superior in respect of time for colour retention (8.50days) and time for colouration of florets (2.50days).The next best treatment Blue dye (1500ppm) recorded 7.90days for colour retention and 2.60days for colouration of florets.

At Kahikuchi centre, tuberose spikes dipped in Turquoise Blue (2000 ppm) dye solution registered minimum (30.56 to 35.26 min.) time to take up the tint with maximum colour retention up to 4.28 hours.

Use of food dyes for tinting in tuberose stems

At Kahikuchi centre, tinting of tuberose spike with food dye Raspberry Red (8%) retained tinge of pink colour for maximum time (5 days).

At Hyderabad centre, in tuberose (Hyderabad Double) flower spike tinted with food dyes viz., Kesar Yellow, Rasp Berry Red and Lemon Yellow developed attractive colour. Further dipping of flower spike for 3 h @ 8% conc. was more effective compared to other treatments.

Wet refrigerated storage of gerbera

At Pune centre, in gerbera, pre storage treatment (NaOCl (1000 ppm) + Tween 20 (0.1% for 1 min. as wetting agent) recorded maximum vase life (3.04days), flower stem break (7.65%) with water uptake (16.92ml) per stem. The treatment of zero day storage duration recorded maximum vase life (7.10days), flower stem break (6.55%) with water uptake (29.25ml) per

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stem. The interaction effect of pre-storage treatment (NaOCl (1000 ppm) + Tween 20 (0.1% for 1 min. as wetting agent)+ zero day storage duration (H2S1) recorded significantly superior vase life (8.60days), flower stem break (4.60%) with water uptake (34.90ml) per stem over all other treatments.

Standardization of wet storage of anthurium stems

At Kalimpong centre, pre-treatment with NaOCl, 1000ppm + Tween 20, 0.1% and wet storage in water at 13-15° C for 6 days was found to be most suitable for increasing the post harvest life of cut anthurium stems cv. Salmon.

Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) storage of anthurium stems

At Kalimpong centre, anthurium cut flower stems covered with PP 25 µ thick with perforations and storage duration of 6 days prolonged the days to blackening of the spadix (24.52 days), days to anther bursting (19.69 days), days taken to loss of glossiness of the spathe (23.39 days) and also resulted in maximum water uptake per stem (15.05 ml).

Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) packages for transit of anthurium stems

At Kalimpong centre, anthurium stems wrapped in PP with perforations prolonged the days required to blackening of the top of the spadix (22.73 days), days to anther bursting (16.56 days), loss of glossiness (22.98 days) and minimum weight loss (8.07%). Cv. Salmon (red variety) took longer time for anther bursting as compared to cv. Lima (white variety).

Standardization of postharvest technology for short distance market

At Periyakulam centre, three year study on effect of packaging material on post harvest quality and vase life of cut tuberose after simulated transit (16h) revealed that the packaging material, PP 100 gauge is the best. It registered significantly the highest mean vase life (8 days), flower diameter of basal floret (3.8 cm), total water absorption (45 ml) and lowest percent of weight loss (3.10%) when compared to the control.

Effect of packaging and storage on keeping quality of garland flowers of tuberose

Considering the shelf life and other flower qualities of tuberose, CFB boxes with 100 gauge Polyethylene lining is the best. Cold storage (4°C) registered the highest shelf life (9.42 days) in CFB boxes. (Periyakulam centre)

At Kahikuchi centre, packaging in CFB with 100 gauge polyethylene lining and pre-cooling at 4°C was found to be the best treatment combination for tuberose garland flower. At 3 days of storage fresh weight and floret opening were recorded as 81.7 g and 88.4%, respectively.

At Ludhiana centre, pre-storage pulsing treatment of tuberose stems with Sucrose (20%) + Aluminium Sulphate (300 ppm) improved keeping quality parameters. PP sleeves were slightly better than the LDPE sleeves for MA storage of the stems.

At Kalyani centre, packaging of tuberose flowers at LDPE -25 µ thick without perforations was found to be best for improving the shelf life of loose tuberose. The loose flowers of tuberose could be stored up to 9 days with acceptable quality parameters like freshness, moisture content and number of withered flowers.

At Hessaraghatta centre, maximum shelf life of 5.1 days with highest freshness score of 4 were obtained for garland tuberose var. Local Single flower buds transported in polyethylene (PE) package without perforation followed by 4.5 days of shelf life of flower buds transported

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in perforated PE and non-perforated PP, whereas, higher per cent bud opening was obtained with flower buds transported in perforated PE and PP packages.

Studies on postharvest packing of loose marigold flowers

At Periyakulam centre, in marigold (Orange flower and Yellow flower type) plastic crates were the best packing container as it shows the lowest moisture loss percent (6.77% and 5.95 %, respectively) and highest shelf life (2.84 days and 3.14 days respectively).

At Kahikuchi centre, staking the flowers of marigold Cv. Hajo Local Yellow in plastic crates resistered significantly higher shelf life (3.75 days) and considerably lower (8.11%) loss in fresh weight of flowers.

Testing of dry flower technology in different locations

At Periyakulam centre, the time taken for the drying of flowers was found to be minimum in microwave oven (1min) when compared to air drying. Microwave oven drying embedded with silica gel and sand 1:1 ratio method recorded maximum moisture loss in all flowers. Regarding the quality of dry flowers in terms of texture, shape and colour retention and overall acceptance embedding in silica + sand(1:1)+ microwave oven drying was considered as the best. Among the foliage, microwave oven drying took the minimum time (1min) for perfect drying and showed maximum percentage of moisture loss. The quality attributes like texture, shape retention, colour retention, brittleness and overall acceptance seems to be good in Glycerinisation full dip and Glycerinisation uptake.

Standardization of bleaching technology

At Periyakulam centre, Sodium Chlorite + Hydrochloric Acid treatment found to be the best while considering the time taken for perfect bleaching of the flowers (2 days) and foliages (2.6days). The quality parameters such as consistency, shape retention, brittleness and whitening effect were also found to be best in the same treatment in both flowers and foliages.

Standardization of dyeing technology

At Periyakulam centre, acrylic dyes were found to be the bests dye to color bleached leaves and flowers with high dyeing consistency, wash fastness, rubbing fastness and light fastness followed by the basic dye.

Standardization of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum stems for local markets

At Chiplima centre, chrysanthemum cut flower stems treated with TDZ (10M) exhibited longer vase life over other treatments, in case of all storage durations.

Standardization of long term modified atmosphere storage (MA) of chrysanthemum stems

At Chiplima centre, chrysanthemum sprays packed in 25 LDPE sheet stored for a day exhibited maximum vase life over other treatments.

At Kahikuchi centre, chrysanthemum stems wrapped with LDPE-25 micron thick with perforations and exposed to shortest cold storage duration (6 days) took maximum time (7.71 and 19.14 days) and ( 8.15 and 18.92 days ), respectively to initiate and complete floret senescence/wilting.

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At Ludhiana centre, pre-storage treatment with TDZ at 10 ppm concentration significantly improved post-storage keeping quality of cut chrysanthemum stems.

At Coimbatore centre, among the different modified atmospheric packages for transit of chrysanthemum stems, storage in polypropylene 25 µ without vent was found to be significant in achieving maximum days to reach the floret senescene (11.75 days), days to complete leaf yellowing (10.98 days), maximum attainment of flower diameter (4.32 cm) and the maximum total water absorbed (38.02 ml) when compared to other treatments and control.

At Hessaraghatta centre, chrysanthemum cv. Reagan White sprays pulsed with Methanol at 4%, Ethanol at 4%, ABA 10ppm & BAP 10ppm individually and in combinations were found beneficial in delaying floret senescence and yellowing of leaves of chrysanthemum sprays over control.

Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) packages for transit of chrysanthemum cut flowers

At Chiplima centre, chrysanthemum sprays packed in 25 LDPE sheet during simulated transit exhibited maximum vase life over other treatments.

At Kahikuchi centre, packaging chrysanthemum cv. Pink 1139 cut flowers in Polymeric sleeves made of LDPE-25 µ with perforations covering approx. 4% area of the sleeves, resulted in significantly longer time to initiate and complete floret senescence (7.17 and 14.67 days, respectively).

At Hyderabad centre, MA packing of cut chrysanthemum cv. Yellow Gold cut flowers with Polypropylene (25 µ without perforations) delayed initiation and complete senescence both during storage and transit.

At Ludhiana centre, packing of chrysanthemum cut flowers in PP sleeves during simulated transit delayed the senescence of florets as well as leaves.

At Solan centre, in experiment on wet storage of chrysanthemum cv. Ajay cut flowers for different durations, it has been observed that maximum delay in leaf and flower senescence was found when the foliage of cut flowers were sprayed with TDZ (10µM) and stored for 6 days in cold store at 4°C. During the dry storage, complete flower senescence was significantly delayed when the cut stems were packaged in Polypropelene sheet (with and without peforations). Among different pulsing solutions, flower senescence was significantly delayed (23.14 days) in case of pulsing cut stems for 20 h at room temperature in a solution containing Methanol, 4 % + BAP, 10 ppm.

Effect of chemical treatments on postharvest keeping quality of chrysanthemum cut flowers

At Chiplima centre, pulsing solution containing Ethanol (4%) and BAP (10ppm) is effective in enhancing vase life of cut chrysanthemum stems by 4 days over control.

At Kahikuchi centre, chemical pulsing with Ethrel 4% + ABA 10 ppm, Ethanol 4% + BAP 10 ppm and Methanol 4% +BAP 10 ppm for 20 h significantly delayed the initial floret senescence symptoms in the range of 4.92 to 5.10 day, as well as complete floret senescence symptoms ( 16.24-16.33 days), compared to other treatments and the water treated control in chrysanthemum.

At Ludhiana centre, Ethanol (4%) and BAP (10 ppm) significantly delayed days to floret senescence and yellowing of leaves in chrysanthemum cut flowers.

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Effect of pulsing treatment on keeping quality of gerbera cut flowers after simulated transit

At Kahikuchi centre, gerbera cv. Optima stems pulsed for 1 min in the solution of 1000ppm Al2 (SO4)3. 16H2O) solution resulted in longer vase life 1(stem break in 4.45days) and vase life 2 (outer petals wilting in 6.4 days) with significantly lower stem break (25.60%).

Standardization of postharvest package technology in gerbera cut flower for distant marketing

At Kahikuchi centre, for distant marketing of gerbera cut flowers, pulsing of cut stems in Al2(SO4)3 1000ppm + Tween-20 (0.1%), followed by packaging of flower heads inPP sleeves+ whole bunch in PP sleeves with top open, may be recommended for higher vase life and minimum stem breakage.

At Coimbatore centre, among the different modified packaging conditions tested for gerbera stems, storing of cut stems in polypropylene 25 µ without vent recorded the maximum vase life (10.46 days), least per cent of stem break (7.66 %), maximum water absorption in vase (23.92 ml) and least per cent of fresh weight loss (14.55 %).

At Hyderabad centre, pre storage treatment of tuberose cv Hyderabad Double with sucrose (20%) + Aluminium Sulphate (300 ppm) for 24 h recorded maximum vase life (5.4 days) and diameter of basal floret (3.7 cm). Among packing materials, MA packing with 25 micron polypropylene without perforations recorded maximum vase life( 5.3 days) and flower diameter (3.5 cm).

At Hyderabad centre, MA packing of loose flowers of tuberose cv. Hyderabad Single in 25 micron polypropylene without perforations showed low percentage wilting/fading/discoloration of buds.

At Solan centre, in experiment on postharvest handling, maximum vase life (13.75 days) was observed when daffodil cv. Geranium cut flowers were pulsed with Sucrose (4%) + Al2 (SO4)3 (300 ppm) for 12 h. and placed in holding solution containing Sucrose 4% + Al2 (SO4)3 100 ppm. It was however found to be at par with pulsing Sucrose 2% + Citric Acid (1000 ppm) and holding Sucrose (2%) + Citric Acid (300 ppm).

At Solan centre, in experiment on effect of different holding solutions, maximum vase life (19.00 days) and 100% flower opening was recorded when the cut stems of lilium cv. Batistero harvested when lower most bud on the spike started showing colour, were kept in a holding solution containing Sucrose 2%+8-HQC 100 ppm + GA3 150 ppm. In experiment on effect of wrapping materials and storage durations on postharvest life of lilium cv. Batistero maximum vase life (12.89 days) and flower size (20.43 cm) were recorded when cut stems were wrapped in cellophane which was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in LDPE (12.33 days). Among the storage durations, cut stems stored for 3 days resulted in maximum vase life.

At Solan centre, under the experiment on standardization of bleaching technology; ten different plant materials were selected which were naturally brownish and needed bleaching. The material was dipped individually in seven different combinations of bleaching agents. It was found that most of the plant material bleached satisfactorily in 10-20% solution of Sodium Hypochlorite in vey less time. Bleaching with Calcium Hypochlorite although resulted in more white samples but those left white powdery residue and were brittle too. Out of the plant materials; Barleria cristata and Celtis australis leaves were bleached the best and

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Pterospermum acerifolium and Casuarina equisetifolia fruits remained unbleached in all the treatments even after 45 h.

At Solan centre, efficacy of various dyes i.e. fabric, food and acrylic for value- addition in Barleria cristata calyx was studied. It was found that acrylic dyes like Brilliant Green, Eosin Yellow and Crystal Violet produced excellent quality products with good colour absorption and colour intensity followed by fabric dyes.

At Wadura centre of J&K, among four packing materials tested, LDPE -25 µ thick with perforations recorded superior for maintaining quality and longevity characters of tulip cut stems for transit. Next best packing material was PP- 25 µ thick with perforations.

At Wadura centre of J&K, shorter storage duration (6 days) proved to be best than longer levels (12 and 18 days) along with LDPE -25 µ thick with perforations for maintaining the keeping quality of daffodil stems.

At Wadura centre of J&K for cut tulips (cv. Apeldoorn), the best pulsing solution was Sucrose (4%)+ Al2(SO4)3 300ppm followed by Sucrose (4%) + Silver Thiosulphate (2mM) and the best holding solution for keeping quality was Sucrose (2%)+ STS (2mM) followed by Sucrose (2%) + Citric Acid (300ppm).

At Wadura centre of J&K, the best pulsing treatment was STS (2mM) followed by Al2(SO4)3 (300ppm) alone or with Sucrose (4%) in combination, and in holding solutions viz., STS (50 ppm) or Al2(SO4)3 (300 ppm) alone (without Sucrose 2% in combinations) proved best for enhancing the keeping quality of cut daffodil cv. Tunis.

At Wadura centre of J&K, the treatment comprising of Sucrose (2%) + 8-HQC (200ppm) + GA3 (200ppm) was found better among all treatments for prolonging the postharvest life of lilium.

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1. GERMPLASM CONSERVATION AND EVALUATION 1. ROSE

Project No. 1.1.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of rose germplasm. Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Hessaraghatta, New Delhi, Ludhiana and Chiplima. Technical Programme: 1. Germplasm collection of named varieties only, but in case of promising lines/accession,

accession number may be maintained. 2. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and should

be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

3. Observations should be recorded on randomly selected three healthy plants. 4. Germplasm can be grouped into:

Potential for flower production- Loose flower and cut flower Potential for breeding- Good seed set, good seed germination, resistance to powdery mildew, resistance to black spot, and resistance to thrips.

Observations recorded: 1. Name of the cultivar and source: 2.Classification : Hybrid Tea, Floribunda, Polyantha, Miniature,Climber, Rambler 3.Growth habit : Upright/spreading 4.Plant height : Tall, medium or dwarf (maximum height in cm at pruning time) 5.Foliage : Glossiness: Normal or glossy

Large (like Super Star), Small (like polyantha or miniotine) Colour: Light green / normal green / deep green / coppery.

6.Floriferousness : Good/medium/poor 7.Field resistance to: pest and diseases :

Resistant/ tolerant/ susceptible (Varietal reaction to powdery mildew, black-spot, botrytis mould and die-back diseases and to mites, thrips and aphids)

8.Flower colour : According to RHS Colour Chart, U.K. 9.Fragrance : Fragrant / Non-fragrant 10.Shape of flower bud :

1. Ovoid (like Mc Gredy Sunset) 2. Pointed (like First Prize or Eiffel Tower) 3. Globular (like Oklahoma or Bajazzo)

11.Usage : Suitable for cut flower/garden display/exhibition/loose flower 12.Vase life : Recorded in tap water at room temperature (day) The germplasm collection will be made from indigenous and exotic sources. A database of the germplasm collected, with all details shall be maintained at each centre for permanent

2

record. The centres must report a complete list of the total collections including those made during the year under report and those made earlier. Note: 1. Efforts were made for collection of different species and varieties. 2. Emphasis was given to collect only named varieties from authentic sources. 3. Region specific varieties with names need to be added for collection. 4. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties

and obtain the IC / EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi. 5. The concerned scientists may take the help of ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi for obtaining/

introducing cut flower varieties from abroad. 6. The flower’s colour was recorded as per RHS Colour Chart. 7. ICAR-IARI New Delhi and ICAR-IIHR Hessaraghatta centres made the effort for the

collection of exportable varieties from within and outside the country. REPORT

CENTRE Chiplima

The rose collection at Chiplima centre comprised of 62 hybrid tea roses, 22 floribunda roses, 8 miniature roses and 1 climber. Nine plants were maintained in each cultivar and observations were taken from three plants. All of these cultivars were evaluated during the period 2014-15 and the results are presented in Table 1.1.1.1.

In the hybrid tea rose category, tallest plants were observed in Caramousine (178.67cm) followed by Sinigha Centenary (165.67cm) whereas the cultivar Julia recorded the lowest plant height (63.67cm) followed by Alinka (77.5cm) (Table 1.1.1.1). Among the 22 floribunda rose cultivars evaluated, the maximum plant height (166.33cm) was observed in Castle Manheim, whereas the cultivar Valentine exhibited the lowest value (54.3 cm). In the miniature group, tallest (83.33cm) and shortest (40.33cm) plants were observed in Shabnam and Majorette, respectively.

In the hybrid tea rose category, all cultivars exhibited upright growth habit except cv. Appreciation which has spreading growth habit. In the floribunda group, all cultivars exhibited upright growth except Valentine which exhibited spreading growth habit. All miniature cultivars evaluated exhibited spreading growth habit except Calpolly & Gypsy Towel which exhibited upright growth habit. With regard to floriferousness, the cultivars like Appreciation, City of Belfast, Julia and Stainless Steel were rated as medium and all other cultivars were rated ‘good’. The leaf size of all the hybrid tea cultivars were place under ‘large’ category. In the floribunda group, all cultivars produced large leaves except Pusa Manhar which produced medium sized leaves. In the miniature group, all cultivars had small leaves except ‘Calpolly’ which had large sized leaves.

In the hybrid tea rose category, the vase life of all the cultivars were studied in tap water under room temperature, without any pulsing treatment. Cultivars like Montezuma, Sinigha

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Centenary and Via Mala exhibited maximum vase life (7.33 days) and the cultivar Indian Princess exhibited lowest vase life (3.33 days) under ambient conditions. Conclusion: Under the climatic conditions of Odisha, hybrid tea rose cultivars like Paradise, Mainu Parle, Montezuma, and Papa Meilland can be grown as cut flower in open. These cultivars produce long stems during winter under open cultivation. Cultivars like Lal Bahadur, Grand Opera, Pusa Ajay, Kentuky Derby and Montreal were found to be highly suitable for loose flower production. Among the Floribundas, Castle Manheim and Neelambari were found to be ideal for loose flower production. Floribunda cultivars like, Sadabahar and Harkness Marigold were found suitable for borders and garden display. Hessaraghatta

Five cut flower varieties were collected from secondary source. A total of 279 genotypes are maintained (Table 1.1.1.2a). Germplasm collection consists of named varieties, species and breeding stocks (Table 1.1.1.2b). List of newly collected varieties added to germplasm collection is presented in Table 1.1.1.2c. Two varieties collected in the year 2012-13 have been established (Table 1.1.1.2d). List of all the genotypes maintained under germplasm is presented in Table 1.1.1.2e.

Ludhiana

The centre is maintaining 204 cultivars of rose which include 120 hybrid teas, 59 floribunda, 19 miniatures and 6 polyanthas. The data on evaluation of rose have been recorded as per the technical programme of work and are tabulated in Tables 1.1.1.3a, 1.1.1.3b, 1.1.1.3c, 1.1.1.3d and 1.1.1.3e. One perpetual flowering species of Rosa bourboniana was collected from the local region. On the basis of their performance for growth, flowering and tolerance to extremes of temperatures, the varieties Ferry Porsche, Impertice Farah, Marcopolo and Headliner (among HT), Summer Snow and Charleston (among Floribundas) and Small Virtue (among Miniatures) performed better. Thirty-seven varieties in Hybrid teas bear fragrant flowers whereas, five varieties bear striped petals Polyantha variety Margo Coster did not perform well for the last three years hence it is discarded from the germplasm. Cultivar Ferry Porsche, Small Virtue and Summer Snow were found to be heat tolerant. New Delhi

Eight new varieties (Lagerfeld, French Perfume, Magic Lantern, Red Chief, Bacardi, Kardinal, Yankee Doodle and Amethyst Royal Rose) were collected and added to the germplasm during the period. 350 varieties and 15 species are being maintained in the Division.The varieties viz., Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Ajay, Raktima, Raktagandha and Pusa Baramasi were performing well under Delhi conditions.

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2. GLADIOLUS Project No. 1.2.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of gladiolus germplasm. Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Hessaraghatta, Wadura, Ludhiana, Udaipur, Solan and Hyderabad. Technical Programme: 1. Germplasm collection of named varieties only, but in case of promising lines/accession,

accession number may be maintained. 2. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and should

be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

3. Evaluation for the vase life (at room temperature in tap water). 4. Collection of gladiolus species and cultivars from indigenous and exotic sources. 5. Identification of varieties tolerant / resistant to major diseases. 6. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on

extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

Observations recorded at flowering stage 1. Plant height (cm) 2. Days taken to spike emergence 3. Days taken to flowering 4. Flowering duration (days) 5. Shape of floret (open/hooded) 6. Colour of floret (as per RHS Colour Chart) 7. Spike length (cm) 8. Rachis length (cm) 9. Diameter of second floret (cm) 10. No. of florets remained open at a time 11. No. of florets per spike 12. Fresh weight of spike (g) 13. Vase life (days) 14. No. of spikes per plant and per m2 15. Texture and placement of florets Observations recorded at corm lifting stage 16. No. of corms per plant 17. Diameter of corms (cm) 18. Fresh weight of corms (g) 19. No. of cormels per plant 20. Fresh weight of cormels per plant (g) 21. Diameter of cormels (cm)

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REPORT

CENTRE Hessaraghatta

A total of nine introduced varieties were evaluated for vegetative and floral traits (Table 1.2.1.1). There was significant difference among the genotypes for different traits. Flowering was early in ‘Charisma’ and it was late in ‘Verona’ compared to other varieties. The Plant height, spike length and number of florets per spike recorded maximum in Red Beant. The genotype Charisma recorded maximum spike length. The genotypes Applause recorded maximum flowering duration. These varieties were found to be promising for cut flower. A total of 69 genotypes having different colour and floral traits are maintained.

Ludhiana

Fifty-eight genotypes of gladiolus were evaluated for various growth and floral parameters, including four newly introduced varieties during this year. Thirty five genotypes were evaluated in replicated trials. The planting was carried out in the first week of November and observations recorded on days to sprouting of corm, days taken to flowering, flowering duration, plant height, spike length, number of florets per spike, floret size, corm number, cormel number, corm weight and cormel weight. The data recorded on all these growth and flowering parameters are analyzed statistically and the detailed report is given as under: Days taken to sprouting of corm: It is evident from the results of Table 1.2.1.2a that the corms of different cultivars took different time for the sprouting, ranging from 6 to 10 days presenting significant differences. The varieties Punjab Glance, Punjab Lemon Delight and Anglia were early sprouting and took around 6.00 to 7.00 days to sprout whereas the varieties like Punjab Flame took the longest time of 11.00 days for corm sprouting. Days to spike emergence: The results presented in Table 1.2.1.2a indicate significant differences for different varieties with respect to visible stage of spike emergence. The varieties Praha, Sylvia, Suchitra and Punjab Flame took longer time to reach the visible stage of spike emergence. As per the results of this Table the varieties Anglia and Punjab Glance were early to reach the stage of spike emergence.

Early flowering cultivars (85-105 days): Suchitra, Bis Bis, Shobha Gunjan, Punjab Pink Elegance, Yellow Stone, Punjab Lemon Delight, Rose Supreme, Nova Lux, Red Beauty, Copper King, Hunting Song, White Prosperity, Green Sphire and True Yellow. Mid season flowering cultivars (105-110 days): This group includes the varieties which took more than 105 days to produce the spikes and most of the cultivars fall in this group with respect to time taken to flower, like Sylvia, Priscilla, Praha, CPG and Shagun, Arka Kesar (Table 1.2.1.2a). Late flowering cultivars (> 110 days): Punjab Flame Duration of flowering (days): Data recorded on flowering duration presents the blooming period in the field of the respective varieties ( Table 1.2.1.2a). The flowering duration varied between

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10.00 to 16.00 days and significant differences were recorded. The longest flowering duration was observed in varieties Jacksonville Gold and Punjab Flame followed by Copper King and Punjab Pink Elegance. It is evident from the data that the varieties CPG, Copper King and White Prosperity presented non-significant variation. Whereas, most of the varieties such as Shobha, Gunjan, Yellow Stone, Nova Lux, Arka Kesar , Peter Pears , Priscilla, Red Beauty and White Prosperity had the flowering duration of 15 days. Plant height (cm): The varieties of gladiolus varied significantly with respect to plant height and these are classified as tall, medium and dwarf. The maximum plant height was recorded in variety Punjab Flame (110.00 cm) followed by True Yellow (107.00 cm) indicating non- significant difference (Table 1.2.1.2a). The varieties are classified as tall, medium and dwarf according to height. Tall (>105cm): True Yellow, Red Beauty and Punjab Flame. Medium cultivars (85 -105cm): Hunting Song, Priscilla, Punjab Pink Elegance, Bis- Bis, Peter Pear, Green Sphire, Gunjan, CPG, Yellow Stone, Jacksonville Gold, White Prosperity, Rose Supreme, Dhanvantri, Suchitra, Fidelio, Sancerre, Aldebran, Blue Sky, Shobha and Delhi Pink. True Yellow, Shagun, Fidelio, Nova Lux, Arka Kesar and Legend. Dwarf (80 -85 cm): Happy End, Anglia, Punjab Lemon Delight and Sancerre. Spike length (cm): The results presented in Table 1.2.1.2b show that the longest spikes were obtained from varieties Punjab Flame (89.00 cm) followed by White Prosperity (86.33 cm) and Red Beauty (86.33 cm). It is also evident from the data that there were only marginal differences in spike length for varieties Punjab Pink Elegance, Shagun and Nova Lux ranging from 83.00 - 86.00 cm. The evaluated cultivars were classified in two groups’ viz., Standard and Utility grade depending on the spike length. Standard Grade (81-90 cm): Suchitra, Red Beauty, Nova Lux, Punjab Flame, Shobha, True Yellow, Hunting Song, Punjab Pink Elegance, Shagun, Priscilla, White Prosperity and Shagun. Utility Grade (<81 cm): Green Sphire, Bis-Bis, Praha, CPG, Peter Pear, Gunjan, Sylvia, CPG, Rose Supreme, Sancerre, Copper King, Punjab Glance, Yellow Stone and Punjab Lemon Delight. Number of florets per spike: The total number of florets per spike showed a significant difference among the cultivars under evaluation (Table1.2.1.2b). The maximum number of florets per spike was recorded in Punjab Flame with 16.67 florets per spike followed by Shobha and Legend presenting non significant differences. The varieties are classified in following groups with respect to floret number per spike as under: Fancy Grade (>16 florets): Punjab Flame, Shobha and Legend. Special Grade (14 - 15 florets): Bis-Bis, Yellow Stone, Red Beauty, Suchitra, Nova Lux, Rose Supreme, Hunting Song, Priscilla, CPG, Shagun, Praha and Fidelio. Standard Grade (12-14): Punjab Glance, Copper King and Anglia. Utility Grade (10-12 florets): Gunjan, Punjab Lemon Delight and Aldebran.

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Floret size (cm): Depending on the variation floret size the varieties were classified in three groups (Table1.2.1.2b). The results show that the maximum floret size was observed in variety Red Beauty (10.54 cm) followed by Punjab Flame (10.45cm) and Hunting Song. Large sized florets (> 10.00 cm): Red Beauty, Punjab Pink Elegance, Punjab Flame and Hunting Song. Medium sized florets (8.5 - 10.00 cm): White Prosperity, Yellow Stone, True Yellow, Suchitra, Shagun, Jacksonville Gold, Dhanvantri, Aldebran, Hunting Song, Bis-Bis, Priscilla, Copper King, Punjab Lemon Delight, Green Sphire and Legend. Small sized florets (6.00-8.5 cm): Gunjan, SGN, Sylvia, Happy End, Arka Kesar, CPG, Wind Song, Regency and Praha. Corm count/corm: It is evident from the data given in Table 1.2.1.2b that the maximum number of corms were produced by the variety Hunting Song and it was statistically at par with that of White Prosperity, Fidelio and Anglia. The results showed that most of the varieties produced 1.00 to 1.40 daughter corms per corm. The varieties like Punjab Pink Elegance, Punjab Flame, Suchitra, White Prosperity, Yellow Stone, Priscilla, Shagun, Green Sphire and Hunting Song produced one corm per corm. Cormels/plant: The results of Table 1.2.1.2b show that maximum cormels were produced by the variety Wind Song (56.67) followed by SGN (44.00) and Priscilla (32.33). The results also show that there was significant difference among all the varieties for cormel production and it ranged from 3.00 to 68.00 per corm. Corm weight/plant (g): The results also show that there was significant difference among all the varieties for corm weight and it ranged from 45.00 g to 117.00 g. The average value for the corm weight reported to be maximum for the variety Arka Kesar was closely followed by and Hunting Song (Table 1.2.1.2b). Vase life (days): The results of Table 1.2.1.2b indicate that the longest vase life was recorded in variety Punjab Flame (17.00 days) followed by Punjab Pink Elegance and Hunting Song (16.00days). The varieties Red Beauty, Priscilla, SGN, Peter Pears and Yellow Stone presented the equivalent vase life of 15.00 - 16.00 days. The average vase life ranged between 14.00 to 15.00 days for varieties Suchitra, Sancerre, Jacksonville Gold and Punjab Lemon Delight. Wadura a) Vegetative and floral characters:

In enrichment of gladiolus germplasm for genetic enhancement, data recorded on more than sixty genotypes have been presented in Table 1.2.1.3. The data reveal that minimum 23 days each were taken to sprouting of the corms by Water Melon Pink, Sunny Boy, SKG-10, Traderhorn, Vink’s Glory, White Gaiant, White Goddess and White Prosperity, followed by Jester, Sapna, SKG-8, Psitachinus Hybrid, Rattna’s Butterfly, Rose and Wine and White Friendship. The other cvs. like King Lear, Priscilla, Rose Superme, Top Brass, Sanceree, Jester Gold and Oscar took 28 days each to sprouting. The maximum 38 days were taken to sprouting of the corms by cv. Bindiya, Apple Blossom, Buff Beauty and Punjab Selection. Rest of the

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cultivars ranged between 29-37 days taken to sprouting of the corms after planting. The minimum 65.00 days each taken to first flowering after planting were recorded by cv. White Friendship and White Prosperity, followed by Mayor, Rose and Wine, Vink’s Glory and White Giant (66.000 days each), Oscar, Water Melon Pink and White Goddess (67.00 days each), Jester (68.00 days), Moralla and Yellow Frills (69.00 days) and 70.00 days each by Amsterdom, Big Time Supreme, SKG-10 and Nazrana. Whereas, maximum (119.00) days to first flowering were registered by cv., Aartic, followed by Aldabaran (118.00 days), Bonus Memory (117.00 days), Jackson Villa Gold (116.00 days), Bindiya (115.00 days), SKG-8 (114.00 days), Melody and Pusa Suhagin (110.00 days each), Punjab Selection (109.00 days) and Apple Blossom (108.00 days). Remaining cultivars ranged between 71.00-105.00 days taken to first flower after planting.

Duration of flowering in the field was recorded maximum by cv. White Prosperity (17.50 days) followed by cvs. Apple Blossom and Wind Song (16.00 days each), Water Melon Pink (15.66 days), Vink’s Glory (15.33 days), Moralla (15.00 days),Yellow Frills (14.66 days), White Friendship (14.50 days) and 14.00 days each by SKG-10 and Tropic Seas. However, cv. Fidelo recorded minimum (8.25 days) duration of flowering, followed by RN-96 (8.66 days), Rattna’s Butterfly (8.95 days), Bindiya (9.00 days) and Punjab Selection (9.50 days). Remaining cultivars fall in the range between 9.66-13.66 days flower duration.

Further perusal of data reveal that maximum plant height (139.66 cm) was recorded by cv. White Prosperity, followed by Friendship Pink (135.66 cm), Regency (135.00 cm), White Giant (134.50cm), Sunset Jubilee (134.00 cm), Sunny Boy (133.75 cm), White Goddess (133.50cm), Traderhorn (132.00 cm), Pusa Suhagin (131.66cm) and Red Majesty (131.00 cm). The minimum plant height (80.66cm) was registered by cv. Aarti, followed by Her Majesty (81.00 cm), Fidelo (81.50 cm), Mayor (82.00 cm), Aldabaran (82.50 cm), King Lear (83.65 cm) and CPG-6 (84.66 cm). In rest of the cultivars the plant height ranged between 85.00 to 130.50 cm. The cultivars producing maximum spike length were White Prosperity, Buff Beauty, Sunset Jubilee, Sunny Boy, White Giant, Sanceree, Rose Delight, Traderhorn, SKG-8, Oscar and Water Melon Pink recording, 114.33, 113.66, 113.33, 110.00, 109.66, 109.50, 109.00, 107.65, 105.00, 104.50 and 102.00 cm, respectively. The minimum spike length (60.50) cm was observed in cv. Aarti, followed by Fidelo (62.66 cm), Mayor (63.00 cm), Aldabaran (66.00 cm), CPG-6 (69.00cm) and King Lear (69.75 cm). Remaining cultivars ranged between 70.00-101.50 cm spike lengths.

Cultivars producing maximum rachis length were White Prosperity, Priscilla, Oscar, Water Melon Pink, Friendship Pink, Sunset Jubilee, Amsterdom, Buff Beauty, Regency, Rose Delight, Sunny Boy and Sanceree, recording respectively 95.00, 94.00, 93.33, 92.50, 92.00, 91.66, 90.33, 90.00, 86.00, 85.50, 85.33 and 85.00 cm. Whereas, minimum rachis length was 49.50 cm recorded by cv. Aarti, followed by Punjab Selection (51.00 cm), Aldabaran (52.33 cm), Sapna (55.00 cm) and King Lear (59.33 cm). Other remaining cultivars registered their rachis length in the range 60.00-84.50 cm. The weight of the spike was recorded highest (71.33g) each by cv. White Prosperity and Water Melon Pink, followed by Sanceree (65.50 g), Priscilla (62.0 g), White Friendship (60.00g), Red Majesty (59.00 g), Apple Blossom (57.33g), Oscar (55.00g),

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Jester Gold (53. .66g), Moralla (51.50g), and Powder Puff (51.00g). The minimum spike weight 28.50g was produced by cv. Bindiya, followed by Mayor (29.00g), Pink Jewel (30.00 g), Punjab Selection (31.00 g) and Aarti (32.00g). Rest of the cultivars varied their spike weight between 33.00-51.66g per spike.

Cultivars Regency, Amsterdom, Mescagami, Melody and White Prosperity registered maximum number of florets (19.00) each per spike, followed by Suchitra (18.66), Moralla (18.50), Jester and Powder Puff (18.33 each), and Sanceree (18.00). The minimum number of florets per spike was registered by cv. Psitachinus Hybrid, King Lear, SKG-8 and R.N.96, recording 9.66, 10.33, 10.66, and 11.00, respectively. Remaining cultivars ranged between 11.25-17.66 florets per spike. Maximum number of florets remained open at one time in cv. Rose Delight (6.00), followed by White Goddess (5.90), Apple Blossom (5.66), Oscar, Rose Supreme, Sanceree, Powder Puff and Red Majesty (15.33 each). The minimum number of florets remained open at one time in cv. Aldabaran (2.00), followed by Aarti and Bonus Memory (2.50 each), CPG-6 and Sunny Boy (2.66 each) and Suchitra (3.00). Other cultivars ranged between 3.33-5.00 florets per spike open at one time.

Floret diameter was measured largest by cv. Vaink’s Glory, Jackson Villa Gold and White Prosperity recording 12.00 cm each, followed by Traderhorn (11.66 cm), Water Melon Pink (11.50 cm), Mescagami (11.33 cm), Priscilla, Nazrana and Rose Delight (11.00 cm each). The minimum floret size (6.66cm) was produced by cv. RN-96, followed by Buff Beauty (6.00 cm), Punjab Selection (6.50 cm), CPG-6 (7.00 cm), Aarti, Bonus Memory, Aldabaran and Peter Pears (7.33 cm each). In remaining cultivars the floret size was measured between 7.50-10.66cm. b) Corm and cormel production

The data recorded on corm and cormel production of gladiolus have been presented in Table 2.1. Perusal of data reveal that maximum number of corms per plant was produced by cv. Priscilla (3.33), followed by Wind Song (3.10), Moralla (3.00), Regency (2.66), Buff Beauty (2.50), Mayor (2.33), King Lear, Purple King, Psitachinus Hybrid and Pusa Suhagin (2.00 each). The minimum corm production was recorded by cv. Bindiya (0.80), Rose and Wine (0.90), Big Time Supreme (0.95), Bonus Memory (0.99), Bis Bis, CPG-6, Nazrana and Jackson Villa (1.00 each). Remaining cultivars recorded their corm production between 1.15-1.95 corms per plant.

Regarding cormel production f gladiolus cultivars, maximum weight of cormels (60.00g) per plant was measured by cv. Purple King, followed by Rattna’s Butterfuly (59.00g), Sunny Boy (55.00g), Sanceree (51.50 g), Powder Puff (45.33g) and White Prosperity (41.00g). Other cultivars like Amsterdom, Her Majesty, Peter Pears, Fidelo and Sylvia also registered heavy cormel weight of 35.00, 30.00, 27.50, and 25.66 g of per plant respectively. However, minimum cormel weight (5.50g) was noticed in cv. CPG-6, followed by Bindiya (6.66 g), Apple Blossom (8.33g), Big Time Supreme (8.50g), Jester Gold (9.00) and Nazrana (9.66g). All other cultivars fall in the range of 10.00-25.50 g cormels per plant.

Out of whole germplasm bank maintained at this centre, following cultivars are best suited for cut flower and corm production. Cut flower production : Amesterdom, Apple Blossom, Big Time Supreme, Eurovision, Jasckson

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Villa Gold, Jester, Jester Gold, Mescagami, Moralla, Oscar, Peter Pears, Priscilla, Rattna’s Buttterfly, Rose and Wine, Rose Delight, Rose Supreme, Sanceree, SKG-10, Sunset Jubilee, Traderhorn, Vink’s Glory, Water Melon Pink, White Friendship, White Giant, White Goddess, White Prosperity, Wind Song, Yellow Stone. Corm production : Buff Beauty, King Lear, Mayur, Moralla, Priscilla, Purple King, Pusa Suhagin, Regency, Traderhorn, Wind Song, Wig’s Sensation. Hyderabad

During 2014-15 five new genotypes were added to the existing collection of 55 varieties of gladiolus. Earliest flowering (<50days) was observed in ACC No.7, Sagar and Punjab Morning while late flowering (>100 days) was observed in Adagio, IIHR-G-11, and Snow White. The spike length ranged from as low as 43.53 cm in Esta Bonita to long as 93.93 cm in Arka Kesar. Maximum number of florets per spike (18.0) was observed in Arka kesar while maximum floret size (11.0cms.) was recorded in Arka Gold (Table 1.2.1.4). For cut flower production ACC. No.7, Hybrid 94-101, Hybrid 94-4, American Beauty, White Prosperity, Yellow Pril, Arka Amar and Arka Kesar were found promising for this region. Solan

Solan centre maintain a germplasm collection of 47 cultivars. During 2014, these cultivars were evaluated for growth and flowering parameters and data are presented in Table 1.2.1.5 Among different cultivars, maximum plant height recorded in ‘Eurovision’ (140.42 cm) was found to be at par with Red Ginger (138.83 cm). On the other hand, minimum plant height was found in cv. Swarnima (87.67 cm).

As regards length of leaves, it was found maximum in cv. Shagun (71.00 cm) and closely followed by Red Beauty (70.33 cm). On the other hand it was found minimum in cultivar Wind Song (34.00 cm).

Maximum leaf width was obtained in cultivar Shagun (4.97 cm) which was found to be at par with cultivars ‘Eurovision’ (4.80 cm), White Prosperity (4.73 cm), Pacifica (4.67 cm), Nova Lux (4.67 cm), Gold Fish (4.50 cm), Her Majesty, Mayur, Red Majestyand Applause (4.17 cm each). On the other hand, width of leaves was recorded minimum in cultivar Spic & Span (2.40 cm). Maximum number of florets per spike observed in cultivar Red Majesty (21.00) was found to be at par with Punjab Dawn (20.17). In contrast, it was recorded minimum (11.67) in cultivar Vink’s Glory.

Maximum size of corm was obtained in cultivar Red Beauty (73.50 mm in diameter) which was found to be at par with cultivar Pacifica (67.50 mm). Size of corm was however recorded minimum in cultivar Spic & Span (38.50 mm). As regards corm weight, it was found maximum in cv. Pacifica (121.67 g) which was at par with Red Beauty (113.33 g). On the other hand, minimum weight of corms was obtained in cv. Wind Song (23.33 g).

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Udaipur During 2014-15 we have total collection 38 varieties (old collection exist 36 + new collection 2 varieties from IARI, New Delhi.

3. CARNATION

Project No. 1.3.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of germplasm of carnation. Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Hessaraghatta, Pune (Ganeshkhind) and Solan. Technical Programme: 1. Germplasm collection of named varieties only, but in case of promising lines/accession,

accession number may be maintained. 2. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and should

be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

3. The collection of germplasm will include standard, spray and other types, from sources within the country and abroad.

4. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

5. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

Observations recorded on: 1. Height of plant – recorded when the first flower is fully open. 2. No. of flowers per plant –After first pinching, flowering shoots will be counted in a season. 3. Length of the flower stem – measured from 2nd node above the ground to base of calyx. 4. Size of the flower (diameter) – observed at full blooming stage. 5. Days to first flower –The period from planting to appearance of first flower. 6. Flowering duration – counted from planting to appearance of last flower. 7. Flower colour –as per RHS colour Chart. 8. Calyx splitting

High : 60% and above Medium: 30 – 50% Low : less than 30%

9. Strength of flower stem – determined by holding the stem horizontally at a point 25 cm above the base and noting the deviation of the flower head below horizontal line.

A grade : less than 15o B grade : 50 – 30o

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C grade : more than 30o

10. Vase life –At room temperature in tap water in days. 11. Susceptibility to diseases and insects –

High : 50% and above disease index Medium: 10 – 50% disease index Low : less than 10% disease index

12. No. of flowers produced with stem length: Standards – A grade : 55 cm & above B grade : 45 cm – 54 cm C grade : 30 cm – 44 cm Sprays – A grade : 45 cm and above B grade : 30 cm – 44 cm C grade : 10 cm – 29 cm

REPORT

CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind)

Data presented in Table 1.3.1.1 indicated that, maximum plant height (87.60cm), number of flowers per plant (7.8), stalk length (74.2 cm), flower diameter (6.2 cm) and flowering duration (29.8 days) were observed in cv. Gaudina. The vase life were ranged from 4.8 to 7.0 days with an average of 5.90 days and found to be more in Dover (7.0 days). Hessaraghatta

A total of 82 accessions were multiplied and maintained. Experiment was taken up to screen 15 varieties for Fusarium wilt resistance. Two isolates were used for screening. Observations on seed setting resulted in identification of seed setting in cross combination of Bizet and Liberty. Ooty

Twenty five cvs. of Carnation viz., Ambrose, Charmant, Dark Farida, Farida, Eskimo, Gaudiana, Harvey, Orange Viana, White Liberty, Yellow Viana, Golem, Soto, Seychelles, Darjeeling, Happy Golem, Malaga, Beads, Folgore, Bizet, Dark Dona, Notorious, Domingo, Baltico, Dumas and Kiro were collected from M/s.KF Bioplants, Pune and M/s. Florance Flora, Bengaluru and evaluated for their growth and floral parameters during this year under Nilgiris condition. The performance of Carnation varieties under Ooty condition is presented in Table.1.3.1.2.

The results revealed that plant height ranged from 60.0 cm to 84.0 cm. The maximum plant height was observed in Folgore and minimum in Gaudiana. The number of flowers per

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plant varied from 3 to 7.The highest stalk length of 84.0 cm was observed in Charmant and lowest of 62.0 cm in White Liberty. The size of flower varied from 5.2 cm to 6.7 cm. The maximum size was recorded in Dark Farida.

The genotypes differed significantly for number of days to first flowering. Cultivar Dark Dona took 128 days for first flowering while Harvey and Kiro took maximum days of 140 for flowering. In general calyx splitting was low in most of the cultivars.

Cultivars viz., Charmant, Dark Farida, Farida, Gaudiana, Golem, Soto, Seychelles, Darjeeling, Happy Golem, Malaga, Beads and Folgore were found to be least susceptible to pest and disease. Solan

Under this project total germplasm collection consisting of 64 cultivars was enriched by adding 7 new cultivars from different sources to make it total 71. The newly collected cultivars are being multiplied for their further evaluation. During 2014-15, sixteen cultivars of carnation namely; Gaudin (V1), Diana Yellow (V2), White Dona (V3), Turbo Red (V4), Golem (V5), Happy Golem (V6), Angelica (V7), Tamarind (V8), Cinderella (V9), Aicardi (V10), Victoria (V11), Snow Storm (V12), Don Pedro (V13), Hermes (V14), Kleos (V15) and Madame Colette (V16) were evaluated for various growth and flowering parameters.

Data presented in the Table 1.3.1.3 revealed the significant differences among various carnation cultivars for all the growth and flowering parameters except disease incidence. It is evident from the Table that maximum plant height (101.69 cm) recorded in cultivar Snow Storm was found statistically at par with Diana Yellow (100.35 cm), White Dona (97.65 cm), Turbo Red (96.93 cm), Gaudina (95.41 cm), Angelica (95.35 cm) and Happy Golem (94.66 cm). However, minimum plant height (76.43 cm) observed in cultivar Tamarind was found statistically at par with cultivars Kleos (77.57 cm), Cinderella (81.95 cm) and Madame Colette (83.98). As far as stem length is concerned, it was recorded maximum (67.59 cm) in cultivar Diana Yellow. Other cvs like Turbo Red (67.21 cm), Happy Golem (63.27 cm) and Gaudina (62.33 cm) also showed similar results. In contrast, minimum stem length (43.66 cm) was recorded in cultivar White Dona. Earliest flower bud formation (127.44 days) recorded in cultivar Turbo Red which followed by cultivar Tamarind (139.74 days), whereas, maximum days for bud formation (158.17 days) recorded in White Dona was found statistically at par with Snow Storm (150.33 days). However, earliest flowering (153.12 days) recorded in cultivar Gaudina was found statistically at par with Turbo Red (154.00 days), Don Pedro (157.83 days) and Tamarind 158.11 days). Maximum number of days for flowering (178.09 days) recorded in cultivar White Dona was found statistically at par with Kleos (175.88 days) and Snow Storm (173.58 days). Cultivar Madame Colette recorded the maximum number of flower stem per plant (7.92) which was followed by Cinderella (7.47), Tamarind (7.17), Happy Golem (6.97), Diana Yellow (6.78) and Aicardi (6.69), whereas, minimum number of flower stems per plant (5.77) was obtained in cultivar Angelica which was found statistically at par with cultivars Snow Storm (5.25), Kleos

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(5.50), White Dona (5.67), Gaudina (6.03), Turbo Red (6.06), Golem (6.23), Victoria (6.31), Don Pedro (6.31) and Hermes (6.39). As regards flower size, it was recorded largest (7.61 cm) in cultivar Hermes which was found statistically at par with cultivars Kleos (7.46 cm), Angelica (7.48 cm), Snow Storm (7.42 cm) and Golem (7.36 cm). Whereas, smallest flower size (6.62 cm) was recorded in cultivar Tamarind (6.68 cm) which was found to be statistically at par with cultivar Cinderella (6.62 cm). Maximum vase life (13.11 days) recorded in cultivar Gaudina was found statistically at par with cultivars Kleos (12.33 days), Turbo Red (12.00 days) and Aicardi (11.78 days). Cultivar Kleos recorded maximum duration of flowering (15.44 days) which was found statistically at par with cultivars Don Pedro (14.53 days), Hermes (14.28 days) and Happy Golem (13.75 days). Whereas, minimum duration of flowering (8.66 days) was recorded in cultivar Tamarind followed by cultivar Victoria (10.47 days).

Among all cultivars, maximum ‘A’ grade flowers (100.00 %) recorded in cultivar Don Pedro were found to be statistically at par with cultivars Victoria (96.30 %),Cinderella (92.59 %), Aicardi (92.59 %), Snow Storm (92.59 %), Kleos (92.59 %), Happy Golem (88.89 %), Madame Colette (88.89 %), Diana Yellow’ (85.19 %), Turbo Red (85.19 %) and Angelica (85.19 %), whereas, minimum number of ‘A’ grade flowers (57.01 %) were recorded in cultivar White Dona. However, significant variations were also recorded among the different carnation cultivars in the production of ‘B’ grade cut flowers. Maximum ‘B’ grade flowers (42.99 %) recorded in cultivar White Dona were statistically superior among all the cultivars, whereas, in cultivar Don Pedro, no production of ‘B’ grade flowers (0.00 %) was recorded which was found statistically at par with cultivars Victoria (3.70 %), Cinderella (7.41 %), Aicardi (7.41 %), Snow Storm (7.41 %), Kleos (7.41 %), Happy Golem (11.11 %), Madame Colette (11.11 %), Diana Yellow (14.81 %),Turbo Red (14.81 %) and Angelica (14.81) .

In case of stem length grade, maximum percentage of ‘A’ grade flowers (91.11 %) were recorded in cultivar Diana Yellow which was found statistically at par with cultivars ‘Turbo Red’ (86.67 %), ‘Happy Golem’ (86.67 %) and Gaudina (73.42 %). Whereas, minimum percentage of ‘B’ grade flowers (9.67 %) was observed in cultivar ‘White Dona’ which was found to be statistically at par with cultivar ‘Kleos’ (24.44 %). Maximum percentage of ‘B’ grade flowers (56.56 %) were observed in cultivar Tamarind which was found to be statistically at par with cultivars Kleos (46.67 %) and Madame Colette (38.33 %), whereas, minimum ‘B’ grade flowers (8.8 %) recorded in cultivar Diana Yellow were statistically at par with Turbo Red (13.33 %), Happy Golem (13.33 %), Gaudina (22.17 %), White Dona (23.03 %), Snow Storm (23.89 %) and Victoria (27.00 %). However, minimum percentage of ‘C’ grade flowers (0.00 %) were observed among cultivars Diana Yellow, Turbo Red, Happy Golem and Tamarind which was found statistically at par with Angelica (2.22 %), Gaudina (3.75 %), Hermes (4.44 %), Golem (9.00 %), Don Pedro (11.11 %), Cindrella (11.67 %), Aicardi (13.33 %) and Madame Colette (16.67 %), whereas, maximum percentage of ‘C’ grade flowers (60.58 %) were observed in cultivar ‘White Dona’ which was statistically highest among all the cultivars.

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It is evident from the Table 1.3.1.3 that maximum percentage of calyx splitting (41.47 %) was recorded in cultivar ‘Snow Storm’ followed by cultivar Kleos (35.72 %). In case of disease incidence, non-significant results were recorded, however, minimum percentage (23.30 %) was observed in cultivar Aicardi followed by cultivar Gaudina (23.37 %) and maximum disease incidence percentage (43.21 %) was recorded in cultivar ‘White Dona’ followed by cultivar Don Pedro (40.82 %).

4. CHRYSANTHEMUM

Project No. 1.4.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of germplasm of chrysanthemum. Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Hessaraghatta, Ludhiana, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Udaipur, Kalyani and

Pantnagar Technical Programme: 1. Germplasm collection of named varieties only, but in case of promising lines/accession,

accession number may be maintained. 2. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and should

be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

3. Import of germplasm from other countries for cut and loose flower and pot culture purpose for enrichment of existing genetic stock in the country.

4. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

5. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

Observations recorded on: 1. Plant height: measured when first flower bud appear 2. Number of branches per plant 3. Weight of loose flowers per plant (for spray type) 4. Days taken to first bud appearance after planting 5. Number of flowers per plant 6. Diameter of flower (cm) 7. Flower colour as per R.H.S. Colour Chart 8. Average weight of flower bunch (g) 9. Duration of flowering (days) 10. Vase life in tap water (days) 11. Incidence / tolerance to insects and diseases

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REPORT

CENTRE Coimbatore

A total of 106 accessions from different sources were collected and are being maintained in the germplasm collection. Of these, the performance of ACC 103 (Indira) and ACC 107 (Chandini) were found to be good when compared with the local check (CO 1) and was recommended for adoption. Hence mass multiplication of these accessions has been carried out for further distribution. A total of 7 genotypes were added to the existing germplasm of 99 and were evaluated for their performance as cut flower, loose flower and pot mums under Coimbatore conditions. Of the 106 accessions evaluated during 2014 -15, the following types were identified for, Loose flower types : Punjab Anuradha (Acc. 124) Garden display : Mohini (Acc. 33), RRS 85 (Acc. 85) Pot mums : Star of India (Acc. 8)

The yield recorded by the Acc. 124 was 281.23 g per plant when compared with the local check Acc. 110 (148.90 g). The accessions 33 and 85 registered higher number of flowers per plant (100.60 and 128.0) when compared with Acc. 110(68.0). These accessions have been identified for garden display.The plant height recorded by acc. 8 was 24.7 cm when compared with acc. 110 (34.20 cm) and hence can be recommended for potmums (Table 1.4.1.1). Hessaraghatta

A total of 77 genotypes were multiplied and maintained (Table 1.4.1.2). Ludhiana

One hundred and fifty varieties of chrysanthemum were evaluated for various growth and flowering parameters. The cuttings were taken from terminal portion of mother stock plants and prepared during end of June to mid of July and planted in propagation trays for induction of rooting. After 15-20 days rooted cuttings were transplanted in the field during first week of August. The observations on various plant growth and flowering parameters as per technical programme were recorded and data on all these growth and flowering parameters were analyzed statistically (Table 1.4.1.3). Based on their evaluation it was found that varieties for cut flower purpose are Reagan White, Reagan Emperor, Kelvin Tattoo, White Bouquet, Ajay, White Staphour, Obsession, Yellow Delight; for loose flower- Birbal Sahni, Ratlam Selection, Basanti; for pot culture - Chidori, Lemon Baby Drop, Yellow Charm, Anmol, Royal Purple, Tomiko, Dolly Pink; and for garden decoration - Garden Beauty, Winter Queen and Autumn Joy, Flirt, Jaya. Kalyani

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Table 1.4.1.4a and 1.4.1.4b depict a status of germplasm collection of Chrysanthemum at BCKV Kalyani centre. One hundred and twenty genotypes of spray chrysanthemum collected from different sources were maintained. The crop was planted in the last week of July, 2014. Number of flowers per plant ranged from 4 in Eva Turner to 1170 in NBRI Little Kusum. The first one is, however a standard type and the later is a pompon type with small flower. Plant spread ranged from 16 cm to 85 cm. Flower diameter ranged from 2.1 cm in Yellow Baby to 12.3 cm in Dignity. BCC 18, a local collection, recorded very high production of loose flower (4320 g/plant). Other genotypes which recorded higher loose flower yield were Beauty (3484), Sunil (3043), Basanti (2704) and Gouri (2530). Basanti, Gouri and Puja were identified as very late type and suitable for late harvest. Hyderabad

During the year 2014-15, 120 varieties were evaluated during the year under report to study their performance; The days for first flower bud appearance showed wide range of variation from as early as 59 days to as late as 120 days in Kotai No Koari and White Silk Brocade, respectively. PAU-B-107 a white coloured variety recorded more number of flowers/ spray (23.30). The diameter of flower among the lines differed with the type of flower and it ranged from 1.90 cm in local button to 8.43 cm in Jessie Hab Good. With regards to number of suckers per plant, maximum number of suckers were produced in the variety PAU-B-107 (52.73), while, minimum number of suckers per plant were observed in standard variety Taichen Queen (Nil) (Table 1.4.1.5). The varieties PAU-B-107 and Local Button showed better performance under Hyderabad conditions. Pantnagar The average plant height was found maximum (62.49 cm) in Suneel, whereas, plant height was minimum in Golden Yellow (18.0 cm). Among the different genotypes, maximum number of primary branches per plant (11.66) were recorded in Pusa Anmol whereas, minimum in Nanako (2.15). Maximum days taken to first bud initiation was observed in Geetanjali (80.73 days), whereas, it was minimum in Sardhar (36.51 days). The genotype Sadbhavana (152.20) possessed maximum number of flowers per plant. Genotype Thai Chin Queen (21.77) produced the minimum number of flowers per plant. Maximum flower diameter was recorded in Hybrid-5 (8.72 cm), whereas, minimum flower diameter was observed in Golden Yellow (2.72 cm). Weight of single flower among different genotypes was maximum in Juiblee (4.46 g), whereas, it was minimum in NBRI Kaul (0.41 g). Maximum average weight of flower bunch (5 flowers) was also recorded in Juiblee (22.28 g) and minimum noticed in NBRI Kaul (2.05 g). The duration of flowering among all the genotypes of chrysanthemum screened, flowering for longest duration was observed in Sova (50.40 days) whereas, minimum was recorded in Shyamal (23.90 days). A wide range of flower colour was observed among various genotypes screend. Flowers with white, purple and yellow colours were most common. Maximum vase-life (19.96 days) was found in the genotype Suneel. The minimum vase-life (8.89 days) was recorded in Himanshu

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among the different genotypes. All genotypes were found tolerance to incidence of disease and pest (Table 1.4.1.6). Udaipur During 2014-15 the total available chrysanthemum germplasm is 70.

5. ORCHIDS

Project No. 1.5.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of orchids germplasm. Duration : Continuing nature Centres:

A. Temperate orchids (Cymbidium, Paphiopedilum, etc) Centre: Yercaud; Barapani and Kalimpong. B. Tropical orchids (Dendrobium, Aranda, Vanda, Mokara, Phalaenopsis, etc)

Centre: Vellanikkara, Coimbatore, Kahikuchi and Kalyani Technical Programme 1. Collection, evaluation of orchid genetic resources for pot culture, medicinal values and their

conservation. 2. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and should

be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

3. Collections are to be enriched with orchid hybrids having commercial importance instead of native species having little or no commercial importance.

4. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

5. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

Observations recorded on: 1. Plant height (cm) 2. Internodal length (cm) 3. No. of leaves per plant 4. No. of pseudobulbs per plant 5. Length and volume of pseudobulbs per plant 6. Flowering duration (days) 7. Days to flowering 8. No. of spikes/plant 9. No. of flowers/ spike

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10. Spike length (cm) 11. Flower size (cm) 12. Pedicel length (cm) 13. Vase life (days) 14. Tolerance/ incidence to insects and disease, if any 15. Any other pertinent character

REPORT

CENTRE A. Temperate orchids (Cymbidium, Paphiopedilum, etc) Barapani Orchid species were evaluated for vegetative and floral characters (Table 1.5.1.1a and 1.5.1.1b) Kalimpong Seventy nine species under 25 genera of orchids are being maintained under low cost UV-sterilized agro-shade net covered orchidarium (Table 1.5.1.2a). Six species and twenty nine hybrid of Cymbidium are also being maintained and evaluated. Some of the species are rare, endangered or already extinct in the wild. The orchids are potted in suitable potting mixture consisting of brick pieces, charcoal, sand, leaf mould. Nutrient mixture, plant protection chemicals, irrigation and one year interval repotting are done for maintaining proper growth and development of orchids. The experiment on the evaluation of orchid germplasm was carried out at Regional Research Sub Station, Pedong. The orchids were characterized and evaluated for their horticultural traits. The information on vegetative as well as reproductive traits was collected so that the superior performance of sixteen different collected species of orchids (Table 1.5.1.2b) and ten hybrids of Cymbidium (Table 1.5.1.2c) have also been evaluated for their vegetative and floral characters in this region so that the superior species and hybrids can be identified and recommended for commercial cultivation. Conclusion: The data presented in Table 1.5.1.2b indicated that there was a significant difference among the orchid species for vegetative as well as flowering characters. Arundina graminifolia recorded the highest plant height (116.24 cm) which was statistically at par with Thunia alba (113.72 cm). Maximum number of leaves was observed in Coelogyne nitida (123.75). Regarding the flowering parameters, Dendrobium densiflorum recorded highest number of flowers per spike. Among the Cymbidium species, Cymbidium devonianum produced highest number of flowers (27.49). The species namely, Coelogyne nitida, Cymbidium devonianum, Cymbidium tigrinum, Paphiopedilum venustum, Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum, paphiopedilum insigne have been found superior for pot cultivation. The performance data of ten Cymbidium hybrids revealed that significant differences were observed amongst the hybrids for vegetative and flowering parameters. Maximum plant height was recorded in Pal Balkis White (156.76 cm). This was statistically at par with Oriental

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Legend (152.62 cm) and Golden Girl (150.36 cm). The lowest plant height was recorded in Culvetra Sydney (121.39 cm) which was statistically at par with Tal Graig Sutherland (126.17 cm). Cymbidium cv. Golden Girl recorded highest number of pseudobulbs per plant (12.11), pseudobulb length (12.85 cm) and leaf number per plant (34.52). Early flowering was reported in Kennywine (346.05 days) while delayed flowering was recorded in Cymbidium hybrid Oriental Legend (405.59 cm). Highest number of spikes/plant (6.54), number of flowers per spike (18.63), and longest vase life (41.52 days) was recorded in var. Kennywine. The flowering duration was recorded maximum in Tal Graig Sutherland (62.72 days) which was statistically at par with Kennywine (62.48 days). Largest flower size was recorded in December Gold (14.55 cm) while Minishara Artishion reported smallest flowers (8.02 cm). Perusal of data revealed that the hybrids, Golden Girl, Kennywine, December Gold, Culvetra Sydney performed exceedingly well in Kalimpong region with respect to both vegetative and flowering parameters and was hence found suitable for commercial cut flower production. Ooty The following twenty four species of Orchids were collected from Eastern Ghats: Aerides multiflorum, Aerides crispum, Acanthephippium bicolour, Arachnanthe clarkei,Cymbidium gigamticium, Coelogyne flaccid,Cattaleys Sp.Dendrobium chrysotoxum, Dendrobium moschatum, Dendrobium densiflorum,Epidendrum radicans, Epigenium ampulum, Ottochyllus falcate, Liparis grifithii.Lucia viride,Oncidium flexosum, Paphiopedilum insigne,Paphiopedilum villosum,Paphilianthe teres,Phaius tankervillae, Pholidata imbricate,Renanthera inshootiana.Rhyncostylis retusa, Spathoglottis plicata Eleven varieties of Phalaneopsis, three varieties of Cattaelya and Fourteen hybrids of Cymbidiums were collected and these types has to be studied under Nilgiris conditions B. Tropical orchids (Dendrobium, Aranda, Vanda, Mokara, Phalaenopsis, etc) Kalyani Total 20 types are maintained at Kalyani Centre: Oncidium var. Rat Tail, Dendrobium Minisonia, Phalaenopsis var. PSY, Phalaenopsis var. PCY, Phalaenopsis var. KD-76, Phalaenopsis var. PSP, Dendrobium var. Anjana, Dendrobium var. Sonia-17, Rhynchostylis var. S-144, Rhynchostylis retusa, Dendrobium var. Pompadour, Heading Beauty, Suskawat, Sakura pink, Dendrobium aggregatum, Aerides multiflorum, Cymbidium aloifolium, Dendrobium moschatum, Dendrobium Sonia, Cattleya sp., Results (2013) of old types A. VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS (Table 1.5.1.3a) Plant height (cm): Dendrobium var. Pompadour produced highest plant height (92.63cm), followed by Dendrobium moschatum (74.83cm) and differed significantly from all other varieties/species.

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Internodal length (cm): The longest internodes (6.3 cm) was observed in Dendrobium var. Pompadour and significantly varied from other types. No. of leaves/plant: Dendrobium moschatum produced highest number of leaves/plant (53.67) and differed significantly from all other species/varieties. No. of pseudobulbs/plant: Cymbidium aloifolium produced highest number of shoots per plant (18.00) and differed significantly from all other varieties/species. Number and length of roots per plant: Highest number of roots was produced by Cymbidium aloifolium, maximum root length by Rhynchostylis retusa. Tolerance/ incidence to insects and disease: All orchids types were highly tolerant to insects, diseases and pests except Aerides multiflorum and Dendrobium moschatum which were susceptible to leaf blight. A. FLOWERING BEHAVIOUR Out of the 20 orchid germplasms maintained at Kalyani Centre, total nine varieties produced flowers during the year 2014-15. Comparative performances for all the characters are given below (Table 1.5.1.3b): Days to flowering: On an average most of the orchids took at least two years to attain flowering stage. Flowering duration (days): Phalaenopsis var PSY, D. Agreegatum and D. Minosonia showed maximum flowering duration of 19 days. No. of spikes/plant: In West Bengal Plains mostly 1-2 spikes per plant are observed. There was no significant difference. No. of flowers/ spike: Cymbidium aloifolium produced highest number of flowers (47.67) Spike length (cm): Cymbidium aloifolium produced highest spike length (78.33 cm) and differed significantly from all other varieties. Flower size: a) Length of flower: Dendrobium var. Pompadour produced highest flower length (7.53 cm) and differed significantly from all other varieties. b) Width of flower: D. Sonia-17 produced highest flower width (9.27 cm) and differed significantly from all other varieties. Pedicel length (cm): Maximum pedicel length was observed in Dendrobium var. Pompadour (5.10 cm). Vase life (day): Maximum vase life was observed in Phalenopsis-PSY (17 days) which varied significantly different from other varieties. Results (2014-15) of new Phalenopsis types A. VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS (Table 1.5.1.3c) Plant height (cm): P3 produced highest plant height (10.97 cm), followed by P7 (10.30cm) and differed significantly from all other varieties/species. No. of leaves/plant: P12 produced highest number of leaves/plant (6.00) and differed significantly from all other species/varieties.

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Length of leaves: P4 produced highest leaf length (19.00 cm) and differed significantly from all other varieties/species. Breadth of leaves: P5 produced highest leaf length (6.47 cm) and differed significantly from all other varieties/species. Number and length of roots per plant: Highest number of roots were produced by P21 (20.00 cm) and maximum root length by P12 (11.6 cm).

A. FLOWERING BEHAVIOUR Out of the 21 Phalinopsis germplasms maintained at Kalyani Centre, all produced flowers during the year 2014-15. Comparative performance for all the characters is given below (Table 1.5.1.3d): Days to flowering: On an average most of the orchids took at least 10months to attain flowering stage. Flowering duration (days): P21 showed maximum flowering duration (26 days). No. of spikes/plant: In West Bengal Plains mostly 1spike per plant is observed. No. of flowers/ spike: P12 produced highest number of flowers (4.33). Spike length (cm): P12 produced highest spike length (22.63cm) and differed significantly from all other varieties. Flower size: a) Length of flower: P20 produced highest flower length (7.33cm) and differed significantly from all other varieties. b) Width of flower: P8 and P11 produced highest flower width (7.00 cm) and differed significantly from all other varieties. Vase life (day): Maximum vase life was observed in P21 (15.67 days) which varied significantly different from other varieties. Vellanikkara

The objective of the study is to enrich the germplasm collection of orchid hybrids having commercial importance like Dendrobium, Aranda, Vanda, Mokara, Phalaenopsis etc

Two hundred and seventy species/ varieties belonging to genera Cymbidium, Aerides, Rhynchostylis, Pholidota, Ascocentrum, Liparis, Bulbophyllum, Renanthera, Ceologyne, Thunia, Phalaenopsis, Vanda, Acampe, Arundina, Dendrobium, Peristeria, Epidendrum, Paphiopedilum, Cattleya, Anoectochilus, Cirrhopetallum, Calanthe, Habenaria, Doritis, Eria, Phais, etc. are maintained in the orchid germplasm. The existing germplasm was enriched with, 3 new Phalaenopsis varieties, 2 new Oncidium varieties, 38 new Vanda varieties, 8 new Mokara varieties and 4 new Kagawara varieties. The following hybrids were collected during the period A. Vanda hybrids I. Bigeneric: 1. V. Kultana Red X V. Pat’s Delight, 2. V. Vivien X V. Soroa Cherry Bomb, 3. V. Sankamphaeng Chao Praya X V. Patchara Delight, 4. V. Bangkok Blue Dr. Anek, 5. V. Madme Rattana X V. Kultana Vialleta, 6. V. Pakchong Blue X V. Prayat Muang Rath, 7. V.

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Kultana Margreta X V. Luzonica, 8. V. Pimsai X V. Rattana Pink, 9. V. Bangkok Sunrise, 10. V. Manuel Bitz’s Heartthrob, 11. V. Black Magic X V. Lenavat Suksamaran Spot, 12. V. Pimsai Beauty X V. Boon Choo Sand, 13. V. Fugi – Yama . Doctor Anek, 14. V. Pakchong Blue, 15. V.Taweesuksa X V. Kultana Delight, 16. V. Tharab Waxy X V. Patchara Delight, 17. V. Madame Udom X V. Kultana Pink, 18. V. King Naresuan X V. Bitz’s Heartthrob, 19. V. Sankamphaeng X V. Chaiya, 20. V. Kultana Scarlet X V. Kasem’s Delight- Manuel Torres, 21. V. Mimi palmer, 22. V. Kultana Scarlet X V. Bitz’s Heartthrob, 23. V. Rattana Doctor Anek X V.Pralepetch, 24. V. Fuchs Fortune X V. Black Magic, 25. Aranda. Salaya Red, 26. Aranda Anny Koo X V. Fuch’s Delight, 27. Aranda Noorah Alsagoff Red, 28. Aranda Noorah Alsagoff Blue, 29. Aranda Anny Koo X V. Kasem’s Delight Flowering characters of Vanda Five vanda hybrids were evaluated for their flower characters during the period (Table 1.5.1.4). Maximum number of spikes/year and maximum days of spike longevity on the plants were observed in V. Rothschildiana. Inflorenscene of V. Thongchai had maximum vase life. None of the flowers was fragrant. II. Trigeneric Mokara: 1. Mok. Chark Kuan Pink, 2. Mok . Chao Praya Sunset Orange, 3. Mok. Sayan Ascda Doung Porn, 4. Mok. Sunspot, 5. Mok. Calypso, 6. Mok. Oomyai Orange, 7. Mok. Chao Praya Sunset Yellow Spot, 8. Mok. Oomyai Yellow Kagawara: 1. Kagwara Christie Low, 2. Kagwara Boon rub, 3. Kagwara Yuthayongi Beauty, 4. Kagwara samrong III. Fragrant type Vandas: 1. Ascda Sirichai Fragrance, 2. V. Kultana Fragrance, 3. V. Indian Incense X V. Tessellata, 4. Rhy. Bangkok Sunset, 5. Rhy. Srisiam X Rhy Gigantean, 6. Rhy. Thailand X V. Mimi Palmer, 7. Vasco Blue Bay Blue, 8. Vasco Blue Bay White, 9. Neost Lou Sneary B. Renanthera: 1. Ren. Kalsom X Philippinensis, 2. Ren . Manila C. Oncidium: Oncidium ‘Sharry Baby Dark Chocolate’, Oncidium Aloha Iwanaga x varicosum D Phalaenopsis: Phalaenopsis ‘Purple heart’, Phalaenopsis sp., Romance Miki x Otohime

Phalaenopsis amabilis Kahikuchi: No Report Coimbatore: No Report

6. ANTHURIUM Project No. 1.6.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of germplasm of anthurium. Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Vellanikkara, Yercaud, Kalyani and Hessaraghatta

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Technical Programme: 1. Germplasm collection of named varieties only, but in case of promising lines/accession,

accession number may be maintained. 2. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and should

be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

3. Collection of species, cultivars and important hybrids from indigenous and exotic sources. 4. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on

extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

5. The concerned scientists need to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

Observations recorded on: 1. Plant height 2. Leaf area 3. Number of suckers per plant 4. Number of leaves per plant 5. Days to flowering 6. Colour of spathe and spadix, as per RHS colour chart 7. Fragrance 8. Duration of flowering (days) 9. Vase life in tap water (days) 10. Length of spikes (cm) 11. No. of spikes / plant 12. Number of spikes/ year 13. Angle of the spathe 14. Main season of flowering (lean period, if any) 15. Seed setting

REPORT CENTRE Hessaraghatta

A total 61 collections were made from the farmers’ field during the year 2012 and planted at the station. Some of plants /accessions have not started flowering and some of accession were dies. Among the flowered accessions, the colour ranged from Greenish pink. Pink, White, Red etc (Table 1.6.1.1).

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Kalyani During 2014-15 a total of 14 genotypes were maintained. Plant height ranged from 39.3

cm in Anmol to 77.8 cm in Pistaghe with a mean of 58.69 cm. Salmon and Anmol recorded better suckering ability. Maximum flowering was noticed in Honduras Red (8.8) which was followed by Aloxex (7.7) and Marina (7.5). Honduras recorded largest flower (13.1 x 12.8 sq cm) which was followed by Aloxes (13.1 x 12.0 sq cm) and Tropical (10.8 x 10.8 sq cm).

Longest spike was noticed in Marina (45.1 cm) which was at par with Hondurus, Cancan, Ozaki Red and Aloxes. Mean spike length was 33 cm. Angle of spadix varied from 44o to 91o. Moderate to high GCV (%), PCV (%) was observed for most of the characters studied except the girth of spadix where very low GCV and PCV were noticed. High heritability was also noticed in most of the characters. Low heritability was noticed in case of flower yield per plant and girth of spadix (Table 1.6.1.2). Vellanikkara

Germplasm collection of 74 species/varieties of anthurium including pot plant varieties is maintained and evaluated during the period. Ooty: No Report

7. TUBEROSE Project No. 1.7.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of tuberose germplasm.

Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Kalyani, Hessaraghatta, Pune (Ganeshkhind), Pantnagar, Udaipur,

Ludhiana, Coimbatore and Hyderabad.

Technical Programme: 1. Germplasm collection of named varieties only, but in case of promising lines/accession,

accession number may be maintained. 2. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and

should be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

3. Collection of different cultivars from various indigenous and exotic sources. 4. Evaluation of collected germplasm and identification of promising cultivars. 5. Single and double types to be evaluated separately. 6. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on

extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

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7. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi for records.

Observations recorded on: 1. Plant height (cm) 2. No. of leaves/plant 3. Days to spike emergence 4. Days to opening of first floret 5. Flowering duration (days) 6. Spike length (cm) 7. Rachis length (cm) 8. Number of florets/spike 9. Length of floret (cm) 10. Diameter of florets (cm) 11. Diameter of cut spike (cm) 12. Weight of individual floret (g) 13. Weight of florets per spike (g) 14. Number of spikes per clump 15. Number of spikes/plot / ha 16. Weight of florets/plot / ha 17. Number of bulbs per clump 18. Number of bulblets per clump 19. Diameter of bulb (cm) 20. Length of bulb (cm) 21. Weight of individual bulbs (g) 22. Diameter of bulblet (cm) 23. Weight of bulblet (g)

REPORT CENTRE Coimbatore

An experiment on collection, evaluation and maintenance of tuberose germplasm was being carried out since 2013-14. Totally 10 ‘single’ genotypes and 5 ‘double’ genotypes were used for this study. The single types include Calcutta Single, Hyderabad Single, Kahikuchi Single, Mexican Single, Navsari Local, Phule Rajani, Prajwal, Pune Single, Shringar and Variegated Single. The double type includes Calcutta Double, Hyderabad Double, Pearl Double, Suvasini and Vaibhav. Single types : Among the growth parameters, Prajwal was found to be superior with respect to certain parameters viz., minimum days taken for sprouting of bulbs (12.12 days), number of leaves per plant (260.00), days to spike emergence (78 days) and flowering duration (17 days). However, with respect to plant height, variegated single proved its superiority (117.50 cm) over other single types (Table 1.7.1.1a).

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The parameters viz., number of florets / spike, length of the floret, weight of florets per spike, number of spikes / m2, yield of florets / plot (4x1 m) were found to be superior in the genotype Prajwal (47, 6.40 cm, 74.80 g, 35, 10.46 kg). The genotype ‘Variegated single’ however showed increased spike length (102.50 cm) while Pune single registered increased rachis length (35.75 cm) (Table 1.7.1.1b). Double types: Among the five genotypes used for the study, lesser number of days for sprouting of bulb (12.32 days) and lesser number of days for spike emergence (84 days) was noticed in cultivar Suvasini. Further, Suvasini also proved to be superior with respect to plant height (86.25 cm), no. of leaves per plant (270) and flowering duration (12.40 days) (Table 1.7.1.1c).

The spike and yield parameters among the double types have shown that cv. “Suvasini” was found to be superior in respect of certain flowering parametersviz., spike length (71.25 cm), number of florets / spike (54), length of the floret (7.50 cm), weight of florets per spike (146.88 g), number of spikes / m2 (34.10) and number of spikes / plot (4x1 m) (136.4). However, cv. ‘Vaibhav’ showed its superiority for the parameter ‘rachis length’ (54 cm) among the types (Table 1.7.1.1c).

The estimated flower yield as loose flowers in Prajwal (single type) is 18.31 t/ha and the estimated yield in terms of no. of spikes with respect to Suvasini (double type) is 2.40 lakhs cut stems/ha. Hence the varieties Prajwal and Suvasini have been identified for commercial cultivation Pune (Ganeshkhind)

The data presented in the Table 1.7.1.2a and 1.7.1.2b indicated that plant height varied from 74.49 to 138.64 cm with an average of 96.78 cm. Maximum plant height (138.64 cm) were recorded by variety Variegated while, minimum (74.49 cm) were recorded by variety Phule Rajani. Flower stalk per plant ranged between 6.85 (cv. Variegated) to 9.87 (cv. Shringar) with an average 8.48. An average spike length was 90.44 cm which ranged from 69.74to 124.37 cm. Maximum stalk length (124.37 cm.) was recorded in variety Variegated and minimum (69.74 cm.) in Phule Rajani. The highest florets per stalk (48.38) were recorded by variety Local double. However minimum number of floret per stalk (20.49) was recorded by variety Local Single. Hessaraghatta

Cultivars Hyderabad Single and Hyderabad Double collected from Hyderabad, Cultivars Phule Rajani and GKTC-4 collected from Pune, Calcutta Double and Calcutta Single collected from BCKV, Kalyani were multiplied. In cultivar Swarna Rekha flowering was initiated very late and was observed to be poor. Cultivars Rajat Rekha, and Sikkim Selection collected from Lucknow failed to survive. GKTC-4 and Phule Rajani produced medium statured spikes. GKTC-4 was observed to be late flowering (>230 days). Number of flowers/spike was less in Phule Rajani and GKTC-4 compared to Prajwal and Arka Nirantara. Weight of individual florets was lesser in Phule Rajani and GKTC-4 compared to Prajwal and Arka Nirantara.

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Ludhiana Single Types: Centre maintains a collection of seven cultivars of Single types of tuberose. They include, Phule Rajni, Local Single, Pune Local Single, Calcutta Single, Hyderabad Single, Shringar and Prajwal. Seven cultivars were evaluated for various growth and flowering parameters (Tables 1.7.1.3a and 1.7.1.3b). It was found that all genotypes differed significantly with most of the growth and flowering parameters. After evaluating these varieties it was found that cultivar Prajwal performed better over the other cultivars in terms of growth, flowering and bulb production. Double Types: Centre maintains the collection of five cultivars of tuberose under double types. These five cultivars, namely Pearl Double, Suvasini, Pune Local Double, Hyderabad Double, and Vaibhav, were evaluated for growth and flowering parameters. Results presented in Table 1.7.1.3c and 1.7.1.3d show that all parameters were affected significantly with respect to growth and flowering characters. Cultivar Suvasini performed better over the other cultivars in terms of growth, flowering and bulb production parameters. Based on the above results it is concluded that the Cultivar Prajwal (Single) and Suavasini (Double) performed better over the other cultivars in terms of growth, flowering and bulb production. Kalyani During 2014-15 seventeen genotypes were maintained (presented in Table1.7.1.4). Swarna Rekha and Rajat Rekhan did not flower. Rest 15 lines were found to differ significantly with respect to the growth and flowering characters studied. All the characters studied had high heritability.

Calcutta Single had maximum number of shoots per clump, highest number of spikes per clump and highest spike yield per unit area. Highest number of florets per spike was noticed in Bidhan Snigdha followed by Bidhan Ujwal and few double varieties.

Yield of florets per sq m among the single types was highest in case of Bidhan Snigdha (6879 g/m2) which was followed by Bidhan Ujwal (6375 g/m2), and Calcutta Double (6593 g/m2). Among the double types highest floret yield was recorded in Calcutta Double (6593 g/m2) followed by Hyderbad Double and Suvasini. Mean yield of florets per sq m for the experiment was 3819 g/ m2. Hyderabad During the year, 13 germplasm lines were evaluated, out of which 9 are of single flowered types and 4 are of double types (Table 1.7.1.5). Among singles Prajwal showed superiority over other varieties in important economic characters like maximum rachis length (20.34 cm), more no. of florets/ spike (43.4), maximum length of floret (6.3cm), maximum diameter of floret (3.66cm) and maximum weight of individual floret (2.2g). Among doubles Hyderabad Double showed superiority over other varieties in important economic characters like maximum rachis length (20.74 cm), more no. of florets/ spike (42.4),

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maximum diameter of floret (3.96cm) and maximum weight of individual floret (3.0g). Among singles, Prajwal was found to be superior and among doubles Hyderabad Double was found to be good. Pantnagar It is evident from the data presented in Table 1.7.1.6 that there were significant differences in different traits among different varieties and that (i) The number of leaves after 120 days in different varieties ranged from 99.30 in variety

Kalyani Single to 153.90 in variety Hyderabad Double. (ii) The plant height was maximum in variety Suvasini (41.30 cm) whereas it was minimum in

variety Shringar (22.60 cm). (iii) The days to spike emergence was earliest in variety Phule Rajani (64.90 days) which was

statistically at par with Prajwal and Kalyani Single whereas it was maximum in Sikkim Selection (91.10 days) which was statistically at par with Vaibhav (89.00 days), Hyderabad Double (88.00 days), Double (87.20 days) and Swarn Rekha (86.80 days).

(iv) The spike length was recorded maximum in variety Sikkim Selection (131.20 cm) which was significantly higher than all other varieties studied whereas it was minimum in case of variety Kalyani Single (56.50 cm).

(v) The rachis length was found maximum in variety Swarna Rehka (41.40 cm) which was followed by variety Suvasini (38.20 cm) whereas the rachis length was found minimum in variety Single (20.20 cm).

(vi) The total number of florets per spike ranged from 44.00 in variety Suvasini which was statistically higher than rest of the varieties whereas it was minimum in variety Single (19.90).

(vii) The diameter of individual floret ranged from 2.40 cm in variety Single to 4.08 cm in variety Swarna Rekha.

(viii) The length of the floret ranged from 2.81cm in variety Swarn Rekha to 6.37 cm in variety Phule Rajani.

(ix) The spike yield per year per plant ranged from 1.3 in variety Phule Rajani to 3.30 in variety Prajwal.

Udaipur

The total collection existing is 17 genotypes.

8. GERBERA Project No. 1.8.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of gerbera germplasm. Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Barapani, Hessaraghatta, Kahikuchi, Kalimpong, Pune (Ganeshkhind),

Ranchi, Yercaud and Kalyani.

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Technical Programme: 1. Germplasm collection of named varieties only, but in case of promising lines/accession,

accession number may be maintained. 2. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and should

be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

3. Collection of different cultivars from various indigenous and exotic sources. 4. Single and Double types to be evaluated separately. 5. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on

extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

6. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi. Observations recorded on: 1. Number of leaves/plant 2. Leaf length (cm) 3. Leaf breadth (cm) 4. Plant spread (E-W and N-S in cm) 5. Number of suckers/plant/year 6. Days to bud burst 7. Days to first flower opening 8. Flower diameter (cm) 9. Disc diameter (cm) 10. Flower stalk length (cm) 11. Flower stalk diameter (cm) 12. Reaction to insects/pests 13. Number of flowers/plant/year 14. Colour of flower 15. Vase life of flower stalk (days)

REPORT CENTRE Barapani Evaluation of gerbera germplasm under open condition: Among the 36 hybrids/cultivars grown in open field conditions (Table 1.8.1.1a & 1.8.1.1b), RCGH-6 required minimum number of days from bud initiation to bud burst (5.0) followed by RCGH-95 (6.7). Hybrid RCGH-12 had maximum number of suckers (5.1 per plant). RCGH -60 and RCGH-95 showed minimum number of days taken to flower opening (11.0 days and 15.7 days, respectively). Maximum flower diameter was recorded in RCGH-76 (12.5cm) which was on par with RCGH-114 (11.8

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cm). Maximum flower stalk length was recorded in RCGH-33 (50.0 cm) and RCGH-114 (43.2 cm). RCGH-3 (9.0), RCGH-12 (6.0) and RCGH-22 (6.0) recorded maximum number of flowers per plant. Maximum vaselife (6.6 days) was observed in RCGH-12 and RCGH-22. Evaluation of gerbera cultivars under fan and pad polyhouse: Among the 30 hybrids/cultivars grown in Fan and Pad polyhouse, RCGH-60 showed highest number of suckers (3.8 per plant), minimum number of days taken to bud burst from bud initiation (4.5 days) and minimum number of days taken to flower opening (10.8 days) which was at par with RCGH-65 (11.0 days). RCGH-7 recorded maximum flower diameter (11.3 cm). RCGH-93 showed maximum stalk length (62.38 cm) followed by RCGH-22 (49.40 cm). RCGH-117 had maximum number of flowers (10.0 per plant). Maximum vaselife was recorded in RCGH-1 (7.1 days), RCGH-12 (7.0 days) and RCGH-114 (7.0 days) (Table 1.8.1.1c & 1.8.1.1d). Evaluation of gerbera hybrids under low cost bamboo made polyhouse: Among 15 gerbera hybrids/ cultivars grown under bamboo low cost polyhouse, RCGH 22 recorded maximum number of suckers (2.8 per plant). Minimum number of days taken to bud burst from bud initiation was observed in P.Intezz (9.3 days). Minimum number of days taken to flower opening was recorded in RCGH-114 (18.0 days), RCGH-12 (22.7 days and RCGH-22 (24.0 days). Longest vaselife was recorded in RCGH-22 (7.3 days), RCGH-114 (7.00 days) and RCGH-12 (7.0 days) (Table 1.8.1.1e & 1.8.1.1f). Pune (Ganeshkhind)

Data presented in Table 1.8.1.2 indicated that the variety Batvia recorded more number of flowers per plant (36.3) followed by variety Alcatraz (34.5), Faith (32.7) and President (32.4). In case of stalk length, variety Excite produced highest stalk length (63.4 cm) followed by Visuvicus (62.2 cm) and Latra (60.5 cm). However, more flower diameter was recorded by Batvia, Faith, Alcatraz, Juba, Virginia and Cash. Kalimpong

The double and single flower varieties have been planted and maintained and are being observed regularly for recording vegetative and floral parameters which are given in Table 1.8.1.3.

During 2014-15, two cvs. namely, Dana Ellen and Goliath were procured from KF Bioplant, Pune to make a total collection of 12. Cultivar Kalimpong Pink recorded highest number of leaves per plant (30.92) which was followed closely by Red Explosion (29.25). Lowest number of leaves was recorded in Dana Ellen (10.97). Maximum leaf length was recorded in Red Explosion (36.99 cm) which was statistically at par with Sangria (36.53 cm) and Goliath (37.19 cm). Highest number of suckers per plant per year was observed in Goliath (8.48) while lowest in Dana Ellen (3.67). Significantly maximum flower diameter (15.42 cm), disc diameter (3.14 cm), flower stalk length (56.11cm) and flower stalk diameter (2.35 cm) was recorded in cultivar Goliath while the single variety, Kalimpong Yellow recorded smallest flower diameter (8.94 cm), disc diameter (1.46 cm), flower stalk length (36.56 cm) and flower

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stalk diameter (0.87 cm). It was also noted that single varieties (Kpg Pink-26.66; Kpg Red -24.08) produced higher number of flowers per plant per year as compared to double form. On overall performance, varieties like Goliath, Red Explosion, Sangria, Sunway, Kalimpong Red and Kalimpong Pink produced good quality flowers and can be recommended for commercial cultivation in Darjeeling hills of West Bengal. Kahikuchi Collection: During the year of reporting (2014-15) the earlier six varieties viz., Sonata Renee, Loreto, Tecta, Elite and Vilassar were replanted because of severe infestation of thrips and mite under poly net house during November, 2014. Evaluation: The six genotypes, after a year of investigation for various vegetative and reproductive traits were registered and their results were presented in the tables (1.8.1.4a to 1.8.1.4d) .Among the screened varieties, the various characters namely, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf breadth ,plant spread, number of suckers per plant, number of flowers per plant, duration of flowering ,length of flower stalk, length and breadth of ray florets, number of ray florets, fresh weight of flower stalk and head were found significantly differed from each varieties. Amongst the six genotypes Elite was found superior in terms of number of leaves per plant (18.70), However in terms of days to first flowering (112.79days), flower diameter (10.32cm) and stalk length (48.78cm), variety Tecta was found superior than other varieties.These charecters were on par with variety Reene and Loreto respectively.However, maximum number of plant suckers per clump per year (3.30 nos.), was observed in Leroto. Hessaraghatta

Six new genotypes viz., Natan, Solange, Susan, GJ 0248, Beverly and Levi were collected and planted under naturally ventilated polyhouse for establishment and further evaluation. Ooty

Twenty two varieties of Cutgerbera viz., Stanza, Imperial, Salvadore, Intense, Shimmer, Dune, Jaffa, Julia, Natan, Elite, Kyllian, Tecla, Vilassar, Nigela, Morelia, Rionegro, Natasha, Havana, Ruble, Aveindia, Aquamelon, Lexington were collected from M/s.Spic Biotech, Bengaluru, M/s.KF Bio-Plants, Pune and M/s. Florance-Flora, Bengaluru for studying their performance under Nilgiris conditions. These plants were planted in the existing polyhouse available at HRS, Ooty. The performance of varieties is presented in Table.1.8.1.5a. and 1.8.1.5b.

The growth and flowering characters recorded were subjected to statistical analysis. The results revealed that there is significant variation for all the characters studied. Among the twenty two varieties, the maximum number of leaves per plant (47) was recorded in Natan and minimum of 20 in Rionegro. Leaf length ranged from 30.0 cm to 37.0 cm .leaf breadth varied from 15.0 cm to 27.0 cm. Plant spread towards East – West direction was the highest in

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Salvadore (81.0 mc) and it was the lowest in Lexington(42.0cm).Similarly, the North –South was maximum in Aveindia and minimum in Dune.

The days to bud burst ranged from 90 to 122 days. The variety Lexington took minimum days and Rionegro took maximum days for bud burst. The maximum flowerdiameter of 12.9 cm was observed in Nigela and minimum of 11.2 cm in Stanza.Disc diameter ranged from 2.1 cm to 2.8cm in gerbera varieties. Significant difference was noticed for flower stalk length.The highest stalk length of 70.0 cm was recorded in Stanza, whereas the lowest stalk length of 46.0 cm recorded in Dune. Kalyani

A total of 34 varieties including 14 varieties collected from KF Bioplants, Pune were grown and evaluated under the polyhouse along with the 17 lines selected from different crosses at BCKV Centre. Growth and flowering parameters are tabulated in Table 1.8.1.6a. All the varieties were found to differ significantly for the characters studied. Calcutta Red and BGR 12-3 recorded maximum production of flower. Among the hybrid combinations several lines recorded higher production with acceptable stalk length, diameter and flower size. Heritability for all the characters studied were very high indicating possibility of improvement of the characters. Several genotypes were assessed against the Cercospora leaf spot disease. Ten Lines were found to be highly resistant with less than 5% incidence (Table 1.8.1.6b). Ranchi

Germplasm consisting of 16 tissue cultured plants were collected from KF Bioplants, Pune. Now all are maintaining and evaluated for different morphological characters (Table 1.8.1.7). Thirteen cultivars of tissue cultured plants were collected from KF Bioplants, Pune during March 2012 named as Tecta, Naike, Amlet, Elite, Julia, Dameblanche, Pasto, Figaro, Sonata, Serena, Mandalion, Palm Beach and Viviane.

The maximum number of leaves were noted in the cultivar Julia (27.10) followed by Quote (22.00).The leaf length and breadth was recorded in the cultivar Quote (28.30 and 7.50, respectively) followed by cv. Rosaline (28.20 cm and7.25 cm, respectively). Cultivar Quote showed the maximum height of the plant of about 64.25 cm. The maximum number of flowers (36.10) observed in cv. Quote followed by cv. Julia (36.00). Maximum Stalk length (73.20 cm) and stalk diameter (4.65cm) was also noted in the cv. Quote followed by cv. Julia (ie 72.30 cm and 4.60 cm, respectively). The diameter of flower was found to be maximum in cv. Quote (12.30 cm) followed by cultivar Julia and Rosaline (ie 11.00 cm). Vase life was observed maximum in cv. Rosaline (10.75 days) followed by Julia (10.70 days). The length of ray floret was found maximum in cv.Quote (5.15cm) followed by cv. Julia (5.00cm) and breadth of Ray floret was noted maximum in cv. Julia (1.20 cm).The maximum diameter of disc floret was observed in cultivar Julia (7.15cm).

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9. TULIP Project: 1.9.1 : Collection, evaluation and maintenance of tulip germplasm. Duration : Continuing nature Centre : Katrain, Wadura and Solan. Technical Programme:

1. Germplasm collection of named varieties only, but in case of promising lines/accession, accession number may be maintained.

2. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and should be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

3. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

4. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

Observations recorded on: 1. Days to bulb sprouting 2. Plant height (cm) 3. No. of leaves per plant 4. Leaf area (cm2) 5. Days to goose-neck stage 6. Days to flower opening 7. Shape and colour of flower 8. Flower size (length and diameter) 9. Flower diameter (cm) 10. Vase life in tap water (day) 11. Duration of flowering (day) 12. Number of bulbs per plant 13. Diameter of bulbs (cm) 14. Weight of bulbs per plant (g) 15. Number of bulbs per plant 16. Weight of bulblets per plant (g) 17. Diameter of bulblets (cm) 18. Reaction to diseases and insects

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REPORT CENTRE Wadura

Eleven cultivars of tulip viz., Abba, Apeldoorn, Ballerina, Beethoven’s Memory, Cantata, Cassini, Golden Melody, Inzell, Lucky Strike, Parade and Purrisima have been maintained in the germplasm bank at the centre (Table 1.9.1.1).

The perusal of data reveal that days taken to sprouting of the tulip bulbs after planting were taken minimum by cv. Inzell (85.33 days), followed by Golden Melody (87.66 days), Cassini (89.50 days),Cantata (91.00 days) and Beethoven’s Memory (95.00 days). Rest of the cultivar took more than 100 days with maximum (115.33 days) by cv. Abba. Days taken to flowering were registered minimum by cv. Cassini (127.33 days), followed by Golden Melody (129.66 days), Inzell (130.00 days) and maximum (160.50 days) by cv. Purrisima. Remaining cultivars varied between 133.00-159.50 days taken to flowering after planting.

Plant height (45.50 cm) each was measured maximum by cv. Lucky Strike and Purrisima, followed by 40.00 cm each by Apeldoorn and Parade, Inzell (39.66 cm), Golden Melody (35.50 cm) and Cassini (33.00 cm). The minimum plant height 19.25cm was recorded by cv. Cantata, followed by Abba (23.00cm) and Ballerina (29.33 cm). Scape length 37.00cm was registered maximum by cv. Parrade followed by 35.50 cm each by Lucky Srike and Purrisima and 31.25 cm by Apeldoorn. The minimum (15.50cm) scape length was recorded each by cv. Beethoven’s Memory and Cantata. Number of leaves (6.00 per plant) was counted maximum by cv. Abba, followed by Apeldoorn (5.00), Inzell (4.50), Cantata and Parade (4.00 each) and minimum (2.66 leaves per plant) by cv. Lucky Strike. Leaf area (195.00 cm2) was measured maximum by cv. Purrisima, followed by 171.00, 139.33, 135.33, 131.00 and 130.00 cm2, respectively by cv. Parade, Cassini, Apeldoorn, Golden Melody and Cantata. The minimum leaf area (95.25 cm2) was measured by cv. Beethoven’s Memory. Number of shoot produced by all the eleven cultivars was 1.00 each per bulb.

Flower size of the tulip cultivars was measured by taking cup depth and cup diameter of the flower. Maximum cup depth (9.66cm) was noticed in cv. Inzell and minimum (4.00 cm) in cv. Ballerina. Rest other cultivars varied between 4.66-7.66cm cup depth of the flower. Cup diameter was recorded maximum by cv. Apeldoorn (10.15cm) and minimum (5.00 cm) by Lucky Srike. Rest of cultivars fall in the range between 6.00-10.00cm cup dia. Duration of flowering in the field was maximum as long as 14.50 days each in cv. Parade and Purrisima and minimum duration of 7.66 days in Beethoven’s Memory.

Vase life was exhibited maximum (12.00 days) by cv. Parade, followed by 10.50 days each by cv. Cantata, Cassini and Purrisima and minimum (8.33 days) by cv. Inzell. Flower type and colouration pattern (recorded as per R.H.S colour chart, London) has been given in the Table 1.9.1.1.

On the basis of overall performance and assessment of tulip cultivars, all the varieties are best suited for cut flower purposes except cv. Beethoven’s Memory and Cantata owing to their

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shorter scape length. Also all the cultivars are suitable for pot culture, bedding and garden decoration as well. Solan

During 2014-15 six cvs. of tulip were evaluated for growth, flowering and bulb parameters( Table 1.9.1.2). Earliest bulb sprouting was observed in cv. Red Impression (41.87 days) which was found to be at par with Benja Luka (42.33 days). Maximum days to bulb sprouting (67.75 days) were observed in cv. Bleeding Heart which was found to be at par with White Dream (67.36 days). Days to coloured bud formation and flowering was recorded in cv. Red Impression (99.66 and 103.37 days, respectively). However, formation of coloured bud and flowering was delayed to maximum in cv. Bleeding Heart (127.37 and 129.14 days, respectively). Plant height recorded maximum in cv. Red Impression (47.75 cm) was found to be at par with Benja Luka (44.00 cm). On the ther hand, plant height was recorded minimum in cv. Bleeding Heart (28.00 cm). As regards number of leaves per plant, it was recorded maximum (5.00) in cv. Benja Luka. In contrast, minimum number of leaves per plant was found in Christmas Negrita (2.75). Data on stem length shows that maximum stem length (30.50 cm) recorded in cv. Red Impression was found to be at par with Benja Luka (29.75 cm). Stem length was, however, recorded minimum (22.75 cm) in cv. Bleeding Heart. Maximum flower height (9.12 cm) recorded in cv. Red Impression was found to be at par with ‘Benja Luka’ (9.00 cm). On the contrast, minimum flower height (6.62 cm) recorded in cv. ‘Bleding Heart’ was found to be at par with Christmas Negrita (7.12 cm).

As regards flower diameter, it was found maximum in cv. Golden Oxford (6.31 cm) which was, however, found to be at par with flower diameter in Red Impression (6.25 cm). On the other hand, smallest flowers found in cv. Christmas Negrita (3.42 cm in diameter) was found to be at par with flower size in cvs. Bleeding Heart (3.46 cm) and White Dream (3.94 cm).

As regards bulb parameters of tulip cultivars under study, maximum sized bulbs (36.50 cm in diameter) were found in cv. ‘Red Impression’. On the other hand, bulb size was found minimum in cv. Bleeding Heart (20.48 cm). Data on weight of bulbs show that maximum bulb weight found in cv. Red Impression (24.29 g) was found to be at par with Benja Luka (23.85 g). On the other hand, bulb weight was recorded minimum (6.15 g) in cv. Bleeding Heart. Maximum bulblet diameter (21.24 mm) was recorded in cv. Benja Luka with a corresponding weight of 4.34 g/ bulblet. It is however, found to be at par with bulblet diameter recorded in cv. Red Impression, (20.10 mm) with a corresponding weight 5.71 g/ bulblet. Minimum bulblet diameter and weight were found in cv. ‘Bleeding Heart’ (13.00 mm and 1.95 g, respectively). Katrain

Eight new varieties of tulip namely Bright Parrot, Ile De France, Maureen, Attila, Menton, American Dream, Banja Luka and Ballade Gold were collected from Kashmir. Data presented in Table 1.9.1.3 show that earliest sprouting (65.7 days) and flowering (114.7 days) was recorded in ‘Bright Parrot’, whereas, Maureen took maximum days to flower. The maximum

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plant height (47.5 cm) and scape length (45.5 cm) was recorded in Menton followed by Maureen (37.9cm&33.5cm). The maximum and minimum flower size was recorded in Bright Parrot (13.8 cm) and Ile de France (5.1 cm), respectively. The vase life was maximum in Ile de France followed by Bright Parrot.

10. DAFFODILS (Pseudo-Narcissus) Project No. 1.10.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of daffodils germplasm. Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Katrain, Solan and Wadura Technical Programme:

1. Germplasm collection of named varieties only, but in case of promising lines/accession, accession number may be maintained.

2. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and should be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

3. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

4. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

Observations recorded on: 1. Days taken to emergence of sprout 2. Plant height (cm) 3. No. of leaves per plant 4. Leaf length (cm2) 5. Flower colour (RHSCC) 6. Flower size (cm) 7. Length of scape (cm) 8. Scape thickness (cm) 9. Vase life (day) 10. Shape of flower 11. Days to goose-neck stage 12. Days to flower opening 13. Flowering duration (day) 14. Stem topple (%) 15. Number of bulbs per plant 16. Weight of bulbs per plant (g)

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17. Diameter of bulb (cm) 18. Number of bulblets per plant 19. Weight of bulblets per plant (g) 20. Diameter of bulblets per plant (cm) 21. Disease incidence

REPORT CENTRE Wadura

The data recorded on assessment of daffodil varieties viz., Sir Watkin, Scilly White, Vansion, N-5, Wrestler, Peasant’s Eye, Jhon Evelyn, Bruns Wick, N-22, N-23, N-25, White Well, N-30, Golden Pedestal, N-89, Texas and N-89-2A has bean presented in Table 1.10.1.1. Perusal of data reveal that minimum 110.00 days each were taken to sprouting were recorded by cv. Vansion and Golden Pedestal, followed by N-23 (116.00 days), N-30 (117.00 days), Sir Watkin and Bruns Wick (118.00 days each). N-5 (119.00 days) and 120.00 days each by Peasant’s Eye, Jhon Evelyn and N-89. Whereas, cultivar N-22 took maximum 129.00 days to sprouting. Rest of the cultivars sprouted in the range of 121.00-128.00 days. Numbers of leaves of 6.33 per plant were registered highest by cv. N-89 followed by 5.00 leaves per plant each by cv. Vansion and N-25, 4.50 each by N-23 and White Well, Peasant’s Eye (4.33) and 4.00 each by Sir Watkin, Wrestler, N-30 and N-89-2A. The minimum number of leaves 2.25 per plant was registered in cv. Jhon Evelyn. Remaining cultivars fall in the range 2.66-3.25 leaves per plant. Maximum leaf area 61.00 cm2 was measured by cv. Texas, followed by N-89 (49.50 cm2), N-23 (45.00 cm2), White Well and Golden Pedestal (38.00 cm2 each), N-5 and Peasant’s Eye (35.00 cm2 each) and 30.00 cm2 each by cv. Wrestler and N-89-2A. The smallest leaf area 15.66 cm2 was recorded by cv. Jhon Evelyn; other remaining cultivars varied their leaf area between 19.00-27.33 cm2.

Days recorded to goose neck stage were taken minimum by cv. N-89 (18.00 days), followed by Texas (18.66 days), Sir Watkin and N-22 (19.00 days each) and N-23 (19.50 days). The maximum 25.00 days each were taken to goose neck stage by cv. Vansion, Wrestler and Golden Pedestal. Rest of the cultivars fall in the range of 20.00-24.00 days to goose neck stage. Days taken to flowering from goose neck stage were recorded minimum by cv. N-22 (2.80 days) and maximum by Peasent’s Eye (5.33 days). Remaining cultivars varied between 3.50-4.66 days to flower opening after goose neck stage. Scape length (40.00 cm) was measured longest by cv. Golden Pedestal, followed by N-5 (37.00 cm), N-23 (35.50cm) and Bruns Wick (35.00 cm). The minimum scape length 20.00 cm each was recorded by cv. N-25 and Texas. Rest of the cultivars measured their scape length between 25.00-33.66 cm.

Flower size (based on cup length, cup diameter and flower diameter) presented in Table 10.1, reveal that cup length 4.00 cm each was measured by cv. Wrestler and N-23, followed by Golden Pedestal (3.15 cm) and Vansion(3.00cm). The smallest cup length (0.65 cm) was recorded by cv. Peasant’s Eye. Rest of the cultivars varied between 0.90-3.20 cm cup length, whereas, two cultivars N-89 and Texas produce cupless flowers. The largest cup diameter (5.75

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cm) was recorded by cv. Vansion, followed by 4.00 cm each by N-23 and Golden Pedestal, 3.50 cm each by cv. Wrestler and White Well, N-89-2A (3.25 cm) and Sir Watkin (2.75cm). The smallest cup diameter 1.35 was registered by cv. Scilly White, followed by Peasant’s Eye (1.45 cm) and N-30 (1.66cm). Rest of the cultivars fall in the range 2.00-2.66 cm cup diameter and all were at par among themselves. Flower size was measured largest by cv. N-89 (10.66cm), followed by cv. Texas, N-23, N-89-2A, Vansion, White Well and Wrestler recording 10.25, 10.00, 9.50, 9.25, 8.95 and 8.66 cm, respectively. The smallest flower diameter was recorded by cv. Scilly white (3.75 cm). Rest of the cultivars fall in the range 5.66-8.00 cm flower size.

Vase life in plain water was displayed highest by cv. White Well (20.33 days), followed by N-89-2A (20.00 days), N-5, N-23 and N-25 (19.00 days each), Bruns Wick (16.33 days), N-22 (16.00 days), Texas (15.66 days), Scilly White and Wrestler (15.50 days each) and 15.00 days each by Vansion and Peasant’s Eye. The cultivars Jhon Evelyn and Golden Pedestal exhibited minimum vase life for 12.00 days each. Conclusion: Out of seventeen cultivars of daffodils assessed at the centre cv. Vansion, Wrestler, N-23, white Well, golden Pedestal, Bruns Wick and Scilly White are the best cut flower varieties being superior in scape length and floral qualities in comparison to other cultivars. Whereas N-25, N-30, N-89, Texas and Peasant’s Eye are suitable for pot culture purposes and all the cultivars are best suited for bedding and garden decoration purposes. Solan The growth and flowering data pertaining to germplasm grown in the year 2013-14 were presented in previous years report and the bulb harvesting data are being given here (Table 1.10.1.2a). It was found that maximum weight of bulbs observed in Local Collection (60.00 g), was at par with that of Rainbow Mix 1 (60.00 g) whereas, minimum weight was observed in cultivar Fortune (23.16 g). Maximum bulblet weight was also observed in cultivar Local Collection (12.00 g) whereas, minimum bulblet weight was observed in cultivar Geranium (3.00 g) and Scilly White (3.00 g). Maximum diameter of bulbs was recorded in Local Collection (32.94 mm), whereas minimum bulb diameter was recorded in cultivar Finland (10.71 mm). Maximum bulblet diameter was recorded in cultivar Fortune (17.02 mm). Minimum bulblet diameter was recorded in cultivar California (4.52 mm). Maximum numbers of bulblets per bulb were recorded in cultivar Scilly White (3.00) which was at par with that of Local Collection, California Sun and Finland (2.33). During 2014-15, fifteen cultivars of daffodils were planted in a randomized block design for evaluating their growth and flowering performance (Table 1.10.1.2b). It was found that earliest sprouting of bulbs was recorded in Local Collection (15.33 days). In contrast, cultivar Geranium took maximum days (38.66 days) to sprout. As regards the number of leaves, it was found that maximum number of leaves recorded in cv. Scilly White (27.33) was at par with number of leaves obtained in cv. Local Collection (24.00).

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Minimum number of leaves recorded in cultivar Fortune ( 3.33) was at par with that of Emperor, Finland, Ice King, Golden Harvest, Rainbow Mix 2, Covent Garden, Rainbow Mix 1, and Ice Follies. Minimum number of days to reach goose neck stage was recorded in Local Collection (57.33 days). However, maximum number of days to reach goose neck stage recorded in cultivar Sir Winston Churchill (105.66 days) was at par with number of days obtained in cultivar Geranium (104.33). Maximum scape length recorded in cultivar Scilly White (35.00 cm) was at par with that of Sir Winston Churchill, whereas, minimum scape length was recorded in ‘Covent Garden’ (31.33 cm). Minimum number of days to flowering was recorded in Local Collection (60.33 days). However, maximum days to flowering were recorded in cultivar Sir Winston Churchill (111.00 days). Maximum flower size recorded in cultivar Ice King (9.93 cm) was at par with that of Ice Follies ( 9.80 cm) and Rainbow Mix 2 ( 9.60 cm), whereas minimum flower size was recorded in cultivar Scilly White (3.46 cm). The flower colours of outer petals and corona as noticed by RHS colour chart alongwith data pertaining to bulb harvesting has also been given in Table 1.10.1.2b. It was found that maximum weight of bulbs was observed in Local Collection (35.36 g) which was at par with Fortune (29.49 g) whereas; minimum weight was observed in cultivar Golden Harvest (5.50 g) which was at par with Covent Garden (7.31) and Emperor (8.05 g). Maximum bulblet weight was also observed in ‘Finland’ (10.64 g) which was at par with Rainbow Mix-2 (10.32 g) ,Carlton (9.56 g) and California Sun (8.67 g) and Scilly White ( 9.79 g)., whereas, minimum bulblet weight was observed in cultivar ‘Golden Harvest ‘(1.53g) which was at par with that of Covent Garden ( 1.57 g). Maximum size of bulbs recorded in Fortune (35.11mm), was at par with that of Geranium (34.95 mm), Ice King’(34.49 mm) and Local Collection (34.67 mm), Rainbow Mix 2 (31.55mm) and Carlton (30.83 mm) and Scilly White (30.59 mm). Whereas, minimum bulb size was recorded in cultivar Finland (11.32 mm). Maximum bulblet size recorded in cultivar Local Collection (22.88 mm) was found at par with bulblet diameter obtained in Rainbow Mix 2’(21.68 mm) and Carlton ( 21.65 mm), cultivar Geranium (21.09 mm), Scilly White ( 19.81mm) and California Sun (19.80 mm). Minimum bulblet diameter was recorded in cultivar ‘Finland (6.02 mm). Maximum number of bulblets per bulb recorded in cultivar Scilly White, Local Collection and Geranium (2.66) which was found to be at par with Ice Follies (2.00). Minimum number of bulblets was recorded in cultivar Golden Harvest (0.33). Katrain

During this year 16 exiting cultivars of narcissus and daffodils were evaluated for various growth and flowering parameters. Among different cultivars, Golden Harvest was earliest to flower (82.5 days) whereas cv. Cheerfulness was took maximum time (131.0 days) for flowering. Scape length was recorded maximum in cv. Emperor (30.1 cm) followed by cv. Trumpet (28.5 cm). Flower diameter was found maximum (8.9 cm) in cultivars Trumpet and trumpet Mutant. Cup diameter was recorded maximum in cv. Trumpet Mutant (4.6 cm). Number

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of flowers was higher in cv. Scilly White (10.2). Maximum number of leaves was observed in cv. Texas Semi double (5.0) whereas minimum in cv. Cheerfulness (3.6) (Table 1.10.1.3).

11. LILIUM

Project No. 1. 11.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of lilium germplasm. Duration : Continuing nature Objectives : The collected germplasm will be evaluated for its flower use. Centres : Katrain, Solan and Wadura Technical Programme:

1. Collection of only named varieties and species or types, viz. Easter lily, Oriental or Asiatic hybrids, from indigenous or exotic sources. Unknown but otherwise promising accessions should be maintained with EC/IC numbers.

2. Evaluate different category of germplasm separately (categories-Oriental, Asiatic or Easter) for their flower quality in vase or post harvest life

3. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties and obtain the IC / EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

4. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and should be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

5. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

Observations recorded on: 1. Days taken to emergence of sprout 2. Days to flowering 3. Flowering duration (days) 4. Plant height (cm) 5. Spike length (cm) 6. Bud length (cm) 7. No. of flowers per spike 8. Flower size (cm) 9. Shape and colour of flower 10. No. of leaves / plant 11. Leaf length (cm) 12. No. of shoots per bulb 13. No. size and weight of daughter bulbs and bulblets 14. Reaction to diseases and insects

REPORT

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CENTRE Ooty

The trial will be initiated at the earliest and supply order has been placed for the purchase of Lilium bulbs in Asiatic-Lily viz., five varieties viz. Acapulio, Medusa, Alma Ata and Yelloween and Oriental lily four varieties viz. Pavia, Navona, Vermeer, Tresor) Wadura

The performance and assessment data recorded on Asiatic hybrids of Lilium viz., London, Merced, Novecento and Pollyanna has been presented in table 1.11.1.1. The data reveal that cv. London took minimum 90.00 days to sprouting, followed by Merced (97.00 days), Novecento (112.00 days) and Pollyanna recorded maximum 12.00 days taken to sprouting. But days taken to flowering were registered minimum by cv. Merced (156.33 days), followed by London (165.00 days), Novecento (175.50 days) and highest 181.66 days by cv. Polyanna. Duration of flowering lasted longer in Pollynanna (46.25 days), followed by Merced (43.33 days), Novecento (40.50 days ) and minimum 35.00 days by cv. London.

Plant height 65.00 was measured maximum by cv. London, followed by Merced (60.25cm), Pollyanna (53.50 cm) and minimum 47.66 cm by Novecento. Also cv. London produced longest spike measuring 51.33 cm, followed by 47.25, 42.66 and 41.50 cm respectively recorded by cv. Merced, Polyanna and Novecento. Rachis length 8.00 cm was again recorded maximum by cv. London, followed by Merced, Novecento and Pollyanna producing 7.00, 5.15 and 4.66 cm rachis length respectively. Number of flowers per spike was counted maximum in cv. Merced (4.50) and London (4.33). Both the cultivars were at par with each other. These were followed by cv. Polyanna and Novecento, recording 3.75 and 3.50 flowers per spike, respectively.

Flower size was measured with respect to length and diameter of the lilium hybrids. Maximum length (12.00cm) was recorded by cv. London, followed by Pollyanna (9.66 cm), Merced (9.25 cm) and Novecento (7.33 cm). The flower diameter of 17.00 cm was measured largest by cv. Merced, followed by Pollyanna (16.25cm), Novecento (15.00 cm) and minimum (14.84 cm) by London. Number of leaves per plant was recorded maximum by cv. London (47.25), followed by Novecento (43.00), Merced (40.66) and minimum 37.66 leaves per plant counted by cv. Pollyanna. Leaf area 11.95 cm2 per plant was registered highest by cv. Merced, followed by London, Pollyanna and Novecento recording 8.00, 7.75 and 6.66 cm2, respectively. Number of shoots 1.00 per bulb was formed in all the cultivars, whereas, number of bulbs of 3.00 per plant was produced highest by cv. Mereced, followed by Novecento (2.25), London (1.66) and Pollyanna (1.50).

Regarding shape and colour of the flowers, all the four cultivars produced bowl shaped flowers with sulphur yellow ½, Brick Red-016, Lemon Yellow- 4 and Aureolin – 3/2 (with Aureolin -3 patches in the centre), matched from Royal Horticulture Society colour chart against the flowers of cv. London, Merced, Novecento and Pollyanna, respectively.

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The performance data (Table 1.11.1.1) recorded on lilium cultivars reveal that cvs. London, Merced and Pollyanna are best suited for cut flower purposes and Novecento is a pot culture variety, besides all the four are suitable for garden decoration. Solan In the year 2013-14, sixteen cultivars of lilium consisting of Asiatic, LA and OT hybrids were planted for studying various growth and flowering characteristics and the data pertaining to these parameters are being given in Table 1.11.1.2a. It was found that minimum number of days to flowering were recorded in cultivar Brindisii (112.00), whereas cultivar Avocado (149.00) took maximum days to flower, however it was at par with that of Madras (148.00). Maximum plant height was recorded in cultivar Avocado (113.66 cm), whereas minimum plant height was recorded in cultivar Nello (54.33 cm) which was at par with that of Serrada (56.33 cm). Maximum number of leaves recorded in cultivar Avocado (61.66), was at par with that of Pratolo(60.00), Detroit (57.66) and Madras (56.66), whereas, minimum number of leaves was recorded in cultivar Brindisii (30.00). Maximum number of buds was recorded in cultivar Alaska (5.66) whereas minimum number of buds (1.33) was recorded in cultivar Detroit. Maximum bud length was recorded in cultivar Pratolo (11.66 cm) whereas minimum bud length was recorded in cultivar Brunello (5.40 cm). Maximum flower size recorded in cultivar Golden Tycoon (18.16 cm) was further at par with that of cultivars Pratolo, Serrada (17.33 cm) and Courier’( 17.16 cm).Whereas, minimum flower diameter was recorded in cultivar ‘Gironde’(12.33 cm) which was at par with that of ‘Avocado’(13.00 cm) and ‘Brunello’(13.33 cm). In case of bulb parameters; maximum bulb weight observed in cultivar ‘Alaska’ (67.66 g), was at par with that of ‘Pratolo’ (61.15 g). Minimum weight of bulbs was observed in cultivar ‘Detroit’ (9.09 g). Maximum bulblet weight observed in cultivar ‘Madras’ (16.00 g), was at par with that of ‘Avocado’ (15.33 g) and ‘Alaska’ (14.33 g). Minimum bulblet weight (0.56 g) was observed in cultivar ‘Nello’. Maximum bulb diameter observed in cultivar ‘Pratolo’ (57.64 cm) was at par with that of ‘Courier’ (49.68 cm) whereas, minimum bulb diameter was observed in cultivar ‘Detroit’ (26.93 cm). Maximum bulblet diameter observed in cultivar ‘Madras’ (23.33 cm) and ‘Brindisii (23.33 cm) was at par with ‘Brunello’ (21.76 cm) and ‘Serrada’ (221.00 cm). Minimum bulb diameter was observed in ‘Nello’ (9.72 cm). In the year 2014-15, the germplasm was enriched by 10 more cultivars of Asiatic and LA hybrids (Table 1.11.1.2b), therefore total number reaching to 25. Out of the old cultivars 14 are being maintained by propagation through scaling. The data on growth and flowering of new cultivars is being presented here. It was found that plant height did not varied significantly among different cultivars. However, maximum plant height (124.33 cm) was observed in ‘Salmon Classic’ (124.33 cm) and minimum in ‘Pollyanna’ (108.66 cm). Katrain

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During the period under report non-vernalized bulbs eight cultivars of LA-hybrid lily were evaluated for various vegetative and reproductive traits (table 1.11.1.3a &b). The minimum number of days to sprouting and flowering were recorded in cultivar ‘Samur’ (94.7 and 156.3 days) and Pavia (95.3 days and 159.3 days), respectively. Duration of flowering was recorded maximum (30.0 days) in cultivar ‘Pavia’. With regards to plant height and spike length, it was recorded maximum (82.3cm and 73.0 cm) in cultivar ‘Tresser’. Bud length was noticed maximum (10.0 cm) in ‘Diablo’. Maximum flower size was also observed in cultivar ‘Diablo’ (17.9 cm). Maximum number of leaves (71.6) was recorded in cultivar ‘Samur’. Leaf length was found maximum in cultivar ‘Pavia’ (12.6 cm). It was found that cultivar ‘Tresser’ produced more number of stem bulblets per stem (11.7). Size (14.1 mm) and average weight of bulblets (15.8 g) was maximum in cultivar ‘Pavia’. Cultivar ‘Pavia’ produced more number of bulbs (2.5) per plant. Size of bulbs was also recorded maximum (40.0 mm) in cultivar ‘Pavia’.

12. ALSTROEMERIA Project No. 1.12.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of germplasm of Alstroemeria. Duration : Continuing nature Objectives : To collect germplasm (species, varieties, hybrids) and evaluation for

different (cut) purposes. Centres : Kalimpong, Solan, Wadura and Yercaud Technical Programme:

1. Germplasm (species/varieties) collection only of named varieties from various sources. 2. Evaluation for their cut flower attributes rhizome production and disease-insect

incidence. 3. Passport data of the existing and new collections must be prepared by the centres and

should be sent to the Project Coordinator. The passport data should include name of species/variety, parental details, year of release, country of origin, name of the breeder, form and colour, source and date, salient features, remarks, name of the person who has collected the variety and a photograph.

4. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

5. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

Observations recorded on: 1. Days taken to emergence of sprout 2. Days to flowering 3. Plant height 4. Spike length 5. No. of leaves per shoot

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6. No. of shoots per plant 7. Leaf length (cm) 8. No. of flower per clump 9. Flower size (cm) 10. Duration of flowering (day) 11. Vase life (day) 12. Reaction to diseases and insects

REPORT

CENTRE Kalimpong

Four varieties namely Aladin, Sarena, Pink Panther and Pluto have been collected from Dr. Y.S. Parmer University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, H.P and are being maintained properly at Kalimpong centre. The collected germplasm were planted at RRSs, Pedong for evaluation and maintenance of the germplasm. The observation on vegetative and floral parameters has been recorded and is presented in the table 1.12.1.1.

Early sprouting was recorded in Pink Panther (30.25 days) which was statistically at par with Alladin (30.65 days). As per the vegetative parameters, maximum plant height (143.49 cm), spike length (118.31 cm), rachis length (26.90 cm) and leaf length (17.19 cm) was noted in cv. Pluto while the highest number of leaves per shoot (55.60) was recorded in cv. Pluto. Maximum number of flowering shoots per plant (28.82), number of flowers per plant (48.50), number of flowers per spike (19.63) was recorded in Pluto. Alladin recorded the lowest number of flowering shoots per plant (16.53) and number of flowers per plant (29.37). Largest flower diameter (6.78 cm) was observed in cv. Pink Panther while the smallest flowers were seen in cv. Pluto (5.84 cm). The longevity of spike in the vase (18.20 days) as well as on plant (27.23 days) was also observed more with the variety Pluto. Varieties Pluto and Pink Panther performed better in this region and can be recommended for commercial cultivation. Ooty

The experiment could not been initiated for want of budget and special request on the additional budget for the erection of polyhouse , purchase of plants for Ooty centre has been already sent Wadura

The performance data of Alstroemeria cultivars presented in Table 1.12.1.2. reveal that minimum 38.66 days for sprouting of plants were recorded with cv. Rina followed by Pluto (40.00 days), No.14 (41.50 days), Allahdin (46.33 days) and maximum 55.66 days by Serina. Maximum days for flowering were registered with cv. Allahdin (81.25 days), followed by Serina (78.66 days), No.14 and Rina (75.50 days each) and minimum 65.25 days by cv. Pluto. Plant height was measured maximum by cv. Allahdin (88.33 cm), followed by 80.50, 70.66, 63.33 and

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minimum 54.00 cm respectively by cv. No. 14, Rina, Pluto and Serina. Spike length was also recorded highest by cv. Allahdin (82.20 cm), followed by No.14 (71.33 cm) and 55.33 cm each by Pluto and Rina. However cv. Serina recorded shortest 45.50 cm spike length. Rachis length was again recorded maximum by cv. Allahdin (65.33cm), followed by No.14 (60.33 cm), Rina (47.50 cm), Pluto (45.50 cm) and smallest 39.33 cm Serina.

Number of leaves 8.95 per shoot was also recorded highest by cv. Allahdin, followed by Rina, Serina, Pluto and No.14 counting 8.00, 7.75, 7.00 and 6.75 leaves per shoot respectively. Maximum leaf area 26.33 cm2 each was measured by cv. Allahdin and Rina, While as Serina, Pluto and No.14 recorded 23.66, 22.50 and 17.50 cm2 respectively. Number of shoots per clump was recorded maximum by cv. Allahdin (5.33), followed by No-14 and Rina (5.00 each), Pluto (3.66) and minimum 2.90 shoots per clump by Serina.

Data recorded on floral characters of Alstremeria (Table 1.12.1.2), reveal that maximum number of flowers 13.00 per spike was procured from cv. Allahdin, followed by No.14 (9.00), Serina (7.50), Rina (6.66) and minimum 5.66 flowers per spike by cv. Pluto. While recording the flower size based on length and diameter of the flowers, data reveal that there was no significant difference noticed in both length and diameter of the flowers. However, maximum length of the flower was 5.25 cm measured by cv. Allahdin, followed by Pluto (5.00cm) and 4.66 cm each by No.14, Serina and Rina. Similarly maximum diameter 5.33 cm was recorded again by cv. Allahdin and minimum 4.33 cm each by Pluto and Rina.

Duration of whole flower spike in field was recorded maximum by No.14 (10.33 days), followed by Allahdin (9.00 days), Pluto and Rina (8.66 days each) and minimum (7.66 days) by Serina. The duration of whole spike in vase water was exhibited highest by cv. Allahdin (16.33 days), followed by No.14 (14.50 days), Pluto (12.66 days), Rina (12.50 days) and minimum 11.66 days by Serina. The colouration pattern of three outer-a and three inner-b segments of the flower has been shown against each cultivar in the Table 1.12.1.2, recorded as per the colour chart of Royal Horticulture Society London.

From the perusal of Table 1.12.1.2, two cultivars Allahdin and No.14 were superior in respect of plant height, spike length, rachis length, number of leaves and shoots, leaf area, number of flowers per spike and vase life in plain was in comparison to other cultivars of alstroemeria. Hence both the varieties having superior vegetative and floral characters all best suitable for cut flowers, whereas, cv. Pluto, Serina and Rina are suitable for pot culture purposes Solan

The germplasm collection of 9 cultivars was enriched by adding five more cultivars to make a total collection of 14 cultivars. In the year 2014-15, nine cultivars were evaluated for growth and flowering characters (Table 1.12.1.3). The data pertaining to one and a half years old plants are presented here.

It was found that maximum plant height obtained in cultivar‘Cinderella’(129.66 cm) was at par with that of ‘Pluto’ (124.00 cm) whereas, minimum plant height was found in ‘Capri’

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(94.00 cm).Maximum number of leaves(37.66) were obtained in cultivar ‘Pluto’( 37.66) which was at par with that of ‘Aladdin’( 35.66), ‘Cinderella’( 33.00) and ‘Tiara’(30.00). Minimum number of leaves was recorded in Serrada (22.33). Maximum number of side shoots recorded in ‘Cinderella’ (39.00) was at par with that of ‘Pink Panther’ (34.00), whereas minimum numbers of shoots were recorded in ‘Tiara’ (11.33). Maximum leaf width recorded in cultivar ‘Riana (3.60 cm) was at par with that of Serena’ (2.73 cm). Minimum leaf width was recorded in cultivar ‘Cinderella’ (1.70 cm). Non- significant differences for leaf length were observed among different Alstroemeria cultivars; however, maximum leaf length was recorded in cultivar ‘Serena’ (16.66) whereas minimum leaf length was recorded in cultivar ‘Cinderella’ (10.50 cm).

Maximum number of buds were recorded in cultivar ‘Pink Panther’(18.33) whereas minimum number of buds were recorded in cultivar ‘Aladdin’(10.66) which was at par with that of ‘Pluto’(11.00) and ‘Tiara’(12.00). Non- significant differences were recorded for bud size of different cultivars, however maximum bud size (4.53 cm) was observed in cultivar ‘Riana’ whereas, minimum bud size (3.76 cm) was observed in ‘Pluto’. Maximum floret size was recorded in cultivar ‘Pink Panther’(6.66 cm) which was at par with that of ‘Aladdin’ (6.26 cm) and minimum floret size was recorded in cultivar ‘Piantum’ (5.13 cm) and Capri (5.13 cm).

13. SPECALITY FLOWERS Project No. 1.13.1: Collection and evaluation of underexploited ornamentals (Heliconias,

Ginger lily, Bird of Paradise etc.). Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Hessaraghatta (Heliconia); Coimbatore, Yercaud, Vellanikkara, Solan

(Bird of paradise, Ginger lily); and Kahikuchi, Hyderabad (Heliconia and Bird of paradise).

Technical Programme:

1. Conducting survey and collecting species and varieties of heliconias, ginger lily and bird of paradise, both indigenous and exotic sources.

2. Evaluation for their performance as cut flowers. 3. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected

varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi for records. 4. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on

extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

Observations recorded on: Growth characters

1. Plant height (cm) 2. Plant spread (cm) 3. Number of shoots per plant

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4. Length and breadth of leaf (cm) 5. Number of leaves per plant 6. Length of petiole (cm) 7. Interval of leaf production 8. Nature of arrangement of flowers 9. Shape, colour and texture of leaf 10. Nature of base, margin and tip of leaf 11. Nature of inflorescence-erect/pendent 12. Length of spike (cm) 13. Length of flower stalk (cm) 14. Girth of spike at base (cm) 15. Number of florets/bracts per spike 16. Internodal length (between florets/bracts) 17. Presence or absence of branching 18. Days from spike emergence to harvest 19. Longevity of spike on the plant (days) 20. Interval of spike production 21. Size of floret/bract (cm) 22. Colour of floret/bract (as per RHSCC) 23. Fresh weight of spike (g) 24. Vase life in tap water (days) 25. Incidence of Reaction to pests, diseases 26. Disorders (pre and post harvest)

REPORT CENTRE Coimbatore Evaluation of Heliconia: This experiment was initiated during 2012-13. Initially a survey was made in Tamil Nadu and Kerala to collect different species and varieties of Heliconia for evaluation. After the collection process, the experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twenty six genotypes of Heliconia and three replications. The genotypes taken for the study were Red Christmas (H. angusta), Lena (H. psittacorum), Lisa (H. psittacorum), Fire Flash (H. densiflora), Bucky (H. stricta), Iris (H. stricta), Fire Bird (H. stricta), Andromeda (H. psittacorum), Dwarf Jamaica (H. stricta), Imperial Red (H. orthotricha), Golden Torch (H. latispatha), Lobster Claw(H. rostrata), Lobster Claw I (H. bihai), Lobster Claw II (H. bihai), Alan Carle (H. psittacorum), Kawauchii (H. caribaea), Rubra (H. psittacorum), Big Red (H. caribaea), Sherbert (H. psittacorum), Distans(H. latispatha), Wagneriana Red (H. wagneriana), Wagneriana Yellow (H. wagneriana), Kenya Red (H. latispatha), Tropics (H. latispatha), De rooij Red (H. marginata) and Parakeet (H. psittacorum). Vegetative parameters: All the 26 genotypes of Heliconia were evaluated for vegetative, floral, yield and post harvest parameters as furnished below. The pooled data revealed that plant height

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was observed to be the highest in the cultivar Wagneriana Red (224.40 cm) followed by the cultivars Wagneriana Yellow (147.90 cm), Lobster Claw I (144.19 cm) and Tropics (140.76 cm). The highest plant spread was recorded by the cultivar Wagneriana Red (246.84 cm) followed by Parakeet (148.92 cm), Wagneriana Yellow (144.85 cm), and Bucky (144.84 cm).Maximum leaf length (112.20 cm) was observed in the cultivar Wagneriana Red and minimum leaf length (15.36 cm) was observed in the cultivar Sherbert. Among the genotypes under evaluation, the highest leaf breadth was recorded in the cultivar Lobster Claw I (29.00) whereas it was the lowest in the cultivar Sherbert. The collar girth was observed to be highest in the cultivar Wagneriana Red (15.92). The highest number of leaves (6.96) was recorded in the cultivar Tropics. Among the genotypes, the highest number of shoots per clump (13.27) was observed in the cultivar Wagneriana Red (Table 1.13.1.1a). Flower yield and post harvestparameters: The pooled data results showed that the lowest number of days taken for first flowering (37.97 days) was observed in the cultivar Red Christmas while the highest spike length (53.75 cm) was recorded in Lobster Claw. The highest yield of flowers per clump was recorded by the cultivar Tropics (6.35) followed by the cultivar Kenya Red (4.68) while it was minimum (1.00) in the cultivar Sherbert. Among the genotypes evaluated, the number of bracts per spike was observed to be the highest in Lobster Claw (19.39). Maximum number of florets per bract (14.20) was recorded in Lobster Claw. Maximum vase life (18.43 days) was recorded by the cultivar Iris and while it was minimum (2.15 days) in the cultivar Lisa (Table 1.13.1.1b).

Among the twenty six genotypes evaluated the genotype ‘Tropics’ of H. latispatha was found to perform well under Tamilnadu conditions with maximum number of flowers per clump, longer stem length and improved vase life followed by the genotype ‘Iris.’ The largest flower spike was observed in H. rostrata‘Hanging Lobster Claw’ but the vase life of the flower in this variety was very poor. With respect to the vegetative parameters the genotype ‘Wagneriana Red’ of H. wagneriana was found to perform well which however flower only after 8 months. Kahikuchi (A) Heliconias: During the year of reporting 4 unknown species/variey were collected and that accounts a total of eight collections from the centre. In the year (2014-15), various traits on vegetative and reproductive charecteristics of four earlier collected Heliconia varieties were studied and their mean data have been presented in the tables (1.13.1.2a, 1.13.1.2b and 1.13.1.2c). Inrespect of plant height Heliconia pendula registered highest plant height (2.90 m) and maximum number of suckers (16.20) per clump per year.Maximum plant spread1.45 m (EW) and 1.20 (NS) leaf numbers (14.20), highest length of flower spike (51.2 cm) and flower stalk (33.84 cm) and maximum number of florets (12.50) per spike were also observed in Heliconia pendula .In respect of market acceptability as cut flower pink Heliconia,Bihai Yellow Dancer and Bihai Orange Dancer were ranked as 1st 2nd and 3rd respectively. (B) Bird of Paradise: During 2014-15, no new entries was added to the earlier sole accession.

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Result: Various observations on vegetative and reproductive traits of Strelitzia reginae was made and their mean data have been presented in the Table 1.13.1.2d to 1.13.1.2f. Hessaraghatta (Heliconia)

Eight varieties were assessed for one of the variability parameters i.e. range. The number of leaves per stem ranged from 4.25 (Golden Torch) to 5.5 (Rostrata). Maximum stem length (161.5 cm) was recorded from the genotype Guyana, whereas, minimum was observed in the cultivar Adrian (73.5 cm). The length of inflorescence ranged from 25.5 cm to 58.25 cm. Hyderabad (Heliconia and Bird of paradise) With regards to vegetative characters, H. Caribaea ‘Richmond Red’ showed maximum plant height of 2.32m, maximum leaf length of 80.3cm and leaf width of 18.2cm. With regards to yield characters, H. latispatha ‘Alan Carle’ recorded maximum number of spikes/clump/yr (9.8) (Table 1.13.1.3) Periyakulam

Growth performance, yield and inflorescence characters and longevity (Days) and incidence of pest and diseases of heliconia spike is given in Tables 1.13.1.4a and Table 1.13.1.4b, growth characters, yield and inflorescence characters of Sterlitzia sp., growth characters, yield and inflorescence characters of ginger lily is given in Table 1.13.1.4c.

Fifteen heliconia types were evaluated for their growth and yield performance continuously for five years from 2010 onwards. Among the tall growing types tested Iris and Wagneriana Red, performed well and among the medium growing types Tropics, and Golden Torch are the best. The number of bracts and the vase life is found to be very low in the dwarf types when compared to the others. Salient findings:Considering the growth, yield, quality of inflorescence, duration of flowering season and longevity of flowers in plant and vase life of heliconia, the variety Iris and Wagneriana Red are found to be best. S.reginae exhibited better performance for all the growth characters when compared to S.nocolai. Solan (Bird of paradise, Ginger lily)

The plants of Bird of Paradise are being evaluated for different vegetative and flowering characters. It was revealed from the data that average plant height varied from 120.10 -160.00 cm. On an average there were 30.8 leaves per clump. Average leaf length was recorded as 40.56 cm whereas, leaf width was found to be 12.00 cm. Data on flowering parameters showed that on an average 4-5 flowers were obtained per clump. Average spike length was recorded as 110.00 cm. New plants were raised through seeds in polybags and, the seedlings recorded a plant height of 18.00 cm bearing on an average 6-7 number of leaves per seedling. Vellanikkara

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The objective of the study is to conduct survey and collect species and varieties of native ornamentals like heliconias, ginger lily and bird of paradise from all the available sources, both indigenous and exotic, including commercial nurseries to evaluate their performance as cut flower under appropriate conditions. Replanting of the available types was done and observations are being recorded. New varieties were also added to the existing germplasm collection. Following species of ornamental gingers were added to the germplasm Alpinia purpurata, Alpinia purpurata ‘Kimi’, Alpinia zerumbet, Costus woodsoni, Curcuma afer, Curcuma vinosus, Curcuma osae, Curcuma curvibracteatus, Curcuma stenophyllus, Curcuma harmandi, Curcuma zadoria, Curcuma variegate, Curcuma aromatic, Curcuma xanthrilla, Curcuma thorelli, Curcuma cordata, Curcuma ladawann, Curcuma elata, Curcuma roscoeana, Curcuma hybrid ‘Pathumrat White’, Curcuma australasica ‘White’, Curcuma australasica ‘Light Pink’, Curcuma alismatifolia ‘White’, Curcuma. alismatifolia ‘Pink’, Curcuma alismatifolia ‘Peach Surprise’, Curcuma alismatifolia ‘Pink Tips’, Curcuma alismatifolia ‘Top Red’, Curcuma alismatifolia ‘Snow White’, Curcuma alsimatifolia ‘Kodoi Thung’, Curcuma alismatifolia ‘Khaimuk Sagam Khai’, Curcuma alismatifolia ‘Prise of Burma’, Curcuma hybrid ‘Pathumrat Pink’, Etlingera elatior. ‘Red Torch’, Etlingera elatior ‘White Torch’, Etlingera elatior ‘Phuket Pink Torch’, Etlingera elatior ‘Pink Torch’, Tapeinochilos annasse, Zingiber ottensi, Zingiber spectabile, Zingiber zerumbet Ooty: No Report

14. ORNAMENTAL FILLERS AND FLORIST GREENS

Project No. 1.14.1: Collection and evaluation of fillers (asparagus, dracena, gypsophila and ferns).

Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Vellanikkara, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Pune (Ganeshkhind), Ludhiana,

Yercaud and Kahikuchi. Technical Programme:

1. Collection of varieties of plants from indigenous and exotic sources. 2. Evaluate their performances as cut foliage under appropriate conditions. 3. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected

varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi. 4. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on

extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

Observations recorded on: 1. Plant height (cm) 2. Plant spread (cm) 3. Number of leaves per plant

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4. Leaf longevity (days) 5. Leaf production interval 6. Leaf texture 7. Leaf shape 8. Nature of leaf margin 9. Nature of leaf tip 10. Markings, pigments, etc 11. Foliar colour and plant quality rating 12. Branching habit 13. Presence of flowers and type 14. Reaction to pests and diseases 15. Vase life (days)

REPORT CENTRE Bengaluru Evaluaion of Asparagus species / varieties as cut foliage: The maximum plant spread, highest cladophyll length (212.65 cm) and breadth (43.43cm), stalk length (11.09 cm), internodal length (3.12 cm), minimum PLW (39.56 %) and better vase life (8.40 days) was recorded in Asparagus setaceus syn. Plumosus. Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ compacta was early to initiate newer cladophyll (3.80 days) and produced maximum cut foliage yield/sq.m (1677.28 no) but it recorded least plant spread, minimum cladophyll length (23.87 cm) and breadth (6.32 cm), minimum no of branches per cladophyll (8.93), minimum cladophyll stalk girth (0.14 cm), lowest fresh weight (2.16 g) and less vase life (6.20 days). Asparagus densiflorus ‘Myers’ was late in newer cladophyll initiation (11.60 days), produced minimum no:of cladophylls per plant (31.99), least cladophyll stalk length (1.72 cm) and internodal length (0.39 cm), minimum yield (76.10 no./sq.m) while it has the highest cladophyll fresh weight (25.04 g) produced maximum no. of branches per cladophyll (300.60), maximum cladophyll stalk girth (1.66 cm), maximum water uptake (50.71 gm) and maximum vase life (11.20 days) (Tables 1.14.1.1a; 1.14.1.1b and 1.14.1.1c). Varietal performance of ferns: Nephrolepis exaltata and Nephrolepis cordifolia ‘Duffii’ took least no. of days for initiation of newer fronds (3.00 and 3.40 days respectively) hence these are registered as early cultivars, while Polypodium scolopendria can be regarded as late cultivar which took 14.20 days for production of newer fronds. Maximum cut frond yield of 126.89 no./ sq.m was recorded in Nephrolepis exaltata, while the minimum cut foliage yield of 8.18 no./ sq.m was recorded in Polypodium scolopendria Varietal performance of Phylodendron: Thirteen Philodendron species / varieties were evaluated during the period. They exhibited wide variation in their growth pattern as well as leaf characters. Among the species evaluated, maximum leaf length (59.54 cm) leaf breadth ( 55.06 cm ) and petiole length ( 73.38 cm) was recorded in Philodendron giganteum ,Internodal length was maximum (8.40 cm) in Philodendron bipennifolium.

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Pune (Ganeshkhind)

The data presented in Table 1.14.1.2a and 1.14.1.2b indicated that Asparagus (Narrow leaves) recorded more plant height (96.40 cm), number of leaves (32.4) and leaf longevity (12.8 days). However more vase life (14.0 days) was recorded by Asparagus (Broad leaves). Kahikuchi

In the third year (up to 2015), besides ferns and asparagus, a collection of Dracaena was also included in 2014-15, at Kahikuchi centre. The performance of these three genera is being studied to find out their suitability for use as indoor potted plant, ground cover, and cut fillers, based on their morphological traits and vegetative growth and vase life studies.

Description of different fern species at Kahikuchi (2014-15) is given in Table 1.14.1.3a. Table 1.14.1.3b shows that in 2014-15, the following fern species performed well in terms of plant height and spread: Nephrolepis ‘Rita’s Gold’ fern, Nephrolepis cordifolia (Wild Boston Fern) and Nephrolepis biserrata/ falcata ‘Furcans’ (Fishtail Sword fern) recorded plant height of 152.3, 112.7 and 101.4 cm, and greater plant spread (108.4, 118.8 and 108.7 cm, respectively).

Dwarf native fern Adiantum formosum (Black stem maidenhair fern), with 26.8 cm and 31.7 cm plant height and spread, respectively was found suitable for growing indoors as potted plant and as hanging basket. It recorded a vase life of 6.0 days. Similarly, another indigenous fern Adiantum capilus-veneris (dwarf Maidenhair fern), recording 14.7 cm plant height, 17.6 cm spread, 20.4 leaves/pl/year can be grown indoors in containers under wet, shady, humid conditions (Tables 1.14.1.3b and 1.14.1.3c). Adiantum species thrive in wet, cool, shady conditions and are intolerant to dry conditions; potted plants dry out and die in winter. Maximum leaf lamina length of 72.3 cm was recorded in case of Nephrolepis cordifolia (Wild Boston Fern), followed by N. biserrata ‘Furcans’ (57.6 cm). On the other hand, Drynaria quercifolia (Oak leaf fern/ Basket fern), and Nephrolepis exaltata ‘Fluffy Ruffles’ syn N. exaltata’, Bostoniensis compacta’ had wider leaf lamina spread (42.2 cm and 19.5cm, respectively). N. biserrata ‘Furcans’, Drynaria quercifolia and Polypodium scolopendrium / Polypodium diversifolium (Wart fern) had the longest petioles (34.2, 24.0 cm and 22.8 cm).

Highest leaf production (222.8 leaves/plant/year) was recorded in case of Nephrolepis ‘Rita’s Gold’, followed by N. exaltata ‘Fluffy Ruffles’ syn N. exaltata’, Bostoniensis compacta’, N. cordifolia 'Lemon Buttons', N. cordifolia – branching tips, producing between 158.7 to 150.3 leaves/plant/year (Table 1.14.1.3b).

Among all the fern species evaluated, both Undulating Hart’s Tongue fern and Leather-leaf fern recorded the longest vase life (11.9 days each). Most Nephrolepis species and Asplenium nidus (Birds nest fern) recorded reasonably good vase life above 8.0 days (Table 1.14.1.3c). Leather-leaf ferns prefer cool, dry conditions and tend to rot and die in the long, hot, humid, rainy season of Assam, if grown under agroshade net. Native species collected from the wild, such as Basket/Oak leaf fern as well as Bird’s Nest fern are suitable as hanging basket. Lygodium palmatum, a native fern species with attractive looking foliage and climbing habit,

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emerges in the rainy season and dries up in winter. It produced good vegetative growth (76.5 cm plant height, and 42.2 cm plant width, 7.3 cm long leaf lamina, 4.2 cm leaf breadth and good leaf production (40.5 no. of leaves/ plant) and is suitable as potted plant, with vertical support.

The results of the third season (2014-15) reveal that among the five Asparagus species, A. plumosus /setaceus recorded greater plant height (179.8 cm) and plant spread (127.8 cm and 122.7 cm) (EW and NS), and more cladophyll production (123.5 per plant).This species is suitable as tall upright potted plant with vertical support. A. densiflorus ‘Meyersii’ (Foxtail asparagus) recorded the longest vase life (7.5 days) as well as longest (22.5 cm) petioles (Table 1.14.1.3d and Table 1.14.1.3e). A. retrofractus/ A. makowani (Ming fern) produced significantly longer (58.6 cm) and heavier cladophyll fresh weight (28.7 g), sufficiently long (15.8 cm) and stout petioles (0.30 cm girth), compared to the other species. It also had a good vase life of 5.5 days.

Thus, the above three species are suitable for use as cut foliage, besides as indoor potted plants. A. aethiopicus produce shortest and more compact plants (58.7 cm plant height and 53.2 cm (EW) and 25.7 cm (NS) plant spread), besides recording the earliest cladophyll production interval (30.0 days). It is suitable as an indoor dwarf potted plant.

In the first year (2014-15), a few plants of as many as 14 species of Dracaena, family Agavaceae, were collected at Kahikuchi till date. Vegetative multiplication is going on to get sufficient number of plants to get statistically significant results from the experiment. Morphological characters are being studied on the basis of which they will be grouped into their various uses such as indoor potted plant, landscape plant etc. C. australis ‘Purpurea’, D. deremensis ‘Janet Craig’, Dracaena fragrans Massangeana, D. compacta, D. deremensis, D.deremensis ‘Warnecki ‘White Green’, D.godseffiana syn. D. surculosa, D. marginata ’Colorama’, D. marginata ‘Tricolor’ produced taller plants with good vegetative growth (Table 1.14.1.3f and 1.14.1.3g). The above mentioned species may be used as cut foliage due to attractive foliage shape, colour, petiole or petiole length and vase life. The experiment is in progress. Ooty The cut foliage species viz., Boxwood, Baby Eucalyptus, Baby’s breath, Gypsophila (Cassiopiea, Excelleance), Limonium were collected and planted on17.04.2015 .The crop is in vegetative stage. Ludhiana

Asparagus setaceous, A.densiflorus, Gypsophylla elegans, Dracaena fragrans and Nephrolepis exaltata were evaluated as per technical programme. The data are tabulated in the Table 1.14.1.4. All the species showed significant difference with respect to plant height, leaf length, number of leaves, leaf production interval and vase life. Hyderabad

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Existing collection of cut foliage and fillers during 2014-15 is given in Table 1.14.1.5a. Characteristics of foliage plants & fillers are given in Table 1.14.1.5b. During 2014-15 different foliage and flower fillers were studied and results Table 1.14.1.5c) reveal that, Asparagus: Asparagus setaceus showed maximum plant height of 265.4 cm, plant spread of 154.3 cm and petiole length of 33.4 cm (Table 1.14.1.5c). Philodendron: Philodendron ‘williamsii’ showed maximum plant height (98.76 cm), Leaf length (30.2 cm), leaf width (12.36 cm), petiole length (29.38 cm), petiole girth (10.93 cm) (Table 1.14.1.5d). Ferns: Fern species showed maximum plant height (132 cm), plant spread (150 cm), leaf length (104 cm), leaf width (33.4 cm) and petiole girth (7.96 cm) (Table 1.14.1.5e). Flower filler plants: Gypsophila showed maximum plant height (69.34 cm), length of inflorescence stalk (25.64 cm), No. of leaves/branch (64.3), No. of flowers each/ cluster (124), minimum days taken to flower from bud (7.3), Minimum days to flowering from planting (82) and flowering duration (176) (Table 1.14.5f). Vellanikkara

The objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of fillers and to identify those that can be recommended for commercial cultivation in the region.

Twenty five varieties/ species of Philodendron (both heading and climbing type) were evaluated during 2014-15. Indoor life of most of the varieties was found better under 800-1200 lux light intensity (Table.1.14.1.6a). Philodendron ‘Majesty’ came first in plant quality rating (Table 1.14.1.6b). Philodendron ‘ Majesty’ and Philodendron serratum were tolerant to atmospheric pollution and Philodendron sagittifolium , Philodendron wendlandii and Philodendron karstenianum were identified as pollution indicators (Table 1.14.1.6c) Philodendron pertusum, Philodendron ‘Pluto Red’ and Philodendron ‘Black Prince’had the longest vase life (Table 1.14.1.6d).

The collection was also enriched with different species of Dracaena, Asparagus, Gypsophylla and Ferns.Performance of Gypsophila Paniculata in Pad and Fan green house is given in the (Table 1.14.1.6e). The performance was not satisfactory under Vellanikkara conditions. Project No. 1.14.2: Survey, collection and evaluation of native ornamentals for commercial

cultivation. Objective : To evaluate native ornamentals for domestic and export market. Duration : Continuing nature Centres : Solan, Vellanikkara, Hessaraghatta, Kahikuchi and Periyakulum. Technical Programme:

1. Explorative survey and data collection in liaison with ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi. 2. Evaluating native ornamentals for commercial potential such as cut flower, cut green,

loose flower, pot plant and other landscape use.

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3. The concerned scientists are advised to maintain passport data of newly collected species/varieties and obtain the IC/EC number from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi.

4. Recommendation of a variety for commercial cultivation in respective region based on extensive evaluation should be submitted to the Project Coordinator every year along with the proposal for testing in the other centres, if any.

5. Areas to be covered: Western Ghats, Western Himalayas and NEH region. Observations recorded on:

1. Identification of the plant collected (family, genus and species) 2. Potential use of plants- cut flower, loose flower, pot plant, landscape etc. 3. Plant height (cm) 4. Plant spread (cm) 5. Form, number of branches 6. Number of leaves per plant 7. Foliage colour (as per RHS colour chart) 8. Texture of the leaves 9. Days taken to flowering 10. Flower size (cm) 11. Flower colour (as per RHS colour chart) 12. Duration of flowering (days) 13. Attractive fruiting structures

REPORT

CENTRE Hessaraghatta

Following potential ornamental plant species identified for Bengaluru conditions Jasminum malabaricum, Lepturus radicans, Turnera ulmifolia, Artemsia nilagirica Artemsia japonica, Lavendulla lawii, Senecio bombayences, Senecio belgaumesnes, Senecio dalzilli, Ixora parviflora and Clematis guariana. Periyakulum

Two native ornamental species viz., Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) – Asparagaceae, Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees– Acanthaceae has been collected in Usilankaradu area of Horticultural College & Research Institute, Periyakulam and identified at Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore-3 on 13.09.2013 and IC Number 598296 has been obtained for Chlorophytum tuberosum on 11.12.2013 from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi. The live plants and seeds of these wild ornamental species were collected from the natural habitat, and planted in Eastern block of HC&RI, Periyakulam for domestication and commercial exploitation. Biometrical characters were recorded and the details are presented (Table 1.14.2.1).

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Two native ornamental species viz., Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.)– Asparagaceae, Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees– Acanthaceae has been identified and IC Number 598296 has been obtained for Chlorophytum tuberosum from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi. Solan

The native ornamental plants collected under this project are being maintained at the experimental farm of department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture. Besides this, surveys and explorations were made to Mashobra, Shimla, Shalaghat, Dhamla and Kunihar areas and certain potential ornamental plants were identified and collected. The details of some of these plants have been given in Table 1.14.2.2a.

Apart from this, studies on exploring the possibilities of commercial cultivation of Inula cuspidata were started under controlled photoperiodic conditions. Inula is a medium sized shrub having thick oblong lanceolate leaves and yellowish flowers in rounded corymbs. Its natural flowering time is September –October. The rooted cuttings of this plant were planted in pots which were transferred to controlled photoperiodic conditions after pinching when the side shoots attained a height of 12-15 cm. Controlled photoperiodic condition was provided by covering the plants with HDPE (High density poly ethylene; black from inner side and white from outside) from 5PM to 9 AM, providing a dark period of 16 h. Short day treatment was started on 10th June, 2014. Plants growing under natural photoperiodic conditions were not covered with HDPE. The growth and flowering performance data presented in Table 1.14.2.2b clearly indicated that Inula plants took 33 short days for flowering and remained presentable for 34.33 days. There were quite a large number of flowers under controlled photoperiod (40.66) as compared to natural photoperiod. Vellanikkara The objective of the study is to evaluate native ornamentals for global market. Survey, collection and evaluation of native ornamentals will prevent native species from becoming rare and thus help to enrich the germplasm. Survey was conducted in and around Thrissur district, Kerala and native ornamental species were collected. The collected plants are maintained for further evaluation. Ten under exploited native ornamentals were evaluated for their uses as cut flower, dry flower and other commercial traits for which they could be further exploited (Table 1.14.2.3a). Among them none of the flowers were found suitable for use as cut flowers. Flowers of Bauhinia acuminata, Calicopteris floribunda , Cassia fistula , Antigonon leptopus were suitable for dry flower production.Pigments were extracted from the flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Cassia fistula, Clerodendrum paniculatum and essential oil from Plumeria spp., Gardenia jasminoides and Quisqualis indica. Suitability of native ornamentals for different uses are represented in the Table 1.14.2.3b.

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Kahikuchi In the first year (2014) survey and collection of plant materials of indigenous flora having

ornamental significance from in and around Kamrup district has been carried out on a small scale. So far, the following species have been identified:

Three species of Tabernaemontana (T. coronaria, T. divaricata, T. heyniana syn alternifolia), (Jomlakhuti), Two spp. of Hedychium (H. coronarium, H. spicatum (Zingiberaceae), Crinum lily, Philodendron spp. (from Kaziranga), Gloriosa sp., one Calathea sp. Propagation by vegetative means followed by planting in the nursery beds for studing various trait on growth and reproduction has been done.

15. LANDSCAPE PLANT MATERIAL

Project No. 1.15.1: Collection and evaluation of ornamental flowering shrubs for landscape use.

Duration : Three years Centres : Vellanikkara, Bengaluru, Ludhiana, Coimbatore and Kalyani. Objective: Evaluation of ornamental flowering shrubs for suitability to various landscaping uses and assessment of their tolerance to air pollution. Technical Programme: a) Evaluation for landscaping uses Thirty ornamental flowering shrubs will be evaluated based on characters like season, nature and colour of flowers, shape of silhouette, branching pattern, size, texture, density, hardiness and resistance to insects and diseases etc. They will be selected for the following aesthetic and functional uses in landscapes.

a) Accent plant b) Shrub group c) Shrub border d) Background planting e) Foundation planting f) Corner planting g) As physical barriers h) Screening i) Topiary j) Butterfly garden k) Fragrant garden l) Moon garden m) Rock garden n) Xeriscaping

Observations recorded on: Plant characters

1. Plant size - height and spread (cm)

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2. Length and breadth of leaves (cm) 3. Number of leaves/ unit area 4. Internodal length (cm) 5. Length and girth of petiole (cm) 6. Colour of leaves (upper/lower surface) 7. Texture of leaves 8. Pubescence 9. Shape of leaves 10. Margin of leaves (entire/wavy/lobed/spinous) 11. Tip of leaves (acute/obtuse/acuminate) 12. Shape (silhouette) 13. Branching habit 14. Season of flowering 15. Pest and disease incidence 16. Attraction to butterflies

Flower characters

1. Flower type (solitary/ inflorescence) 2. Size of flower 3. Length of stalk 4. Interval of flower production 5. Number of flowers produced 6. Colour of flower 7. Fragrance

REPORT CENTRE Coimbatore The following twenty flowering shrubs have been collected and planted in the shrubbery for further evaluation. The trial is in progress.

1. Nerium oleander 2. Polyscias balfouriana 3. Ixora coccinea 4. Polyscias 5. Rondelitia odorata 6. Eranthemum bicolor 7. Leucophyllum frutescens 8. Eranthemum tricolor 9. Tabaernomontana coronaria 10. Acalypha bifida 11. Nyctanthes arbortristis 12. Exocarea bicolor 13. Tecomaria capensis 14. Dracaena 15. Graphtophyllum pictum 16. Duranta plumeri 17. Artabotrys odoratissimus 18. Pedilanthus variegata 19. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 20. Codaeum variegata

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Hessarghatta Thirty ornamental flowering shrubs (Pachystychus lutea, Mynea erecta, Hibiscus

hawaiin, Calliandra brewipes, Eranthemum reticulate, Gardenia jasminoids, Hamelia patens, Cassia biflora, Nyctanthus arboria, Magnolia mutabilis, Hibiscus, Plembago capensis, Euphorbia, Megacapasma erithroclamus,Hibiscus mutabilis, Cestrum diurnum, Russelia junceae, Strelitzia reginea, Plumeria pudica, Callistemon lanceolatus, Murraya exotica, Lemonia spectabilis, Jasmine samabac, Bougainvillea ,Ixora singaporensis, Tecoma gaudi choudi, Lagerstromia indica, Galphimia gracilis, jatropha pandurifolia) have been planted and all the species have been established and observations on season, nature and colour of flowers, shape of silhouette, branching pattern, size, texture, density, hardiness and resistance to insects and diseases are being recorded. Ludhiana Thirty shrubs have been evaluated for landscape use as per the technical programme of work (Table 1.15.1.1a and Table 1.15.1.1b) Sr. No Botanical Name Landscape use Flower time Flower color

1. Acalypha wilkesiana Physical Barrier - - 2. Malphigia glabra Butterfly Garden Oct.-Dec Pink 3. Buddleja asiatica fragrant flowers, March-April Cream 4. Calliandra spp. Physical Barrier Year Round Red 5. Spirea corymbosa Xeriscaping March-April White 6. Cassia glauca Xeriscaping Feb- Sept Yellow 7. Cestrum diumum Shrub group. March-April Cream 8. Cestrum noctumum Fragrant flowers, Summer to rainy

season Pale

9. Thevetia peruviana Screening Year round yellow 10. Russelia floribunda Butterfly garden Feb-April Red 11. Lawsonia inerme Butterfly garden Summer and

rains Cream

12. Duranta erecta Foundation - - 13. Ervatamia coronaria Moon garden Year round White 14. Ervatamia divaricata Moon garden Year round white 15. Erythrina crista-galli Accent plant March-April Scarlet 16. Euonymus japonicus Physical Barrier - - 17. Euphorbia cotinifolia Accent plant - - 18. Galphimia gracilis Accent plant Feb –Sept Yellow 19. Ervatamia divaricata

Dwarf Fragrant flowers Rains White

20. Hamelia patens Physical Barrier Year round Red 21. Hiptage benghalensis Fragrant flowers March April Cream

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22. Jasminum sarmbac Fragrant flowers April –Sept White 23. Jatropha integrrima Accent plant Year round Red 24. Lagerstroemia indica Shrub group Summer to rains white 25. Lantana camara Rockeries. March April ,

rains White

26. L. depressa Rockeries. Feb-March Pink 27. Murraya exotica Topiary Feb-March White 28. Nyctanthes arbortristis Fragrant flowers Summer and

rains White

29. Plumbago capensis Foundation Year round White 30. Ervatamia divaricata

Varig. Shrub group Year round white

Kalyani Several types of the following ornamental shrubs are being maintained.

1. Nerium oleander, Family Apocynaceae 2. Mussanda glarata, Family Rubiaceae 3. Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Family Leguminosae & sub family Caesalpineae 4. Bougainvillea glabra, Family Nectaginaceae 5. Lantana camara, Family Verbenaceae 6. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis , Family Malvaceae 7. Hibiscus mutabilis, Family Malvaceae 8. Malvaviscus arboreus, Family Malvaceae 9. Gardenia jasminoides, Family Rubiaceae 10. Tabernaemontana coronaria, Family Apocynaceae 11. Tecoma stans, Family Bignoniaceae 12. Duranta plumeri, Family Verbenaceae 13. Euphorbia pulcherrima, Family Euphorbiaceae 14. Ixora coccinea, Family Rubiaceae 15. Ixora chinensis, Family Rubiaceae 16. Cassia alata, Family Fabaceae 17. Cestrum nocturnum, Family Solanaceae 18. Datura innoxia, Family Solanaceae 19. Dombeya wallichii, Family Sterculiaceae 20. Euphorbia spendens, Family Euphorbiaceae 21. Galphinia gracilis, Family Malpighiaceae 22. Hamelia patens, Family Rubiaceae 23. Jasminum sambac, Family Oleaceae 24. Jatropha hastate, Family Euphorbiaceae 25. Lagerstroemia indica, Family Lythraceae

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26. Murraya paniculata, Family Rutaceae 27. Rosa sp, Family Rosaceae 28. Russelia equisetiformis, Family Scrophulariaceae 29. Pentas lanceolata, Family Rubiaceae 30. Melastoma malabathricum, Family Melastomataceae

Vellanikkara The study includes evaluating the ornamental flowering shrubs for their suitability to various landscaping uses and to assess their tolerance to air pollution. The experiment has been done for three consequtive years and the results based on the analysis of pooled data are summarized here. Thirty tropical ornamental flowering shrub species or varieties were evaluated (Table 1.15.1.2a). Various vegertative and floral characters were recorded and data analysed and correlation studies were made with weather parameters. Shrubs selected for the study were described based on morphological characters. Growth of shrubs was measured in terms of height and spread. Based on the manageable height, they were classified into three groups, i.e. Tall (height above 2 m), Medium (height 1m – 2m) and Dwarf (height below 1m). Based on leaf area, plants were categorized into medium coarse, medium, medium fine and fine textured (Table 1.15.1.2b). Qualitative characters of the foliage like shape of leaf, base, tip, margin and colour texture classes, shrub canopy shape (silhouette) were observed and used for making schematic diagram. Qualitative characters of flowers like type of inflorescence, position of inflorescence, colour and fragrance were observed. Time taken to open up the inflorescence from bud stage, persistence of single flower as well as the inflorescence was also observed. Qualitative characters like inflorescence diameter, single flower length and diameter and number of flowers per inflorescence were also recorded. Flowering seasons of the shrubs were observed and accordingly they were categorized into four different phenological phases i.e. Dec-Feb, Mar-May, June-Aug and Sep-Nov. Sideruns were observed and phenological configurations were made. Air pollution Tolerence Indices of the shrubs was calculated. Calliandra haematocephala (31.7) showed the highest APTI value and the minium value was observed for Allamanda cathartica ‘Dwarf (9.2). Shurbs were categorized into sensitive (value<14), intermediate (15-19), medium tolerant (20-24) and tolerant (>24) groups based on their APTI values (Table 1.15.1.2c). Based on the different characters studied, shrubs were classified into different landscape utility groups such as, accent plant, foundation planting, screening and privacy, hedges and topiary, shrub border, background planting, corner planting, Shurb group and mass planting, Pot and container planting, fragrant garden, moon garden, Xeriscaping, rock

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garden, Covering sloppy banks and butterfly garden.( Table 1.15.1.2d, Table 1.15.1.2e and Table 1.15.1.2f) Shurbs were observed for pest and disease incidence. Major pests were leaf eating caterpillars in Mussaenda erythropylla, Nerium indicum, Calliandra haematocephala and Ixora coccinea; flower bud borer in Wrightia antidysenterica, mealy bug and scales. Shurbs were not severely affected by diseases. In the present study, shrubs were recommended for various functional uses in the landscapes based on their growth, flowering and morphological characters. Based on flowering season, they were categorized into four phenological phases. Side-runs were observed and phonological configurations were made. Air Pollution Tolerance Indices of the shrubs were also computed and plants were categorized according to their APTIvalues. Project No. 1.15.2: Collection and evaluation of turf grasses Duration : Three years Centres : Vellanikkara, Hessaraghatta, Kalyani, Solan, Pantnagar, Hyderabad,

Coimbatore and Ludhiana Technical Programme: Differents species/varieties of ornamental turf grasses will be collected & evaluated based on colour, texture, density, hardiness and reaction to insects and diseases etc. These species will also be screened for the aesthetic and functional uses in landscaping.

1. Dichondra ( Dichondra repens) 2. Pensacola (Paspalum notatum) 3. Argentine (Argentine bahia) 4. Weeping lovegrass (Eragrotis curvula) 5. Kentucky blue grass (Poa partentis) 6. Doob grass (Cynodon dactylon selection 1) 7. Korean grass (Zoysia japonica)

Observations recorded on: Quantitative characters

1. Days to germination 2. Germination percentage 3. Fresh wt. of clipping (10 days after mowing) 4. Dry wt. of clipping 5. Depth of root 6. Growth rate 7. Root density

Qualitative characters 8. Colour 9. Texture

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10. Density 11. Response to mowing

Other characters 12. Pest and disease incidence 13. Weed intensity in turf 14. Plant Quality Rating based on fullness and growth habit 15. Tissue Nitrogen content of dry sample

REPORT CENTRE Coimbatore

Investigations were carried out with 12 grass genotypes collected from various places, to study the per se performance, magnitude of variability, correlation between the traits and genetic diversity. Documentation of morphological characters were done and based on that the descriptors were studied for the grasses under different treatment. Physiological observations like chlorophyll and proline were estimated. Scoring was done to sequence the grasses based on turf quality. Stomatal index, vernation, ligule and auricle of the grasses were studied during the review period.

Among the turf grass species evaluated, C. dactylon X C. transvaalensis, S. secundatum, B. reptans and D. bicornis were found to be superior interms of high turf quality and shoot density. The turf quality was higher for the treatment (T5) C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis (8.59) followed by (T9) S. secundatum (8.50) while the least was observed in the treatment (T4) C. ciliaris (5.50). The number of roots was highest in (T5) C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis (257.55) followed by (T2) B. reptans (250.00) and it was least in (T4) C. ciliaris (58.00). The species viz., Z. japonica and Z. tenuifolia were also found to be promising based on turf quality and shorter internodes. These grasses can hence be recommended for sports turfs, golf courses and for landscaping purposes (Table 1.15.2.1a and 1.15.2.1b). Hessaraghatta

Among six grass species evaluated, the adaption to Bengaluru conditions was found to be limited in case of Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis L), Lolium perene L. and Agrostis palustris L. initial two years these three grass species performed well. But during this summer months (April and May 2014) these three species could not survive under Bangalore conditions. Eragrostis curvula, Paspalum notatum Flugge and Argentine bahia found be suitable for Bengaluru conditions. Ludhiana

The data show that fresh weight and dry weight of clipping were maximum in Cynodon dactylon Sel.1 followed by Eragrotis curuvula (Table 1.15.2.2a and 1.15.2.2b). Root density was also recorded the highest in Cynodon dactylon sel.1. Based on plant quality rating, density and growth rate Cynodon dactylon sel.1 has been found suitable for the region for the making turf.

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Kalyani The experiment was laid out with five grasses namely doob grass or bermuda grass

(Cynodon dactylon selection one), Korean grass (Zoysia japonica), Kentuki blue grass (poa patensis), Perennial rye grass (lolium perenne) and Kidney weed (Dichondra micrantha). The experiment has been laid out with five grasses namely doob grass or bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon selection one), Korean grass (Zoysia japonica), Kentuki blue grass (poa patensis), Perennial rye grass (lolium perenne) and Kidney weed (Dichondra micrantha). It was revealed that in Gangetic West Bengal Bermuda grass and Korean grass are suitable for easy establishment and multiplication. Selection one Cynodon dactylon is the most tolerant species and is found to be the quick growing and most easily maintained lawn grass. It requires less irrigation than Zoysia japonica for establishment. Multplication and establishment rate of both Kentuki blue grass (poa patensis), Perennial rye grass (lolium perenne) was very slow and turf cover could not be established. Dichondra established very easily with quick multiplication. Being dicot it is not suitable as turf. Hyderabad During 2014-15, eight species of lawn grasses were evaluated and found that the maximum shoot length of 22.76 cm was noticed in Pensacola followed by Rye grass (17.23cm). As the temperatures increased from 300C to 38oC, the fresh weight of all the samples decreased due to slow growth rate. Because of fast growth rate in Argentine grass, the maximum fresh weight (651.33g) and dry weight (315g) per plot was recorded at 10 days after mowing. The species Eragrotis curvula showed maximum leaf length of 37.45 cm. (Table 1.15.2.3a and Table 1.15.2.3b). Two species Kentuchy blue grass and Rye grass are suitable for cold conditions, while Doob grass is more suitable to Hyderabad condtions followed by Korean grass. Pantnagar

An experiment was laid out in RBD with three replications in turf grasses species Weeping Lovegrass (Eragrotis curvula) and Pensacola (Pasphalum notatum) with seeds procured from Directorate of Floriculture Research, New Delhi, during 2011-12 with three replications. The grass seedlings were planted in a plot size of 5m x 3m and the spacing was kept as 40 cm x 30 cm (Table 1.15.2.4) Salient findings (2014-15)

1. Maximum percentage of germination was found in Love grass with 34.93. 2. Days taken to germination were found 6.23 in Love grass while12.00 in Pensacola. 3. Maximum root density was found in Pensacola while minimum in love grass. 4. Depth of root ranges from 7.54 cm in Love grass to 6.40 cm in Pensacola grass. 5. Fresh weight of shoots was found maximum in Love grass (0.12g) and minimum in

Pensacola. 6. Dry weight of shoots was also found maximum in Love grass.

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7. Among quantitative characters of both the turf grass colour of Lovegrass was yellowish green and of Pensacola was dark green.

8. Texture was smooth of Pensacola while rough of love grass. 9. Density was found thick in both the grasses.

Solan

Temperate lawn grass species viz. Agrostis stolonifera, Lolium perenne, Paspalum dilatatum, Poa pratensis and Eragrostis curvula are being evaluated. It is evident from the data in Table 1.15.2.5 that maximum number of roots/10 cm2 were recorded in Agrostis stolonifera (855.37) followed by Lolium perenne (506.37). As regards number of leaves, it was recorded maximum in Agrostis stolonifera (306.56) followed by Lolium perenne (306.50). Number of leaves/10 cm2 was however recorded minimum in Paspalum dilatatum (110.24).

Maximum root length was found in Paspalum dilatatum (21.75 cm) followed by Agrostis stolonifera (18.50 cm). Root length was, however, recorded minimum in Poa pratensis (12.25 cm). As regards length of the leaves, it was found maximum in Eragrostis curvula (11.50 cm) and minimum in Poa pratensis (4.50 cm) which was however found to be at par with Agrostis stolonifera (5.12 cm). Vellanikkara The experiment was concluded and pooled data and result were given in the annual report for 2012-13.The study was planned to evaluate the performance of tropical turf grass species with respect to growth parameters, establishment rate, Incidence of pest and diseases, identification of weeds, tolerance to shade, plant characters and Air Pollution Tolerance Index in order to introduce new grass species for the tropical lawns.The study was conducted for three consecutive years and based on the analysis of pooled data, the salient findings are summarized here under. Evaluation of turf grass species in open field condition: Only seven turf grass species, Dichondra micrantha, Paspalum notatum, Eragrostis curvula, Cynodon dactylon, Cynodon dactylon 419, Zoysia japonica and Stenotaphrum secundatum were able to grow in open field, under humid tropical condition. The remaining three species, Poa pratensis, Lolium perenne and Agrostis palustris could not come up able to grow under humid tropical condition. With respect to establishment, plant characters and growth parameters the best varieties which could be used as turf, under humid tropical condition are Cynodon dactylon 419, Zoysia Japonica, Cynodon dactylon and Stenotaphrum secundatum. They were observed to have best qualities under open field condition (Table 1.15.2.6a). Paspalum notatum made an open turf for which the visual quality was poor. The species was recommended for use on road sides, air fields and similar extensive low quality turf grass areas where minimum maintenance cost is more important than turf grass quality.

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Eragrostis curvula was not recommended as a turf grass. Plant characters of this species were not suitable for making a turf. The species can be used in the landscape for mass planting and also for temporary cover for erosion control of areas. Evaluation of turf grass species under various shade levels: Only 7 turf grass species, Dichondra micrantha, Paspalum notatum, Eragrostis curvula, Cynodon dactylon, Cynodon dactylon 419, Zoysia japonica and Stenotaphrum secundatum were able to come up well under various ( 0%, 25%, 50%) shade levels in humid tropical condition. The remaining three species, Poa pratensis, Lolium perenne and Agrostis palustris did not suitable come up under shade also (Table 1.15.2.5b). With respect to plant characters and growth parameters the best varieties which could be used as turf, under various (0%, 25%, 50%) shade levels in humid tropical condition was evaluated and found that Dichondra micrantha is suitable for or 25 per cent shade, Cynodon dactylon and Cynodon 419 only under open condition, Zoysia Japonica for zero and 25 per cent shade levels. Stenotaphrum secundatum was recommended for turfing under all shade conditions.

Paspalum notatum showed good tolerance to zero and 25 per cent shade levels, but its visual quality was poor. This species is recommended for open and 25 per cent shade condition and can be used on road sides, air fields and similar extensive, low quality turf grass areas where minimum maintenance costs are the most important concern.

Eragrostis curvula showed good tolerance to zero and 25 per cent shade levels. This species was not recommended as a turf grass because its characters were not found suitable for making a turf. This species can be used under open and 25 per cent shade condition in the landscape, for mass planting and also for temporary cover for erosion control.

Turf grass species were categorized into sensitive (value ≤ 14), intermediate (15-19), medium tolerant (20-24) and tolerant (> 24) to air pollutionbased on their APTI values. Paspalum notatum, Eragrostis curvula, Cynodon dactylon 419, Cynodon dactylon, Zoysia japonica and Stenotaphrum secundatum came under the sensitive category. Dichondra micrantha came under intermediate category and Paspalum notatum was identified as a pollution indicator of turf grass.

Turf grass species were observed for insect incidence under various shades (0%, 25%, and 50%) levels and in open field condition. army worms, termites, fire ants and worker ants were found. Army worms were found in catter pillar stage under all shade levels in Paspalum notatum and Eragrostis curvula. But they were not found in other turf grass species.

All the turf grass species were also observed for diseases incidence. No serious disease was observed except the gray leaf disease, found the Stenotaphrum secundatum. Gray leaf spot disease is a fungal disease caused by Pyriculari grisea. This was more serious under 50 per cent and 25 per cent shade levels compared to open field condition. Disease was observed under all shade conditions and also in open field condition.

All the turf grass species were observed for weeds, associated with turf species under shade and open field condition. Weeds were identified and data were recorded.

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Table 1.1.1.1.Performance of rose germplasm at Chiplima centre

Sl. No. Genotype Source Growth

habit Plant height

(cm) Floriferou

sness Foliage

Colour Glossiness Size

Hybrid Tea 1 Alex Red PN, WB Upright 127.67 Good D. Green Normal Large 2 Alinka PN, WB Upright 77.50 Good D. Green Normal Large 3 Angelique PN, WB Upright 100.33 Good D. Green Glossy Large 4 Appreciation RPRC Spreading 130.50 Medium N. Green Normal Large 5 Arjun RPRC Upright 137.67 Good D.Green Glossy Large 6 Belami RPRC Upright 85.50 Good N.Green Glossy Large 7 Bicollase PN, WB Upright 147.33 Good D. Green Glossy Large 8 Black Delight PN, WB Upright 159.67 Good D. Green Normal Large 9 Black Granada RPRC Upright 160.33 Good D.Green Normal Large 10 Caramia PN, WB Upright 105.67 Good N. Green Normal Large 11 Caramousin PN, WB Upright 178.67 Good D. Green Normal Large 12 Caribean PN, WB Upright 113.67 Good D. Green Glossy Large 13 Chardony PN, WB Upright 96.17 Good D. Green Glossy Large 14 City of Belfast PN, WB Upright 128.67 Medium D. Green Glossy Large 15 Coco-T RPRC Upright 92.17 Good N.Green Normal Large

16 Compte-de-Chambord RPRC Upright 131.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large

17 Dr. B. P. Pal RPRC Upright 126.67 Good N.Green Glossy Large 18 Dr. John Snow RPRC Upright 119.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large 19 Eterna RPRC Upright 99.67 Good D.Green Normal Large 20 Farha RPRC Upright 97.67 Good N.Green Normal Large 21 First prize PN, WB Upright 117.33 Good D. Green Normal Large 22 Gold Medal RPRC Upright 125.67 Good L.Green Glossy Large 23 Granada PN, WB Upright 126.33 Good D. Green Normal Large 24 Grand Opera RPRC Upright 133.17 Good N.Green Glossy Large

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25 High Esteem PN, WB Upright 128.33 Good D. Green Normal Large 26 ImpeatriceFarha RPRC Upright 105.33 Good D.Green Glossy Large 27 Indian Princess RPRC Upright 88.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large 28 IngeHorstmann RPRC Upright 96.67 Good N.Green Glossy Large 29 Ivory Tower RPRC Upright 132.67 Good N.Green Glossy Large 30 Jadis RPRC Upright 92.33 Good N. Green Normal Large 31 Julia RPRC Upright 63.67 Medium D.Green Glossy Large 32 Kentuky Derby RPRC Upright 153.67 Good N.Green Normal Large 33 Lady-X PN, WB Upright 165.67 Good D. Green Normal Large 34 LalBahadur RPRC Upright 137.33 Good N.Green Normal Large 35 Love RPRC Upright 111.33 Good N.Green Normal Large 36 Lover's meeting RPRC Upright 119.33 Good D.Green Glossy Large 37 Madam curie RPRC Upright 103.33 Good L.Green Normal Large 38 Magic Lantern RPRC Upright 126.67 Good N.Green Normal Large 39 Mainu Parle RPRC Upright 104.33 Good N.Green Normal Large 40 Mirandi RPRC Upright 128.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large 41 Montezuma RPRC Upright 121.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large 42 Montreal RPRC Upright 118.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large 43 Oxfome RPRC Upright 124.33 Good D.Green Glossy Large 44 Papa Meilland RPRC Upright 132.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large 45 Paradise RPRC Upright 134.33 Good D.Green Glossy Large 46 Perfume Delight RPRC Upright 93.33 Good N.Green Normal Large 47 Pigali RPRC Upright 79.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large 48 Pink Parafait RPRC Upright 96.33 Good N.Green normal Large 49 Pusa Ajay RPRC Upright 98.67 Good D.Green Glossy Large 50 Seven Star RPRC Upright 118.67 Good D.Green Normal Large 51 Singhia Centenary RPRC Upright 165.67 Good N.Green Glossy Large 52 Soma PN, WB Upright 97.67 Good D. Green Glossy Large 53 Soma Sila PN, WB Upright 110.33 Good D. Green Normal Large 54 Song Song RPRC Upright 100.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large

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55 Sophia Loren PN, WB Upright 133.33 Good D. Green Normal Large 56 Spice Twice PN, WB Upright 96.33 Good D. Green Normal Large 57 Stainless Steel PN, WB Upright 99.67 Medium D. Green glossy Large 58 Super Song PN, WB Upright 111.67 Good N. Green glossy Large 59 Tajmahal RPRC Upright 111.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large 60 Via Mala RPRC Upright 146.67 Good N.Green Glossy Large 61 Wilfred Noris PN, WB Upright 106.33 Good D. Green Normal Large 62 Wing Sound RPRC Upright 111.33 Good D.Green Normal Large

Floribunda 1 Arunima RPRC Upright 88.33 Good D.Green Glossy Large 2 Assembly Jubulie PN, WB Upright 82.67 Good N. Green Normal Large 3 Bergen-De-Ice PN, WB Upright 62.67 Good N. Green Glossy Large 4 Blue Perfume RPRC Upright 78.33 Good N. Green Glossy Large 5 Boys Brigade RPRC Upright 70.67 Good N.Green Normal Large 6 Castle Manheim RPRC Upright 166.33 Good D.Green Glossy Large 7 Cynthia RPRC Upright 133.67 Good D.Green Glossy Large 8 Galiath RPRC Upright 125.33 Good N. Green Normal Large 9 Harkness Marigold RPRC Upright 96.67 Good N.Green Normal Large 10 Iceberg PN, WB Upright 95.67 V.Good D. Green Normal Large 11 Mascara PN, WB Upright 122.67 V.Good D. Green Normal Large 12 Neelambari RPRC Upright 105.67 Good N.Green Glossy Large 13 Pillow Talk PN, WB Upright 79.67 Good D. Green Glossy Large 14 Prema RPRC Upright 105.67 Good D.Green Normal Large 15 Pusa Manhar RPRC Upright 88.33 Good D.Green Normal Medium 16 Red Pinch PN, WB Upright 88.67 V.Good D. Green S. Glossy Large 17 Sadabahar RPRC Upright 89.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large 18 Shocking Blue RPRC Upright 108.67 Good N.Green Normal Large 19 Summer Snow RPRC Upright 85.67 Good D.Green Glossy Large 20 Super Snow PN, WB Upright 66.33 Good N. Green S. Glossy Large 21 Tiara RPRC Upright 67.33 Good N.Green Glossy Large

71

22 Valentine PN, WB Spreading 54.33 V.Good D. Green Normal Large Miniature

1 Calpolly PN, WB Upright 74.67 Good D. Green Normal Large 2 Dandenong RPRC Spreading 65.67 Good N.Green Normal Small 3 Gypsy Towel PN, WB Upright 47.33 Good D. Green S. Glossy Small 4 Jennifer RPRC Spreading 66.33 Good D.Green Glossy Small 5 Magic Carrousel RPRC Spreading 61.33 Good L.Green Glossy Small 6 Majorette RPRC Spreading 40.33 Good N.Green Normal Small 7 My Valentine RPRC Spreading 69.67 Good N.Green Normal Small 8 Shabnam RPRC Spreading 83.33 Good N.Green Normal Small

Climber 1 Delhi White Pearl RPRC Spreading 128.33 medium N. Green Normal Large

Table 1.1.1.2a: Status of rose germplasm collection at Hessaraghatta centre (2014-15)

Existing accessions 275 Addition in the year 12-13 4 Total germplasm collection of rose 279

Table 1.1.1.2b: Composition of rose germplasm collection at Hessaraghatta centre (2014-15)

Categories of accession

Indian accessions

Exotic varieties Species Total

Number 54 114 11 279

72

Table 1.1.1.2c: Passport data of new rose germplasm collected at Hessaraghatta centre (2014-15)

Genus Species Name of the

variety Place of collection

District State Latitude longitude

Rosa Rosa spp.

Avalanche Bangalore Bangalore North

Karnataka 12° 58' N 77° 38' E

Rosa Rosa spp.

Bonhair Bangalore Bangalore North

Karnataka 12° 58' N 77° 38' E

Rosa Rosa spp.

Tajmahal Bangalore Bangalore North

Karnataka 12° 58' N 77° 38' E

Rosa Rosa spp.

Gold Strike Bangalore Bangalore North

Karnataka 12° 58' N 77° 38' E

Rosa Rosa spp.

Corvet Bangalore Bangalore North

Karnataka 12° 58' N 77° 38' E

Table 1.1.1.2d: Observations of new rose germplasm collected at Hessaraghatta

centre (2014-15)

V. Name Orange Flame Ideal Home Classification Floribunda Floribunda Growth habit Semi upright Semi upright Plant height Short Medium Shape Concave Concave Density Few Medium Colour Purplish Greenish Size Medium Medium Colour Medium green Dark green Glossiness Medium Absent Floriferousness Good Medium Field tolerance to diseases Nil Nil Flower colour Orange Group 25-A Red Group 49-A Fragrance Absent Absent Bud form Ovate Ovate Flower size Medium Medium Flower depth 5cm 5.5 cm Stalk length - - Seed formation No No Usage Garden display Garden display

73

Table 1.1.1.2e: List of rose germplasm collection available at Hessaraghatta centre (2014-15)

Abhisarika Atoll Chingari Garden of the world IIHR 7-5 Abhishek Jantar Avalanchi Chipper Gayathri IIHR 7-8 Adair Roche Avon Christian Dior General Vaidya IIHR 7-9 Adoloseine Babylon City of Glargoro Girija IIHR P-147 Agnihotri Battallion CLG Aurie Dombasai Gladiator IIHR P-30 Ahalya Belarge CLG Paradise Gold Strike IIHR P-7 Aishwarya Berries N Cream Cocktail Golden Giant Imperfee Tava Akash Sundari Bgathi Coffee home Golden Mediate Jack O Lantern Akebono Bhavani Confetti Granada Jantar Mantar Alliance Big John Coral Princess Grand Cycle Jass Amar Amar Birendranath Crifty Duty Grand Gala Jawani Amber Blue Delight Diane De Poitiers Grand Pesdeli Jogan American Heritage Blue Ocean Diplomat Granda Opera John F. Kennedy American Home Blue River Doris Tystermann Green Rose Joseph Amouruse Bobo Double Folk Hakuun Kanchani Anbar Bodisattwa Dr. G.S.Randhawa Happiness Kanva Andromeda Bonhair Dr. M.S. Randhawa Harkness Kasturi Rangan Anena Brass Band Dr.B.P.Pal Hasina Khushali Angkor Brazies Dr.Kane Iceberg Kiran Anke Bone Bridal Blush Dream cloud Ico Ambassador Kiss of Fire Anna Sorden Brinessa Duke of windsor Ico Delight Knock Out Annte Marry Cabanet Durgapur Jubilee Ideal Home Komala Anurag Captain Harry Stebbings Easy Going IIHR 11_2 Kulakarni Apricot Spice Carol Anne Eiffel Tower IIHR 11_3 Lady Arjun Carvetty Fivestar IIHR 2_28_1 Lady X Arka Parimala Casanova Flirtacious IIHR 204 Lalima Arka Swadesh Catalonia Folklore IIHR 3_18_2 Manasi Arthur Bell Chandrama Fordal Durky IIHR 7_1 Maria Callas Arunima Charisma Friendship IIHR 7_2 Marine Dowell

74

Asha Cherry Parfait FUA Harkness IIHR 7_7 Marryantomate Mary Kittrl Preyasi Rosa multifloria Sophia Loren Vino Delicado Meduse Prince Claus Rosa rubiganisa Spaths Jubilim Viola Minister Princess Margaret of England Rosa stanceria Speaks Yellow Violon D'Ingress Miss Elizabeth Pristine Rosa stylosa Srinivasa Viva rose Moliter Pusa Bahadhur Rosa tomentosa Sterling Silver Vivaldi Morientuder Pusa Baramasi Rosa wichuriana Sugandha War Dance Moritta Pusa Gaurav Rose Anil Summer Sunshine Weekend Mrinalini Pusa Prema Rose Mary Harkness Sun Song White Magic Muttertag Pusa Sonora Roshaness Sunanda Wouberna Gold Narthaki Pusa Vihangana Roundalay Super Star Neela Pushkar Pink Rubystar Suprabatha Nehru Centenary Pushkar Red Sakeera Surekha Nishkant (Thornless) Queen Aishwarya Sand over Sylvia Nobless Queen Elizabeth Sandego Taj Mahal Oklahoma Queen Mother Sandra Tempo Only You Rakthima Sandra ghum Genemeas The Master Orange Flame RC Sangai autumn Timeless Orton Reace Yellow Sarvesh Tiniki Our Love Red Bunch Seala Tipu's Flame Panner Rose Red Cascade Searlet Touch of Heart Papapi Rosha Red Chief Senteur Royale Tropical Amazon Paradise Red Lady Shantaraj Vanison Pastel Delight Red Recker Shanthi Pal Vasanth Pilgrim Regensburg Sharada Vasavi Pink Bunch Roin dorroin Silva Vatertag Pink Panther Rosa bankcsia Simon Boliar Venpes Pink Simprene Rosa damascena Siveka Vastar Versiles Precious Platinum Rosa indica Softly Softly Via Mala Prema Rosa lilia Solo-97 Victor Huna President Meria Rosa macrophylla Sontr Hawaith Vimal

75

Table 1.1.1.3a: Collection evaluation and maintenance of HT rose cultivars at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Genotype

HYBRID TEA

Growth habit

Plant ht (cm)

Foliage No of

Flowers Per plant

Tolerance to disease

and insects

Flower color

Fragrance Bud form

No of

Flowers Per

plant

Glossine. Size Color

1 Taj Mahal U 92.44 T N L NG 8.00 G Pink Y P 2 Paradise U 86.36 T N L NG 4.00 G Lavender-

opalescent, edges magenta

N P

3 First Prize U 62.85 M N L DG 4.33 G Pink-deep rose N P 4 Peter Franken

Feld S 83.47 T N L NG 5.66 G

Pink N P

5 Admiral Rodney

S 77.98 T G L NG 4.00 G Pink-with pale lilac flush

N P

6 Fragrant Plum U 75.67 T G L NG 4.66 G Mauve Y P 7 Ingrid

Bergman U 60.33 T N L NG 2.00 G

Crimson-scarlet N G

8 Matt God S 56.73 D N L NG 3.00 P Cerise Y G 9 Ace of Heart S 95.39 T N L NG 5.33 G Red-crimson

with sheen of velvety scarlet

N G

10 Papa Meiland U 111.33 T N L NG 3.66 G Crimson Y G 11 Taboo U 81.42 T N L DG 2.66 G Red-dark N P 12 Oklahoma U 86.91 T N L NG 3.33 G Red-blackish Y G 13 Lager Feld

U 52.63 D N L NG 8.00 G Mauve-

lavender Y P

14 Svhawarz Madona

U 94.48 T N L NG 7.33 G Red-dark

N G

15 Golden Medallion

U 96.56 T N L NG 8.67 M Yellow-lemon

N P

16 Helmut S 74.37 T N L LG 6.33 G Yellow Y P

76

Schmidt 17 Landora U 95.45 T N L NG 8.66 G Yellow N G 18 St. Patrick

U 73.40 T N S NG 3.00 G Yellow with a

tint of green N P

19 Cherry Parfait

U 125.69 T N S NG 7.00 G White with red edges

N P

20 Double Delight

S 83.58 T N S NG 9.33 G red-cherry, creamy white edges

Y P

21 Garden of The World

U 72.51 T N L DG 7.33 G whitewith edges deep pink to red

N G

22 Impertice Farah

U 118.00 T N S NG 12.34 G White-edges pink and red

N P

23 Kiss Of Fire

U 53.66 M N L NG 7.66 G Cream-edges deep pink, yellow base

N G

24 Milestone U 60.61 T G L DG 6.00 G Pink-coral, changing to coral red

N O

25 Moncheri

S 67.40 T N L NG 9.33 G Pink changing to red

N P

26 Alinka

U 64.66 T N L NG 7.33 G Yellow-bright red edges

N G

27 Acapella

U 45.36 D N L DG 5.33 G Red-with peach white reverse

Y P

28 Bicolette U 57.93 D G L NG 7.00 G Chocolate-rusty red, creamy yellow reverse

N O

29 Netajee U 76.62 T G L NG 8.00 G Red, silvery white reverse

N O

30 Snehdare U 54.67 D N L NG 2.66 G Pink-deep N P 31 Osiria U 64.72 M N S NG 8.33 G Red-dark, silver N O

77

white reverse 32 Love U 65.22 M G L NG 5.00 G Red-scarlet,

silvery white reverse

N G

33 Modern Art U 79.74 T N L DG 8.66 G orange red, white base & reverse

N G

34 Agena U 80.63 T N L NG 6.33 P Red-vermilion N O 35 DollyPatron U 74.82 T N L NG 8.00 G Orange-red Y G 36 Out of Africa U 106.35 T N L NG 4.66 P Orange, apricot

& yellow blend N G

37 Spice Twice U 87.93 T N L NG 7.33 G Orange-coral, creamy reverse

Y O

38 Laura U 68.45 T G S DG 15.33 G Orange-yellow reverse

N G

39 Carry Grant U 73.85 T N L DG 12.33 P Orange-mutlicolour, yellow reverse

Y P

40 Summer Holiday

U 97.63 T G S NG 10.00 M Orange

N P

41 Super Star U 98.75 T N L NG 18.00 M Vermilion with salmon stains

Y P

42 Lover’s Meeting

S 95.48 T G L DG 7.66 G Orange

Y P

43 Johan F Kennedy

U 103.64 T G L DG 12.66 G White

N G

44 Headliner S 125.33 D N L NG 27.66 G Cream-edges red

Y O

45 White Success S 64.85 M N L NG 6.33 G White with creamy center

N G

46 White MasterPiece

S 87.46 T N L NG 8.00 P White

N O

47 Cabana U 76.67 T N L NG 7.33 P Yellow-pale N P

78

marking 48 Marvelle U 98.76 T N L NG 7.66 G Yellow-golden,

orange red stripes

N O

49 Captain H Stevings

U 87.65 T G L DG 18.66 P Pink-reddish tinge

Y G

50 Manas S 167.53 T N L NG 6.66 G Salmon-white & red stripes

N P

51 Calcutta 300 U 60.00 D N L NG 4.00 G Pink-white streaks

Y P

52 Tata Centinary S 85.47 T G L NG 14.66 P Purple mauve with pale yellow stripes

Y P

53 Just Joey S 87.00 T N L DG 12.66 P Orange-coppery

N P

54 Carribean S 82.87 T N L NG 8.33 P Orange-yellow reverse

N O

55 Diamond Jublee

U 74.89 T N L NG 6.00 G Yellow-buff

N G

56 Alsmeer Gold U 72.45 T N L DG 8.66 P Yellow-Bright Golden

Y P

57 Priyadarshni U 79.74 T N L NG 9.66 G Pink Rodamine with deeper edges

N P

58 Tournament Of Roses

S 46.40 D N L NG 15.33 G Pink-coral

N P

59 Valencia U 88.42 T N L NG 7.00 G Copper gold N G 60 Comm.Sukku

marde S 72.67 T G L NG 12.33 G pink Y P

61 S Pandey U 97.83 T N L NG 11.67 G Pink-magenta with yellow shades

Y G

62 Lynette U 114.69 T N L NG 9.00 G Ivory, edges N O

79

coral pink 63 Brocliande U 67.95 M N L DG 6.00 G Pink- lilac,

ivory, yellow marking

N O

64 Mrinalini U 88.84 T G L NG 10.33 M Pink N P 65 Nurjahan U 85.92 T N L NG 11.67 M Rose N P 66 Preyasi U 90.76 T N L NG 8.33 M Pink Y G 67 Pink Fantasy U 94.83 T G L DG 10.00 G Pink Y G 68 Venusic S 63.75 D N L DG 7.66 M Yellow-safron Y G 69 Radhanath U 85.56 T N L NG 6.66 G Yellow-golden,

edges pink Y O

70 MT Hood S 66.85 M N L NG 8.33 G Pink-deep rosy Y P 71 Yellow Page U 65.76 M N L NG 5.67 G Yellow N G 72 Joaquina

Munoz U 63.63 M N S NG 4.33 M Crimson

N G

73 Olympic Torch U 75.86 T N S NG 9.00 G Cerise Y G 74 The Chesire

Regiment U 75.74 T N L NG 9.67 G Apricot salmon

N O

75 Liver Pool Remembers

U 86.72 T N L DG 7.00 G Vermilion

Y P

76 Biva S 74.82 T N L DG 4,66 G Pink-pale, turning deep pink

N G

77 Lusamba U 47.64 D N S NG 8.66 G Red-cherry Y P 78 Yakimour U 53.27 D N L NG 7.33 G Red with

yellow base and reverse

N P

79 Leoni Das U 68.49 T N L DG 12.00 G Chocolate-prange yellow reverse

N P

80 Griffin Sonja U 73.85 T N S DG 3.33 G Pink-deepwith edges bright pink

N G

80

81 Song of Paris U 57.75 D N L NG 8.66 G Lavender N G 82 Cheris Evert U 87.59 T G S NG 5.00 G Orange with

red tips N P

83 Passion U 65.74 M N L NG 8.33 M Red Y P 84 Mullard Jublee U 74.76 T N L NG 6.33 M Pink-deep rosy N O 85 Prabha Nanda

Ji U 93.43 T N L NG 13.67 G Red-crimson

Y P

86 Glowing Peace S 52.65 D N L NG 5.00 G Yellow and orange blend

N p

87 Anusuya S 70.45 M N L NG 4.66 G Pink- purple pink

N P

88 Konard Henkel U 79.53 T N L NG 10.33 G Red-blood N O 89 MidnaPur

Delight S 66.35 M G L DG 8.66 G White with red

edges N G

90 Ferry Porsche U 96.53 T G L NG 11.00 M Red-blood N G 91 Temptress U 85.30 T N L DG 7.00 G White N G 92 Alligrow U 85.64 T N L DG 8.66 G Pink-coral N G 93 Royal William S 95.69 T G L NG 5.00 G Red N P 94 Sutting Star U 63.64 M G L NG 8.00 G Deep Yellow N P 95 Sun Flare U 113.35 T N L NG 9.33 G Lemon Yellow N G 96 Lady U 94.76 M N L NG 10.66 G Pink N G 97 Bahurupi U 83.56 T N L NG 7.33 G Pink-with

creamy base N G

98 Illisca S 85.75 T N L NG 10.00 G Red-chery N P 99 Marco Polo U 123.80 T N S LG 49.33 G Yellow N P 100 October Fest U 84.63 T G L DG 8.66 G Orange Y P 101 Signature U 73.35 T N L NG 5.00 G Pink with pale

reverse N P

102 Memoir U 86.74 T N L NG 5.66 G White N P 103 Bewitched U 96.68 T N L DG 4.00 G Pink-rose Y G 104 Crystel Vendor

Post S 77.46 T N L DG 11.66 M Yellow-deep

N P

81

105 Lilac Airs U 95.87 T G L NG 6.33 G Pink-lilac N O 106 High Gold U 71.75 T N L DG 5.66 M Yellow N P 107 Phoenix U 84.36 T N L NG 5.33 G Cerise N P 108 Shrews Berry

Show U 103.26 M N L NG 8.00 G Crimson

N P

109 Mother Teressa

U 67.56 M N L NG 5.33 G White-pinkish

Y P

110 Varcillia U 63.89 T G L NG 10.00 G Pinkish white N P 111 Gold Stick U 81.54 T G L DG 8.66 G Golden Yellow N P 112 First Red U 96.72 T G L DG 10.33 G Deep Red Y P 113 Sweet India U 67.48 T N L NG 7.00 G Creamy White Y G 114 Surkhab U 76.89 T N L DG 9.66 G Red -dull red

reverse Y P

115 Rakatgandha U 107.64 T N L DG 21.67 G Red N P 116 Caramia U 86.84 T N L DG 7.66 G Red Y P 117 Rajhans U 96.67 T N L NG 6.33 G White N P 118 Pusa Ajay U 102.63 T N M NG 4.56 G Red N P 119 Pusa Gaurav U 158.26 T N M DG 8.22 G Red N P 120 Lavender Dew U 46.53 D N M LG 2.61 G Lavender N P C.D. (P = 0.05) 28.90 4.66 Growth habit. U-Upright. S-Spreading Plant Height-T-Tall, D-Dwarf, M-Medium Foliage- Glossiness- G- Glossi: N- Normal, S-Small: L-Large: : LG- Light Green, DG- Dark Green, NG- Normal Green Floriferrousness- G-Good: M-Medium: P-Poor Fragrance- Y-Fragrant: N-Non Fragrant Bud Form- P-Pointed; O-Ovoid: G-Globula

82

Table 1.1.1.3b: Performance of floribunda rose germplasm at Ludhiana centre (2014-15) Sl. No.

Genotype

Growth habit

Plant height (cm)

T/M/D

Foliage No of flowers

Per plant

Tolerance to disease

and insects

Flower color Fragrance Bud form Glossi. Size Color

1 Banjaran U 73.25 T G L NG 112.66 G Multicolour, gold and flame pink

Y P

2 Scentimental S 85.58 T N S LG 95.33 M White with burgundy and cream stripes

Y G

3 Parfait U 54.65 M N S NG 58.67 G Mangenta with ivory white centre

N G

4 Gold cup U 84.62 T N S NG 53.66 P Deep Yellow Y G 5 Junior Miss U 80.36 T N S LG 103.33 G Pink N G 6 Green

Sleeves U 42.84 T N L NG 63.00 G Greenish white N P

7 Brown Velvet

S 112.57 T G L NG 194.66 G Reddish Brown N P

8 Sexy Rexy S 62.54 M N L NG 67.00 P Pink N P 9 Sambha U 54.32 D N L LG 46.67 G GoldenYellow N P 10 Valentine S 63.89 T N S LG 65.33 G Mauve N P 11 Rumba U 74.53 T N S NG 75.00 M Yellow with bright

red edges N P

12 Red Gold S 55.73 T N S NG 37.33 G Yellow with red edges

N P

13 Double Talk U 85.75 T N L LG 55.33 G Dark red N P 14 Pillow Talk S 56.85 M N S LG 44.00 G Mauve ruby N P 15 Charleston U 96.26 T N S LG 156.89 G Red chrome and

yellow N P

16 Sparton S 85.73 T N L NG 54.67 G Salmon orange N P 17 Zorina S 67.73 T N L NG 39.00 G Bright orange N P 18 Thorless

Beauty S 83.57 T N L NG 45.67 G Orange N G

83

19 Hot Cocoa U 86.72 T N L LG 75.66 G Orange N P 20 Show Biz S 92.74 T G S NG 54.33 M Crimson Y P 21 Neelambri U 95.58 T N S NG 63.67 G Lavender to magenta

rose N G

22 Plan Talk S 58.27 M N L NG 92.66 G Bright red N P 23 Princess De

Monaco U 55.61 M N S NG 46.33 G Deep Rose With Red

Bordered edges Y P

24 Judi Garland U 65.40 T N L NG 58.00 P Deep Yellow N G 25 Gipsy S 73.46 T N S NG 35.67 P Bicolor-Crimson and

Yellow Y G

26 White Junior Miss

U 59.38 M N L NG 87.33 G White Y P

27 Mercedes U 60.81 M N L NG 46.66 M Granada Red N G 28 Nimes U 76.57 T G L NG 47.33 G Scarlet orange N G 29 Ice Berg U 70.00 T N L DG 181.52 G White N P 30 Summer

Snow U 76.39 T N S LG 612.45 G White N P

31 Eureka S 75.68 T N S LG 142.36 P Coppery Gold N P 32 Fancy Talk S 52.36 M N S LG 75.33 G Pink N P 33 First Edition U 43.68 D N L NG 105.67 G Coral with orange

pink blend N P

34 Lambada S 94.74 T N S NG 82.66 G Apricot orange N O 35 Tiara S 43.96 D N L NG 66.00 M White Y P 36 Charisma U 47.46 D N L NG 85.33 G Red Y P 37 Bordurevive S 73.30 T N S NG 116.00 G Rose Y P 38 Jhon Jhon U 47.02 T N L NG 57.67 M Yellow N P 39 Sartoga U 75.83 T G L LG 76.66 G White N P 40 Maery Jean U 85.93 T N L DG 55.00 P Red N G 41 Park Palace S 75.82 T N L NG 95.33 G White and red Blend N P 42 Fantasia S 85.28 T N S NG 86.67 G Bicolor-light red and

white Y P

43 St Boniface S 83.04 T N S NG 44.33 G Vermillion Y P

84

44 Himangini S 70.00 T N S LG 112.67 G White N G 45 Arunima U 55.27 M N L NG 126.33 G Deep pink N P 46 Lilac Charm U 86.82 T N L LG 115.67 G Mauve N P 47 Nordia U 57.40 M N S NG 155.66 M Orange N P 48 Singing In

The Rain U 66.47 M N L NG 73.00 M Apricot with coppery

orange reverse N P

49 Laminuette U 77.68 T N L LG 97.67 G White with light red border

N G

50 Arina 93 S 57.49 M N L NG 79.33 G White Y P 51 Zembra U 56.80 M N L NG 58.00 G Orange N P 52 Golden

Holstien U 76.30 T G L LG 97.67 G Yellow N P

53 Sonora S 58.72 T N L NG 76.33 G Orange N G 54 Canadian

Centinary U 45.25 D N S NG 45.00 G Orange N G

55 Lenturner U 86.94 T N L NG 103.67 M Pink N G 56 Ahalya U 42.73 D G S LG 200.66 G Pale pink N P 57 Sheer

Delight S 66.39 M N L NG 65.33 G Vermillion red N G

58 Shocking Blue

S 73.61 T N L DG 72.67 G Magenta N P

59 Jantar Mantar

U 65.26 T N L LG 54.52 G Soft Pink N P

C.D. (P = 0.05) 24.55 25.00 Plant height-T-Tall, D-Dwarf, M-Medium. Growth habit. U-Upright. S-SpreadingFoliage- Glossiness- G- Glossi: N- Normal, S-Small: L-Large: :LG- Light Green, DG- Dark Green, Ng- Normal Green, Floriferrousness- G-Good: M-Medium: P-Poor Fragrance- Y-Fragrant: N-Non Fragrant

85

Table 1.1.1.3c: Performance of Miniature rose cultivars at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Cultivar MINIATURE

Growth habit

Plant height (cm)

Foliage No. of flowers

Tolerance to diseases/

insects

Flower color Fragr-ance

Bud form Glossi. Size Color

1 Over The Rainbow

S 29.02 N S NG 106.32 G Blend of red pink and gold

N P

2 Wild Plum U 45.62 G S NG 175.12 G Lavender N P 3 Royal Baby S 31.25 N S NG 94.52 G Red orange Y G 4 Rosy U 34.25 N S NG 65.52 G Pink N G 5 Sweet Chariot S 19.36 N S NG 111.42 G Magenta N G 6 Torch of

Liberty S 38.52 N S DG 95.26 G Red orange N G

7 Black Jade U 25.63 N S DG 71.52 G Blackish red N P 8 Centre piece S 25.25 N S DG 85.23 G Velvety red Y G 9 My Valentine S 44.33 G S DG 87.56 G Red N G 10 New

Beginning U 35.23 N S NG 79.45 G Blend of red

orange and yellow Y P

11 Small Virtue U 51.82 N S LG 314.75 G White N G 12 Maidy S 37.02 G S DG 41.23 G Red N G 13 Cup Cake S 31.30 N S NG 95.63 G Pink N P 14 Red Ace S 34.12 N S NG 52.32 G Velvety red N G 15 Red Flush S 25.36 N S DG 99.52 G Red N G 16 Rise N Shine U 30.12 N S LG 125.42 G Yellow N G 17 Hokey Pokey U 38.23 N S NG 185.42 G Crimson red N P 18 Cal Poly U 39.89 N S NG 197.25 G Deep yellow N P 19 Rainbow’s End S 31.52 N S NG 26.56 G Golden yellow N P C.D. (P = 0.05) 5.007 23.42 Plant height-T-Tall, D-Dwarf, M-Medium. Growth habit. U-Upright. S-Spreading, Foliage- Glossiness- G- Glossi: N- Normal, S-Small: L-Large: :LG- Light Green, DG- Dark Green, Ng- Normal Green, Floriferrousness- G-Good: M-Medium: P-Poor, Fragrance- Y-Fragrant: N-Non Fragrant

86

Table 1.1.1.3d: Performance of Polyantha rose cultivars at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Cultivar

Polyanthas

Growth habit

Plant height (cm)

T/M/D

Foliage No. of flowers

Per plant

Tolerance to diseases/ insects

Flower color Fragrance Bud form

Glossi. Size Color

1 Border King

U 43.56 T G S NG 216.33 G Red N P

2 Red Triumph

S 54.93 T N S NG 165.67 G Red N P

3 Bellerina U 36.47 T N S NG 125.00 G Pink with white centre

N P

4 Red Butterfly

S 37.73 D N S NG 58.65 G Velvety Red N P

5 Starri Night

S 39.36 D N S NG 109.33 G White N P

C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.45 52.02

Growth habit. U-Upright. S-Spreading, Plant Height-T-Tall, D-Dwarf, M-Medium, Foliage- Glossiness- G- Glossi: N- Normal, S-Small: L-Large: :LG- Light Green, DG- Dark Green, Ng- Normal Green, Floriferrousness- G-Good: M-Medium: P-Poor, Fragrance- Y-Fragrant: N-Non Fragrant, Bud Form- P-Pointed; O-Ovoid: G-Globular.

87

Table 1.1.1.3e: Comparative vase life of rose cultivars at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Table: 1.2.1.1: Performance of gladiolus cultivars at Hessaraghatta centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Days to

spike emergence

Days to flower

Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

Floret size (cm)

No. of florets/ spike

Florets remain

open

Flowering duration

(days)

Applause 75.66 86.00 131.50 101.86 53.03 6.06 17.00 6.00 13.66

Cha Cha 54.33 66.00 103.26 78.63 51.76 10.16 14.66 6.33 12.33

Charisma 48.00 55.66 99.43 88.03 83.30 10.00 16.33 7.00 13.33

Essential 54.66 65.00 110.63 78.33 50.66 11.36 16.00 6.00 12.00

New Waive

57.00 65.66 107.76 91.26 36.40 11.06 16.00 7.33 12.66

Pacifica 74.00 83.66 124.96 102.46 61.00 7.16 16.00 8.00 13.00

Red Beant 80.00 89.66 137.00 127.90 76.00 9.00 18.33 7.33 13.00

Red Supreme

76.33 86.66 117.90 98.23 49.80 9.10 10.33 7.66 8.33

Verona 83.00 90.66 99.23 80.63 40.76 9.20 11.66 6.33 10.33

C.D. (P = 0.05)

2.88 2.25 3.06 4.94 6.02 0.38 1.05 0.76 1.20

Sl. No.

Cultivars Vase life (days)

S.No.

Variety Vase life (days)

1. Summer Holiday 5.67 13 Impertrice Farah 8.33 2. Ingrid Burgeman 5.00 14 Head Liner 7.67 3. First Red 8.33 15 Surkhab 6.66 4. Gold Sick 7.67 16 Mercedes 5.67 5. Alsmeer Gold -- 17 Double Delight 5.00 6. Johan f Kennedy 6.00 18 Rakatgandha 7.00 7. Golden Meidallon 8.00 19 Papa Meiland 6.33 8. Kiss of Fire 4.67 20 Marco Polo 6.33 9. Matt God 7.00 21 White Success 8.66 10. Admiral Rodini 8.33 22 Mrinalini 7.33 11. Super Star 9.67 23 Memoir 7.67 12. First Prize 7.66 24 Marco Polo 5.33 13. C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.25

88

Table 1.2.1.2a: Performance of gladiolus genotypes at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Genotype Days to sprouting

Days to spike

emergence

Days to flowering

Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Flowering duration

(days)

1 Gunjan 8.00 67.00 96.00 78.67 57.00 13.00 2 Punjab Pink Elegance 7.50 65.67 91.00 105.00 85.00 16.00 3 Suchitra 7.33 71.33 99.00 97.00 84.89 12.00 4 Bis Bis 6.50 75.00 99.33 90.00 70.00 15.00 5 Shobha 9.00 71.00 99.67 84.00 71.00 15.00 6 Yellow Stone 7.67 74.00 99.67 100.00 78.00 14.00 7 Copper King 8.00 62.00 86.33 103.00 80.00 16.00 8 SGN 7.00 69.33 92.33 95.00 74.00 16.50 9 Red Beauty 7.67 69.00 100.00 107.00 86.33 15.33 10 Rose Supreme 8.00 66.67 101.00 91.33 71.00 13.67 11 Novalux 8.33 67.00 98.00 95.00 85.00 14.33 12 Fidelio 6.67 69.00 98.00 95.67 75.67 15.00 13 Arka Kesar 7.50 69.00 106.00 94.00 76.00 15.00 14 Hunting Song 9.00 74.00 96.33 94.00 73.00 13.00 15 Priscilla 7.00 64.33 97.00 87.00 75.00 11.67 16 Wind Song 6.67 68.00 84.33 85.00 69.67 10.00 17 Aldebran 8.00 72.00 98.33 87.67 63.00 12.67 18 White Prosperity 7.67 69.00 101.00 95.00 84.00 15.00 19 Punjab Glance 7.00 61.00 80.00 91.00 77.50 12.00 20 Green Sphire 7.33 64.00 94.33 95.00 80.00 14.00 21 Anglia 6.33 63.00 80.33 83.50 56.67 14.00 22 Sancerrae 7.67 67.67 102.67 84.67 79.00 11.67 23 Legend 7.33 66.00 97.00 95.00 77.00 13.00 24 Jacksonville Gold 8.00 72.33 98.00 93.00 78.00 16.00 25 Punjab Lemon Delight 7.00 68.00 85.00 94.33 76.67 10.00 26 Happy End 7.00 64.67 87.67 88.33 60.00 10.00 27 Sylvia 9.00 68.00 109.00 94.66 75.00 11.00 28 Delhi Pink 7.67 64.67 91.00 88.33 70.67 9.00 29 CP G 9.00 63.33 107.33 90.00 78.67 12.50 30 Praha 8.33 71.00 109.00 92.66 75.00 13.00 31 Shagun 7.67 68.00 95.67 94.66 86.00 12.33 32 Peter Pears 8.00 67.33 94.00 101.00 80.00 14.00 33 Regency 7.67 63.33 97.67 93.00 64.50 11.33 34 True Yellow 9.33 67.33 101.67 107.00 81.00 15.33 35 Punjab Flame 11.00 65.00 117.00 110.00 89.00 16.00

C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.41 6.10 3.56 7.11 4.30 1.40

89

Table 1.2.1.2b: Performance of gladiolus genotypes at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Genotype No. of florets/ spike

Floret size (cm)

Vase life (days)

No.of corms

No. of cormels /plant

Corm weight/ plant (g)

1 Gunjan 11.00 7.50 13.00 1.00 10.00 75.00 2 Punjab Pink Elegance 15.00 10.00 16.00 1.00 17.00 85.33 3 Suchitra 15.67 8.00 14.67 2.00 8.00 73.00 4 Bis Bis 14.00 9.00 13.00 1.20 10.00 69.33 5 Shobha 16.50 8.40 14.67 2.17 17.00 64.66 6 Yellow Stone 15.00 9.55 14.67 2.00 27.33 99.33 7 Copper King 13.00 10.00 14.67 2.00 21.00 73.67 8 SGN 14.67 7.50 15.83 1.90 40.00 72.33 9 Red Beauty 16.00 10.00 15.33 1.00 16.50 87.67 10 Rose Supreme 15.00 8.23 14.00 2.17 15.67 104.33 11 Novalux 14.33 8.27 12.00 2.00 13.43 96.67 12 Fidelio 14.67 8.40 13.00 2.57 15.67 95.00 13 Arka Kesar 11.00 7.95 13.67 1.67 5.00 116.67 14 Hunting Song 15.33 10.40 16.00 2.70 11.50 107.33 15 Priscilla 14.33 9.60 15.33 2.40 32.50 85.00 16 Wind Song 13.00 8.50 14..33 1.33 51.00 79.67 17 Aldebran 10.00 9.00 12.33 1.70 11.00 97.67 18 White Prosperity 10.67 8.77 13.33 2.03 15.33 75.00 19 Punjab Glance 12.33 8.13 13.67 2.03 21.00 61.67 20 Green Sphire 11.67 9.33 12.67 1.53 9.67 66.33 21 Anglia 14.00 9.07 14.00 2.23 31.00 81.00 22 Sancerrae 15.00 7.40 14.67 1.43 14.67 98.33 23 Legend 16.33 8.73 12.67 1.83 23.00 77.67 24 Jacksonville Gold 12.00 8.50 14.33 1.17 11.67 112.33 25 Punjab Lemon Delight 12.00 8.50 14.33 1.33 12.00 67.00 26 Happy End 12.00 9.50 13.67 1.83 16.00 49.67 27 Sylvia 14.00 8.30 12.33 1.40 15.33 46.67 28 Delhi Pink 14.00 9.50 15.33 1.40 30.00 50.67 29 CP G 15.67 8.20 13.67 1.50 7.00 45.00 30 Praha 15.67 8.40 13.00 1.83 7.67 79.67 31 Shagun 15.67 9.50 11.67 2.03 10.33 47.00 32 Peter Pears 13.33 9.10 15.00 2.03 6.67 100.33 33 Regency 14.00 8.00 11.33 1.83 9.00 75.33 34 True Yellow 15.00 8.90 16.00 1.60 8.00 76.67 35 Punjab Flame 17.00 10.40 17.00 1.57 18.00 86.33

C.D. (P = 0.05)

NS

0.56 1.90 0.55 5.68 11.06

90

Table 1.2.1.3: Enrichment of gladiolus germplasm for genetic enhancement at Wadura centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Genotype Days to sprouting of corms (DAP)

Days to first

flower (DAP)

Duration of

flowerin--g (day)

Plant height (cm)

Spike height (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

Wt. of spike

(g)

No. of florets/ spike

No. of florets remain open at

one time

Floret size (cm)

No. of corms/ plant

Wt. of cormels/ plant

(g)

1. Aarti 33.00 119.00 10.00 80.66 60.50 49.50 32.00 11.25 2.50 7.33 1.15 20.00

2. Aldabaran 32.00 118.00 10.33 82.50 66.00 52.33 33.00 11.66 2.00 7.33 1.21 15.25

3. Amsterdom 29.00 70.00 10.00 88.00 100.25 90.33 40.50 19.00 3.33 9.50 1.20 35.00

4. Apple Blossom 38.00 108.00 16.00 117.33 90.33 69.50 57.33 16.00 5.66 10.66 1.15 8.33

5. Big Time Supreme 29.00 70.00 11.00 127.00 101.25 81.00 51.66 17.66 5.00 8.66 0.95 8.50

6. Bindiya 38.00 115.00 9.00 110.00 82.00 73.50 28.50 12.50 3.33 10.00 0.80 6.66

7. Bis Bis 31.50 93.00 10.25 111.00 82.33 69.00 44.00 21.00 3.00 10.00 1.00 20.00

8. Bonus Memory 34.00 117.00 10.00 100.00 88.50 74.00 45.33 12.00 2.50 7.33 0.99 22.66

9. Buff Beauty 38.00 95.00 12.00 123.00 113.66 90.00 45.50 15.00 3.00 6.00 2.50 17.50

10. CPG-6 35.00 105.00 10.33 84.66 69.00 60.00 39.66 10.66 2.66 7.00 1.00 5.50

11. Eurovision 32.50 89.00 11.00 110.50 84.00 67.33 41.50 13.50 3.85 9.66 1.17 17.00

12. Fidelo 32.00 89.00 8.25 81.50 62.66 72.00 36.00 13.00 4.00 9.00 1.25 27.00

13. Friendship Pink 36.00 99.00 9.66 135.66 110.50 92.00 50.00 13.00 4.33 10.33 1.30 25.50

14. Her Majesty 35.50 91.00 9.75 81.00 85.00 68.00 51.00 14.00 4.66 9.00 1.30 30.00

15. Jackson Villa 33.00 89.50 9.66 116.50 91.00 84.50 45.50 14.00 4.00 8.50 1.00 15.00

16. Jackson Villa Gold 30.50 116.00 11.00 125.33 90.50 78.00 48.00 17.00 4.25 12.00 1.15 12.50

17. Jester 25.00 68.00 11.00 101.66 92.00 84.00 45.00 18.33 4.00 9.00 1.25 13.00

91

18. Jester Gold 28.00 88.00 12.00 120.00 95.33 83.00 53.66 17.33 4.00 10.00 1.40 9.00

19. King Lear 28.00 71.00 10.00 83.65 69.75 59.33 33.00 10.33 3.50 10.00 2.00 10.00

20. Mayur 29.00 66.00 10.50 82.00 63.00 50.00 29.00 15.33 5.00 8.90 2.33 15.00

21. Melody 31.50 110.00 11.00 122.00 83.50 73.33 39.66 19.00 3.00 9.00 1.23 16.66

22. Mescagami 31.50 87.00 11.00 126.33 91.00 71.66 51.66 19.00 4.95 11.33 1.15 20.00

23. Moralla 29.50 69.00 15.00 115.50 99.33 80.33 51.00 18.50 4.66 10.00 3.00 15.00

24. Nazrana 30.00 70.00 11.00 121.33 85.50 72.66 47.00 16.00 4.00 11.00 1.00 9.66

25. Oscar 28.00 67.00 12.00 125.50 104.50 93.33 55.00 17.00 5.33 10.66 1.25 17.00

26. Peter Pears 36.00 81.00 12.50 115.00 92.00 82.00 37.00 17.00 5.00 7.33 1.15 27.50

27. Pink Jewel 31.00 87.00 10.00 101.00 85.00 71.00 33.00 15.00 5.11 8.00 1.15 16.33

28. Poonam 34.00 88.00 9.66 115.66 83.00 70.33 30.00 15.00 4.66 9.50 1.55 19.50

29. Powder Puff 30.00 91.00 12.50 115.00 82.00 63.00 51.00 18.33 5.33 10.00 1.35 45.33

30. Princess Margaret-Rose

29.00 87.00 10.33 107.00 90.00 80.00 49.00 13.00 4.50 9.00 1.40 14.00

31. Priscilla 28.00 81.00 12.66 112.00 101.50 94.00 62.00 17.00 5.00 11.00 3.33 15.25

32. Psitachinus Hybrid 25.00 84.00 11.00 113.00 85.33 71.50 51.00 9.66 3.66 11.00 2.00 15.00

33. Punjab Selection 38.00 109.00 9.50 85.00 70.00 51.00 31.00 15.00 4.00 6.50 1.15 15.33

34. Purple King 33.00 90.00 9.66 112.33 80.33 66.66 35.00 13.50 3.66 7.66 2.00 6.00

35. Pusa Suhagin 36.00 110.00 9.95 131.66 79.50 65.50 34.00 16.00 5.00 10.00 2.00 12.00

17. Jester 25.00 68.00 11.00 101.66 92.00 84.00 45.00 18.33 4.00 9.00 1.25 13.00

18. Jester Gold 28.00 88.00 12.00 120.00 95.33 83.00 53.66 17.33 4.00 10.00 1.40 9.00

19. King Lear 28.00 71.00 10.00 83.65 69.75 59.33 33.00 10.33 3.50 10.00 2.00 10.00

20. Mayur 29.00 66.00 10.50 82.00 63.00 50.00 29.00 15.33 5.00 8.90 2.33 15.00

92

21. Melody 31.50 110.00 11.00 122.00 83.50 73.33 39.66 19.00 3.00 9.00 1.23 16.66

22. Mescagami 31.50 87.00 11.00 126.33 91.00 71.66 51.66 19.00 4.95 11.33 1.15 20.00

23. Moralla 29.50 69.00 15.00 115.50 99.33 80.33 51.00 18.50 4.66 10.00 3.00 15.00

24. Nazrana 30.00 70.00 11.00 121.33 85.50 72.66 47.00 16.00 4.00 11.00 1.00 9.66

25. Oscar 28.00 67.00 12.00 125.50 104.50 93.33 55.00 17.00 5.33 10.66 1.25 17.00

26. Peter Pears 36.00 81.00 12.50 115.00 92.00 82.00 37.00 17.00 5.00 7.33 1.15 27.50

27. Pink Jewel 31.00 87.00 10.00 101.00 85.00 71.00 33.00 15.00 5.11 8.00 1.15 16.33

28. Poonam 34.00 88.00 9.66 115.66 83.00 70.33 30.00 15.00 4.66 9.50 1.55 19.50

29. Powder Puff 30.00 91.00 12.50 115.00 82.00 63.00 51.00 18.33 5.33 10.00 1.35 45.33

30. Princess Margaret-Rose

29.00 87.00 10.33 107.00 90.00 80.00 49.00 13.00 4.50 9.00 1.40 14.00

31. Priscilla 28.00 81.00 12.66 112.00 101.50 94.00 62.00 17.00 5.00 11.00 3.33 15.25

32. Psitachinus Hybrid 25.00 84.00 11.00 113.00 85.33 71.50 51.00 9.66 3.66 11.00 2.00 15.00

33. Punjab Selection 38.00 109.00 9.50 85.00 70.00 51.00 31.00 15.00 4.00 6.50 1.15 15.33

34. Purple King 33.00 90.00 9.66 112.33 80.33 66.66 35.00 13.50 3.66 7.66 2.00 6.00

35. Pusa Suhagin 36.00 110.00 9.95 131.66 79.50 65.50 34.00 16.00 5.00 10.00 2.00 12.00

36. R.N.96 32.00 85.00 8.66 105.00 97.33 79.00 39.50 11.00 4.00 6.66 1.35 15.00

37. Rattna’s Butterfly 25.00 88.00 8.95 130.00 100.00 83.00 44.33 15.66 4.00 7.50 1.90 59.00

38. Red Majesty 34.00 71.00 11.00 131.00 95.00 77.00 59.00 16.66 5.33 10.50 1.30 21.00

39. Regency 30.50 87.00 12.00 135.00 102.00 86.00 50.00 19.00 4.33 9.66 2.66 17.50

40. Rose and Wine 25.00 66.00 12.50 99.66 88.33 69.00 46.00 15.33 4.00 9.00 0.90 10.50

41. Rose Delight 29.00 100.00 12.33 127.00 109.00 85.50 50.00 15.00 6.00 11.00 1.35 25.00

42. Rose Supreme 28.00 105.00 12.00 112.00 100.00 83.00 40.00 16.66 5.33 10.66 1.95 20.00

93

43. Sanceree 28.00 87.00 16.50 121.00 109.50 85.00 65.50 18.00 5.33 10.50 1.30 51.50

44. Sapna 25.00 83.00 10.33 115.00 76.33 55.00 39.00 13.00 4.33 10.50 1.15 17.00

45. SKG-10 23.00 70.00 14.00 122.33 93.33 77.33 47.50 14.66 4.10 9.00 1.26 20.00

46. SKG-8 25.00 114.00 10.00 105.65 105.00 81.00 51.33 10.66 3.33 10.66 1.66 13.00

47. Spic and Span 32.00 88.00 9.75 102.00 83.33 80.00 39.33 14.25 3.33 9.00 1.45 13.66

48. Suchitra 29.00 79.00 10.33 117.50 89.50 73.66 39.33 18.66 3.00 10.00 1.20 10.50

49. Sunny Boy 23.00 84.00 10.00 133.75 110.00 85.33 39.00 17.66 2.66 10.00 1.45 55.00

50. Sunset Jubilee 31.50 100.00 10.50 134.00 113.33 91.66 40.75 15.50 3.50 10.50 1.60 19.25

51. Sylvia 30.25 90.00 11.00 100.25 75.00 64.50 44.75 14.33 4.15 9.33 1.15 25.66

52. Top Brass 28.00 85.00 9.75 105.00 87.33 72.00 36.66 16.00 4.25 10.50 1.15 17.33

53. Traderhorn 23.00 84.00 10.00 132.00 107.65 77.00 40.33 15.33 5.00 11.66 1.40 17.33

54. Tropic Seas 29.50 79.50 14.00 112.00 93.00 76.75 48.00 14.50 4.00 9.33 1.75 20.50

55. Vink’s Glory 23.00 66.00 15.33 99.00 81.00 71.00 35.00 16.00 4.66 12.00 1.30 17.00

56. Water Melon Pink 23.00 67.00 15.66 113.66 102.00 92.50 71.33 16.66 4.75 11.50 1.66 15.00

57. White Friendship 25.00 65.00 14.50 100.00 80.00 71.00 60.00 14.50 3.75 10.50 1.30 13.00

58. White Giant 23.00 66.00 11.33 134.50 109.66 79.33 50.00 15.00 4.50 9.00 1.85 17.00

59. White Goddess 23.00 67.00 13.50 133.50 97.00 82.00 51.00 16.00 5.90 10.00 1.50 25.00

60. White Prosperity 23.00 65.00 17.50 139.66 114.33 95.00 71.33 19.00 5.00 12.00 1.70 41.00

61. Wig’s Sensation 31.50 87.00 16.66 113.33 93.00 83.00 42.50 16.66 4.33 10.00 1.15 16.25

62. Wind Song 35.00 95.00 16.00 103.50 91.33 79.00 39.00 15.00 4.33 10.00 3.10 19.00

63. Yellow Frills 29.00 69.00 14.66 115.66 95.50 74.50 50.00 14.33 4.00 9.66 1.30 19.00

64. Yellow Stone 30.00 83.00 13.66 125.00 91.33 81.66 47.00 16.00 4.00 10.33 1.70 15.00

DAP = Days after planting

94

Table 1.2.1.4: Growth and yield characters of gladiolus genotypes at Hyderabad centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Genotype Plant height (cm)

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf width (cm)

Days to spike

initiation

No of leaves at

spike initiation

Days to 50%

flowering

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

Diam. of 2nd floret (cm)

No. of florets/ spike

Vase life

(days)

No. of spikes/ plant

1. AC No.7 94.65 64.6 3.4 48.2 6.2 66.4 69.68 46.68 10.24 13.8 7.8 1.0 2. Aarthi 73.47 52.0 1.7 55.8 7.1 60.8 69.24 40.30 8.98 11.0 5.2 1.2 3. Adagio 46.36 46.8 3.4 102.8 8.3 114.6 74.45 33.30 8.14 10.6 7.0 1.0 4. Advance 57.85 44.5 2.4 82.8 7.5 90.8 69.00 31.28 10.04 9.4 5.8 1.2 5. Aldrion 92.00 74.8 3.5 50.4 9.4 68.2 80.12 52.96 9.45 13.2 7.0 1.4 6. Apple

Blossom 56.12 47.9 1.9 76.0 7.6 86.4 74.36 27.26 9.47 8.8 7.0 2.6

7. Archana 45.48 48.2 1.8 86.0 6.0 100.0 66.78 29.12 7.46 7.8 7.0 1.2 8. Arun 59.96 41.4 2.1 61.8 7.0 78.4 91.36 49.80 9.56 12.4 7.2 1.0 9. Bindiya

Selection 58.67 45.8 2.4 72.8 7.2 79.4 70.66 34.12 8.42 12.2 7.4 1.4

10. Blue Lilac 52.45 41.6 2.3 77.3 6.4 84.6 58.89 24.28 7.74 6.4 7.6 1.0 11. Candyman 49.67 44.5 2.3 76.4 6.6 88.4 68.95 33.98 8.84 11.6 7.4 1.0 12. Darshan 58.48 38.8 1.5 70.6 7.2 80 .6 53.00 26.78 7.89 9.6 6.8 1.8 13. Darshan

Selection 54.89 42.6 1.9 71.4 6.6 79.9 55.74 25.68 8.62 9.4 6.4 1.8

14. Deeraj 49.65 37.8 1.8 70.2 6.9 82.4 51.76 20.80 6.54 6.8 6.8 1.8 15. Esta

Bonita 43.02 40.0 1.5 79.2 6.4 84.6 45.54 18.22 5.28 4.8 5.2 1.4

16. Gold Beauty

47.56 57.4 1.6 92.8 7.8 108.4 73.84 25.94 7.14 8.4 5.4 1.6

17. Gold Field 39.50 43.4 2.0 93.0 8.0 106.8 69.26 35.82 8.64 9.6 4.8 1.4 18. Golden

Goddess 58.67 51.8 2.3 61.2 8.2 84.6 84.48 41.18 9.23 10.6 6.8 1.4

19. Hybrid 94-4

66.90 54.4 4.4 74.6 7.0 82.8 83.67 40.70 9.00 12.4 6.2 1.6

20. Hybrid 94- 61.88 50.5 1.8 81.8 7.2 93.0 84.64 42.96 10.98 13.2 6.4 1.0

95

101 21. Hybrid -1 55.64 44.6 2.9 78.7 8.2 89.4 66.89 37.40 9.84 12.2 5.2 1.6 22. Hybrid-10 55.85 53.4 3.0 90.2 7.2 101.2 72.14 42.08 9.64 15.8 6.0 1.4 23. IIHR-G-11 34.02 37.6 2.8 100.8 7.2 106.0 53.16 25.84 7.45 10.4 5.0 1.0 24. IIHR-G-12 95.10 57.4 2.0 53.8 7.8 77.4 76.00 32.80 8.46 10.0 4.2 1.0 25. Kajol 47.38 49.0 1.3 63.0 7.2 82.4 70.45 35.42 7.64 10.2 7.0 1.6 26. Kumkum 45.02 41.4 2.9 67.8 8.2 72.4 62.67 31.16 8.56 8.4 8.0 1.0 27. Marcaqui 27.74 40.5 2.7 71.4 7.4 85.6 51.68 23.50 7.14 8.0 4.8 1.4 28. Mohini 81.56 61.2 2.8 48.7 6.0 61.2 69.64 43.88 9.56 11.0 6.2 1.4 29. Peter Pears 63.48 42.5 2.1 67.8 6.4 93.2 68.14 26.48 7.86 8.2 5.0 1.6 30. Pink

Double 68.89 41.8 2.3 76.6 7.0 84.6 69.62 39.12 9.86 10.2 5.2 1.0

31. Pink Friendship

34.70 31.6 2.1 58.8 6.0 76.2 45.74 20.70 9.46 8.4 8.3 1.0

32. Punjab Dawn

61.62 42.5 2.6 65.4 7.0 74.8 50.48 24.70 8.02 6.8 7.6 1.2

33. Punjab Morning

90.63 57.2 2.6 48.4 6.0 56.9 77.92 43.30 9.74 12.6 6.6 1.0

34. Pure Yellow

54.12 27.9 1.3 64.8 6.2 71.5 68.84 34.16 8.88 10.0 7.0 1.8

35. Sadabahar 50.40 36.3 1.9 71.3 7.4 85.3 54.98 17.68 7.23 7.6 6.2 1.4 36. Sagar 89.94 62.4 3.5 44.4 6.6 56.8 71.34 46.86 10.36 12.6 7.6 1.4 37. Shabnam 58.40 42.5 1.8 69.0 6.6 86.4 65.74 33.04 8.84 10.4 6.8 1.8 38. Shagun 77.42 60.8 2.6 79.2 8.2 85.6 75.67 36.36 10.42 12.6 5.6 1.8 39. Shubangini 57.96 57.4 2.8 64.8 7.0 72.6 77.00 44.20 9.86 16.4 6.8 1.2 40. Snow

Princess 54.84 55.8 3.1 68.4 7.4 90.0 68.65 35.04 8.36 10.6 7.8 1.4

41. Snow White

44.42 56.5 4.4 102.8 7.2 110 77.24 40.86 8.74 12.0 5.0 1.4

42. Solist 61.58 53.4 1.8 85.4 7.6 92.0 80.76 47.62 8.62 13.6 6.0 1.0 43. Spic- n-

Span 63.88 49.9 3.0 70.4 7.2 88.4 81.84 41.66 9.34 13.8 6.6 1.6

96

44. Suchitra 53.64 35.8 1.9 58.2 7.4 84.5 54.00 28.16 7.82 8.4 7.0 1.8 45. Super Star 46.45 25.9 1.4 61.0 6.6 86.6 51.64 22.72 6.78 8.0 4.8 1.2 46. Sylvia 43.67 36.8 1.8 74.6 7.2 64 .2 66.84 27.98 9.10 8.4 7.2 1.2 47. Sylvia

Selection 76.60 42.7 2.4 65.0 7.0 82.6 60.48 31.50 8.14 7.2 7.0 1.4

48. Tilak 54.36 50.3 2.5 72.0 8.0 84.2 68.64 35.02 10.10 12.2 8.0 1.2 49. Verona 60.45 47.8 2.1 82.7 6.6 89.3 54.64 25.60 7.58 6.8 7.8 1.0 50. Yellow

Prill 68.36 45.6 3.3 56.8 7.4 71.0 78.67 34.20 8.67 9.8 6.4 1.6

51. American Beauty

52.34 36.9 2.5 66.4 7.8 72.3 54.34 19.62 7.68 8.2 5.8 1.6

52. Arka Amar 53.67 65.4 2.4 73.8 7.2 79.4 75.86 33.76 8.94 11.6 6.6 1.8 53. Bindiya 55.56 46.4 2.8 74.8 7.2 81.2 62.14 35.72 9.22 13.0 8.4 2.2 54. Swarnima 86.16 72.0 3.2 73.5 6.8 86.4 62.24 42.48 10.46 13.4 7.2 1.0 55. White

Prosperity 55.56 41.5 2.4 85.9 8.6 91.4 68.00 30.38 8.94 10.6 7.6 1.4

56. Arka Kegar

53.10 31.86 3.22 62.80 7.8 72.4 93.34 53.28 8.2 18.0 10.0 1.0

57. Poonam 61.80 32.56 3.1 69.60 6.8 85.0 87.04 41.76 8.14 12.4 9.4 1.8 58. Arka

Naveen 70.52 29.4 2.98 74.20 8.0 86.8 82.62 36.16 8.52 15.8 10.0 1.0

59. Arka Gold 71.90 42.44 3.86 76.4 6.2 88.0 91.22 38.02 11.00 12.8 12.2 1.8 60. Sindhur 71.78 37.96 3.0 84.40 7.4 93.8 59.08 35.06 8.68 13.2 10.0 2.2

97

Table 1.2.1.5: Growth and flowering performance of gladiolus cultivars at Solan centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/plant

Length of leaves (cm)

Width of leaves (cm)

No. of florets per spike

Size of corm (mm)

Wt. of corm (g)

Nova Lux 125.00 9.67 58.67 4.67 17.67 60.00 66.67 Her Majesty 109.00 9.33 56.00 4.17 12.50 56.17 43.33 Snow Princess 112.00 8.33 50.00 4.33 13.17 52.33 45.00 Peter Pears 110.00 9.00 64.00 4.50 14.28 57.17 58.33 Summer Sunshine 110.33 9.00 65.33 4.33 13.00 43.17 30.00 Shagun 110.00 9.33 71.00 4.97 13.67 55.83 53.33 Pacifica 115.67 9.67 57.33 4.67 14.50 67.50 121.67 Jackson Ville Gold 103.67 8.67 47.00 3.67 12.83 50.33 43.33 Friendship 95.33 8.67 47.00 4.67 14.67 48.50 43.33 Candyman 124.42 7.67 50.33 3.50 14.33 62.17 73.33 Sagar 112.83 8.33 45.67 3.53 13.67 50.67 31.67 Gold Fish 119.42 9.00 46.00 4.50 15.67 46.00 30.00 Apollo 103.33 7.67 52.33 3.67 13.00 48.00 28.33 Red Beauty 125.90 9.33 70.33 5.07 16.83 73.50 113.33 Jyotsna 124.00 8.33 60.00 3.23 16.06 61.67 76.67 Tilak 111.17 6.33 39.00 3.00 17.58 49.17 43.33 Mayur 96.13 6.67 43.33 3.50 13.50 47.17 40.00 Amsterdam 101.50 6.33 52.67 4.17 14.93 53.67 50.00 Eurovision 140.42 10.00 57.33 4.80 17.87 57.83 58.33 Pascal 98.50 7.67 42.33 3.17 16.50 46.50 36.67 Interpid 91.83 7.00 45.00 3.33 14.50 63.17 86.67 Suchitra 101.50 7.33 37.00 3.50 17.55 53.17 48.33 Punjab Dawn 111.17 8.33 40.00 4.00 20.17 58.00 60.00 Gulal 104.67 7.67 61.00 4.33 14.67 61.00 60.67 Red Ginger 138.83 9.00 48.67 3.33 18.17 55.33 45.00 King Lear 97.33 7.33 48.33 3.50 15.50 55.67 41.67 Thumbolina 104.47 7.33 40.67 3.63 16.83 56.33 63.33 Red Majesty 124.57 8.33 46.33 4.17 21.00 56.33 61.67 Swarnima 87.67 6.67 44.00 3.33 15.50 42.33 26.67 Vink’s Glory 90.00 7.00 49.67 3.33 11.67 59.50 66.67 Darshan 118.33 8.33 51.00 3.67 14.33 57.87 48.33 Applause 125.33 10.00 47.00 4.17 15.33 60.67 61.67 Arka Kesar 109.83 7.67 44.67 3.83 16.17 53.33 71.67 Solan Mangla 105.33 7.00 53.67 3.83 16.17 46.75 47.50 Teachen 103.17 8.67 39.00 3.03 15.45 51.83 36.67 Shobha 129.17 7.00 46.00 3.33 15.83 56.50 43.33 G. psittacinus 73.67 6.67 43.33 4.00 12.83 55.17 40.00 American beauty 127.10 5.00 45.67 3.80 15.33 55.83 65.00 Sylvia 104.42 7.38 42.00 3.43 16.17 51.50 50.00 White Prosperity 129.42 7.67 43.67 4.73 20.33 58.00 61.67 Summer Pearl 127.17 6.00 48.33 3.50 16.33 45.17 28.33 Spic & Span 135.55 3.33 34.67 2.40 17.42 38.50 20.00 Novelty 125.17 5.67 40.67 3.03 18.42 49.17 46.67 Morallo 105.17 5.00 44.00 3.27 13.83 52.67 40.00 Jester 127.56 3.00 35.00 2.70 15.75 45.67 33.33 Top Brass 121.89 3.67 46.33 3.50 16.83 42.67 26.67 Wind Song 115.23 3.00 34.00 3.17 15.67 40.00 23.33 C.D. (P = 0.05) 3.92 1.38 6.90 0.82 1.18 7.60 11.24

98

Table 1.3.1.1: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of cultivars of carnation at Pune centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Plant height (cm)

Days to flowers

No. of Flowers / plant

Stalk length (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

Flowering

duration

(days)

Flower colour

Calyx splitting

Strength of

flower stem

Vase life

(days)

Susceptibility to disease & insect

No. of flowers Produced with stem length A

(55cm) B

(45-55cm)

C (30-40cm)

Gaudina 87.6 124.5 7.8 74.2 6.2 29.8 Dark Red NIL A 6.7 Medium 2.4 2.9 2.5

Kiro 65.4 120.4 5.6 54.2 5.3 20.5 Yellow NIL A 5.6 Medium 1.3 2.7 1.6

Dumas 59.8 124.5 5.4 49.6 5.8 26.7 Deep Pink

Medium

B 5.4 Low 1.2 2.8 1.4

Navona 60.4 126.4 5.2 48.2 5.4 27.6 Light Pink

NIL A 5.9 High 1.3 2.6 1.3

Firato 70.6 128.8 6.0 55.3 4.5 22.7 Yellow Low A 5.6 Low 2.3 2.9 1.8 Baltico 73.6 125.4 5.2 56.2 5.2 23.0 White Low B 5.2 Medium 1.2 2.5 1.5

Pink Dover

63.6 123.7 5.5 56.4 5.6 24.6 White with Pink

Low B 6.4 Low 1.4 2.9 1.5

Domingo 70.4 126.8 5.4 68.4 5.4 24.5 White NIL A 6.5 Low 1.2 2.2 2.0 Master 73.6 123.6 5.8 47.5 5.2 22.8 Red NIL A 5.8 Low 1.4 2.6 1.9 Dover 64.5 127.4 5.0 53.4 5.5 21.8 Yellowish

White NIL A 7.0 Medium 1.6 1.8 1.6

Arka Flam

82.3 126.3 5.7 67.2 5.3 19.7 Red

Medium

C 4.8 Medium 1.5 2.4 1.8

Mean 70.16

125.25 5.69 57.33 5.40 23.97 - - - 5.90 - 1.53 2.57 1.72

99

Table 1.3.1.2 Performance of Carnation cultivars under Nilgirs at Ooty centre

Sl.

No.

Cultivar Plant height

(cm)

No. of flowers

per plant

Length of flower

stem (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

Days to first flower

Calyx splitting

Strength of flower

stem

Susceptibility to diseases and insects

1. Ambrose 62 4 60 5.2 134 Low A M

2. Charmant 74 5 83 6.2 132 Low A L

3 Dark Farida 63 6 74 6.7 134 Low B L

4 Farida 58 5 80 6.5 136 Low A L

5 Eskimo 67 4 82 5.7 138 Low B M

6 Gaudiana 60 3 63 6.2 136 Low A L

7 Harvey 68 4 75 6.8 140 Low A M

8

Orange Viana

62

7

68

6.0

137

Low B

M

9

White Liberty

76

3

62

5.7

130 Low B M

10 Golem 68 6 64 6.1 136 Low A L

11 Soto 84 4 71 5.3 137 Low A L

12 Seychelles 74 3 74 5.8 136 Low A L

13. Darjeeling 82 5 70 5.3 131 Low A L

100

14.

Happy Golem

73

5

81

6.4

136 Low A L

15. Malaga 66 4 79 6.2 140 Low A L 16.

Beads 82 3 66 6.5 136 Low A L

17. Folgore 84 4 84 6.2 138 Low A L

18. Bizet 69 4 76 5.8 132 Low B M

19. Dark Dona 69 5 69 5.6 128 Low B M

20. Notorious 72 4 59 6.1 134 Low A M

21.

Yellow Viana

78

4

76

6.0

138 Low A M

22. Domingo 64 4 68 5.3 136 Low A M

23. Baltico 84 4 72 6.4 131 Low A M

24. Dumas 64 3 64 5.9 138 Low A M

25. Kiro 73 3 83 5.6 136 Low B M

C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.25 0.04 0.73 0.16 4.47 --- --- ---

101

Table 1.3.1.3: Evaluation of carnation cultivars for growth and flowering parameters at Solan centre

Cultivars

Plant height (cm)

Stem length (cm)

Days for bud

formation

Days for first

flowering

Number of flower stems per

plant

Flower size (cm)

Flower colour

Vase life

(Days)

Duration of

flowering (Days)

Stem sturdiness (Grades)

Stem strength (Grades) Calyx splitting

(%)

Disease incidence

(%) ‘A’

Grade ‘B’

Grade ‘A’

Grade ‘B’

Grade ‘A’

Grade Gaudina 95.41 62.33 148.28 153.12 6.03 7.22 Red Group

45(B) 13.11 10.53 77.78 22.22 77.78 22.22 77.78 20.23 (26.71)

15.86 (23.37)

Diana Yelow 100.35 67.59 149.44 163.67 6.78 7.01 Yellow

Group3(C) 9.11 12.13 85.19 14.81 85.19 14.81 85.19 23.93 (29.13)

36.11 (36.74)

White Dona 97.65 43.66 158.17 178.09 5.67 7.25 White Group 155(B) 8.56 11.17 57.01 42.99 57.01 42.99 57.01 0.00

(0.00) 47.09

(43.31) Turbo Red 96.93 67.21 127.44 154.00 6.06 7.14 Red Group

46(B) 12.00 12.31 85.19 14.81 85.19 14.81 85.19 0.00 (0.00)

41.91 (40.32)

Golem 88.23 56.92 144.62 162.18 6.23 7.36

Red Purple Group (72(B)

10.89 12.52 81.48 18.52 81.48 18.52 81.48 21.44 (27.48)

33.52 (34.91)

Happy Golem 94.66 63.27 144.08 161.25 6.97 7.32

White Group 155(D), Red Purple Group72(A)

10.44 13.75 88.89 11.11 88.89 11.11 88.89 17.04 (24.19)

24.00 (28.35)

Angelica 95.35 59.79 143.22 158.11 5.11 7.48 Red Group46 (B) 10.11 13.33 85.19 14.81 85.19 14.81 85.19 18.04

(24.72 32.64 (29.99)

Tamarind 76.43 53.51 139.74 161.42 7.17 6.62 Orange Red Group 35(B) 8.33 8.66 77.78 22.22 77.78 22.22 77.78 18.37

(25.32) 32.65

(33.17) Cinderella 81.95 55.57 143.69 161.19 7.47 6.68 Red Group

55(A) 9.78 11.89 92.59 7.41 92.59 7.41 92.59 16.00 ( 23.47)

32.45 (33.81)

Aicardi 89.89 56.52 141.88 162.30 6.69 7.22 Red Group 45(B) 11.78 13.33 92.59 7.41 92.59 7.41 92.59 0.00

(0.00) 16.11

(23.30) Victoria 93.12 56.03 145.84 165.08 6.31 7.22 White Group

155(B) 7.89 10.47 96.30 3.70 96.30 3.70 96.30 11.14 (19.39)

31.07 (33.04)

Snow Storm 101.69 58.56 150.33 173.58 5.25 7.42 White Group 155(B) 8.67 12.53 92.59 7.41 92.59 7.41 92.59 41.47

(43.90) 42.59 (40.67)

Don Pedro 88.48 56.05 141.86 157.83 6.31 7.11 Red Group 46(B) 10.56 14.53 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00

(0.00) 42.77

(40.82) Hermes 90.03 59.18 141.04 163.58 6.39 7.61 Yellow 10.89 14.28 77.78 22.22 77.78 22.22 77.78 27.19 19.79

102

Group 3(D) (31. 41) (26.27) Kleos

77.57 50.49 146.44 175.88 5.50 7.46 Red Group 48(B) 12.33 15.44 92.59 7.41 92.59 7.41 92.59

34.18 (35.72)

36.11 (36.74)

Madame Collette 83.98 55.72 142.75 167.33 7.92 7.13 White Group

105(C) 9.56 11.92 88.89 11.11 88.89 11.11 88.89 14.83 (22.61)

34.97 (35.88)

C.D. (P = 0.05) 7.55 5.82 8.02 7.80 1.43 0.27

---- 1.84 1.72 14.90 14.90 14.90 14.90 14.90 6.86

(4.95) NS

103

Table 1.4.1.1: Growth and flowering characters of chrysanthemum germplasm at Coimbatore centre

Sl. No.

Accession No.

Days to flower bud initiation

Plant height (cm)

No. of suckers /

plant

No. of flowers/

plant

Total No. of flowers / plot

Weight of flower (g)

Total yield / plant (g)

1. 1 59.5 29.4 3.0 32.0 512.0 4.50 144.0 2. 3 73.0 43.4 7.0 93.40 1494.4 0.84 78.46 3. 4 85.5 40.2 5.0 89.40 1430.4 0.72 64.37 4. 6 60.0 34.3 3.0 54.00 864.0 1.44 77.76 5. 8 61.0 24.7 3.0 28.70 459.2 1.56 44.77 6. 10 50.0 43.5 5.0 55.30 884.8 1.08 59.72 7. 11 54.0 33.9 3.0 63.40 1014.4 1.32 83.69 8. 14 60.0 39.0 4.0 135.90 2174.4 1.32 179.39 9. 16 65.0 38.9 3.0 81.40 1302.4 1.32 107.45 10. 18 60.0 41.1 7.0 22.90 366.4 1.68 38.47 11. 21 60.0 39.1 4.0 138.10 2209.6 1.44 198.86 12. 24 55.0 27.8 3.0 63.0 1008.0 2.28 143.6 13. 25 62.0 36.9 5.0 46.00 736.0 1.56 71.76 14. 30 57.0 40.6 3.0 37.20 595.2 1.56 58.03 15. 31 58.5 41.3 2.0 49.70 795.2 1.32 65.60 16. 32 62.0 34.30 2.0 68.0 1088.0 0.78 53.0 17. 33 56.0 42.2 5.5 100.60 1609.6 1.44 144.86 18. 34 54.0 43.10 2.0 56.90 910.4 1.44 81.94 19. 44 53.0 40.72 2.75 40.30 644.8 1.56 62.87 20. 45 58.0 41.20 3.0 30.30 484.8 1.68 50.90 21. 47 59.0 38.12 4.0 23.10 369.6 1.92 44.35 22. 49 52.0 35.60 2.5 40.30 644.8 1.56 62.87 23. 52 60.0 34.90 2.5 25.60 409.6 2.16 55.30 24. 53 62.0 36.60 3.8 31.20 499.2 1.8 56.16

104

25. 57 55.0 33.20 5.6 11.80 188.8 2.52 29.74 26. 59 59.0 38.14 3.5 16.90 270.4 1.8 30.42 27. 60 55.0 43.0 3.2 15.30 244.8 2.4 36.72 28. 62 53.0 39.80 2.5 36.50 584.0 1.8 65.70 29. 63 54.0 35.30 2.3 20.00 320.0 2.28 45.60 30. 64 56.0 39.58 2.4 63.0 1008.0 2.28 143.6 31. 65 55.0 44.58 3.6 30.60 489.6 1.8 55.08 32. 66 59.0 37.68 3.5 13.20 211.2 2.64 34.85 33. 67 55.0 30.90 2.5 18.10 289.6 1.2 21.72 34. 68 55.0 41.82 6.0 23.10 369.6 1.44 33.26 35. 69 57.0 35.40 2.5 13.10 209.6 2.28 29.87 36. 71 53.0 34.70 5.4 70.0 1120.0 1.98 138.6 37. 73 58.0 40.70 3.5 22.50 360.0 1.8 40.50 38. 76 59.0 40.80 2.6 213.3 3413.3 0.47 100.2 39. 78 62.0 37.40 2.5 15.30 244.8 1.92 29.38 40. 80 65.0 28.60 3.5 21.90 350.4 1.8 39.42 41. 81 63.0 34.80 2.5 26.30 420.8 1.8 47.34 42. 82 58.0 24.60 3.6 13.10 209.6 2.4 31.44 43. 83 59.0 36.40 4.2 75.60 1209.6 1.32 99.79 44. 85 60.0 43.40 3.0 128.0 2048.0 1.70 217.6 45. 87 62.0 33.84 2.5 22.80 364.8 1.8 41.04 46. 89 64.0 40.10 2.5 67.80 1084.8 1.2 81.36 47. 90 65.0 41.20 1.4 63.0 1008.0 2.28 143.6 48. 91 63.0 40.0 2.5 1.80 28.8 2.16 3.89 49. 95 62.0 40.70 2.4 15.60 249.6 1.8 28.08 50. 97 68.0 38.46 4.5 55.30 884.8 1.44 79.63 51. 99 66.0 34.90 3.4 10.00 160.0 2.04 20.40 52. 100 58.0 31.70 6.4 12.80 204.8 1.68 21.50

105

53. 101 55.0 38.60 5.0 32.20 515.2 1.56 50.23 54. 102 59.0 32.40 4.5 91.20 1459.2 0.96 87.55 55. 103 69.0 36.50 4.5 224.0 3584.0 3.33 745.9 56. 104 68.0 34.50 4.0 70.6 1130.6 2.84 200.6 57. 105 66.0 32.40 3.0 42.80 684.8 1.56 66.77 58. 106 67.0 34.80 2.5 25.30 404.8 1.68 42.50 59. 107 68.0 34.04 3.0 62.0 992.0 1.82 112.8 60. 108 69.0 39.50 3.0 43.6 698.6 2.89 126.1 61. 109 64.0 35.08 6.0 46.0 736.0 2.36 108.5 62. 110 58.0 34.20 4.0 68.0 1088.0 2.19 148.9 63. 111 59.0 31.20 4.0 54.6 874.6 0.83 45.3 64. 112 63.0 37.28 4.5 49.6 794.6 2.19 108.7 65. 113 57.0 40.40 4.5 80.6 1290.6 3.70 298.4 66. 114 58.0 39.10 2.8 62.20 995.2 1.32 82.10 67. 115 56.5 38.30 4.0 13.10 209.6 2.16 28.30 68 116 55.5 35.60 3.1 60.90 974.4 0.96 58.46 69 117 58.0 36.20 3.5 30.6 490.6 5.95 182.4 70 118 62.0 38.70 3.0 67.60 1081.6 2.04 137.90 71 119 60.0 47.62 3.0 30.10 481.6 2.76 83.08 72 120 65.0 48.40 2.5 17.60 281.6 4.2 73.92 73 121 63.0 41.0 2.5 15.00 240.0 1.32 19.80 74 122 68.0 35.50 1.4 13.00 208.0 2.52 32.76 75 123 65.0 35.10 2.5 202.80 3244.8 2.52 511.06 76 124 66.0 31.40 2.40 86.80 1388.8 3.24 281.23 77 125 58.0 33.20 4.5 63.0 1008.0 2.28 143.6 78 126 55.0 32.90 3.4 218.0 3488.0 3.27 712.8 79 127 59.0 32.80 6.4 210.0 3360.0 3.21 674.1 80 128 57.0 30.40 5.0 178.6 2858.6 0.57 101.8

106

81 129 59.0 28.80 4.5 87.3 1397.3 1.17 102.1 82 130 60.0 30.80 4.5 97.3 1557.3 2.87 279.3 83 131 60.0 34.50 4.0 89.3 1429.3 2.74 244.7 84 132 62.0 30.0 3.0 51.6 826.6 2.12 109.5 85 133 58.0 29.90 2.5 33.6 538.6 0.83 27.9 86 134 56.0 29.20 1.75 11.30 180.8 1.68 18.98 87 135 62.0 21.40 3.0 57.6 922.6 7.53 434.2 88 136 63.0 25.30 3.0 62.0 992.0 1.82 112.8 89 137 64.0 20.20 2.5 57.0 912.0 5.78 329.4 90 138 59.0 25.90 3.3 43.3 692.8 0.93 40.2 91 139 55.0 23.20 3.6 205.3 3285.3 2.13 437.3 92 140 54.0 23.0 3.0 37.10 593.6 1.68 62.33 93 141 59.0 32.80 3.5 30.6 490.6 5.95 182.4 94 142 56.0 31.70 2.8 39.6 634.6 1.48 58.7 95 143 60.0 28.10 4.0 44.50 712.0 1.68 74.76 96 144 62.0 22.80 3.1 59.10 945.6 2.16 127.66 97 145 59.0 30.40 3.5 54.50 872.0 2.04 111.18 98 146 58.0 31.40 3.0 66.60 1065.6 1.8 119.88 99 147 60.0 26.50 3.0 176.10 2817.6 0.6 105.66

100 148 58.0 40.26 4.0 40.0 640.0 4.52 2892.8 101 149 80.0 20.54 3.5 33.3 533.3 0.85 453.3 102 150 70.0 32.56 3.8 32.6 522.6 2.37 1238.7 103 151 68.0 35.92 3.0 210.0 3360.0 0.92 3091.4 104 152 66.0 28.46 4.0 84.0 1344.0 0.67 900.4 105 153 66.0 40.62 3.8 82.3 1317.3 0.61 803.5 106 154 68.0 29.20 3.6 81.6 1306.6 0.69 901.6

Mean 60.61 35.03 3.51 61.61 985.93 2.02 209.86

107

Table 1.4.1.2: Chrysanthemum genotypes maintained at Hessaraghatta centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Genotype Sl. No.

Genotype Sl. No.

Genotype Sl. No.

Genotype Sl. No.

Genotype Sl. No.

Genotype

1. Arka Ravi 14. Aparajita 27. Coffee 40. Anmol 53. NBRI Little Kusum

66. Kajal

2. Chandrika 15. Jubilee 28. Kargil 41. Pink Cloud 54. Chandini 67. Magie White

3. Kirti 16. Anmol PAU 29. Jayanti 42. Ajay 55. Vasanthika 68. Lalpari

4. Indira 17. Sunil 30. Sweta Singar 43. Star Pink 56. Magie Yellow

69. Garden Beauty

5. Nilima 18. White Andaman

31. Appu 44. Mayur 57. Cherabu 70. Flirt

6. Pankaj 19. Punjab Anuradha

32. NBRI Little Orange

45. Kalpana 58. Co-1 71. Sadbhavana

7. Ravikiran 20. Apoorva Singar

33. Mother Teresa

46. Geetanjali 59. Heritage 72. CoSD

8. Red Gold 21. Winter Queen 34. Punjab Gold 47. Birbal Sahni 60. Himanshu 73. Asha

9. Yellow Gold

22. Yellow Delight

35. Nayantara 48. NBRI Little Darling

61. Sharadmala 74. Autumn Joy

10. Yellow Star 23. Pusa Anmol 36. White Prolific 49. NBRI Little Hemant

62. Basanti 75. White Dolley

11. Usha Kiran 24. Jaya 37. Shukla 50. Fitonia 63. Red Stone 76. Thai Chin Queen

12. Arka Pink Star

25. Ratlam Selection

38. NBRI Little Pink

51. Shyamal 64. Statesman 77. Gulmohar

13. Chandrakant 26. Vijay Kiran 39. Rekha 52. Pusa Centenary

65. Talhatzol - -

108

Table 1.4.1.3: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of chrysanthemum germplasm at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Genotype Plant height at first bud

appearance (cm)

No. of branches per plant

Plant spread (cm)

Days taken to first bud appearance

No. of flowers

per plant

Diam. of flower (cm)

Duration of flowering

(day)

Flower colour and type

Bindiya 12.57 4.67 18.85 62.00 19.67 4.53 24.00 Maroon with yellow centre

Tomiko 19.48 9.00 27.51 67.30

80.67 2.83 25.00 Lavender Bronze with pink ray floret

anemone Chidori 12.94 7.33 26.18 71.00 71 2.60 25.33 White and Yellow single type Yellow Chram 14.74 8.33 42.28 70.33 288.3 3.57 24.67 Yellow Rage 34.65 4.33 25.11 68.00 46.67 2.77 28.33 Dark maroon decorative Gul-E-Sahir 67.00 4.00 33.08 69.00 81 4.27 28.00 Yellow single korean Kotoi-Na-Kaori 16.58 4.67 37.18 68.33 55.3 3.57 33.33 Golden bronze anemone Ajay 43.41 3.67 35.08 68.00 53 4.733 25.00 Yellow pompon White Bouquet 38.58 6.33 29.55 61.33 63 5 24.00 White pompon Punjab Gold 37.18 5.67 36.41 77.67 57.67 4.57 28.33 Yellow double Korean Arun Singar 25.34 7.33 33.51 73.33 59.67 3.74 27.33 Red with yellow margin Korean double Mother Teresa 35.26 6.33 29.83 79.33 136.33 31.66 3.83 Cream with lemon center single Korean Anmol 55.74 8.67 53.75 71.6 78.33 4.63 25.67 Yellow anemone Royal Purple 44.75 7.00 43.45 65.67 69.67 5.97 33.33 Purple anemone Yellow Delight 52.51 4.67 30.25 67.67 61.33 4.90 33.33 Yellow pompon Autumn Joy 44.97 3.00 39.58 74.33 79.67 5.20 23.67 Pink decorative Garden Beauty 63.77 4.00 27.81 78.00 65.67 10.6 30.00 Maroon spoon type Winter Queen 58.25 5.00 45.85 74.33 80 9.93 30.00 Pink spoon type Lemon Baby Drop 26.18 5.67 31.91 66.67 35.33 2.33 33.67 Lemon button type Punjab Anuradha 37.51 6.67 30.38 72.20 79 5.77 26.33 Yellow double Korean Kelvin Victory 43.31 4.67 27.81 69.20 39.33 4.53 31.00 Raspberry red center to light pink pompon Rangoli 30.59 4.33 46.65 69.30 56.33 4.72 30.00 Half white with yellow center anemone Puncho 35.17 3.67 33.61 74.60 125.33 3.67 35.20 Yellow anemone Dolly Pink 38.22 9.00 37.01 75.30 74.33 3.53 37.00 Pink button type Viking 47.88 4.67 28.15 79.30 84 3.57 33.40 Yellow with deep chocolate center single type Kiran 45.56 4.33 40.21 88.67 51 9.63 34.00 Dark pink double type Encore 44.00 6.33 27.78 82.00 86.67 8.53 38.60 Yellow decorative Curlew 54.37 5.67 42.75 80.67 122 5.76 37.40 Pink decorative Regal Times 44.24 3.67 33.51 48.33 35.33 6.73 30.00 Yellow with light cream disc korean Sadbhavana 41.41 5.33 52.21 58.00 130.33 6.63 34.00 Red orange, double Korean Wisp of Pink 68.41 6.33 37.75 66.67 35.33 9.03 26.60 Pinkish thistle type Miniature Pink 30.42 8.67 51.35 62.00 118.33 5.87 28.80 Pink, single

109

Cameo 34.82 5.33 42.75 56.40 127 4.64 34.00 White pompon type Mauve Sarha 84.31 5.33 56.11 66.60 217 8.6 30.00 Purple, decorative Nanako 41.52 3.00 23.65 74.00 38.67 3.45 30.00 Yellow pompon Jaya 67.41 4.33 32.15 68.00 121.33 6.73 30.00 Maroon decorative Shyamal 67.28 6.33 46.65 66.00 151.67 7.43 36.33 Yellow pompon Basanti 53.81 5.33 46.95 80.20 39.33 8.73 26.00 Yellow decorative Kurume 31.64 6.67 32.21 74.40 91.33 3.44 23.00 Red anemone Akron 41.02 5.67 37.61 78.00 134.333 5.06 24.40 Lavender pink spidery to incurving Majjor Boshardt Wit 67.75 6.33 41.78 40.00 67.44 5.53 29.60 White with green single Boris Wilson 54.54 4.00 30.18 67.7 69 4.76 28.80 Green decorative Lavander Pixie 42.28 5.00 45.65 62.0 100 5.63 42.00 Lavender pink button Flirt 67.71 5.33 39.45 64.7 65.67 6.83 32.20 Maroon double Korean Cloverleastar 62.88 5.33 40.28 62.7 71.33 6.93 26.00 White with yellow tinge anemone Gajara 53.94 6.00 40.25 62.3 96.67 7.53 30.00 Orange cineraria type Bravo 56.31 4.67 38.31 76.0 77.3 5.53 26.60 Red decorative Kalpana 66.74 3.56 44.85 74.7 88.67 4.56 24.00 White anemone Yellow Coin 63.56 4.67 28.61 57.3 71.67 4.86 25.00 Yellow cineraria type Kings Purple 77.71 5.00 33.58 81.7 37.67 8.16 25.33 Purple decorative Phooljhari 45.31 5.67 35.01 78.7 63 9.33 24.67 Creamish white spoon type Jafri 70.52 4.33 36.31 80.0 76.67 5.93 28.33 Orange single type Naintara 64.68 6.00 36.55 81.0 76.3 4.52 28.00 Yellow decorative Otome Pink 62.48 4.66 28.38 68.0 37.33 8.43 33.33 Pink with deeper shade at centre Obsession 33.88 5.33 22.25 65.0 14.33 7.53 25.00 Pink decorative Yukari 15.94 6.67 28.01 67.7 139.3 2.76 24.00 Pink single type White Staphour 56.42 5.66 46.51 70.3 68 8.86 30.00 White anemone type Kelvin Tattoo 41.37 4.00 33.85 69.7 66.33 3.76 34.00 Rich gold colour with red spot, pompon Purnima 45.14 5.67 42.88 74.3 45.67 7.73 30.00 White decorative Banglori 58.24 6.66 41.08 74.3 81.67 5.46 30.00 Yellow pompon Ravi Kiran 56.94 5.33 46.08 75.0 46 9.73 26.40 Maroon decorative Apsara 54.78 8.00 38.51 87.00 76.33 4.93 24.60 Creamish with purple margins decorative Reagan White 84.08 7.00 35.35 77.67 52.66 7.46 22.00 White coloured single Korean Regan Emperor 72.21 6.66 38.41 80.33 55.33 6.56 24.60 Purple pink single Korean Birbal Sahni 56.71 4.00 27.81 69.33 28 5.67 25.00 White pompon Baggi 66.33 7.66 32.93 83.33 129.33 5.66 27.66 White pompon Ratlam Selection 69.94 11.33 51.58 78.00 152.67 8.97 24.67 Creamish white decorative C.D. (P = 0.05) 3.19 0.96 5.53 2.80 5.46 4.53 3.54

110

Table 1.4.1.4a: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of chrysanthemum germplasm at Kalyani centre

Sl .No. Genotype Days to flower

Plant height (cm)

No. of flower /Plant

Plant spread (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

Wt. of flower

(g)

No. of branch/

plant

Duration of

flowering (days)

BCC-1 Local Collection 110 28.6 4.0 43.0 4.15 46 8.0 48 BCC-2 Local Collection 115 71.1 128.5 43.7 7.45 391 7.7 45

BCC-3 Local Collection 120 74.8 155.0 29.7 5.05 1063 6.3 42 BCC-4 Local Collection 109 71.3 580.0 65.3 5.5 1334 18.0 49 BCC-5 Local Collection 109 75.7 434.5 55.3 5.15 2155 15.0 49 BCC-7 Introduced 109 39.1 37.5 26.0 4.25 113 2.3 41 BCC-8 114 37.9 28.5 4.55 81 45

BCC-9 Local Collection (Chandannagar) 110 42.4 123.5 36.7 5.15 598 9.3 38

BCC-10 Introduced 105 51.6 104.0 50.0 6.8 266 3.0 43 BCC-11 Introduced 118 61.9 43.0 35.7 9.35 523 12.3 24 BCC-13 Introduced 104 60.0 62.0 44.3 8.7 325 12.7 45 BCC-14 Nanako 120 57.7 137.5 32.3 4.65 407 9.0 42 BCC-15 Local Collection 114 67.5 501.5 66.7 6.05 973 24.0 36 BCC-16 Local Collection 108 53.7 152.5 44.0 4.45 397 8.7 48 BCC-17 Bisnupria 110 41.7 215.5 42.7 3.35 1013 5.0 43 BCC-18 Local Collection 112 62.6 180.0 43.7 6.25 4320 18.7 47

BCC-19 Local Collection (Chandannagar) 112 83.3 212.5 61.3 6.35 621 29.3 44

BCC-20 Basanti 115 61.2 180.0 42.0 6.15 360 3.7 41 BCC-21 Local Collection 109 56.8 180.5 53.3 5.4 552 12.3 43 BCC-22 Local Collection 115 39.8 488.5 52.3 5.05 1641 0.7 36 BCC-23 Local Collection 110 58.0 227.5 52.7 4.55 614 11.7 43 BCC-24 Local Collection 125 71.7 260.0 55.0 8.05 770 19.7 43 BCC-25 Local Collection 108 49.2 485.0 42.7 3.65 1921 14.7 40 BCC-26 Local Collection 109 39.6 435.5 57.0 4.75 1759 22.0 48 BCC-27 Local Collection 108 31.2 130.0 42.0 4.25 658 10.3 40 BCC-28 Local Collection 110 60.1 185.0 73.0 8.05 814 35.7 48 BCC-29 Local Collection 120 77.1 227.5 33.3 5.75 1147 0.7 42 BCC-30 Local Collection 112 64.9 447.5 47.7 5.35 967 27.7 46 BCC-31 Bidhan Elegance 114 68.0 237.5 56.3 5.75 1140 18.0 46 BCC-32 Local Collection 109 53.1 167.5 55.3 8.05 777 6.0 39 BCC-33 Local Collection 111 50.5 822.5 69.0 4.25 1760 0.7 44 BCC-34 Local Collection 106 62.7 215.5 64.7 5 659 14.3 46 BCC-35 Bidhan Excellence 109 58.6 315.0 43.0 6.45 1575 14.3 43

111

BCC-36 Local Collection 113 78.2 285.5 53.0 5.85 2113 14.0 39 BCC-37 PAUB-43 110 61.5 369.5 67.3 5.3 1020 25.0 48 BCC-38 Winter Queen 115 65.9 435.5 63.3 8.25 1237 26.0 44 BCC-39 Pau-A-64 100 32.1 387.0 63.3 5.2 410 23.0 48 BCC-40 PAU A-43 119 61.5 369.5 68.7 5.3 473 11.0 43

BCC-41 D-1 Sel 115 56.6 140.5 67.3 5.75 629 9.0 47 BCC-42 PAU-B-107 118 56.1 133.5 67.0 5.65 614 8.0 40 BCC-43 Garden Beauti 110 50.8 265.5 40.7 4.7 871 9.0 48 BCC-44 Royal Purple 109 54.2 252.5 56.3 6.05 364 13.0 41 BCC-45 Anmol-2 115 42.1 495.0 58.7 4.75 634 14.0 47 BCC-46 Ajay 100 42.1 225.5 31.3 5.45 519 5.5 40 BCC-47 Anmol-1 92 40.0 200.0 28.7 5.45 432 3.0 46 BCC-48 Pusa Centenary 120 68.6 87.0 52.7 10.45 905 17.0 42

BCC-49 Thai Chen queen 119 59.6 72.5 42.7 10.4 711 6.5 46 BCC-50 Local Collection 112 36.8 575.0 73.0 4.6 667 13.5 48 BCC-51 Local Collection 113 53.0 203.5 52.0 5.25 733 15.0 35 BCC-52 Local Collection 120 35.8 135.0 32.7 6.15 235 1.5 28 BCC-53 Local Collection 108 45.1 280.0 49.3 3.45 963 10.5 34 BCC-54 Local Collection 113 51.5 335.0 49.3 7.05 1548 13.5 45 BCC-55 Local Collection 110 61.6 180.0 51.7 4.65 781 8.0 52 BCC 56 Local Collection 114 45.7 226.0 61.7 5.75 678 9.0 38 BCC-57 Local Collection 115 76.5 159.5 62.7 6.25 734 16.0 43 BCC-58 Local Collection 109 61.5 300.0 29.3 6.15 1080 10.5 46 BCC-59 Local Collection 112 52.0 65.5 73.0 6.05 282 0.0 44 BCC-60 Local Collection 116 46.6 366.0 53.3 5.05 988 17.5 44 BCC-61 Local Collection 109 56.9 385.0 48.7 5.25 1201 14.5 45 BCC-62 Local Collection 115 55.1 223.5 57.7 7.45 1006 0.0 43 BCC-63 Local Collection 107 60.1 492.5 52.3 5.4 1330 23.0 53 BCC-64 Local Collection 120 64.8 165.5 60.7 5.65 745 8.0 28 BCC-65 Local Collection 111 35.7 367.0 53.3 4.25 455 0.0 38 BCC-66 Local Collection 119 46.5 226.5 45.0 6.55 1817 19.0 34 BCC-67 Local Collection 125 51.7 220.0 67.7 5.35 770 13.0 37 BCC-68 Local Collection 109 62.7 557.0 52.3 5.75 1415 17.5 43 BCC-69 Local Collection 108 69.6 307.5 55.0 5.45 1119 17.5 42 BCC-70 Local Collection 110 83.6 467.5 77.3 4.05 1309 7.5 38 BCC-71 Local Collection 108 50.1 645.0 54.3 4.05 774 16.0 55 BCC-72 Local Collection 105 35.5 148.5 65.7 4.75 570 6.0 49 BCC-73 Local Collection 110 61.2 535.0 85.3 4.25 2001 13.0 48 BCC-74 Local Collection 115 43.5 426.0 57.3 4.75 869 8.0 47 BCC-75 Local Collection 120 71.4 268.0 70.3 5.75 1270 15.0 37 BCC-76 Local Collection 111 82.1 191.5 55.0 6.35 996 7.0 34 BCC-77 Local Collection 113 44.3 118.5 52.7 5.55 498 0.0 35 BCC-78 Local Collection 111 72.6 183.5 51.0 4.35 833 8.5 37 BCC-79 Local Collection 135 54.2 470.0 58.0 7.35 2068 18.5 37 BCC-80 Local Collection 142 52.7 295.5 70.0 6.25 1365 14.5 34

Mean 112.7 56.1 273.6 53.2 5.7 945.8 12.0 42.4 Max 142 83.6 822.5 85.3 10.45 4320 35.7 55 Min 92 28.6 4 26 3.35 46 0 24 SE 0.78 1.50 18.54 1.43 0.16 71.77 0.85 0.64

112

Table1.4.1.4b: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of chrysanthemum germplasm at Kalyani centre

Sl .No. Genotype Days to flower

Plant height (cm)

Flower /Plant

Plant spread (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

Wt. of flower

(g)

No. of branch/

plant

Duration of flower- -ing (days)

BCC 82 Little Pink 142 50.2 221 31.5 5.3 703 16 37 BCC 83 Puja 162 105.1 410 50 8.4 1886 19 33 BCC 84 Flirt 139 63.5 203 33.5 7.4 670 14 27 BCC 85 Lilith 140 38.5 320 42 3.4 538 18 36 BCC 86 Sunil 155 110.2 431 70 8.4 3043 15 25 BCC 87 Gouri 165 81.4 1150 78.5 3.7 2530 22 34 BCC 88 White Prolific 142 87.2 230 51 6.6 1058 7.5 30 BCC 89 Little Darlief 135 50.1 232 55.5 7.0 937 1.5 27 BCC 90 Basanti 162 109.3 751 74 3.5 2704 19 26 BCC 91 Pink Star 149 32.3 1170 71 3.3 936 14 25 BCC 92 NBRI Kaul 114 35.0 70 40 5.7 133 6 19 BCC 93 Lalpari 110 73.0 185 42.5 6.5 503 5 35 BCC 94 Shayan 115 16.8 40 46 3.4 68 6 34 BCC 95 Basantika 125 75.0 470 68 4.4 1598 18 33 BCC 96 Maghi 109 38.0 870 62.5 2.8 696 5 31 BCC 97 Nanako 125 85.0 490 42.5 5.1 1970 23.5 30 BCC 98 Pancho 105 35.0 60 32.5 2.9 180 4.5 29 BCC 99 Sudbhawana 109 30.1 400 51 3.4 480 10.5 34 BCC 100 NBRI Little Kusum 105 30.2 610 56.5 3.8 708 12 35 BCC 102 Redball 120 25.0 570 50.5 4.6 684 4 30 BCC 104 Mini Jassi 120 55.0 260 49 5.0 863 14.5 27 BCC 105 Beauty 125 40.2 520 41 9.4 3484 17 35 BCC 107 NBRI Little Orange 109 40.1 331 52 4.5 993 12 36 BCC 108 Dignity 130 50.3 36 47.5 12.3 346 4 37 BCC 109 Tamra 104 42.0 50 53 6.5 301 4.5 37 BCC 110 Garden State 123 30.0 6 58.5 9.2 41 15.5 29 BCC 111 Kunchit 121 10.9 310 66.5 10.3 1798 7.5 45 BCC 112 Eva Turner 109 26.0 4 21 8.4 16 1 38 BCC 113 Janifar Large 114 30.2 6 16 8.0 28 2 37 BCC 114 White Anemone 112 25.0 230 32.5 4.2 294 1.5 33 BCC 115 Himanshu 115 35.0 292 42 6.9 642 4 38 BCC 116 Chandrama 125 82.0 42 59 12.0 605 2 15 BCC 118 Mother Teresa 93 34.2 520 50 4.0 666 16 35 BCC 119 Sijuka 105 42.0 525 55.5 7.0 1911 17 37 BCC 120 Yellow Baby 119 22.3 411 32.5 2.0 452 4.5 36 BCC 121 Yellow Charm 109 31.0 280 33.5 3.5 353 3.5 38 BCC 122 NBRI Khosker 109 42.0 125 29.5 6.5 263 2 38 Mean 123.5 48.9 346.8 48.8 5.9 948.1 10.9 32 Min 93.0 10.9 4.0 16.0 2.0 16.2 1.0 45 Max 165.0 110.2 1170.0 78.0 12.3 3484.0 67.5 19

113

Table 1.4.1.5: Performance of Chrysanthemum germplasm at Hyderabad centre (2014-15)

Sl. No. Genotype

Days for first bud

appearance

Plant height at first bud

appearance (cm)

No. of flowers/ spray

No. of stems/ plant

Length of

spray (cm)

Diam. of

flower (cm)

Avg. flower weight

(g)

No. of suckers

per plant

No.of flowers/

plant

100 flower weight

(g)

Flower colour

1 Ace 66 45.4 14.4 15.6 25.8 5.34 1.8 6.8 94.4 192 NN 155C white

2 Ajay 74 26.89 7.75 7.07 8.84 3.07 0.86 14.49 94.24 92 --

3 Akitha 92 44.6 7.4 16.8 20.2 4.73 1.6 17.6 86 176 166 B Red

4 Anjali 75 58.6 3.6 11.2 12.6 4.42 1.6 6.4 33 156 72 A Purple

5 Anupam 68 32.6 4.8 17.6 11.6 1.94 1.32 8.8 88 128 175 B yellowish brown

6 Anupama (L) 75 26.7 4.3 12.6 12.2 1.94 1.6 4.2 52 166 NN 155 D

7 Aparajitha 65 35.8 22.2 19.2 28.4 4.24 1.3 47.4 245 136 9 B yellow

8 Apurva Singer 105 43.8 4.5 21.3 18.6 2.98 1.5 8 125 146 NN 155 D white

9 Arka Ravi 71 34.2 3.8 13.2 21.6 4.7 1.2 14 79 126 182 B Red

10 Asha 68 20.2 4.3 15.8 13.6 3.62 1.4 14.5 146 148 165 B Reddish brown

11 Autumn Eyes 80 23.2 3.2 19.6 10.5 3.2 1.6 14 70 168 Pink

12 Basanthi 78 36 8.2 21.8 13.2 3.88 2 27.8 196 211 3B Yellow

13 Beauty 75 46 4.6 18.6 13.2 5.42 1.2 11 136 122 Creamy white

14 Chandrika 68 28.2 6.4 16.6 16.8 2.94 2.2 48.6 51 232 4 B yellow

114

15 Choclate Pompon Variegated

60 36 6 22.2 18.8 3.48 1.1 14.2 70 99 162 A yellow + red

16 Christmas Cristle 80 33.8 2.8 9.2 19.8 4.7 1.6 11.33 33 172 Yellow

17 Clover Lee star 66 19.2 3.3 6.2 9.2 3.43 1.7 21.33 76 168 -

18 CO-1 76 36.8 7.6 14.6 13.6 4.27 2.2 3.75 156 196 4 AYellow

19 CO-2 62 30.3 8.4 17 21.44 4.8 2.8 10.6 105.6 230 64A Red purple

20 CO-3 (ACC 103) 64 29.1 7.2 20.8 17.8 6.4 1.46 6.6 141 153

7B yellow

21 Coffee 63 17.6 7.8 15.6 12.2 3.8 2.5 27.8 86.4 244 8C yellow

22 Cucubion 66 28 5.6 15.6 17.6 4.68 1 22.6 111.8 126 White

23 Dee 75 35.6 3.2 11.2 13.2 3.2 1.3 32.8 45 135 White

24 Dolly Orange

71

17.8

4.2

29.2

14.5

4.16

1.8

15.6

77

183

166 C brown at base 9C yellow

25 Dolly Pink 78 17.3 4.2 18.8 10.4 2.22 0.9 22.2 71 109 69 D Pink

26 Donald 64 36.8 15.4 15.6 28.6 5.08 1.2 31 130 132 77D light purple

27 Dream castle 84 30.3 4.3 8.4 10.8 3.9 1.9 2 62 195 -

28 Farr

62

27.6

6.2

11.6

14.5

4.5

1.9

12

30

193

167A yellowish brown

29 Flirtation 68 48.4 4.3 10.2 19.2 6.2 2 9 30 196 155 A White

115

30 Freedom 70 43.6 4.6 11.2 19.8 4.82 2 2.2 46 205 yellow

31 Garden Beauty 83 42.86 8.70 10.59 18.07 8.01 2.46 18.23 185 251

32 Geetanjali 84 35.46 7.70 8.59 19.01 5.05 2.24 23.73 103 226

33 Harvest house 68 48.2 8.4 10.6 31.1 6.88 2.3 11.2 74.2 234 68 B light pink

34 IIHR 13 70 35.8 4.6 15.8 12.6 4.32 1.46 8.6 139 148 White 155B

35 IIHR 6 68 30.5 5.2 20.6 11.6 4.2 1.9 5.5 167 182 White

36 Jaya 64 42.8 4.2 19 16.2 5.86 1.5 22.6 136 162 182 B Red

37 John webber 72 56.8 4.2 8.2 15.4 4.96 1.7 9.6 118 168 NN 155C white

38 Jessie Hab Good 68 50.10 5.90 7.99 14.77 8.43 3.82 3.33 43.46 394 ---

39 Julie 66 31.8 12 18.2 14.8 2.58 1.86 14.4 164 182 163C Grey orange

40 Kalyani Mauve 76 43.6 8.2 19.8 23.2 3.6 1.46 21.4 89 162 3B yellow

Kotai No Koari 59 18.60 6.00 8.20 10.84 2.34 0.75 3.00 99.40 86 --

41 Lilith 76 29.8 3.7 10.4 16.6 5.78 1.6 8 106 155 N79C Purple

42 Local Button 66 37.6 7 24.2 19.2 1.9 0.7 50.8 188 60 2A yellow

43 Lohagrin 81 46.2 4.3 14.6 13.8 5.46 2.2 19.6 75 224 NN 155C white

44 Maid mount jeffrey 80 40.3 4.4 17.2 15.6 4.4 1.3 2.5 93 136 White

45 M10 65.00 25.04 7.80 6.20 15.14 3.37 1.75 4.80 87.80 168 --

116

46 Mallika 78 35.6 5.6 13.2 20.7 3 2.5 8.6 70 246 6A yellow

47 Mary 78 50.4 3.3 16.5 13.2 4 1.6 3.5 98 165 Creamy white

48 Mayuri 63 28.6 15.6 21.9 17.9 4.7 1.6 37 105 172 4B yellow

49 Meera 65 33.4 4.2 21.8 6.8 3.34 0.7 25.6 158 66 NN155D White

50 Miss India 75 30.6 4.6 15.2 16.4 3.3 2 4.8 60 200 -

51 Modella 88 29.6 7.4 8.8 18.06 4.8 1.6 6.4 51 172 Pink

52 Moharaj 80 29.8 5.2 9.2 15.6 4.32 1.4 6.2 80 136 12 B yellow

53 Mother Teresa 65 33.4 13.4 20.2 18.76 3.5 1.5 27.6 180 162 NN 155 C white

54 Mr.Whiteney 81 19.2 3.8 3.8 9.2 6.66 1.2 4.33 95 122 NN 155 B white

55 N- 13 70 19.6 5 22.6 11.62 2.52 0.9 8.2 176 108 64 A Red purple

56 Naintara 74 26.8 6.7 12.8 15.3 4.18 1.9 4 85 185 5A yellow

57 Neelima 72 56 3.6 13.2 23.6 5.34 2.62 3.8 69 266 69 B Pinkish cream

58 Pankaj 70 25.6 4.3 5.2 14.3 4.3 2 4.4 40 196 Pinkish white

59 Paragaon 89 35 6.9 21.6 23.2 5 2 7.2 78 208 Yellow 8A

60 PAU-B-107 83 50.78 23.30 11.23 27.47 4.38 4.24 52.73 247 445 White NN 155B

61 Perfeeta 75 41.33 6 15 22.6 5.4 1.1 17 43 112 75 D Light pink

62 Perfeeta (C) 65 48.4 6.2 11.2 25.18 4.8 2.1 5.2 29 216 Whitish yellow

63 Peet singar 85 35.17 8.35 6.72 19.16 4.27 1.26 23.96 126.06 114 Yellow

117

64 Pink cascade 75 27 6.5 6.6 16.6 3.16 1.5 3.2 30 145 61 A Purple

65 Plants & seeds choice 73 23 10.4 9.3 16.6 2.64 1.2 32.2 84 126 N 167 D

Reddish brown

66 Pride of Maid fort 77 63.2 5.2 19.8 17.6 5.92 1.7 14.2 14 168 NN 155B white

67 Priya 66 26 4.3 13.4 12.6 4.2 1.7 1.5 65 176 185 A Red

68 Prof. Harris 72 35.3 3.8 18.2 17.8 5.3 2.1 5 55 209 Yellow

69 Poonam 66 47.55 9.15 8.12 19.46 4.53 3.30 13.96 102.66 324 Yellow

70 Pusa Centenary 62 53.37 2.95 6.52 18.39 7.97 7.64 8.86 27.46 743 Yellow

71 Punjab Anuradha 76 26.2 15.8 18.6 21.8 4.6 2 36 136 152 7B yellow

72 Punjab Gold 65 25.6 4.8 8.2 15.2 4.8 1.9 11 72 196 6B Yellow

73 Raichur ( HCC-1) 76 43.4 6.6 16.2 19.2 4.28 1.7 12.2 176 182 4A yellow

74 Raja 71 52.6 3.2 14.6 17 6.4 2.2 24.8 81 224 N47 D Purple

75 Rajahmundry selection

87 39.68 12.0 10.53 18.93 3.42 0.82 24.26 92.49 252 6B Yellow

76 Ratlam selection 73 45 5.2 13.2 16.5 5.72 1.8 13.4 126 186 NN155B White

77 Ravikiran 75 43 4.9 12.6 22.8 6.96 2.5 5.8 72 226 179C Yellow

78 Red Fair Lady 84 16.6 3.8 4 13.6 2.8 1.6 4 74 156 Red

118

79 Red gold 77 36 3.9 15.9 13.2 4 1.5 3.4 136 152 Red

80 Red Stone 76 44.24 10.2 9.73 20.63 3.40 2.28 10.86 109 234 Red

81 Red Queen 70 36.2 5.3 15.2 13.2 6.8 2.2 3.66 76 226 166C yellowish

82 Rekha 88 43.96 8.6 16.33 15.03 3.24 1.16 17.26 233 124 6B yellow

83 Robert Earn Shaw 65 15.6 4.2 9.8 5.9 2.2 1.3 11 70 136 Yellow

84 Rose Day 82 31.3 6.2 5.8 15.6 6.3 2.3 11.6 77 232 -

85 Royal Purple 83 25.6 4.43 8.2 11.65 4.91 1.77 7.36 70 184 pink

86 Sadbhavana 72 15.8 3.9 10.8 8.9 2.6 1.1 6.2 46 126 173 A Redish yellow

87 Salora 70 49.2 5 28.6 14 4.32 1.52 15.8 148 166 173D Radish yellow

88 Seedling red 77 15.3 16 11.6 23.5 3.74 1.4 32.8 12 139 70 B Purple

89 Shaffoli 75 32.4 7.7 12.6 18.67 7.8 2.1 2.75 46 228 Pink

90 Shintome 92 54 29 15.6 33.8 4.1 2.6 16 212 258 166 B red

91 Silper (HCC-2) 72 40.6 6.2 19.4 20.4 5.2 2.1 10.2 128 204 4C yellow

92 Sizuka 63 16.5 6.2 8.4 11.2 3.26 1.6 11.8 43 170 Yellowish red

93 Skater's valtz 72 33.4 3.2 12.2 13.3 4.3 2 6.6 60 198 -

94 Skater's Waltz 68 33.6 3.2 5.2 15.6 7.02 2.6 11 53 266 76 C purple

95 Snowcem 78 45 5.2 17.6 10.9 4.88 2.06 30.8 136 215 NN155 B

119

White

96 Snow ball 84 49.27 5.20 8.46 20.57 6.19 5.77 2.53 25.74 552 White

97 Sony 107 48.69 7.72 10.81 18.78 3.97 2.02 14.81 88.21 214 White

98 Star Pink 72 27.4 4.8 13.3 12.9 6.14 2.0 9.8 56 212 N155B Pinkish white

99 Statesman 80 31.2 5.6 8.6 17.2 3.88 1.0 16.2 60 109 7 C yellow

100 Sudha 78 15.3 6.6 8.8 8.48 3.52 3.32 6.0 105.2 326 --

101 Sukai sport 66 32.3 4.1 18 10.8 3.2 1.8 19.2 72 189 Pinkish yellow

102 Swan 70 56.8 5.6 20.6 16.8 4.4 1.9 3 20 186 White

103 Taichen 74 32.4 4.2 8.6 14.8 5.88 2.2 - 62 232 4C light yellow

104 Tambra 70 43.2 4.8 14.4 16.7 4.2 2.5 9.8 66 246 Yellow

105 Temptation 71 28.6 4.6 8.2 14.8 5.8 2.5 1.0 48 262 Pink

106 Tata centuary 79 34.45 5.05 4.41 10.49 5.09 1.36 5.01 13.88 146 Yellow

107 Terry 76 21.8 5.8 15.6 11.8 4.06 1.9 16.2 126 200

76D light purple

108 Vasantika 83 23 14.8 11.4 13.88 3.58 1.4 5 93.6 152 NN 155 D white

109 Violet Queen 89 52.40 7.0 4.40 21.0 4.89 3.17 5.60 37.80 310 ---

110 White 63 35.8 10.2 20.4 27.9 5.22 1.6 17.2 119 166 NN 155 B white

111 W 10 99 38.20 5.60 10.4 17.34 3.35 3.40 19.0 125.0 325 ---

112 White silver

70 60.6 4 15.6 17.2 6.3 2.2 11.2 70 217 White

120

cloud

113 White Silver Brocade 120 37.6 6.4 6.6 27.0 3.40 4.86 7.0 37.8

458 White

114 White snow 63 58.6 4.4 10.4 19.6 5.54 2.2 7.6 35 219 155 A white

115 Winter Queen 81 38.42 10.82 9.50 16.02 7.82 2.17 37.56 75.34 232 Light Violet

116 Yellow Bonsai 60 19.6 21.6 11.2 19.6 2.9 0.9 54.2 125.8 88 1D yellow

117 Yellow cherub 69 36.12 4.63 5.00 18.6 4.28 1.97 23.86 80.54 201 yellow

118 Yellow gold 86 40.3 5.6 12.8 20.9 5.26 2.1 7.2 46 218 Yellow 7D

119 Yellow star 90 36 4.6 12.2 21.6 5.96 1.8 9.8 22 193 9C yellow

120 Yokari 66 24.33 16 11.8 16.38 3.75 1.1 4 114.5 116 8 B yellow

121

Table 1.4.1.6: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of chrysanthemum germplasm at Pantnagar centre

Sl.No. Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of primary branches per plant

Days taken to first bud initiation

No. of flowers

per plant

Flower diam. (cm)

Wt. of single flower

(g)

Avg. weight of

flower bunch (5 flowers)

(g)

Flowering duration

(days)

Vase-life of flower (days)

Colour group

Code Incidence to disease

& pest

1. Hybrid-1 39.53 4.40 37.85 32.39 4.96 2.44 12.22 35.9 11.88 Purple 78b Tolerance 2.

Hybrid-2 49.65 4.10 36.93 46.36 6.20 2.47 12.33 39.7

11.36 Yellow 3a Tolerance

3. Hybrid-3 46.31 4.55 37.89 30.74 6.08 1.61 8.03 36.9 9.62 Greyed Purple

187c Tolerance

4. Hybrid-4 40.65 3.80 50.86 57.02 6.53 1.47 7.37 39.3 11.47 Purple 74b Tolerance 5. Hybrid-5 57.43 4.13 48.11 31.84 8.72 1.36 6.82 34.9 11.25 Red purple 64a Tolerance 6. Hybrid-6 52.87 4.52 43.74 32.78 5.75 1.45 7.26 31.5 11.51 Greyed

Purple 181a Tolerance

7. E-85 49.54 6.63 43.40 50.51 5.46 2.19 10.95 32.1 12.66 Yellow 14a Tolerance 8. E-82 58.41 6.49 41.84 73.43 5.19 2.81 14.07 29.8 14.81 Purple N78d Tolerance 9. E-87 46.48 6.35 44.04 74.47 4.58 2.96 14.78 30.5 14.40 Orange red N34b Tolerance 10. Lilith 32.71 6.32 69.80 68.31 4.56 2.17 10.83 42.6 13.78 White 151d Tolerance 11. Maghi 57.04 10.18 41.86 34.66 4.40 2.73 13.67 35.7 15.34 Yellow 11d Tolerance 12. Jayanti 36.84 7.28 54.63 63.26 4.23 3.59 17.96 30.7 17.13 Yellow 6b Tolerance 13. Neelima 49.53 8.92 73.98 145.92 5.31 2.60 13.02 46.2 16.60 Purple 71d Tolerance 14. A-62 31.67 5.74 52.08 112.82 4.27 1.44 7.22 37.8 17.60 Purple N78c Tolerance 15. Pooja 55.21 6.89 54.84 84.14 5.98 2.22 11.10 34.8 17.86 Purple

violet N66c Tolerance

122

16. Lal Pari 49.78 5.35 54.27 72.32 5.84 1.28 6.42 29.6 17.95 Orange red N34d Tolerance 17. Shyamal 53.76 6.45 53.57 141.20 5.99 2.46 12.30 23.9 18.93 Yellow 17a Tolerance 18. Ajay 24.04 7.04 56.70 127.43 4.12 1.52 7.58 33.7 17.59 Yellow 14a Tolerance 19. Himanshu 28.56 5.47 43.99 139.42 7.92 2.12 10.58 31.9 8.89 White 155a Tolerance 20. Jubilee 44.12 3.92 49.54 47.59 3.30 4.46 22.28 36.8 17.84 White 157d Tolerance 21. Sardhar 33.48 5.50 36.51 60.67 5.08 3.00 14.98 29.1 16.50 Purple 76d Tolerance 22. Basanti 44.87 5.65 69.17 113.02 3.94 2.92 14.58 33.9 19.92 Yellow 6b Tolerance 23. Chitraksha 47.56 5.58 45.29 75.33 5.89 1.54 7.69 29.9 19.24 Red purple 61a Tolerance 24. Sadbhavana 27.63 5.24 64.99 152.20 4.19 0.98 4.91 33.6 19.20 Red orange 60a Tolerance 25. Punjab

Anuradha 30.58 6.03 59.22 93.24 4.89 1.48 7.40 29.8 18.98 Yellow 18c Tolerance

26. No Pinch 35.03 7.05 45.32 34.92 5.14 1.80 8.98 26.6 16.35 White 154a Tolerance 27. Aliva 29.42 4.39 40.69 27.81 4.99 1.34 6.69 30.7 17.25 Greyed red 181a Tolerance 28. Sova 57.63 4.67 37.14 54.91 6.98 1.29 6.44 50.4 14.89 White 155a Tolerance 29. Sabita 53.89 6.79 42.49 67.92 4.98 3.15 15.73 49.0 9.16 Golden

Yellow N21a Tolerance

30. Baggi 50.43 7.17 70.87 103.62 5.01 0.48 2.42 25.6 17.06 White 155d Tolerance 31. Geetanjali 28.35 7.66 80.73 94.74 4.13 3.15 15.73 49.8 16.86 Yellow N14b Tolerance 32. Dolly

Orange 41.95 6.64 62.13 89.24 3.00 1.02 5.08 39.6 19.11 Orange red N34a Tolerance

33. Bravo 47.01 4.43 52.76 150.39 4.95 2.13 10.67 29.6 16.32 Purple Red 183a Tolerance 34. Jaya 40.48 3.34 52.69 80.53 5.96 2.92 14.58 34.1 19.66 Maroon

Red 60a Tolerance

35. Flirt 41.28 5.12 45.55 81.55 6.94 3.28 16.39 40.2 13.33 Maroon Red

71c Tolerance

123

36. Gauri 40.47 9.32 43.84 137.79 3.94 3.00 14.98 38.8 19.72 White 155d Tolerance 37. Sadvin

Yellow 29.00 9.99 48.82 79.34 6.93 1.14 5.68 34.6 13.89 Yellow N13d Tolerance

38. Suneel 62.49 5.24 39.74 48.45 5.02 4.17 20.83 42.9 19.96 Purple N78a Tolerance 39. Golden

Yellow 18.00 5.62 37.72 37.55 2.72 0.87 4.37 35.8 18.05 Yellow 16a Tolerance

40. Nanako 34.89 2.15 64.12 45.14 3.21 3.77 18.83 33.0 16.02 Yellow 14b Tolerance 41. Ratlam

Selection 52.91 6.78 59.81 120.21 4.96 1.62 8.10 29.1 18.06 Creamish White

157d Tolerance

42. Arka Ravi 41.01 5.73 60.69 43.17 4.26 2.51 12.57 41.3 14.88 Maroon Red

67d Tolerance

43. Pusa Anmol 32.81 11.66 38.79 48.69 5.05 1.13 5.66 28.6 13.12 Yellow 6b Tolerance

44. NBRI Kaul 31.76 5.26 41.48 45.88 6.04 0.41 2.05 29.5 9.68 Whitish Purple

76c Tolerance

45. Yellow Gold 43.22 5.18 57.95 69.66 4.42 1.63 8.16 41.0 13.48 Yellow 14d Tolerance

46. Red Gold 43.03 5.89 54.32 115.87 4.79 1.97 9.87 40.6 17.78 Purple Red 185c Tolerance 47. A-1 34.63 4.78 45.54 40.94 4.65 2.02 10.09 31.1 13.34 Yellow 5b Tolerance 48. A-2 33.00 6.65 50.36 22.33 5.19 2.14 10.70 32.4 13.77 Purple N78c Tolerance 49. Prof. Harris 54.20 8.86 73.55 61.93 3.97 1.13 5.67 45.4 11.11 Yellow 158c Tolerance 50. Thai Chin

Queen 44.43 7.06 50.77 21.77 6.98 3.56 17.81 34.5 18.23 Orange 4c Tolerance

C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.89 1.11 1.78 6.15 0.38 0.17 0.87 1.47 1.33

124

Table 1.5.1.1a: Evaluation of orchid species for vegetative characters at Barapani centre

Species/Hybrids Flower colour

Spike length (cm)

No. of flowers/

spike

Flower diam. (cm)

Flower length (cm)

Aerides odoratum - - - - - Aerides multiflorum Pink - - - - Bulbophylum sp. - - - - - Coelogyne barbata White - - - - Coelognne corymbosa White - 13.5 - - Coelogyne flaccida White 8.2 3.4 3 3

Coelogyne nitida White & purple

brown tip - - 4.4 4.6 Cymbidium aloifolium Purplish yellow - - - - Cymbidium eburneum - - - - - Cymbidium elegans Off-white - - - -

Cymbidium hybrids Light yellow & pink

tinged 32.0 5.8 6.2 5.5

Cymbidium mastersii White & mild yellow

pink tip 35.7 7.6 5.7 3.6 Cymbidium traceyanum - - - - - Dendrobium chrysanthum - - - - - Dendrobium crysotanum - - - - - Dendrobium densiforum Yellow - - - - Dendrobium nobile Whitish purple - - - - Dendrobium wardianum - - - - - Eria sp. - - - - - Paphiopedilum fairrisanum - - - - - Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum Greenish purple 31 1 6.75 6.7

Paphiopedilum insigne Purplish white & purple blotch tip 22.7 1 8.6 7.1

Paphiopedilum spicearianum

Green purplish & white hood 26.2 1 7.2 7.4

Paphiopedilum venustum Greenish white 16 1 7.8 6.3

Paphiopedilum villosum Light purple &

greenish purple hood 23.4 1 9.5 10.1 Pleione pracox - - - - - Pholidota articulata - - - - - Rhynchostylis retusa - - - - - Thunia marshalliana White - - - - Vanda parasii - - - - - Vanda stangeana - - - - - Zygopetallum intermedium - - - - -

125

Table 1.5.1.1b: Evaluation of orchid species for floral characters at Barapani centre

Species/Hybrids

Plant height (cm)

Internodal length (cm)

No. of Leaves/

plant

No. of Pseudobulbs

Aerides odoratum 23.0 - 7.0 - Aerides multiflorum 30.0 - 3.0 - Bulbophylum sp. 17.5 - 1.0 - Coelogyne barbata 36.6 - 12.7 16 Coelognne corymbosa 64.0 1.6 11.3 24 Coelogyne flaccida 41.1 1.5 92.0 87 Coelogyne nitida 28.0 - 2.0 - Cymbidium aloifolium 32.0 - 4.0 - Cymbidium eburneum 105.2 - 13.7 - Cymbidium elegans 62.8 - 11.7 - Cymbidium hybrids 85.0 4.3 8.3 - Cymbidium mastersii 88.1 1.5 21.7 - Cymbidium traceyanum 86.4 - 13.3 - Dendrobium chrysanthum 56.8 - 9.0 - Dendrobium crysotanum 82.6 - 16.7 - Dendrobium densiforum 34.0 - 7.0 - Dendrobium nobile 25.0 - 4.0 - Dendrobium wardianum 44.2 - 12.0 - Eria sp.

-

-

Paphiopedilum fairrisanum 10.5 - 21.0 - Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum 29.3 - 15.7 - Paphiopedilum insigne 29.5 - 20.0 - Paphiopedilum spicearianum 34.0 - 22.0 - Paphiopedilum venustum 18.0 - 6.0 - Paphiopedilum villosum 44.5 - 33.0 - Pleione pracox 81.3 - 9.0 - Pholidota articulata 44.8 - 2.0 - Rhynchostylis retusa 26.0 - 6.0 - Thunia marshalliana 94.6 - 26.0 - Vanda parasii 17.5 - 2.0 - Vanda stangeana 30.0 - 5.0 - Zygopetallum intermedium 60.4 - 21.0 -

126

Table 1.5.1.2a: List of collected germplasm of orchid species and hybrids at Kalimpong centre

1. Aerides A. multiflorum, A. odoratum 2. Arundina A. graminifolia 3. Ascocentrum A. ampullaceum 4. Bulbophyllum B. affine , B.cylindraceum, B. roxburghii ,B. hirtum

,B. strianum ,B. parviflorum , B. protractum ,B. reptans

5. Cymbidium C. aloifolium, C. elegans, C. devonianum , C. tigrinum , C. mastersii, C. tracyanum Cymbidium hybrids:-C. Luana Imperial, C. Golden Girl, C. Coronation,C. Red Star, C. Arabian Night ,C. Kenny Wine, C. Soulhunt 200, C. Fantacia Delmerk ,C. Red Beauty Carmen, C. Feather Hill Heritage ,C. Valley Bush Snow white , C. Culvetra Sydney, C. December Gold ,C. Ames Bury, C. Minishara Artision, C. Many Bee , C. Balkiss , C. September Sunset , C.Tahiti – ‘Enchanted Isle’, C. Iron Knop, C. water welen Red Lips ,C. Anglica, ,C. – Agnas Norton – showoff , C. – Show girl, C. – Narila Janifer Gill, C. – Dospublos, C. – Oriental Legend Compractum, C – Valley Greek Sudher Land, C– Fransico Monalisa

6. Coelogyne C. barbata ,C. corymbosa, C. cristata , C. flaccida , C. fuscescens, C. nitida, C. occultata C. stricta, ,C. viscosa,

7. Cattleya C. luteola var. multiflora 8. Dendrobium D. bensoniae, D. chrysotoxum, D. crepidatum, D. chrysanthum,D

densiflorum D. farmeri, D. fimbriatum, D. formosum,D. jenkinsii, D. kingianum, D. longicornu D. moschatum, D. nobile, D. ochreatum , D polyanthum , D. parishii , D. transparens, D. williamsianum

9. Eria E. bractescens , E. coronaria , E. lasiopetala, E. multiflora, E. stricta 10. Esmeralda E. cathcartii, E. clarkei 11. Epidendrum E. radicans ,E. xanthinum 12. Eulophia E. alta , E. graminea , E. spectabilis, E. speciosa, 13. Guarianthe G. bowringiana 14. Hygrochilus H. parishii 15. Oncidium O. sphacelatum 16. Ornithidium O. aggregatum 17. Phalaenopsis P. mannii , P. parishii 18. Pleione P. praecox , P. maculate 19. Paphiopedilum P.fairrieanum, P.hirsutissimum,P.insigne,P. spicerianum, P. venustum 20. Papilionanthe P. uniflora , P. vandarum, P. teres 21. Renanthera R. imschootiana 22. Rhyncostylis R. retusa 23. Sunipia S. bicolor 24. Thunia T. alba 25. Thelasis T. longifolia 26. Vanda V. coerulea, V. cristata, V.tessellata, V. testacea

127

Table 1.5.1.2b: Evaluation and maintenance of Orchid species at Kalimpong centre Species/hybrid

Plant height (cm)

Pseudobulb or

stems /plant

Internodal

length (cm)

Leaf no.

/plant

Days to

flowering

No. of spikes/ plant

No. of

flowers/ spike

Spike length (cm)

Flowe- -ring

durati--on

(days)

Vase life

(days)

Flower

size (cm)

Pedicel length (cm)

No. Length (cm)

Aerides odoratum 49.30 8.91 7.56 2.42 29.21 137.83 7.98 24.69 26.53 30.38 22.41 4.08 1.19 Arundina graminifolia 116.24 10.82 86.60 7.67 33.93 285.16 9.22 10.27 20.31 20.66 20.65 5.83 2.43 Coelogyne barbata 37.65 12.37 10.89 1.22 84.57 332.45 10.05 11.94 22.21 23.40 20.86 5.93 0.67 Coelogyne nitida 40.60 11.05 6.39 2.65 123.75 181.70 12.78 14.01 19.71 31.49 16.43 3.43 2.78 Cymbidium devonianum 107.06 8.57 7.75 3.57 61.44 250.46 7.57 27.49 54.91 54.63 42.75 6.36 5.97 C. giganteum 95.55 6.49 6.23 3.01 39.91 731.44 6.50 19.85 60.39 51.53 34.04 12.62 4.77 C. tigrinum 99.17 6.10 6.72 2.13 30.40 328.77 8.48 13.65 65.01 49.59 29.86 9.75 4.45 Dendrobium densiflorum 106.26 8.32 41.24 5.38 32.92 342.93 3.15 41.89 18.35 20.91 16.89 4.92 5.33 D. nobile 63.47 10.82 38.88 6.36 42.86 372.51 3.08 14.97 26.32 25.15 22.29 6.81 5.04 D. moschatum 68.59 11.40 39.83 5.07 38.50 355.98 1.82 14.42 12.92 23.96 21.03 7.84 3.04 Paphiopedilum venustum 27.80 11.13 5.99 1.37 13.92 236.62 5.16 1.75 25.88 27.41 23.28 9.05 4.05 P. hirsutissimum 38.25 8.26 4.39 1.25 10.54 251.54 5.29 1.51 20.54 27.78 24.89 10.45 2.12 P. insigne 35.59 8.73 4.14 1.38 13.97 178.92 3.38 1.40 25.19 25.23 21.24 11.85 3.23 Thunia alba 113.72 9.51 22.39 3.61 58.65 365.71 3.44 4.05 28.98 23.76 18.41 11.74 4.04 Vanda coerulia 100.23 4.63 23.68 4.67 12.87 332.58 3.56 12.74 44.16 37.89 24.17 5.18 5.50 Vanda parishii 57.08 4.76 25.30 4.06 12.71 350.83 1.95 4.17 12.54 48.44 29.02 6.02 3.11 C.D. (P = 0.05) 4.73

1.64

0.64

4.05

1.47

2.01

2.21

1.72

0.97

0.34

128

Table 1.5.1.2c: Evaluation and maintenance of Cymbidium hybrids at Kalimpong centre

Hybrid Plant height (cm)

Pseudobulb or

stems /plant

Internodal

length (cm)

Leaf no.

/plant

Days to

flowering

No. of spikes/plant

No. of

flowers/ spike

Spike length (cm)

Flowering duration

(days)

Flower daim. (cm)

Vase life

(days) No. Length (cm)

Golden Girl 150.36 12.1 12.85 2.15 34.52 352.84 6.31 16.69 72.09 52.10 10.58 32.32 Kennywine 144.48 9.08 10.56 2.40 27.07 346.05 6.54 18.63 60.20 62.48 13.06 41.52 Red Star 136.60 8.89 7.19 2.53 19.03 363.31 4.50 13.50 53.68 47.68 10.85 35.94 Tahiti enchanted isle 133.71 9.17 9.07 3.40 24.03 402.58 3.50 14.67 56.93 61.23 10.71 38.17 December Gold 133.71 12.0 10.91 3.67 31.25 357.60 5.19 18.61 62.18 56.89 14.55 36.71 Tal Graig Sutherland 126.17 6.18 8.77 2.59 22.35 398.50 3.16 13.22 63.61 62.72 13.31 37.71 Culvetra Sydney 121.39 8.54 9.83 3.90 21.60 359.03 5.18 14.98 54.18 46.09 14.22 34.44 Minishara Artishion 129.70 5.67 9.51 3.49 16.40 402.57 3.82 14.49 51.09 51.91 8.02 30.98 Oriental Legend 152.62 9.84 10.04 3.68 24.96 405.59 5.40 14.34 49.47 51.80 12.97 27.09 PalBalkis White 156.76 8.14 7.02 3.48 19.18 372.56 4.73 15.36 51.80 60.60 10.81 38.94 C.D. (P = 0.05) 6.079 1.74 0.99 N.S 2.01 9.08 0.34 1.05 2.90 1.21 1.24 2.00

129

Table 1.5.1.3a: Evaluation of different vegetative characters of orchid varieties/species at Kalyani centre (2014-15)

Types of Orchids Plant height ( cm)

Inter-nodal length (cm)

No. of leaves per plant

No. of pseudo-bulbs

per plant

No. of roots /plant

Root length (cm)

Aerides multiflorum 14.90 1.30 28.67 1.67 15.33 10.83

Rhynchostylis retusa 36.07 1.57 38.67 3.33 24.67 22.00

Dendrobium moschatum 74.83 3.43 53.67 7.00 45.33 9.23

D. aggregatum 7.57 1.00 12.67 14.00 67.00 3.77 Dendrobium var. Anjana 31.00 3.83 8.00 5.00 31.00 9.00

D. Suskawat 24.77 4.53 5.00 3.67 21.33 6.87 Oncidium var. Rat Tail, 61.67 1.23 4.33 2.67 20.67 6.70

Dendrobium var. Pompadour

92.63 6.30 12.33 6.00 28.33 11.00

D.sonia 44.87 5.20 9.67 6.00 27.67 9.00 Dendrobium Minisonia 56.23 5.10 8.00 5.00 34.33 8.00

Sakura pink 40.57 5.53 11.33 7.67 33.00 9.07 Dendrobium var. Sonia-17, 34.20 4.93 6.33 5.00 26.00 7.37

Heading Beauty, 34.60 5.20 7.67 5.00 25.33 8.97

Rhynchostylis var. S-144, 17.47 1.83 5.67 5.67 15.33 12.60

Cattleya sp., 40.37 2.80 20.00 6.67 50.00 11.43 Phalaenopsis var. KD-76, 36.10 2.67 9.67 7.33 31.33 6.50

Phalaenopsis var. PSY 9.90 1.33 6.00 2.67 35.67 12.47

Phalaenopsis var. PCY, 8.30 2.00 5.00 2.67 30.00 11.30

Phalaenopsis var. PSP, 9.60 1.20 6.00 2.67 23.67 9.83

Cymbidium aloifolium, 67.50 1.83 68.00 18.00 88.00 23.33

C.D. (P = 0.05) 13.81 1.07 7.04 3.41 8.66 3.32

130

Table 1.5.1.3b: Evaluation of flower characters of orchid varieties/species at Kalyani centre

(2014-2015)

Treatment Duration of flowering

(days)

No. of flowers/

spike

Spike length (cm)

Flower length (cm)

Flower breadth

(cm)

Pedicle length (cm)

Vase life

(days)

D. Agreegatum 19.00 13.00 15.27 2.00 1.87 1.07 16.10

D. Anjana 16.33 6.00 35.63 7.27 8.57 4.10 14.70

D. Pampadour 16.67 8.00 43.50 7.53 9.00 5.10 15.00

D. Minosonia 19.00 8.00 39.07 7.00 8.03 4.20 16.10

D. Sonia-17 16.67 6.00 40.50 7.10 9.27 4.53 15.00

Heading beauty 16.00 6.43 35.63 7.37 8.27 4.47 14.40

Phalenopsis-PSY 19.00 23.00 43.10 6.73 7.43 3.13 17.10

Phalenopsis-PCY 16.67 20.33 51.13 6.53 7.47 2.83 15.00

Cymbidium aloifolium 16.00 47.67 78.33 3.43 3.97 2.03 14.40

C.D. (P = 0.05) 7.19 3.33 4.65 1.71 1.59 1.09 6.47

131

Table 1.5.1.3c: Evaluation of different vegetative characters of Phalenopsis at Kalyani centre (2014-15)

Types of Orchids Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves

per plant

leaf length (cm)

Leaf breath (cm)

No. of roots per

plant

Root length (cm)

P1 9.23 4.33 17.40 5.37 10.67 9.20 P2 6.97 4.67 12.23 4.00 14.00 9.13 P3 10.97 3.67 14.20 4.73 9.00 10.50 P4 5.30 4.67 19.00 5.97 10.67 7.57 P5 6.97 4.00 12.27 6.47 14.00 8.07 P6 6.97 5.33 19.23 5.27 11.67 8.50 P7 10.30 5.67 12.13 3.70 9.67 6.73 P8 5.03 3.67 7.63 3.77 9.67 5.87 P9 6.50 5.33 14.03 5.00 8.33 9.67 P10 9.00 5.00 14.27 3.40 9.67 5.47 P11 8.80 5.67 20.57 7.07 13.00 8.33 P12 10.77 6.00 18.33 4.13 11.33 11.60 P13 8.33 4.33 12.90 4.40 9.67 9.43 P14 10.23 6.33 16.03 5.03 11.33 10.57 P15 6.10 3.33 16.00 6.13 10.00 10.23 P16 8.20 6.33 9.37 2.07 9.33 6.13 P17 6.00 5.33 9.97 5.00 13.67 6.43 P18 5.13 3.67 10.33 5.03 10.00 8.57 P19 6.90 4.67 14.20 4.33 9.00 8.13 P20 4.93 5.00 11.23 5.13 9.67 6.37 P21 7.10 5.67 18.20 5.27 20.00 7.30

C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.46 1.24 3.02 0.44 2.86 1.67

132

Table 1.5.1.3d: Evaluation of flower characters of Phalenopsis/species of 21 at Kalyani centre (2014-15)

Types of Orchids

Duration of

flowering (days)

No. of flowers/

spike

Spike length (cm)

Flower length (cm)

Flower breadth

(cm)

Vase life

(days)

P1 25.00 3.33 20.43 4.83 6.50 15.00 P2 24.67 3.00 19.23 5.23 6.80 14.33 P3 18.00 2.33 22.17 5.23 6.67 10.67 P4 22.67 3.00 17.23 5.47 6.60 13.33 P5 25.00 3.67 18.20 5.57 6.80 15.00 P6 24.00 3.33 19.83 5.67 6.67 14.33 P7 18.00 2.00 17.87 5.40 6.70 10.67 P8 22.67 3.00 20.73 5.50 7.00 13.33 P9 23.33 3.33 21.67 5.20 6.60 14.00

P10 27.33 2.33 18.30 5.33 6.47 16.33 P11 18.00 3.00 13.10 5.73 7.00 10.67 P12 22.67 4.33 22.63 5.27 6.50 13.60 P13 22.33 3.00 16.17 5.43 6.70 13.40 P14 24.67 3.33 17.77 5.60 6.57 14.80 P15 18.00 2.67 21.00 5.70 6.73 10.67 P16 22.67 3.33 23.43 5.17 6.23 13.67 P17 24.33 2.33 18.20 5.10 6.47 14.60 P18 24.67 2.67 22.00 5.30 6.60 14.80 P19 18.00 3.00 17.33 5.30 6.53 10.80 P20 22.67 2.67 17.23 7.33 6.40 13.60 P21 26.33 4.00 25.70 6.13 7.40 15.67

C.D. (P = 0.05) 7.99 1.21 44.39 0.48 0.38 4.79

133

Table 1.5.1.4: Flowering characters of Vanda observed at Vellanikkara centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Variety Days from spike emergence

Spike longevity

(days)

Internal of spike

production (days)

No. of spike

produced/year

Blooming period

No. of spikes

produced / year

Flower colour

Flower fragrance

absent

Spike longevity on plants

(days)

Vase life

(days) 1st floret open

50% of

floret open

100% floret open

1 V. Dr. Anek 21.33 25.33 28.33 27.67 349.67 1.7 Feb – June 3.3 Pinkish Purple

Absent 25.00 9.3

2 V. Rothschildiana 19.67 23.33 25.67 29.33 282.33 1.7 Feb – Mar July - Sep

3.7 Violet Absent 28.67 12.0

3 V. Thonychai 18.67 23.00 25.67 23.00 254.00 1.7 Mar – April July – Aug Nov - Dec

1.7 Purple Absent 26.00 9.0

4 V. Katswara x V. Fuchus Delight

22.00 26.00 28.67 24.00 202.00 1.7 Feb – May July – Sept Dec

1.7 Violet Absent 24.33 19.0

5 V.Taweesuksa X V. Kultana Delight X Green gold

24.67 28.67 32.00 31.00 374.00 1.0 Mar- April 1.0 Pink Absent 24.00 8.0

134

Table 1.6.1.1: Performance of anthurium accessions at CHES, Chettalli (Hessaraghatta centre) (2014-15)

Accession

No. No. of

suckers No. of leaves

Colour of spathe/spade

Length of spike (cm)

No. of spikes/plant

1 0 8 Greenish pink 45.2 2 2 0 5 White green 46.8 3 3 0 5 White green 31.0 2 4 0 8 Pink green 54.0 3 5 0 5 White 56.8 2 6 0 4 White 13.5 2 7 0 3 White 51.0 3 8 0 3 Red 50.0 3 9 2 4 Red 20.3 2

10 2 5 Red 21.0 1 11 2 5 Red 53.9 4 12 0 3 Red 17.0 1 13 0 5 Red 48.0 2 14 0 4 Red 50.5 1 15 0 3 Pink 31.8 2 16 0 7 Pink 45.5 1 17 0 5 Pink 33.0 2 18 0 5 Pink 60.0 2 19 0 4 Pink 48.5 8 20 0 6 Pink 41.3 3 21 0 4 Pink 41.2 2 22 0 3 Pink 63.4 2 23 0 4 Pink 54.5 3 24 0 5 Pink 23.4 2 25 0 3 Pink 35.2 3 26 0 6 Pink 33.6 3 27 0 9 Pink 51.2 2 28 0 7 Pink 44.7 2 29 0 6 Pink 57.6 2 30 0 3 Pink 53.2 4 31 0 7 Pink 40.3 4 32 0 8 Pink 55.1 2 33 0 4 Pink 45.0 2 34 0 5 Pink 69.0 2 35 0 6 Pink 35.7 1 36 0 4 Pink 43.9 2 37 0 6 Pink 47.4 2 38 0 4 Pink 43.5 3

135

Table 1.6.1.2: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of anthurium germplasm at Kalyani centre

Sl. No.

Genotype/ Variety

Plant height (cm)

No. of sucker /

plant

No. of leaves / plant

No. of flowers/

year

Width of spathe (cm)

Length of spathe (cm)

Length of spike

(cm)

Length of padix

(cm)

Girth of spadix (cm)

Angle of spadix

1 Tropical Red 64.8 2.8 17.4 7.2 10.8 10.8 39.2 39.2 2.2 85.0 2 Kalimpong Pink 62.8 2.1 23.3 6.1 10.2 9.9 28.2 28.2 2.5 83.7 3 Nitta Orange 63.3 4.9 24.7 4.7 7.8 9.3 27.0 27.0 2.2 44.0 4 Tinora 61.3 4.2 32.6 3.9 10.0 10.1 32.6 32.6 2.5 46.0 5 Ozaki Red 71.9 5.6 29.5 4.3 7.5 10.0 40.8 40.8 2.5 47.7 6 Pistache 77.8 2.1 21.2 6.2 9.7 9.7 29.0 29.0 2.6 83.0 7 Regina 60.3 4.2 23.3 5.5 8.8 8.6 27.4 27.4 2.6 91.0 8 Aloxes 60.2 2.1 16.5 7.7 13.1 12.0 38.3 38.3 2.6 87.0 9 Honduras Red 59.2 2.1 20.3 8.8 13.1 12.8 41.5 41.5 2.6 86.7 10 Marina 39.5 7.1 39.4 7.5 9.8 10.5 44.1 44.1 2.4 84.0 11 Agnihatri 51.9 5.9 23.8 3.9 7.5 7.2 26.3 26.3 2.4 64.0 12 Salmon 49.1 8.8 39.4 5.6 6.2 7.3 27.2 27.2 2.5 66.0 13 Anmol 39.3 9.1 34.9 5.4 7.7 7.8 28.7 28.7 2.6 67.0 14 Cancan 60.4 4.1 37.3 5.2 9.9 10.0 32.7 32.7 2.6 87.7 Mean 58.69 5.03 27.41 5.85 9.44 9.71 33.07 33.07 2.48 73.05 C.D. (P = 0.05) 8.74 1.82 8.03 2.03 1.26 1.16 4.50 4.50 0.31 3.30 CV 9.21 22.34 18.12 21.40 8.26 7.38 8.42 8.42 7.63 2.79 GCV (%) 17.58 39.63 27.28 22.38 21.13 16.25 18.62 18.62 2.84 23.28 PCV (%) 19.85 45.49 32.75 30.96 22.69 17.85 20.43 20.43 8.14 23.45 Heritability 78.46 75.89 69.37 52.24 86.74 82.88 83.01 83.01 12.16 98.58

136

Table 1.7.1.1a: Performance of tuberose genotypes (single) for growth parameters at Coimbatore centre

Genotypes Days taken for

sprouting of bulb

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves per

plant

Days to spike

emergence

Flowering duration

(days) Calcutta Single 14.38 78.89 243.00 94.00 8.26

Hyderabad Single 16.48 80.96 220.00 90.00 6.37

Kahikuchi Single 13.67 77.30 252.00 86.00 10.00

Mexican Single 15.78 91.77 238.00 88.00 7.00

Navsari Local 14.59 92.85 242.00 92.00 8.98

Phule Rajani 13.79 72.50 251.00 85.00 8.90

Prajwal 12.12 113.05 260.00 78.00 17.00

Pune Single 15.97 110.07 232.00 82.00 9.28

Shringar 14.26 91.75 245.00 83.00 15.00

Variegated Single 13.23 117.50 253.00 81.00 7.12

C.D. (P = 0.05)

0.88 5.39 14.15 2.93 0.58

137

Table 1.7.1.1b: Performance of tuberose genotypes (single) for flower spike and yield

parameters at Coimbatore centre (2011- 2013)

Genotypes

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets/ spike

Length of the floret (cm)

Wt. of florets

per spike (g)

No. of spikes

/m2

Yield of florets

/ plot (4* 1 m) (kg)

Estimated yield (t/ha)

Calcutta Single 63.89 16.75 25.00 6.30 29.25 24.00 2.64 4.62

Hyderabad Single 65.96 15.30 43.00 6.20 32.76 27.00 3.52 6.17 Kahikuchi Single 62.30 18.38 38.00 6.30 44.46 26.00 4.62 8.09

Mexican Single 76.77 21.27 17.00 6.20 28.32 29.00 3.27 5.72 Navsari Local 77.85 27.30 45.00 6.30 33.93 25.00 3.37 5.90 Phule Rajani 52.50 23.48 40.00 6.30 47.20 33.00 6.22 10.90 Prajwal 98.05 28.52 47.00 6.40 74.80 35.00 10.46 18.30 Pune Single 95.07 35.75 37.00 6.10 43.66 30.00 5.29 9.16 Shringar 76.77 22.32 42.00 6.30 51.48 32.00 6.55 11.47 Variegated Single 102.5

0 20.86 28.00 6.20 39.78 31.00 4.93 8.62

C.D. (P = 0.05) 4.51 7.24 2.36 0.17 2.34 6.89 5.12 -

138

Table 1.7.1.1c: Performance of tuberose genotypes (double) for growth parameters at Coimbatore centre (2011- 2013)

Sl. No. Genotypes

Days taken for sprouting

of bulb

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves

per plant

Days to spike

emergence

Flowering duration

(days)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets/ spike

Length of

floret (cm)

Wt. of florets

per spike (g)

No. of spikes/

m2

No. of spikes/

plot (4 * 1 m)

Estimated yield

(Nos./ha in lakhs)

1. Calcutta Double 13.25 73.92 246.00 88.00 10.48 58.92 38.75 35.00 7.10 112.36 32.00 128.00 2.24

2. Hyderabad Double 16.15 68.87 235.00 89.00 9.12 53.87 33.95 34.00 6.70 108.56 21.01 84.04 1.47

3. Pearl Double 14.62 69.70 238.00 86.00 10.39 54.70 42.67 30.00 7.40 109.32 31.50 126.00 2.20

4. Suvasini 12.32 86.25 270.00 84.00 12.40 71.25 44.00 54.00 7.50 146.88 34.10 136.40 2.40

5. Vaibhav 12.67 81.38 250.00 85.00 11.43 66.38 54.00 44.00 7.20 119.24 33.75 135.00 2.36

C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.87 4.53 14.88 1.26 0.64 3.62 11.12 12.34 0.19 14.08 1.52 0.16

139

Table 1.7.1.2a: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of tuberose germplasm at Pune centre (2014-15)

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves /plant

Days to

flowering

Flowering duration

(days)

Days to spike

emergence

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of floret /spike

Length of floret

(cm)

Diam. of

floret (cm)

Diam. Of cut spike (cm)

Wt. of floret

(g)

Phule Rajani 74.49 20.45 81.33 232.0 65.44 69.74 33.61 33.61 5.12 5.64 0.91 1.97 Shringar 78.86 18.78 80.77 235.67 65.78 72.81 30.28 30.28 4.90 5.05 0.86 1.79 Prajwal 94.83 23.55 78.55 224.00 62.78 91.14 32.53 32.53 6.05 5.65 1.18 3.12

Hyderabad Single 77.47 20.00 83.44 208.00 66.67 72.46 28.41 28.41 4.89 5.37 0.95 1.74 Local Single 94.81 17.00 79.22 230.00 63.33 89.73 20.49 20.49 5.29 4.45 0.88 1.47 Arka Nirantara 95.27 21.89 79.66 217.67 60.89 86.93 26.77 26.77 5.76 5.79 1.11 2.59 Local Double 89.55 22.78 88.44 221.33 56.00 84.88 48.38 48.38 6.12 4.53 0.80 4.49 Suvasini 101.50 25.63 95.33 228.00 64.00 94.72 46.33 46.33 6.31 4.68 0.87 4.78 Vaibhav 126.67 20.00 92.00 231.67 54.67 121.09 42.23 42.23 5.37 4.43 0.80 1.60

Hyderabad Double 92.44 19.56 88.77 225.67 59.67 87.02 45.88 45.88 6.33 4.75 0.87 4.08 Variegated 138.64 21.45 82.99 230.67 62.99 124.37 24.55 24.55 5.34 5.18 0.87 1.49 Mean 96.78 21.01 84.59 225.88 62.02 90.44 34.50 34.50 5.59 5.05 0.92 2.65

140

Table 1.7.1.2b: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of tuberose germplasm at Pune centre (2014-15)

Genotype

Wt. of florets/ spike(g)

No. of spikes /plant

Wt. of Spike

(g)

No. of spikes /plot

Wt. of florets /plot (kg)

No. of bulbs

/ clump

No. of bulblets /clump

Dia. of bulb (cm)

Length of bulb

(cm)

Wt. of bulb (g)

Diam. Of

bulblet (cm)

Wt. of bulblets/ clump (g)

Phule Rajani 39.47 9.71 96.16 291.20 11.87 9.78 25.89 2.95 6.21 35.08 1.76 7.77 Shringar 37.97 9.87 88.24 296.10 9.63 10.28 23.44 3.39 6.08 39.13 1.58 7.67 Prajwal 40.83 9.04 121.43 271.30 9.00 9.30 12.50 3.56 7.55 56.90 1.75 9.43 Hyderabad Single 28.60 8.13 81.53 243.90 7.40 9.10 22.33 2.98 5.97 31.46 1.62 7.63 Local Single 19.17 7.88 64.90 236.50 5.40 8.33 17.11 2.64 6.54 23.51 1.47 7.11 Arka Nirantara 26.10 8.11 91.69 243.30 7.73 8.55 13.45 3.72 7.08 59.91 1.67 9.16 Local Double 45.70 9.67 135.82 290.10 7.17 10.11 32.22 3.57 6.23 51.22 1.76 12.78 Suvasini 54.33 6.72 179.63 201.70 9.67 6.89 27.22 2.98 5.95 36.72 1.48 10.17 Vaibhav 48.70 7.89 106.33 236.60 8.47 8.33 32.67 3.11 5.78 31.11 1.48 5.67 Hyderabad Double 56.87 9.40 135.71 281.90 6.17 9.55 38.00 3.53 6.26 45.17 1.55 12.22 Varigated 20.93 6.85 94.41 205.40 6.13 7.01 21.21 3.47 6.18 40.24 1.41 5.40

Mean 38.06 8.48 108.71 254.36 8.06 8.84 24.19 3.26 6.35 40.95 1.59 8.64

141

Table 1.7.1.3a: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of tuberose germplasm (Single types) at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ plant

Days to spike

emergence

Days to opening of first floret

Flowering duration

(days)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets/ spike

Length of

floret (cm)

Diam. of floret (cm)

Diam. of cut

spike(cm)

Wt. of florets/spike

(g)

Phule Rajni 76.14 24.91 115.01 154.67 55.61 56.35 23.67 30.22 0.69 1.11 0.70 34.33 Local Single 83.99 26.08 99.37 102.45 59.91 74.79 30.57 34.44 0.77 1.13 0.70 33.67 Pune Local Single

61.82 23.91 110.89 126.86 63.69 57.63 27.52 33.78 0.69 1.21 0.67 38.67

Calcutta Single 77.66 21.21 105.12 122.77 58.18 69.77 29.67 37.10 0.71 1.14 0.66 27.51 Hyderabad Single 79.95 24.92 91.23 112.32 55.13 57.91 22.23 36.77 0.68 1.26 0.66 26.23 Shringar 79.29 27.63 100.24 112.22 63.93 58.33 24.33 33.33 0.68 1.10 0.61 23.31 Prajwal 96.04 38.81 89.57 95.44 102.45 83.44 32.44 55.55 0.71 1.58 0.75 48.89 C.D. (P = 0.05) 14.27 1.44 4.24 1.94 1.00 2.51 1.68 2.96 NS NS 0.26 1.25

Table 1.7.1.3b: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of tuberose germplasm (Single types) at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Genotype Wt. of spike

(g)

No. of spikes/ clump

Vase life

(days)

Bulb Bulblet Yield Length

(cm) Dia.

(mm) Weight

(g) Length

(cm) Diam. (mm)

Wt./clump (g)

Bulb Blublet Per

clump Per meter

sq. Per

clump Phule Rajni 94.92 3.39 5.16 3.81 1.73 36.50 2.23 0.79 53.89 5.52 42.91 16.86 Local Single 106.52 4.66 6.17 3.89 1.78 34.26 2.41 1.53 58.61 2.78 46.58 15.02 Pune Local Single 91.24 3.55 4.85 3.88 2.27 20.16 2.81 1.03 24.43 2.78 38.68 10.24 Calcutta Single 95.39 2.47 5.54 4.20 2.30 31.68 2.82 1.54 74.64 1.34 19.39 15.68 Hyderabad Single 112.15 2.74 7.19 3.81 2.23 27.05 2.64 1.36 60.58 1.79 15.33 17.02 Shrinagar 97.78 3.25 6.53 4.05 2.28 40.18 2.74 1.59 52.14 1.78 13.65 14.35 Prajwal 119.32 5.51 7.86 5.36 3.67 88.40 3.69 1.24 121.51 4.23 59.50 28.80 C.D. (P = 0.05) 7.30 0.60 0.50 0.73 0.69 5.04 0.78 0.35 10.30 1.07 6.04 1.92

142

Table 1.7.1.3c: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of tuberose germplasm (Double types) at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ plant

Days to spike

emergence

Days to opening of first floret

Flowering duration

(days)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets/ spike

Length of

floret (cm)

Diam. of floret (cm)

Diam. of cut spike

(cm)

Wt. of florets/spike

(g)

Pearl Double 85.34 53.07 82.02 100.55 56.10 71.99 39.82 27.49 2.80 3.71 0.65 50.14 Suvasini 100.68 58.21 72.76 98.66 59.10 76.21 44.52 37.87 3.16 3.71 0.44 54.23 Pune Double 96.84 56.94 86.67 104.55 53.52 76.21 37.67 33.19 2.32 3.77 0.65 21.32

Hyderabad Double 94.00 53.14 87.65 100.44 64.41 76.49 35.26 31.66 2.66 3.57 0.72 38.65 Vaibhav 92.53 62.25 85.24 103.33 56.22 74.06 38.12 29.51 3.14 3.66 0.47 32.54 C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.64 1.21 3.98 1.23 5.79 1.98 1.93 1.69 0.40 0.79 0.18 3.82

Table 1.7.1.3d: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of tuberose germplasm (Double types) at Ludhiana centre (2014-15) Genotype Wt. of

spike (g)

No. of spikes/ clump

Vase life

(days)

Bulb Bulblet Yield Length

(cm) Dia.

(mm) Weight

(g) Length

(cm) Diam. (mm)

Wt./ clump (g)

Bulb Blublet Per

clump Per

meter sq. Per

clump Pearl Double 96.77 1.39 5.00 6.50 3.97 69.30 3.22 2.22 13.76 3.08 20.69 32.31 Suvasini 101.74 2.19 5.81 5.42 2.86 33.94 3.40 2.04 115.70 4.86 41.06 29.28 Pune Double 98.08 1.67 3.78 4.64 3.48 57.08 3.76 2.11 133.07 2.99 30.71 31.98 Hyderabad Double 100.24 2.07 5.44 5.99 3.41 63.42 4.22 2.12 139.36 3.20 20.66 31.93 Vaibhav 101.27 2.57 5.81 5.96 1.41 34.47 2.62 1.82 59.90 4.63 39.64 29.14 C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.27 0.42 0.79 0.48 0.95 3.17 0.99 0.27 6.26 0.65 4.02 1.65

143

Table1.7.1.4: Comparative performance of tuberose genotypes at Kalyani centre

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ clump

No. of sucker/clump

No. of spike per

clump

No. of spikes /sq m

Wt. of cut

spike (g)

Wt of floret

(g)

No. of florets

per spike (g)

Floret wt. (g)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

Loose flower yield

Shringar 53.7 132.3 17.0 3.5 38.5 84.0 1.2 50.0 6.0 95.6 40.3 2323 Phule Rajani 51.3 131.0 16.5 2.8 30.8 87.3 1.2 50.7 5.8 94.4 35.0 1862 Prajwal 58.4 89.0 16.0 3.5 38.5 157.7 2.0 49.3 6.5 118.3 40.6 3856 Hyderabad Single 54.4 138.0 22.5 4.9 53.9 87.3 1.2 51.7 6.0 95.5 37.0 3398 GKTC-4 53.1 126.7 21.0 3.0 33.4 83.3 1.2 49.3 5.7 89.7 32.5 1982 Calcutta Single 65.7 239.7 24.5 13.5 148.9 58.7 1.1 33.3 6.1 112.3 32.0 5217 Arka Nirantara 63.8 141.0 20.0 2.3 25.7 78.0 1.5 52.0 5.9 107.5 38.7 1963 Sikim Selection 60.7 78.0 13.5 2.8 30.8 152.3 0.9 51.3 5.9 140.0 41.0 1500 Bidhan Snigdha 68.0 108.7 19.0 4.7 51.3 188.3 2.2 62.0 7.7 116.7 44.7 6879 Bidhan Ujwal 60.0 117.3 20.0 6.4 70.4 107.7 1.6 56.7 6.0 86.7 30.0 6375 Bidhan Jyoti 60.7 112.7 13.0 4.7 51.3 138.3 1.4 52.7 6.0 125.3 38.7 3701 Hyderabad double 57.6 117.0 16.0 3.0 33.4 150.0 2.3 56.7 5.9 85.0 32.0 4370 Suvasini 58.0 101.3 13.0 3.0 33.4 145.3 2.3 56.0 6.8 98.0 32.0 4272 Calcutta Double 53.3 107.0 15.5 4.9 53.9 170.0 2.3 54.0 5.9 86.3 34.7 6593 Vaibhab 51.3 108.3 13.0 2.6 28.2 150.3 2.1 50.3 5.1 94.7 35.0 2994 Mean 58.0 123.2 17.4 4.4 48.2 122.6 1.6 51.7 6.1 103.1 36.3 3819 C.D. (P = 0.05) 2.52 12.65 1.03 0.58 6.40 6.37 0.05 1.54 0.14 2.69 1.54 559.9 CV (%) 5.3 12.6 7.3 16.3 16.3 6.4 3.8 3.6 2.8 3.2 5.2 18.0 GCV(%)= 8.43 28.87 20.63 62.75 62.75 32.7 30.94 11.76 9.37 15.71 11.36 45.9 PCV (%) 9.97 31.48 21.88 64.83 64.83 33.3 31.16 12.31 9.77 16.03 12.49 49.3 Heritability (%) 71.43 84.06 88.90 93.69 93.69 96.4 98.55 91.25 91.97 96.04 82.77 86.7 GA 8.51 67.17 6.96 5.48 60.25 81.1 1.03 11.97 1.12 32.70 7.73

144

Table 1.7.1.5: Performance of tuberose germplasm at Hyderabad centre (2014-15)

SINGLE

Genotype

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/clump

Days from spike emergence to

flowering

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets/ plant

Floret length (cm)

Floret diam. (mm)

Avg. Wt. of

floret(g)

No. of spikes/ plant

Hyderabad Single 35.06 24.6 9.6 50.02 19.68 40.2 5.74 2.90 1.7 1.8 Shringar 42.00 23.6 11.0 49.04 19.14 38.2 5.84 3.04 1.0 1.8 Prajwal 48.52 25.6 9.0 70.68 20.34 43.4 6.30 3.66 2.2 1.2 Calcutta Single 35.18 21.4 9.0 74.18 12.54 34.4 5.34 2.44 1.0 1.6 Arka Nirantara 35.00 22.0 8.0 59.70 18.12 37.4 5.86 2.96 1.7 2.2 Phule Rajani 39.66 22.8 13.0 53.29 17.40 36.0 5.62 2.92 1.6 1.0 GK-TC-4 37.48 21.0 9.0 47.48 17.48 39.4 4.92 3.14 2.0 1.4 Rajath Rekha 36.02 22.8 9.0 50.44 19.64 36.2 5.36 2.90 1.3 1.2 Sikkim Selection 34.40 20.6 12.0 50.76 14.86 32.2 4.88 2.38 1.0 1.0 C.D. (P = 0.05) 4.38 3.15 1.79 4.71 2.22 3.22 1.86 1.77 1.4 1.34

DOUBLE Hyderabad Double 42.54 27.0 8.0 63.10 20.26 41.4 5.96 3.92 2.8 2.0 Vaibhav 39.20 27.2 11.0 60.44 20.00 40.2 6.16 3.96 2.8 1.2 Calcutta Double 43.04 27.7 13.0 62.70 20.74 42.4 5.88 3.96 3.0 2.0 Suvasini 36.12 24.2 11.0 63.62 19.38 35.6 5.68 3.78 2.6 1.8 C.D. (P = 0.05) 4.19 3.18 2.52 4.61 3.99 3.18 2.28 2.56 0.33 0.17

145

Table 1.7.1.6: Performance of different tuberose genotype at Pantnagar centre

Genotype

No. of leaves /

clump at 120 days

Plant height at 120 days

Days to

spike emergence

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of Open-

-ed florets

No. of Unopen

-ed florets

No. of total

florets

Dia. of florets (cm)

Floret length (cm)

Floret weight

(g)

50% flowering

(days)

Total spike / year/ plant

Spike emerg-ence to flower

opening (days)

Single 147.70 32.70 65.90 74.80 20.20 15.80 3.90 19.90 2.40 5.24 0.61 3.50 2.60 2.50 Vaibhav 147.10 26.40 89.00 60.80 25.30 14.80 8.80 23.60 3.17 3.15 1.07 5.30 2.00 4.10 Sikkim Selection

128.50 32.10 91.10 131.20

24.00 19.60 6.50 26.10 2.97 3.63 0.52 8.10 1.60 4.30

Hyderabad Double

153.90 28.70 88.00 68.10 25.60 8.60 14.90 23.20 3.18 3.28 1.02 5.30 1.90 3.40

Double 152.00 27.40 87.20 74.90 26.20 16.80 12.10 28.90 3.04 3.38 1.26 5.40 2.00 4.00 Swarna Rekha

89.60 26.90 86.80 85.30 41.40 16.40 18.30 34.70 4.08 2.81 1.13 8.20 1.40 6.30

Hyderabad Single

125.70 22.80 76.50 66.50 21.00 18.60 3.10 21.70 2.94 3.43 0.07 3.00 3.10 2.60

Mexican Single

120.80 27.50 73.50 95.90 31.90 19.70 16.50 35.90 3.29 5.17 0.71 3.50 1.90 2.50

Pearl 127.80 25.50 77.30 81.10 36.20 21.40 11.70 32.50 3.20 3.63 1.01 6.60 2.80 3.60 GKTC-4 135.80 23.20 67.80 66.60 26.60 20.10 2.90 23.00 3.27 5.22 0.62 3.60 2.70 3.40 Kalyani Single

99.30 30.30 65.40 56.50 23.40 27.60 3.40 31.00 3.08 5.31 0.65 3.90 2.80 2.50

Shringar 109.80 22.60 71.20 57.00 21.40 15.70 8.00 23.70 2.91 3.03 0.64 4.00 2.00 2.40 Prajwal 103.40 27.30 65.20 84.00 26.90 22.80 9.90 31.50 3.25 5.61 1.06 3.50 3.30 2.50 Phule Rajni 107.70 28.40 64.90 70.70 22.90 29.10 1.00 30.10 3.89 6.37 1.04 3.20 1.30 2.60 Suvasini 146.10 41.30 82.90 91.40 38.20 30.30 14.10 44.00 3.86 5.27 1.06 8.10 2.50 5.70 C.D. (P = 0.05)

14.59 2.54 4.74 22.67 2.47 1.74 1.20 2.24 0.13 11.41 0.75 0.55 0.76 0.55

146

Table 1.8.1.1a: Evaluation of gerbera genotypes for vegetative characters under open conditions at Barapani centre

Genotype

Leaf characters Plant spread Number of suckers per plant Number Length (cm) Breadth (cm) E-W (cm) N-S (cm)

RCGH 1 34.0 19.3 4.8 36.7 30.3 2.6 RCGH 2 28.7 20.3 4.4 32.0 31.3 3.2 RCGH 3 68.7 14.2 2.7 30.3 30.7 2.9 RCGH 5 38.7 22.9 5.7 30.0 30.0 3.4 RCGH 7 29.3 23.8 7.0 41.0 39.0 2.9 RCGH 9 22.7 17.6 5.6 34.3 31.0 3.8 RCGH 10 21.0 18.8 6.4 33.3 33.7 4.0 RCGH 12 26.7 18.4 5.1 32.7 30.7 5.1 RCGH 19 25.0 14.5 4.4 28.7 29.0 3.8 RCGH 20 28.3 15.2 4.9 149.0 26.3 3.6 RCGH 22 29.7 22.1 6.1 37.0 37.0 3.6 RCGH 23 34.0 19.5 4.7 33.0 32.0 4.2 RCGH 28 23.7 16.4 5.7 36.3 29.7 2.4 RCGH 32 20.3 22.9 6.3 44.0 43.3 3.3 RCGH 33 24.3 26.3 7.1 45.7 47.7 4.6 RCGH 38 22.7 16.1 5.6 32.0 29.0 3.6 RCGH 42 14.7 18.3 6.1 29.3 27.7 4.2 RCGH 51 13.3 19.5 5.5 32.3 33.7 2.4 RCGH 60 16.3 17.4 5.7 28.3 25.0 4.0 RCGH 76 19.3 18.4 4.0 31.0 30.0 2.4 RCGH 86 11.7 20.7 7.0 34.0 38.0 2.9 RCGH 89 10.3 21.5 6.9 39.3 36.3 4.8 RCGH 90 20.7 21.2 6.0 35.3 34.0 3.1 RCGH 93 17.7 20.7 6.0 36.7 33.7 4.2 RCGH 95 17.0 19.1 6.0 31.3 31.0 4.8 RCGH 97 13.7 20.1 7.0 38.0 39.7 4.8 RCGH 100 16.7 19.3 7.3 30.3 29.7 2.4 RCGH 109 16.7 17.7 5.7 29.0 25.7 2.6 RCGH 113 16.7 19.8 8.3 34.3 34.7 2.2 RCGH 114 16.3 24.9 7.8 33.7 34.7 3.6 RCGH 117 18.3 19.5 9.3 32.7 34.3 3.9 RCGH 128 18.7 18.6 5.5 29.7 28.3 2.2 RCGH 172 11.3 20.7 6.0 31.3 31.0 4.0 RCGH 226 17.7 22.2 6.6 36.3 36.3 4.2 Alesmera 17.7 27.2 11.0 41.3 40.0 3.2 CSA collect 22.0 18.0 4.2 29.3 29.0 2.6 C.D. (P = 0.05) 8.2 3.4 1.3 1.25 1.24 0.27

147

Table 1.8.1.1b: Evaluation of gerbera genotypes for flowering characters under open conditions at Barapani centre

Genotype

Days to bud burst

Days to first flower

opening

Flower diam. (cm)

Disc diam. (cm)

Flower stalk

length (cm)

Flower stalk diam.

(mm)

No. of flowers/

Plant

Colours of flower

Vase life (Days)

RCGH 1 7.7 14.3 9.2 1.0 24.2 3.8 9.0 Deep pink 4.6 RCGH 2 12.0 18.3 11.6 1.2 33.2 4.1 8.0 Pink 4.6 RCGH 3 12.0 15.3 10.0 1.2 28.1 3.7 19.0 Light pink 4.6

RCGH 5 13.3 24.7 9.3 1.4 37.1 4.3 5.0 Light pink & yellow disc 4.6

RCGH 7 16.3 28.3 11.2 1.8 31.0 5.3 3.0 Yellow 4.6 RCGH 9 11.3 18.7 11.2 1.5 28.7 5.3 5.0 Light pink 6.6 RCGH 10 16.0 24.0 10.2 1.5 25.5 4.8 3.0 Pink 7.0 RCGH 12 21.7 29.3 10.0 1.5 32.7 5.0 6.0 Deep pink 6.6 RCGH 19 12.7 19.0 10.2 0.7 27.7 3.5 4.0 Light pink 6.6 RCGH 20 12.0 17.3 9.7 1.0 28.8 4.2 3.0 Light pink 6.6 RCGH 22 14.0 21.0 10.5 1.1 36.9 4.2 6.0 Orange 6.6 RCGH 23 10.7 17.0 10.5 1.4 32.0 5.2 4.0 Light pink 4.6 RCGH 28 13.3 24.3 8.9 1.8 25.7 5.2 5.0 Orange 4.6 RCGH 32 19.3 26.7 9.7 1.2 45.0 5.4 4.0 Light yellow 6.6 RCGH 33 16.7 24.0 10.2 1.4 50.0 6.1 4.0 Light yellow 6.6 RCGH 38 8.7 16.0 10.2 1.4 30.3 5.3 4.0 Light orange 4.6 RCGH 42 10.0 17.7 9.5 2.0 41.3 5.6 2.0 Red 6.6 RCGH 51 25.3 33.0 10.2 2.3 33.2 5.5 2.0 Pink 6.6

RCGH 60 5.0 11.0 10.2 1.5 22.3 4.4 3.0 Light orange &

yellow disc 6.6

RCGH 76 10.3 15.7 12.5 1.4 35.0 5.5 3.0 Light orange &yellow disc 4.6

RCGH 86 12.3 21.7 11.2 1.9 33.7 5.6 2.0 Light orange &

yellow disc 4.4

148

RCGH 89 12.3 22.7 11.6 1.4 36.7 6.3 3.0 Very light pink &yellow disc 6.6

RCGH 90 13.3 23.0 8.8 1.0 27.7 3.4 3.0 Pink & yellow disc 4.6

RCGH 93 7.0 17.3 8.7 1.1 39.7 3.4 4.0 Light orange &

light yellow 6.6 RCGH 95 6.7 15.7 11.5 1.3 39.4 4.0 4.0 Red 4.6 RCGH 97 12.0 22.0 10.8 2.0 36.2 5.2 4.0 Red 4.6 RCGH 100 17.3 22.3 11.0 2.4 42.3 4.9 3.0 Ligh 4.9 RCGH 109 15.3 25.7 10.5 1.5 29.7 6.3 1.0 Yellow 4.8 RCGH 113 12.3 24.3 8.7 1.5 39.0 5.5 4.0 Orange 4.5 RCGH 114 15.7 24.7 11.8 2.3 43.2 5.5 3.0 Deep orange 6.6

RCGH 117 17.0 30.3 9.5 1.0 40.0 5.1 3.0 Light orange &

yellow disc 6.1 RCGH 128 14.3 26.0 7.7 1.0 28.0 4.4 1.0 Deep orange 4.9 RCGH 172 21.7 33.3 10.5 1.0 44.2 4.2 2.0 Red 5.4 RCGH 226 9.0 18.0 9.2 1.2 29.2 4.51 2.0 Yellow 6.6 Alesmera 8.7 20.3 9.1 2.6 39.8 5.1 4.0 Orange 6.6 CSA collection 11.3 15.7 8.5 1.4 31.3 3.24 6.0 Deep orange 3.6 C.D. (P = 0.05) 4.76 5.72 0.919 0.381 8.343 0.59 1.143 - 0.24

149

Table 1.8.1.1c : Evaluation of gerbera genotypes for vegetative characters under fan and pad polyhouse at Barapani centre

Genotype/

Hybrid

Leaf characters Plant spread No. of suckers per plant

Number Length

(cm) Breadth

(cm) E-W (cm)

N-S (cm)

RCGH 1 45.0 32.3 6.4 39.3 47.3 2.5 RCGH 2 45.0 23.9 6.1 45.5 43.6 3.2 RCGH 7 35.0 32.3 10.2 49.7 52.8 3.0 RCGH 9 25.0 21.5 7.4 35.5 36.5 2.9 RCGH 10 26.0 33.5 9.1 42.5 46.3 2.6 RCGH 12 38.0 36.0 8.5 52.4 49.1 3.2 RCGH 19 34.0 24.1 7.7 38.2 40.1 2.8 RCGH 22 30.0 32.2 8.6 56.5 54.9 2.3 RCGH 23 39.0 29.9 7.7 47.2 44.3 3.8 RCGH 28 82.0 29.0 7.8 45.8 45.5 2.5 RCGH 32 23.0 28.7 6.5 49.3 50.9 2.7 RCGH 42 37.0 36.2 8.5 48.8 50.1 2.9 RCGH 51 17.0 23.9 7.4 41.5 42.6 3.1 RCGH 60 18.0 19.4 4.9 33.7 36.3 3.8 RCGH 65 14.0 32.8 11.2 56.5 57.3 2.5 RCGH 76 39.0 25.2 6.3 41.3 41.2 2.9 RCGH 89 9.0 24.3 7.1 40.2 43.1 2.8 RCGH 90 39.0 23.5 7.1 46.0 41.5 3.6 RCGH 93 32.0 35.9 9.1 57.3 59.3 3.2 RCGH 95 52.0 29.5 6.0 28.3 19.6 2.5 RCGH 100 24.0 27.6 9.3 40.8 43.1 3.3 RCGH 109 19.0 24.0 6.6 36.3 36.7 3.6 RCGH 113 38.0 40.7 8.5 57.7 58.3 3.5 RCGH 114 44.0 30.5 6.4 44.8 46.2 2.9 RCGH 117 22.0 26.6 7.4 39.5 39.6 2.8 RCGH 128 54.0 27.4 7.1 40.2 41.2 3.2 RCGH 172 25.0 28.9 7.5 47.7 50.6 2.4 RCGH 226 48.0 30.0 9.2 48.0 49.4 2.0 Alesmera 17.0 33.7 10.6 50.3 53.9 3.3 CSA collection 42.0 28.0 7.4 43.0 41.2 3.1 C.D.(P= 0.05) 12.5 2.9 1.7 10.2 12.3 0.25

150

Table 1.8.1.1d: Evaluation of gerbera genotypes for flowering characters under fan and pad polyhouse at Barapani centre

Genotype

Days to

bud burst

Days to first

flower opening

Flower diam. (cm)

Disc diam. (cm)

Flower stalk

length (cm)

Flower stalk

diameter (mm)

No. of flowers /plant

Colour of flower

Vase life

(Days) RCGH 1 7.6 14.2 7.9 1.0 32.6 3.1 6.0 Deep pink 7.1 RCGH 2 11.8 18.1 9.1 1.1 35.7 3.3 8.0 Pink 3.1 RCGH 7 16.2 27.8 11.3 1.4 42.9 4.8 5.0 Yellow 6.7 RCGH 9 11.0 18.6 9.7 1.2 38.2 4.3 5.0 Light pink 5.0 RCGH 10 15.5 23.8 10.5 1.1 37.7 3.7 2.0 Pink 4.8 RCGH 12 21.6 29.1 7.4 1.3 47.6 3.4 6.0 Deep pink 7.0 RCGH 19 12.4 18.5 9.6 1.0 40.0 3.4 6.0 Light pink 3.2 RCGH 22 13.5 20.5 9.5 2.4 49.4 4.1 7.0 Orange 5.1 RCGH 23 10.6 16.5 8.8 1.1 46.1 4.7 4.0 Light pink 3.0 RCGH 28 13.2 24.1 8.8 1.4 40.5 4.2 9.0 Orange 5.2 RCGH 32 18.7 26.6 8.8 1.0 46.9 3.7 3.0 Light yellow 5.0 RCGH 42 9.6 17.6 8.2 1.2 45.9 4.6 8.0 Red 5.0 RCGH 51 24.7 32.1 8.0 1.9 45.0 3.7 2.0 Pink 3.2

RCGH 60 4.5 10.8 9.8 1.0 36.4 3.7 4.0 Light orange &

yellow disc 5.0 RCGH 65 7.2 11 7.4 2.4 38.3 5.8 7.0 Pink & yellow 6.0

RCGH 76 10.1 15.6 10.0 1.3 39.9 4.6 8.0 Light orange &

yellow disc 4.6

RCGH 89 11.9 22.6 9.2 1.5 28.5 4.9 3.0 Very light pink &

yellow disc 5.7 RCGH 90 12.8 22.5 9.6 1.1 36.1 3.5 4.0 Pink & yellow disc 5.0

RCGH 93 6.9 16.9 9.0 1.6 62.4 4.1 8.0 Light orange &

light yellow 3.0 RCGH 95 6.6 15.6 9.9 1.6 45.1 4.5 5.0 Red 5.2 RCGH 100 17.2 21.6 9.1 2.1 47.6 4.7 5.0 Ligh 3.0 RCGH 109 14.2 25.6 9.8 1.3 48.4 5.8 7.0 Yellow 6.8 RCGH 113 12.2 24.8 7.9 1.3 50.0 4.6 4.0 Orange 4.8 RCGH 114 14.8 23.2 9.1 1.4 45.7 4.4 8.0 Deep orange 7.0

RCGH 117 16.7 29.7 9.8 1.2 42.8 4.2 10.0 Light orange &

yellow disc 6.3 RCGH 128 14.2 25.8 8.9 1.1 47.1 5.4 6.0 Deep orange 5.0 RCGH 172 21.6 33.1 10.3 1.5 48.3 4.4 6.0 Red 5.3 RCGH 226 8.8 17.9 10.4 1.2 49.7 4.6 5.0 Yellow 3.0 Alesmera 8.5 20.2 8.1 2.7 45.9 4.9 5.0 Orange 7.0 CSA Collection 10.9 15.6 9.6 1.5 26.3 3.2 2.0 Deep orange 5.3 C.D.(P=0.05) 2.3 3.5 1.3 0.2 8.2 0.5 2.1

0.3

151

Table 1.8.1.1e: Evaluation of gerbera genotypes for vegetative characters under bamboo lowcost polyhouse at Barapani centre

Genotype Leaf characters Plant spread No. of

suckers/plant Number Length (cm) Breadth (cm) E-W (cm) N-S (cm) Alesmerra 14.0 26.7 10.5 41.0 40.7 2.4 P. Intezz 9.0 32.2 11.1 37.3 40.0 2.2 C.F. Orange 8.0 25.0 8.6 40.3 36.7 2.0 Rich 7.0 20.7 7.0 28.7 26.3 1.1 Stanza 7.0 20.4 7.4 34.3 31.3 2.1 Lieke 9.0 31.2 8.6 35.0 38.3 1.9 Torbin 7.0 27.7 6.7 31.3 29.3 1.2 C.F. Gold 11.0 24.8 7.6 37.0 35.7 1.5 Rising Sun 7.0 22.1 7.0 31.0 25.3 2.7 Violet 5.0 17.4 5.7 23.0 24.3 1.8 Lion 9.0 23.6 7.9 38.0 33.7 1.6 RCGH 12 23 28.3 7.3 35.3 37.3 1.2 RCGH 22 15.0 24.7 8.4 39.7 41.3 2.8 RCGH 114 22.0 32.3 7.5 38.7 35.7 1.8 RCGH 117 21.0 24.2 9.4 38.0 38.0 2.1 C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.5 3.6 1.4 5.2 3.7 0.3

Table 1.8.1.1f : Evaluation of gerbera genotypes for flowering characters under bamboo lowcost polyhouse at Barapani centre

Genotype

Days to bud

burst

Days to first

flower opening

Flower diam. (cm)

Disc diam. (cm)

Flower stalk

length (cm)

Flower stalk diam. (mm)

No. of flowers/

Plant

Flower colour

Vase life

(days)

Alesmera 18.3 26.7 10.4 2.8 51.3 5.7 4.6 Orange 6.3 P. Intezz 9.3 25.0 8.5 1.9 36.2 5.0 3.0 Pink 5.0 C.F. Orange 14.7 27.7 8.4 1.9 42.5 6.2 2.0 Orange 6.0 Rich 18.3 28.7 7.6 2.2 35.8 6.1 2.0 Pink 6.3 Stanza 16.3 32.7 8.7 1.2 36.7 6.8 2.0 Red 5.3 Lieke 14.0 24.3 8.4 1.0 35.0 6.9 1.0 Pink 4.0 Torbin 19.0 28.7 9.2 2.7 33.7 5.8 1.0 White 4.0 C.F. Gold 20.0 31.7 8.1 2.3 41.8 5.8 1.0 Yellow 4.3 Rising sun 15.3 24.7 8.1 1.1 32.0 6.1 2.0 Orange 5.0

Violet 19.3 29.7 5.9 1.5 30.0 4.3 1.0 Light pink 5.3

Lion 19.7 30.0 9.0 2.0 39.0 5.3 2.0 Yellow 6.0

RCGH 12 15.7 22.7 10.4 1.2 46.8 4.3 4.0 Deep pink 7.0

RCGH 22 17.3 24.0 10.7 1.4 45.5 5.3 3.6 Orange 7.3

RCGH 114 16.7 18.0 12.4 1.4 49.0 4.6 4.2 Deep

orange 7.0 RCGH 117 17.7 26.3 10.2 1.0 30.3 5.0 5.4 Yellow 5.0 C.D. (P = 0.05) NS NS 1.1 0.5 4.8 0.7 0.2 - 0.7

152

Table 1.8.1.2: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of gerbera cultivars at Pune centre (2014-15)

Cultivar No. of leaves /plant

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of suckers /plant

Days to bud

burst

Days to first

flower open

No. of flowers /plant

Flower diam. (cm)

Flower stalk

length (cm)

Flower stalk diam. (cm)

Alcatraz 36.8 40.7 16.2 55.4 5.7 103.6 125.7 34.5 10.4 56.8 0.75 Faith 38.5 38.5 18.7 65.5 4.5 100.2 117.5 32.7 10.5 58.2 0.82 Batvia 42.4 34.6 17.6 60.7 3.7 107.8 125.8 36.3 10.8 53.4 0.87 Cross Road

38.6 36.2 18.4 58.6 4.2 110.5 103.2 28.6 9.7 60.2 0.76

Circuit 36.4 30.4 17.4 45.4 3.0 102.6 117.6 26.8 9.8 58.6 0.80 President 40.36 34.6 20.2 50.2 3.7 104.7 118.3 32.4 9.7 56.8 0.84 Virginia 34.7 32.5 16.7 40.7 3.5 100.6 119.2 28.6 10.2 55.6 0.74 Dakota 32.5 30.6 15.8 43.4 3.3 102.4 120.7 29.5 9.4 58.4 0.79 Lanclot 28.6 30.2 16.5 48.5 3.8 104.2 120.5 25.2 10.4 56.7 0.86 Visuvicus 30.2 25.6 17.0 52.4 3.6 107.5 116.6 24.5 10.0 62.2 0.84 Excite 34.7 26.7 16.4 48.5 4.0 103.7 122.7 24.8 9.6 63.4 0.80 Cash 30.5 28.8 17.8 43.2 3.6 105.7 124.3 26.6 10.2 57.6 0.86 Latra 26.4 28.6 18.7 38.6 2.8 100.6 118.6 26.7 9.6 60.5 0.80 Juba 27.6 26.7 15.9 43.4 3.6 102.6 120.5 25.2 10.4 58.9 0.78 Mean 34.16 31.76 17.38 49.61 3.79 104.05 119.37 28.74 10.05 58.38 0.81

153

1.8.1.3: Performance of collected germplasm of gerbera at Kalimpong centre

Cultivar

No. Leaves/plant

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf bread

th (cm)

Plant spread (E-W)

Plant spread (N-S)

No. suckers /plant /year

Days to bud burst

Days to first

flower opening

Flower diam. (cm)

Disc diam. (cm)

Flower stalk

length (cm)

Flower

stalk diam. (cm)

No. flowers / plant/ year)

Vase life

(days)

Colour of flower

Sangria 26.29 36.53 11.47 63.28 60.39 6.57 68.42 70.83 13.27 2.86 53.52 2.30 20.93 12.27

Red with black centre

Sunway 22.94 34.64 14.09 81.56 77.55 5.53 69.45 76.35 13.21 2.77 51.06 2.09 19.16 10.22 Yellow Florence

19.17 29.14 10.08 71.49 71.55 4.48 78.79 95.29 13.58 2.52 50.88 2.30 16.93 9.98

Pink with yellow centre

Red Explosion 29.25 36.99 14.55 79.72 74.99 7.09

109.21 110.44 13.15 3.09 54.12 2.59 23.51 12.52

Red with green centre

Salvadore

25.95 33.30 9.50 75.27 78.30 6.24 131.1

4 115.49 13.89 2.30 53.10 2.38 16.03 12.27

Deep red with black disc

Intense 19.41 34.79 11.76 69.45 68.15 4.98

122.66 83.86 10.11 2.39 48.69 1.92 16.49 9.95

Pink with black centre

Goliath 26.84 37.19 13.19 75.16 73.22 8.48

105.13 120.63 15.42 3.14 56.11 2.35 19.43 12.04

Orange with green centre

Dana Ellen 10.97 27.62 7.89 72.36 69.73 3.67

110.13 80.76 9.85 2.03 48.07 1.82 14.03 10.21

Yellow with green centre

Balance 15.95 28.01 10.95 74.73 64.87 7.39

101.14 130.08 12.64 2.55 51.78 2.37 14.85 12.44

White with green disc

Kalimpong Red 24.72 31.90 9.95 64.34 57.80 7.80

131.44 113.03 9.22 1.54 45.09 0.98 24.08 9.12 Red

Kalimpong Pink 30.92 30.29 10.05 76.58 65.72 8.14

137.38 98.95 9.01 1.65 40.87 1.29 26.66 7.60 Pink

Kalimpong Yellow 26.24 31.41 10.12 73.69 63.07 7.14

127.69 101.87 8.94 1.46 36.56 0.87 19.17 7.28 Yellow

C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.97 1.43 0.79 1.78 2.47 0.52 2.27 2.08 0.61 0.15 1.22 0.12 1.25 0.44

154

Table1.8.1.4a: Growth attributing characters of evaluated gerbera germplasms at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Cultivar No. of leaves/clump

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm)

Plant spread(cm)

(E-W)

Plant spread(cm)

(N-S)

No. of suckers/clump/year

Reene 18.56 35.40

13.42 43.39

45.65 3.29

Sonata 15.88 29.14

9.27 40.65 42.26 2.85

Loreto 13.74 23.96

7.38 36.91

37.55 3.30

Vilassar 18.42 25.31

6.16 32.98

33.58 2.31

Elite 18.70 24.45

9.92 34.84

35.94 2.39

Tecta 14.12 37.31

10.20 41.19

42.38 2.52

C.D. (P = 0.05)

1.29 2.42 1.02 1.79 1.55 1.25

Table1.8.1.4b: Growth attributing characters of evaluated gerbera germplasms at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Days to bud

burst

Days to first

flowering

Flower diam. (cm)

Disc diam. (cm)

Length of flower stalk(cm)

Diam. of flower

stalk(cm)

Length of ray

florets(cm)

Reene 97.25

112.96 10.32

2.02

46.88 4.45 4.55

Sonata 109.81 123.48 9.11 2.60

46.66 2.34

4.24

Loreto 102.33

115.50 9.18

2.30

44.22 2.14 4.19

Vilassar 112.48

127.98 8.63

3.00

48.00 4.00 3.47

Elite 115.08

132.98 9.04

2.52

46.58 2.26 4.25

Tecta 91.04

112.79 10.32

2.17

48.78 3.45 4.22

C.D. (P = 0.05)

8.72 10.71 0.20 0.25 0.43 0.29 0.15

155

Table1.8.1.4c: Yield attributing characters of evaluated gerbera germplasms at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Breadth of ray florets (cm)

No. of ray

florets /flower head

Fresh wt. of flower stalk (g)

Fresh wt. of flower head (g)

No of flowers/plant/ year

Field durabiliy of flower

head (days)

Vase life (Days)

Reene 1.05

52.41 31.78

15.13 18.44

12.16 4.45

Sonata 0.85 65.58 28.78 11.76 14.98 10.33 4.14

Loreto 0.93

63.50 25.40

11.58 11.76

8.50 4.01

Vilassar 0.70

63.58 22.09

12.17 7.87

8.08 4.17

Elite 0.90

53.41 25.39

8.36 7.74

8.58 3.92

Tecta 0.87

73.66 28.31

13.42 17.27

11.41 4.19

C.D. (P = 0.05)

0.04 1.72 1.12 0.73 1.33 0.53

Table1.8.1.4d: Yield attributing characters of evaluated gerbera germplasms at Kahikuchi

centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Colours of flower head Form of flower head

Pest and diseases reaction (%)

Mite / Thrips

Foot and root rot

Reene Creamy white, circular pink tinge disc, coffee centered

Double 29.50 11.50

Sonata Red orange, distinct ray and disc florets, disc floret short and compact

Double 35.00 15.00

Loreto Saffron, distinct ray and disc florets, coffee centered

Double 47.00 18.50

Tecta Ray florets deep yellow, disc nocolour variation with ray, black centered

Double 55.9 06.00

Elite Orange, disc and ray florets distinct, center creamy greenish

Semi double 35.80 11.00

Vilassar Brick red, black centered Double 16.50 15.00

156

Table .1.8.1.5a: Performance of Cut gerbera cultivars for growth characters under Nilgiris at Ooty centre

Sl. No.

Cultivar No. of leaves per

plant

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf breadth (cm)

Plant spread

(E-W) (N-S) 1 Stanza 27 32 15 60 54

2 Imperial 38 37 22 72 57

3 Intense 36 31 18 68 67

4 Salvadore 26 34 27 81 78

5. Shimmer 20 37 21 72 60

6. Jaffa 22 30 18 63 51

7. Dune 28 32 15 70 50

8. Julia 32 36 24 74 76

9. Natan 47 36 20 67 80

10. Elite 32 30 20 77 64

11. Kyllian 24 34 19 69 55

12. Tecla 36 31 13 65 76

13. Vilassar 23 30 26 61 59

14. Nigela 26 32 19 61 73

15. Morelia 31 37 14 81 54

16. Rionegro 20 32 21 75 80

17. Natasha 28 33 29 68 58 18. Havana 21 37 17 74 72 19. Ruble 38 30 27 81 64 20. AveIndia 22 32 22 78 51 21. Aquamelon 32 36 18 61 81 22. Lexington 25 31 21 42 57 C.D. (P = 0.05) 2.15 1.9 1.2 1.95 1.7

157

Table .1.8.1.5b: Performance of cut gerbera cultivars for flower characters under Nilgiris at Ooty centre

Sl. No.

Cultivar Days to bud burst

Days to first

flower opening

Flower diameter

(cm)

Disc diam. (cm)

Flower stalk

length (cm)

1 Stanza 95 102 11.2 2.1 50

2 Imperial 107 114 11.6 2.6 56

3 Intense 121 125 12.3 2.4 55

4 Salvadore 90 97 11.3 2.4 60

5. Shimmer 99 106 12.1 2.3 61

6. Jaffa 106 112 11.8 2.8 65

7. Dune 97 104 11.5 2.8 46

8. Julia 126 128 12.6 2.6 68

9. Natan 120 126 11.5 2.4 57

10. Elite 115 119 11.1 2.6 70

11. Kyllian 92 98 12.0 2.4 53

12. Tecla 99 106 11.7 2.3 62

13. Vilassar 114 120 12.5 2.6 48

14. Nigela 103 110 12.9 2.6 62

15. Morelia 110 118 12.1 2.5 48

16. Rionegro 122 126 11.6 2.2 62

17. Natasha 96 106 12.3 2.2 54

18. Havana 101 109 12.3 2.3 61

19. Ruble 93 109 12.3 2.3 61

20. AveIndia 106 103 12.4 2.3 53

21. Aquamelon 112 112 11.4 2.5 58

22. Lexington 90 98 11.6 2.6 60

C.D. (P = 0.05) 3.0 3.2 0.99 0.15 15.9

158

Table 1.8.1.6a: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of gerbera germplasm at Kalyani centre

Sl. No. Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves /plant

No. of flowers /plant

Stalk length (cm)

Stalk diam. (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

Disk diam. (cm)

1 Dune 48.9 30.2 30.8 70.5 2.8 12.5 2.8 2 Goliath 36.0 24.8 34.5 68.1 2.7 11.9 2.7 3 Cacharelle 44.5 36.8 32.0 60.3 2.6 10.2 2.6 4 Forza 34.2 21.9 29.3 53.7 2.9 9.6 2.9 5 Danaellen 32.3 23.0 27.5 45.5 2.8 9.5 2.8 6 Lancastar 26.7 47.2 30.4 45.5 2.7 9.4 2.7 7 Malibu 39.2 24.2 27.7 55.8 2.4 9.6 2.4 8 Triggar 33.7 32.2 27.7 62.8 3.0 10.2 3.0 9 Intence 39.5 25.3 27.5 63.9 2.8 9.6 2.8 10 Rosaline 39.2 44.5 28.5 62.5 2.5 10.1 2.5 11 Balance 37.6 42.2 30.9 63.1 2.4 10.9 2.4 12 Silvester 48.8 46.5 35.7 55.1 2.4 10.3 2.4 13 Paradiso 48.6 44.8 29.9 43.1 2.4 10.2 2.4 14 Salvadore 38.2 22.6 31.2 49.6 2.3 8.4 2.3 15 Yel. Elegant 33.5 23.4 24.3 54.6 2.9 11.0 2.9 16 Or. Elegant 42.0 24.9 32.5 61.3 3.0 11.1 3.0 17 Alasmira 43.6 39.9 36.0 79.2 2.3 8.6 2.3 18 Calcutta Red 27.9 62.0 40.0 32.2 1.7 6.0 1.7 19 BGR 12-1 39.2 33.0 35.5 50.7 1.9 8.4 1.9 20 BGR 12-2 24.0 15.3 35.7 40.5 1.8 9.8 1.8 21 BGR 12-3 49.2 56.4 40.0 55.7 1.6 10.9 1.6 22 BGR 12-4 53.3 56.0 39.2 57.2 2.2 10.0 2.2 23 BGR 12-5 57.0 58.3 39.5 59.5 2.5 11.2 2.5 24 BGR 12-6 53.0 53.7 24.0 61.9 2.0 11.0 2.0 25 BGR 13-1 34.6 21.5 34.4 48.5 2.0 12.1 2.0 26 BGR 13-2 43.2 39.5 34.9 61.9 2.3 11.4 2.3 27 BGR 13-3 34.8 25.3 38.7 44.9 4.2 11.7 4.2 28 BGH 13-4 35.8 20.7 35.2 53.7 3.1 9.7 3.1

159

29 BGR 13-5 34.6 42.2 35.5 59.5 3.3 9.7 3.3 30 BGR 13-6 34.2 34.1 37.9 53.4 1.7 10.9 1.7 31 BGH 13-7 36.0 29.1 41.3 59.0 2.3 12.1 2.3 32 BGR 13-8 35.1 30.7 27.7 42.0 3.3 11.7 3.3 33 BGR 13-9 30.2 49.1 26.4 40.2 1.8 7.8 1.8 34 BGR 13-10 32.9 39.5 27.2 46.2 4.1 10.3 4.1 Mean 38.9 35.9 32.6 54.7 2.5 10.2 2.5 C.D. (P = 0.05) 4.81 9.16 3.31 4.38 0.17 0.32 0.17 CV (%) 7.7 15.8 6.3 5.0 4.1 1.9 4.1 GCV (%) 19.83 34.13 14.55 17.76 23.88 13.29 23.88 PCV (%) 21.26 37.60 15.85 18.43 24.24 13.42 24.24 Heri (%) 87.04 82.38 84.36 92.78 97.10 97.98 97.10 GA 14.81 22.90 8.99 19.29 1.24 2.77 1.24

Table 1.8.1.6b: Reactions of gerbera germplasms to Cercospora at Kalyani centre

Reaction catego-ries (PDI range)

No. of germplasms

Name of the germplasms

Immune (0%)

0 ------

Highly resistant (1 – 5%)

10 Forza, Dianaellen, Rosalin, Dibhas Memory, Calcutta Pink, Alashmira, BG 13- 1, Calcutta

Orange, BGR 13– 3 and BGR 13– 4 Resistant (6 – 10%)

8 BGR – 2, Balance, Trigger, BGR 12-1, BGR 12-2, BGR 12-3, BGR 12-4, BGR 12-5

Moderately resis- tant (11 – 25%)

3 BGR 13–6, BGR13 -7 and BGR13 – 8

Moderately suscep- tible (26 – 50%)

4 Calcutta Red , Kalimpong Pink, General Kaiser, BGR 12- 5

Susceptible (51 – 75%)

0 -----

Highly susceptible (76 – 100%)

0 -----

160

Table 1.8.1.7: Collection, evaluation and maintenance of gerbera germplasm at Ranchi centre

Cultivars Colour Form of flower head

No. of leaves /clump

Leaves length (cm)

Leaves breadth

(cm)

Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm) N-S

Plant spread (cm) E-W

No. of suckers/ clump

Dameblanche White with green disc

Double 18.10 26.50 6.25 56.00 29.00 30.25 4.25

Palm Beach Yellow with green disc

double 20.00 25.20 6.00 50.00 27.00 28.00 3.00

Dune Orange single 13.80 20.00 6.25 54.00 28.00 27.20 4.25 Naike Pink with

black disc Semi double

14.17 26.20 6.80 48.50 28.10 27.10 5.25

Elite Orange Semi double

18.00 22.00 6.10 58.20 28.25 29.50 3.25

Quote Magenta double 22.00 28.30 7.50 64.25 33.20 33.50 6.50 Rosaline Pink with

black disc double 20.20 28.00 7.25 61.00 33.10 31.75 4.25

Amlet Red with black disc

double 18.20 27.15 6.90 55.25 28.20 29.00 3.10

Julia Red double 27.10 28.00 7.10 60.00 31.75 31.65 4.00 Pasto Yellow double 20.10 27.45 7.00 60.20 29.50 32.50 3.80 Figaro Cream double 17.10 28.00 7.10 50.00 31.75 31.65 4.00 Sonata Red orange double 19.20 22.30 6.25 48.00 28.00 26.75 2.00 Serena Pink Semi

double 18.00 23.00 6.00 49.25 24.80 28,00 3.00

mandalion Mix red Semi double

17.50 24.30 6.50 50.00 28.00 27.30 3.50

Viviane White double 16.30 23.00 6.00 47.50 27.75 25.50 2.75 Tecta Yellow with

black centre Double

18.30 22.00 6.00 48.25 28.10 26.80 2.30

161

Cultivars No. of flowers per

plant

Stalk length (cm)

Diam. of flower

stalk (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

Days to first

flower

Vase life

(days)

Length of ray (cm)

Breadth of ray (cm)

Disc diam. (cm)

Dameblanche 21.20 62.00 3.60 10.00 58.00 8.50 4.50 0.80 5.90 Palm beach 22.25 65.20 4.00 10.25 68.00 9.75 3.25 1.00 5.00 Dune 20.75 72.00 4.50 10.00 63.00 7.30 3.90 0.90 ------ Naike 20.20 65.00 4.10 9.75 62.00 6.50 4.00 1.00 3.20 Elite 21.20 71.00 4.10 11.50 68.20 9.25 4.25 1.00 5.10 Quote 36.10 73.20 4.65 12.30 68.10 10.00 5.15 1.15 6.90 Rosaline 31.50 70.10 4.20 11.00 65.00 10.75 4.90 1.10 7.10 Amlet 25.20 68.25 4.00 10.10 67.00 10.50 4.25 1.00 5.60 Julia 36.00 72.30 4.60 12.30 68.10 10.70 5.00 1.20 7.15 Pasto 20.20 70.00 3.60 11.00 61.20 9.50 4.60 1.10 6.00 Figaro 21.30 66.00 3.90 10.00 60.25 9.25 4.00 1.00 3,50 Sonata 16.75 64.20 3.70 9.00 72.00 7.50 3.90 0.80 3.00 Serena 22.00 72.00 3.90 12.00 68.00 8.00 4.50 1.00 3.60

162

Table 1.9.1.1: Enrichment and assessment of tulip germplasm at Wadura centre (2014-15) Cultivars Days to

sprouting (DAP)

Days to flowering

(DAP)

Plant height (cm)

Scape length (cm)

No. of leaves/ plant

Leaf area (cm2)

No. of

shoots / bulb

Flower size Duration of

flowering (days)

Vase life (days)

Flower type & colouration pattern.

Cup depth (cm)

Cup diam. (cm)

Abba 115.33 159.50 23.00 16.00 6.00 120.00 1.00 6.33 10.00 12.33 9.50 Rose Type, Geranium lake-

(20) Apeldoorn 100.50 150.00 40.00 31.25 5.00 135.33 1.00 4.75 10.15 12.00 9.00 Darwin type,

Bright orange scarlet

Ballerina 105.00 150.00 29.33 22.00 3.25 100.00 1.00 4.00 7.33 10.50 9.00 Darwin type, Saturn Red (13)

Beathoven’s memory

95.00 148.50 25.50 15.50 3.25 95.25 1.00 4.66 6.00 7.66 9.00 Darwin type, vermilion (18/11)

Cantata 91.00 133.00 19.25 15.50 4.00 130.00 1.00 7.00 5.66 10.50 10.50 Darwin type, Mandarin Red

(17/1) Cassini 89.50 127.33 33.00 25.00 3.66 139.33 1.00 5.33 5.00 8.85 10.50 Darwin, Deep

crimson Red. Golden Melody

87.66 129.66 35.50 25.00 3.66 131.00 1.00 5.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 Darwin, Deep Golden Yellow

Inzell 85.33 130.00 39.66 30.66 4.50 119.50 1.00 9.66 6.66 8.00 8.33 Lily, White Lucky Strike

110.00 157.00 45.50 35.50 2.66 129.66 1.00 5.00 5.00 13.00 9.66 Darwin type, Tyrian Rose (24)

Parade 102.33 150.00 40.00 37.00 4.00 171.00 1.00 6.00 6.00 14.50 12.00 Darwin, type, Cherry colour

(712) Purrisima 111.45 160.50 45.50 35.50 3.66 195.00 1.00 7.66 9.85 14.50 10.50 Darwin tupe,

creamish white C.D.

(P = 0.05) 2.71 1.60 1.04 1.21 0.12 4.34 N.S 0.39 0.61 1.02 0.04 ----

163

Table 1.9.1.2: Growth, flowering and bulb production parameters of tulip cultivars at Solan centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Days taken

for sprouting of

bulbs

Days taken for

coloured bud

formation

Days taken to

flowering

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/plant

Stem length (cm)

Flower height (cm)

Flower colour Diam. of

flower (cm)

Bulb dia.

(mm)

Wt. of bulb (g)

Bulblet dia.

(mm)

Wt. of bulblet

(g)

White Dream 67.36 116.70 120.81 37.00 3.00 25.00 7.50 Green White

Group (157 D) 3.94 23.66 10.71 14.20 2.80

Benja Luka

42.33 113.42 117.06 44.00 5.00 29.75 9.00

Yellow Group (17 A),

Streaks-Red Group( 28A)

5.00 33.75 23.85 21.24 4.34

Red Impression 41.87 99.66 103.37 47.75 3.00 30.50 9.12 Red Group

(45 B) 6.25 36.50 24.29 20.10 5.71

Golden Oxford 56.33 116.62 118.62 35.25 4.00 24.75 8.00 Yellow Group

(13 B) 6.31 32.09 16.81 18.59 3.65

Christmas Negrita 55.37 118.92 125.50 34.75 2.75 25.00 7.12 Red Group

(45A) 3.42 26.14 9.56 17.59 3.41

Bleeding Heart 67.75 127.37 129.14 28.00 3.50 22.75 6.62 Purple Group

(79 D) 3.46 20.48 6.15 13.00 1.95

C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.54 0.91 0.87 4.10 0.98 3.14 0.98 - 0.84 2.48 2.66 2.14 0.66

164

Table 1.9.1.3: Evaluation of tulip germplasm for vegetative and floral traits at Katrain centre

Genotype/ Characters

Days to

sprout

Days to

flower

No of leaves

per plant

Leaf area (cm2)

Plant height (cm)

Scape length (cm)

Flower dia. (cm)

Shape and color of flower

Scape thickness

(mm)

Flowering duration

(days)

Vase life (days)

Bright Parrot

65.7 114.7 4.7 118.88 25.3 20.9 13.8 bi-color, red with yellow

7.9 19.0 13.3

ILE de France

71.3 121.3 3.0 46.23 16.7 12.9 5.1 Dark Red, cup shaped

6.0 16.3 13.7

Maureen 78.7 139.3 3.3 109.29 37.9 33.5 5.3 White, Oval or egg shaped

6.4 9.7 11.7

Attila 87.7 133.0 3.3 102.44 22.7 22.4 7.6 reddish purple, cup shaped

6.0 13.7 12.7

Menton 70.7 123.3 3.0 153.78 47.5 45.5 9.6 Rose Pink, cup shaped

8.4 16.7 11.7

American Deram

70.0 119.3 4.3 125.68 29.4 27.6 8.1 Pale yellow with red rimmed outer petals, bowl shaped

7.6 18.0 12.7

Benja Luka 74.7 123.0 4.7 123.22 29.0 26.9 8.0 yellow feathered with orange-red, bowl shaped

7.0 12.7 11.7

Ballade Gold

74.0 127.3 3.0 105.47 27.0 22.5 6.0 Yellow with red margins, Lilly flower shaped

7.4 10.0 10.3

C.D. (P = 0.05)

9.84 2.66 0.81 8.83 5.62 5.59 0.94 0.95 3.07 1.69

165

Table 1.10.1.1: Enrichment and assessment of daffodil germplasm at Wadura centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Accession No.

Variety Days to sprou- -ting

No. of leaves

Leaf area (cm2)

Days to

goose neck stage

Days to flower

opening

Scape length (cm)

Flower size (cm) Vase life

(days)

Cup

length Cup diam

.

Flower diam.

Flower shape and colour

1. N-1 Sir Watkin

118.00 4.00 27.33 19.00 5.00 29.00 2.00 2.75 7.00 13.00 Star shaped lemon perianth and Indian Yellow cup

2. N-3 Scilly White

122.00 3.50 20.33 21.50 4.00 33.66 0.95 1.35 3.75 15.50 Pollyanthus, pure white over lapping perianth and creamy white cup

3. N-4 Vansion 110.00 5.00 20.00 25.00 3.66 29.66 3.00 5.75 9.25 15.00 Double flowers, greenish yellow

4. N-5 - 119.00 3.25 35.00 20.33 4.00 37.00 1.10 2.00 8.00 19.00 Lemon perianth, Indian Yellow cup with orange frilled margin

5. N-8 Wrestler 121.00 4.00 30.00 25.00 5.00 30.00 4.00 3.50 8.66 15.50 Indian yellow perianth, butter cup yellow

6. N-14 Peasant’s eye (poeticus)

120.00 4.33 35.00 24.00 5.33 25.00 0.65 1.45 7.00 15.00 Perianth snow white, reflexing yellow eye, crimson scarlet wavy margin with green centre

7. N-17 Jhon Evelyn

120.00 2.25 15.66 21.33 4.00 30.00 2.00 2.66 8.00 12.00 Perianth White, slightly overlapping ciron yellow cup fringed

8. N-21 Branswick

118.00 3.00 20.33 20.00 5.00 35.00 1.00 2.25 6.00 16.33 White slightly overlapping perianth with pinted tip, orange margin

9. N-22 - 129.00 2.66 21.00 19.00 2.80 25.33 2.00 2.00 8.00 16.00 Star shaped, perianth yellow turning to white, trumpet white tube like

10. N-23 - 116.00 4.50 45.00 19.50 4.00 35.50 4.00 4.00 10.00 19.00 Uniform butter cup yellow,

166

largest trumpet 11. N-25 - 123.00 5.00 19.00 20.00 3.50 20.00 0.90 2.00 7.00 19.00 Broad overlapping white

perianth, lemon cup 12. N-26 White

Well 124.00 4.50 38.00 20.66 3.50 30.00 1.50 3.50 8.95 20.33 Overlapping white with light

yellow base perianth and large orange crown, large cupped Narcissi

13. N-30 - 117.00 4.00 24.50 22.33 4.00 30.00 1.25 1.66 5.66 14.66 Small star shaped pure white perianth, edges reflexing

14. N-21 Golden Pedestal

110.00 3.00 38.00 25.00 4.66 40.00 3.15 4.00 8.00 12.00 Uniform golden yellow

15. N-89 - 120.00 6.33 49.50 18.00 3.50 25.50 With out cup

- 10.66 13.33 Yellow

16. N-89-1 Texas 128.00 3.25 61.00 18.66 4.00 20.00 With out cup

- 10.25 15.66 All yellow double (Dahlia type)

17. N-89-2A - 127.00 4.00 30.00 20.50 4.00 27.66 2.30 3.25 9.50 20.00 Light yellow perianth, deep orange cup (full)

C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.63 0.54 3.11 0.21 0.40 2.17 0.65 1.13 1.91 0.53

167

Table 1.10.1.2a: Data pertaining to bulb parameters of daffodils at Solan centre (2013-14)

Cultivar Wt. of bulbs (g)

Wt. of bulblets (g)

Bulb Diam. (mm)

Bulblet diam. (mm)

No. of bulblets / Plant

Ice Follies 35.00 8.00 25.42 8.76 0.58 Local Collection 60.00 12.00 32.94 13.65 2.33 California Sun 28.11 5.00 25.33 15.57 2.33 Scilly White 38.33 5.00 24.17 9.01 3.00 Geranium 26.39 3.00 16.51 8.27 1.33 Carlton 33.00 3.00 22.39 5.63 1.00 Fortune 23.16 4.00 20.07 17.02 1.00 Rainbow Mix 1 60.00 10.00 17.73 5.47 1.67 Rainbow Mix 2 40.33 8.00 18.14 3.67 1.33 California 41.33 6.00 20.09 4.52 1.33 Finland 25.00 8.00 10.71 6.00 2.33 C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.62 1.30 5.49 1.54 0.99

168

Table 1.10.1.2b: Growth, flowering and bulb production parameters of daffodil cultivars at Solan centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Days to

sprout

No. of leaves

Days to

goose neck

Scape length (cm)

Days to

flower

Flower size (cm)

Duration of

flowering (days)

Flower colour ( As per RHS Colour Chart)

Diam. of bulbs

(mm)

Wt. of bulblets

(g)

Diam. of bulblets

(mm)

Wt. of bulbs(g)

No. of bulblets

per plant Petal Corona

Ice Follies 28.66 6.00 79.33 30.66 82.66 9.80 15.66

Green white 157A

Yellow group 7A

Ice King 31.00 5.66 79.66 31.33 82.00 9.93 15.00

Green white 157A

Yellow group 7A

34.49 5.33 18.59 25.08 1.00

California Sun 32.33 5.66 73.66 30.66 79.33 7.50 9.33

Yellow orange 13A

Yellow orange group 21A

27.76 8.67 19.80 22.96 1.66

Carlton

32.33 8.66 72.66 25.66 77.33 7.00 9.66

Yellow group 9A

Yellow Orange group 17A

30.83 9.56 21.65 21.61 1.33

Emperor 36.66 3.66 - 16.66 - - -

Green white 157B

20.55 2.34 14.26 8.05 1.00

Fortune 31.66 3.33 71.66 31.33 76.00 8.25 10.00

Yellow orange 7A

Orange group 28A

35.11 1.53 15.21 29.49 1.00

Golden Harvest 28.66 5.66 72.66 15.33 - 5.50 7.66

Yellow orange 9A

Yellow orange group 17A

18.04 6.50 11.76 5.50 0.33

Finland 32.00 5.00 - 31.00 - - -

Yellow group 7B

Yellow group 7B

11.32 10.64 6.02 22.83 1.66

Rainbow Mix 2 31.00 5.33 76.33 25.66 81.33 9.60 13.33

Yellow group 9A

Green white group

31.55 10.32 21.68 20.95 1.00

169

157 A Local Collection 15.33 24.00 57.33 26.00 60.33 4.23 19.00

Green white group B

Yellow Orange group 14A

34.67 9.79 22.88 35.36 2.66

Scilly white 24.66 27.33 60.00 35.00 62.66 3.46 21.00

Green white group 157 A

Yellow orange group 20C

30.59 7.10 19.81 25.46 2.66

Geranium 38.66 7.33 104.3

3 22.80 107.66 5.70 19.33

Green white group 157 A

Orange group 24A 34.95 1.57 21.09 23.79 2.66

Covent Garden 37.33 6.33 89.00 31.33 93.00

4.10 8.66 Yellow orange 7A

Orange group 28A

21.73 4.83 12.49 7.31 1.33

Sir Winstorn Churchill 35.00 9.66 105.6

6 34.00 111.00 4.93 14.66

Green white group 157A

29.72 4.33 19.44 18.25 1.66

Rainbow Mix 1 34.66 5.66 77.33 25.66 81.33 5.53 8.33

Pure White

Yellow group 9A

30.36 5.57 17.05 19.00 1.66

C.D. (P = 0.05)

3.05 4.57 1.68 3.20 1.52 0.42 1.39 4.62 3.02 3.70 9.35 0.71

170

Table 1.10.1.3: Performance of daffodil cultivars at Katrain centre (2014-15)

Cultivar No. of leaves

Days to goose neck

stage

Days to flowering

No. of flowers/spathe

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf width (cm)

Scape length (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

Cup diam. (cm)

Convent Garden 4.3 85.1 88.9 5.5 18.8 0.7 4.8 3.3 0.6 Texas 4.0 98.1 105.4 1.9 30.9 0.7 20.4 6.5 0.7

Scilly White 4.2 95.1 100.5 10.2 28.3 1.6 8.4 3.6 0.7 Wester 4.7 113.4 117.8 1.0 20.7 1.2 19.5 6.3 1.4

Cheerfulness 3.6 126.1 131.0 3.4 24.6 1.4 17.6 6.0 1.2 Kashmiri Local 4.0 110.2 113.5 1.0 23.4 1.1 20.4 6.2 1.4

Trumpet 4.0 108.5 114.6 1.0 25.7 1.8 28.5 8.9 3.8 Trumpet Mutant 3.8 110.6 114.8 1.0 25.2 1.4 27.1 8.9 4.6 Golden Harvest 4.0 75.6 82.5 1.0 31.6 1.2 23.1 8.1 2.4

Emperor 4.1 106.4 110.9 1.0 25.2 1.5 30.1 6.7 1.8 Home Spun 4.3 96.8 103.6 1.0 21.2 0.5 24.4 8.7 3.7 Texas (semi

double) 5.0 92.5 104.8 1.8 29.5 0.6 20.2 5.7 3.2

Brunswick 4.0 110.2 114.1 1.0 23.6 1.3 23.3 6.8 1.4 Golden Pedestal 4.0 112.3 116.5 1.0 25.9 1.2 27.2 6.4 1.8

White Well 4.7 114.2 119.6 1.0 21.4 0.9 28.3 7.9 1.3

Sir Watkin 4.1 110.2 117.8 1.0 15.6 1.2 12.8 6.4 2.3

C.D. (P = 0.05) 6.49 6.89 6.78 0.74 2.45 0.14 1.91 0.47 0.19

171

Table 1.11.1.1: Enrichment and assessment of Lilium germplasm at Wadura centre (2014-15)

Cultivars Days to sprouting

Days to flowering

Duration of

flowering (Days)

Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of flowers /spike

Flower size No. of leaves

per plant

Leaf area (cm2)

No of shoots / bulb

No of bulbs/plant

Colour/ shape

Length (cm)

Diam. (cm)

London 90.00 165.00 35.00 65.00 51.33 8.00 4.33 12.00 14.80 47.25 8.00 1.00 1.66 Sulphur yellow -1/2, Bowl shaped

Merced 97.00 156.33 43.33 60.25 47.25 7.00 4.50 9.25 17.00 40.66 11.95 1.00 3.00 Brick red-016, Bowl shaped

Novecento 112.00 175.50 40.50 47.66 41.50 5.15 3.50 7.33 15.00 43.00 6.66 1.00 2.25 Lemon yellow-4, Bowl shaped

Pollyanna 120.00 181.66 46.25 53.50 42.66 4.66 3.75 9.66 16.25 37.66 7.75 1.00 1.50 Aureolin-3/2 with aureoliln-3 patch in the centre, Bowl shaped

C.D. (P = 0.05)

3.70 2.61 1.12 2.79 1.10 0.71 0.27 0.16 0.19 1.14 0.81 N.S. 0.13 ---

172

Table 1.11.1.2a: Growth, flowering and bulb parameters of Lilium at Solan centre (2013-14)

Cultivar Days of flower

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves

No. of buds

Length of buds

Flower size (cm)

Bulb wt. (g)

Bulblet wt. (g)

Bulb diam. (mm)

Bulblet diam. (mm)

Brindisii 112.00 82.00 30.00 2.00 8.16 14.33 22.40 5.87 38.38 23.33 Batistero 120.66 93.66 51.00 2.66 8.53 14.00 25.11 2.68 42.39 16.93 Courier 143.33 76.00 42.00 2.66 7.86 17.16 33.56 2.09 49.68 16.20 Pratolo 146.33 82.00 60.00 3.33 11.66 17.33 61.15 2.63 57.64 18.70 Golden Tycoon 136.00 71.66 35.33 3.66 8.40 18.16 30.17 2.35 44.88 16.26

Menorca 135.66 87.66 42.66 2.66 9.23 15.66 24.42 2.86 39.92 17.45 Pavia 120.33 89.33 54.33 2.66 9.66 16.73 20.10 1.80 37.77 16.34 Serrada 132.00 56.33 35.00 2.33 8.83 17.33 34.11 2.06 46.17 15.85 Brunello 120.33 70.66 36.33 3.33 5.40 13.33 17.10 7.50 31.13 21.76 Alaska 133.00 76.00 56.66 5.66 8.16 15.66 67.66 14.33 44.66 21.00 Madras 148.00 58.33 57.00 2.33 7.90 14.50 21.00 16.00 27.33 23.33 Detroit 145.66 71.66 57.66 1.33 7.30 14.33 9.09 0.92 26.93 11.43 Nello 143.33 54.33 39.33 1.66 7.43 14.50 14.44 0.56 27.47 9.72 Ercolano 121.00 81.00 41.66 2.33 9.16 14.66 17.81 2.14 36.17 16.03 Gironde 119.33 69.66 36.66 2.66 8.16 12.33 17.38 0.81 35.80 12.20 Avocado 149.00 113.66 61.66 2.66 10.23 13.00 31.33 15.33 37.66 20.66 C.D. (P = 0.05)

2.81 3.56 4.74 0.99 0.52 1.39 14.52 1.36 10.34 3.69

173

Table 1.11.1.2b: Growth and flowering performance of newly introduced cultivars of Lilium at Solan centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves

Leaf width (cm)

Leaf length (cm)

No. of buds Bud size (cm)

Flower size (cm)

Flower colour (colour chart)

Franc Hals 117.67 46.00 2.27 13.67 5.67 4.66 15.83 Yellow group (8A)

Jazz It Up 122.00 57.67 2.33 15.33 5.33 8.87 15.37 Red purple group (62A)

El Divo 117.33 37.67 2.50 14.67 5.00 10.83 18.00 Yellow group (12A)

Batistero 112.67 38.33 3.03 9.47 3.00 9.67 15.00 Red purple group (53A)

Pollyana 108.67 40.33 3.00 10.67 5.33 8.00 16.78 Yellow group (12A)

Bright Diamond 120.33 38.33 3.00 10.33 3.00 8.67 15.50

Yellow orange group (20A)

Salmon Classic 121.33 40.33 2.07 12.00 3.33 8.00 16.42 White group

(55B) Red Alert 124.33 40.00 2.50 14.50 3.00 8.67 15.67 Red group

(53A) Brunello 109.67 34.00 2.07 13.33 4.00 9.00 14.33 Orange

group (28A) C.D. (P = 0.05) NS 6.89 0.73 2.19 2.02 1.61 1.96 -

174

Table 1.11.1.3a: Performance LA-hybrid lilium for different traits at Katrain centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Days to sprouting

Days to flowering

Flowering duration

(days)

Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Bud length (cm)

No. of flowers/

spike

Flower diam. (cm)

Saumur 94.7 156.3 21.3 72.4 63.3 8.5 4.9 16.8 Bright

Diamond 104.0 171.0 19.3 75.6 65.7 8.3 4.3 14.3

Diablo 110.0 178.3 19.7 74.4 67.8 10.0 6.0 17.9 Yellow Tycon 107.0 180.0 27.3 78.9 70.1 9.8 6.5 14.7

Ercalano 114.0 183.0 20.0 62.5 53.1 8.1 4.3 14.7 Pavia 95.3 159.3 30.0 66.3 56.2 7.8 7.3 15.9

Tresser 113.7 185.0 23.0 82.3 73.0 8.8 5.5 14.7 Brindsi 112.7 185.3 23.0 58.6 51.3 7.5 5.0 14.5

C.D. (P = 0.05) 6.2 7.15 4.96 3.3 2.23 0.64 0.83 0.98 SE(d) 2.88 3.30 2.29 1.53 1.03 0.29 0.38 0.45 C.V. 3.31 2.31 12.22 2.63 2.02 4.25 8.58 3.61

Table 1.11.1.3b: Performance LA-hybrid lilium for different traits at Katrain centre

(2014-15)

Cultivar No. of leaves/plant

Leaf length (cm)

No. of bulblets

Size of bulblets

(mm)

Avg.wt. of bulblets (g)

No. of bulbs

Size of bulbs (mm)

Saumur 71.6 9.2 6.5 10.8 9.3 1.2 29.8 Bright

Diamond 48.5 8.8 5.8 9.5 9.8 1.0 27.8

Diablo 60.2 8.1 4.2 11.4 10.7 1.0 30.2 Yellow Tycon 54.8 10.2 5.8 10.9 9.3 1.3 32.7

Ercalano 44.7 9.1 6.6 10.9 12.0 1.7 31.8 Pavia 54.5 12.6 10.2 14.1 15.8 2.5 40.0

Tresser 55.2 12.1 11.7 13.9 11.1 1.8 38.7 Brindsi 47.0 9.9 6.5 9.2 8.8 1.0 32.8

C.D. (P = 0.05) 5.85 1.33 1.72 1.68 1.55 0.40 4.27 SE(d) 2.70 0.61 0.79 0.77 0.71 0.18 1.97 C.V. 6.07 7.54 13.64 8.41 8.10 15.87 7.33

175

Table 1.12.1.1: Performance of germplasm of alstroemeria at Kalimpong centre

Cultivar Days to sprouting

Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of leaves per

shoot Serena 34.99 110.45 93.92 15.63 41.65 Alladin 30.65 119.99 102.23 17.85 44.09 Pink Panther 30.25 135.44 112.90 21.83 55.60 Pluto 33.21 143.49 118.31 26.90 53.58 C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.37 1.92 1.39 2.09 1.46 Cultivar Leaf length

(cm) Leaf

breadth (cm)

Total no. of shoots per

plant

No. of flowering

shoots /plant

No. of flowers per

plant

Serena 12.79 4.02 26.28 25.93 39.76 Alladin 17.05 4.57 20.27 16.53 29.37 Pink Panther 14.05 4.20 29.36 26.73 43.89 Pluto

17.19 4.78 30.09 28.82 48.50 C.D. (P = 0.05)

0.98 N.S 1.47 1.05 1.60

Cultivar No. of flowers per

spike

Diam. of individual

flower (cm)

Days to flowering

Field life (days)

Vase life (days)

Serena 13.04 6.03 85.43 21.09 15.01 Alladin 15.62 6.36 92.08 26.71 15.15 Pink Panther 17.75 6.78 116.35 22.15 17.98 Pluto 19.63 5.84 103.56 27.23 18.20 C.D. (P = 0.05)

1.06 0.18 2.73 1.21 0.74

176

Table 1.12.1.2: Enrichment and assessment of Alstroemeria germplasm at Wadura centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Genotype Days for sprouting

Days for

flowering

Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of leaves /shoot

Leaf area (cm2)

No. of

shoots/ clump

No. of flowers /spike

Length of

flowers (cm)

Diam. of

flower (cm)

Duration of whole spike

(days)

Colouration pattern

Field Vase water

1. Allahdin 46.33 81.25 88.33 82.20 65.33 8.95 26.33 5.33 13.00 5.25 5.33 9.00 16.33 * (a) Barium Yellow 503 * (b) Chrome Yellow with Brown Streaks

2. No. 14 41.50 75.50 80.50 71.33 60.33 6.75 17.50 5.00 9.00 4.66 5.00 10.33 14.50 (a) Indian Yellow 6 (b) Cadmium orange with Brown steaks

3. Pluto 40.00 65.25 63.33 55.33 45.50 7.00 22.50 3.66 5.66 5.00 4.33 8.66 12.66 (a) Burnt orange 014 (b) Cadmium oragne 8 with Brown streaks

4. Serina 55.6 78.66 54.00 45.50 39.33 7.75 23.66 2.90 7.50 4.66 5.00 7.66 11.66 (a) Fuchsine Pink (b) Streaks Dark Brwon with light greenish Yellow Patches

5. Rina 38.66 75.50 70.66 55.33 47.50 8.00 26.33 5.00 6.66 4.66 4.33 8.66 12.50 (a) Rhodomine Purple 29/1 with Rhodamine Purple blotch (b) Upper potion Rhodamine Purple 29/1 and lower potion with/ yellow blotch and with brown streaks

C.D. (P = 0.05)

0.41 1.92 3.12 4.01 2.71 0.60 0.47 0.21 0.43 N.S N.S 0.13 0.65 ----

177

Table 1.12.1.3: Growth and flowering performance of Alstromeria cultivars at Solan centre (2014-15)

Cultivar Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves

No. of shoots/ plant

Leaf width (cm)

Leaf length (cm)

No. of buds

Size of bud

Flower diam. (cm)

Flower colour

(colour chart) Aladdin

107.66 35.66 18.66 2.30 12.73 10.66 4.43 6.26 Yellow Orange group (17B)

Capri 94.00 30.00 21.66 2.26 10.93 15.33 4.20 5.13 Red group (51B)

Cinderella 129.66 33.00 39.00 1.70 10.50 15.66 4.13 5.78 Red purple group (65A)

Pink Panther 111.66 27.33 34.00 2.33 11.83 18.33 4.33 6.66 Red purple

group (73D) Pluto

124.00 37.66 13.00 2.03 11.00 11.00 3.76 6.13 Yellow Orange group (17B)

Piantum 100.33 23.66 13.00 2.33 11.00 16.00 4.30 5.13 Yellow orange group (14B)

Riana 110.33 24.66 19.66 3.60 13.13 14.33 4.83 5.76 Red purple group (73B)

Serena 97.33 22.33 26.00 2.73 16.66 15.66 4.46 5.86 Red purple group (64A)

Tiara 116.66 30.00 11.33 1.76 10.83 12.00 4.53 6.06 Red group (44A)

C.D. (P = 0.05)

7.04 6.72 9.57 1.01 NS 2.31 NS 0.49 -

178

Table 1.13.1.1a: Evaluation of Heliconia (Heliconia sp. L.) genotypes for vegetative parameters at Coimbator centre

Treatment Genotype

Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm) in

East West

Plant spread (cm) N - S

Leaf breadth

(cm)

Leaf length (cm)

Collar girth (cm)

No. of leaves

per plant

No. of shoots

per clump

T1 H. angusta - Red Christmas 66.74 73.44 71.40 12.24 33.72 7.57 5.02 5.25

T2 H. psittacorum - Lena 91.97 45.90 27.54 7.55 23.46 6.53 4.21 2.61

T3 H. psittacorum - Lisa 78.37 53.04 56.10 8.39 36.72 8.16 4.12 2.1

T4 H. densiflora - Fire Flash 53.41 40.60 32.44 9.79 27.54 7.34 3.92 3.42

T5 H. stricta - Bucky 136.25 144.84 137.70 22.44 65.28 10.91 5.78 7.16

T6 H. stricta - Iris 115.52 95.88 127.50 20.40 60.21 10.67 6.08 3.09

T7 H. stricta - Fire Bird 76.70 65.28 77.52 14.28 46.72 10.52 5.29 3.00

T8 H. psittacorum - Andromeda 44.74 40.80 33.66 9.71 25.50 5.71 5.96 3.20

T9 H. stricta - Dwarf Jamaica 28.60 26.64 32.64 7.04 15.39 5.27 5.11 3.37

T10 H. orthotricha - Imperial Red 87.09 82.62 68.34 17.24 44.88 10.83 5.23 3.22

T11 H. latispatha - Golden Torch 61.98 55.28 59.16 11.22 30.60 7.75 5.06 3.46

T12 H. rostrata – Lobster Claw 137.31 115.26 94.86 15.30 79.56 8.26 6.19 3.96

T13 H. bihai - Lobster Claw I 144.19 132.60 113.22 29.00 66.30 10.34 6.22 4.04

T14 H. bihai - Lobster Claw II 112.42 94.86 106.08 20.51 54.06 10.54 4.07 3.11

179

T15 H. psittacorum - Alan Carle

81.60 64.26 69.36 13.42 43.86 7.86 6.05 3.21

T16 H. caribaea - Kawauchii 125.46 73.44 105.06 22.77 57.63 10.59 5.08 1.92

T17 H. psittacorum - Rubra Red

38.76 26.83 18.53 6.42 26.57 5.79 4.13 1.90

T18 H. caribaea - Big Red 122.40 77.72 86.70 12.00 43.55 7.28 5.42 3.68

T19 H. psittacorum - Sherbert 36.85 22.81 11.48 6.12 15.36 4.95 4.53 1.10

T20 H. latispatha - Distans 138.72 118.32 104.04 17.34 65.28 9.36 5.09 8.07

T21 H. wagneriana - Wagneriana Red

224.40 246.84 232.56 28.56 112.20 15.92 6.03 13.27

T22 H. wagneriana-Wagneriana Yellow

147.90 144.85 117.30 22.59 80.58 13.11 4.28 11.28

T23 H. latispatha - Kenya Red 88.74 91.80 83.64 13.26 40.80 8.52 6.00 6.59

T24 H. latispatha - Tropics 140.76 140.76 121.38 21.09 74.46 13.38 6.96 8.16

T25 H. marginata - De rooij Red 67.32 55.08 54.06 10.52 33.66 12.91 5.56 4.33

T26 H. psittacorum - Parakeet 135.66 148.92 127.50 23.16 72.42 12.43 5.94 5.42

Mean 99.37 87.64 83.42 15.48 49.08 9.32 5.56 4.57 C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.49 1.67 1.59 0.23 0.76 0.09 0.05 0.09

180

Table 1.13.1.1b: Evaluation of heliconia (Heliconia sp. L.) genotypes for flowering parameters at Coimbatore centre

Treatment Genotype

Days taken for first

flowering

Length of flower spike

(cm)

Flower yield per clump

Number of bracts per

spike

Number of florets per

bract

Vase life (days)

T1 H. angusta - Red Christmas 37.97 35.29 3.85 5.22 7.18 4.22

T2 H. psittacorum - Lena 42.36 42.68 2.01 4.05 6.35 2.36

T3 H. psittacorum - Lisa 48.65 46.35 1.95 3.96 6.17 2.15

T4 H. densiflora - Fire Flash 45.33 37.62 3.06 3.08 5.41 5.36

T5 H. stricta - Bucky 133.84 33.17 5.48 5.91 9.32 7.62 T6 H. stricta - Iris 137.29 35.64 2.19 6.17 9.37 18.43 T7 H. stricta - Fire Bird 128.43 36.12 2.24 4.43 8.49 9.54

T10 H. orthotricha - Imperial Red 114.60 36.79 2.56 8.02 7.49 4.63

T11 H. latispatha - Golden Torch 155.39 48.63 2.73 6.00 8.19 7.76

T12 H. rostrata – Lobster Claw 168.91 53.75 2.31 19.39 14.20 3.25

T13 H. bihai - Lobster ClawI 158.94 38.35 2.26 8.04 8.68 8.23

T14 H. bihai - Lobster Claw II 161.25 36.48 2.38 7.47 8.92 8.04

T15 H. psittacorum - Alan Carle 173.69 49.38 2.17 7.21 13.68 6.83

T16 H. caribaea - Kawauchii 169.24 35.25 1.02 6.10 9.63 5.20

T17 H. psittacorum - Rubra Red 154.86 31.17 1.05 4.31 8.20 2.68

T18 H. caribaea - Big Red 163.28 33.89 1.32 3.90 9.31 5.13

181

T19 H. psittacorum –Sherbert

75.38 32.48 1.00 5.33 8.60 3.27

T20 H. latispatha - Distans 159.09 51.29 4.39 8.15 9.59 4.17

T21 H. wagneriana - Wagneriana Red - - - - - -

T22 H. wagneriana-Wagneriana Yellow - - - - - -

T23 H. latispatha - Kenya Red 175.63 38.76 4.68 5.17 6.13 4.15

T24 H. latispatha - Tropics 158.19 45.99 6.35 5.00 7.28 14.60

T25 H. marginata - De rooij Red 137.60 45.63 2.11 4.28 6.61 4.08

T26 H. psittacorum - Parakeet 74.92 47.24 2.43 4.01 9.07 3.71

Mean 124.79 39.82 2.67 5.97 8.46 5.99 C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.64 0.23 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.13

182

Tables 1.13.1.2a: Performance (vegetative characters) of the Heliconias Species and varieties at Kahikuchi (2014-15)

Name of

spp./ variety

Plant height

(m)

Plant spread (m)

Leaf length

(cm)

Leaf Breadth

(cm)

No of Sucker /plant

Interval of leaf prodn. (days)

Number of

leaves /plant

Shape, colour and Texture of

leaf EW NS Bihai Yellow Dancer

2.10 1.20 0.92 48.30 17.30 14.00 48.00 12.50 Green midrib, light green, lossy

Bihai Orange Dancer

1.67 0.97 0.73 44.52 14.10 7.50 40.40 13.80 Green midrib, light green, glossy

Heliconia pendula

2.90 1.45 1.20 66.10 14.50 16.20 42.70 14.20 Green midrib, light green, rough groove

Pink Heliconia

1.64 0.85 0.90 46.25 11.95 8.50 46.50 13.00 Green midrib, light green

Table 1.13.1.2b: Performance (reproductive characters) of the Heliconias Species and

varieties at Kahikuchi (2014-15)

Name of spp./variety

Length of Spike

(cm)

Length of

flower stalk (cm)

Girth of

spike at base

(cm)

Inter nodal length

between florets (cm)

No of florets

/bracts/spike

No. of spikes/ clump /year

Days from spike

emergence to harvest

Longevity of spike

on plant (day)

Bihai Yellow Dancer

49.25 33.40 6.90 4.00 6.20 12.25 20.50 27.50

Bihai OrangeDancer

44.60 32.60 6.70 4.65 5.50 14.40 18.20 22.50

Heliconia pendula

51.20 33.84 6.50 4.58 12.50 10.55 16.10 16.25

Pink Heliconia

39.40 26.30 6.40 3.60 5.40 9.50 17.30 24.70

183

Table 1.13.1.2c: Performance (reproductive characters) of the Heliconias Species and varieties at Kahikuchi (2014-15)

Name of

spp./variety Nature of

arrangement of flowers

Presence or absence

of branching

Size of floret /bract (cm)

Colour of floret/bract

Fresh weight of spike

(g)

Girth of spike at base

(cm)

Incidence of pests,

diseases and

disorder Bahai Yellow Dancer

Opposite Un branch

10.20/ 14.80

Flower & bract yellow

280.50 5.65 Not observed

Bahai OrangeDancer

Opposite Un branch

9.25/ 12.60

Flower & bract yellow

250.60 4.50 Not observed

Heliconia pendula

alternate Un branch

8.20/ 14.65

Bract brick red& flowers greenish yellow

375.20 4.00 Not observed

Pink Heliconia

opposite Un branch

12.00/22.40

Bract pink greenislower yellow

280.30 4.30 Not observed

Table 1.13.1.2d: Performance (vegetative characters) of the Strelitzia and Alpinia Species and varieties at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Name of the spp./variety

Plant height (cm)

Plant spread

(m)

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf breath (cm)

Petiole length (cm)

No. of Suckers /plant

Nature of leaf

arrangement

No. of leaves /plant

EW NS Strelitzia reginae(crane lily)

155.25 1.35 1.05 36.45 18.20 34.60 8.20 Rosette 14.25

Table 1.13.1.2e: Performance (reproductive characters) of the Strelitzia and Alpinia Species and varieties at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Name of spp.

/variety

Length of Spike

(cm)

Length of flower

stalk (cm)

Girth of spike at base (cm)

Inter nodal length

between florets (cm)

No of florets /bracts/spike

No. of spikes/ clump /year

Days from spike

emergence to harvest

Longevity of spike on

plants (days)

Strelitzia reginae (cranelily)

52.20 26.34 13.9 5.10 5.20 4.40 26.80 16.20

184

Table 1.13.1.2f: Performance (reproductive characters) of the Strelitzia and Alpinia Species and varieties at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Name of spp./variety

Days from spike

emergence to harvest

Presence or

absence of branching

Interval of

spike prodn.

Size of floret/ bract (cm)

Colour of floret /bract

Fresh weight of spike

(g)

Girth of spike at

base (cm)

Incidence of pests, diseases

and disorder

Strelitzia reginae (cranelily)

46.20 No branching

- 12.22/16.20

Bracts orange and flower blue

520.00 11.40 Browning and incurving of leaf margin

Table 1.13.1.3: Performance of Heliconia genotypes at Hyderabad centre (2014-15)

Genotype

Plant height (m)

Leaf length cm)

Leaf width cm)

No. of leaves

No. of spikes/ clump/year

H. Golden torch 1.22 74.4 16.9 5.6 3.6 H. Charlacea ‘ Sexy pink’ 1.05 68.9 12.4 4.8 3.5

H. latispatha ‘Alan Carle’ 1.25 78.6 17.6 6.0 9.8

Heliconia psittacorum ‘Lady Di’

0.76 32.8 12.8 7.2 7.8

Heliconia psittacorum ‘Rubra Red’

1.08 38.5 9.86 12.58 4.36

H. bihai ‘Lobster Claw I’ 0.98 48.2 14.8 6.8 6.0

H. Bihai ‘Lobster Claw II’ 0.85 39.4 12.7 6.6 4.3

Cinnamon Twist 0.88 42.3 12.2 5.8 4.2 H. Caribaea ‘Richmond Red’ 2.32 80.3 18.2 7.0 3.0

H. Latispatha ‘small’ 0.68 30.2 10.2 6.0 5.2

H. Latispatha ‘big’ 1.29 66.8 15.2 7.0 4.6

H. Latispatha ‘Bucky’ 1.16 30.0 7.36 3.0 3.4

Heliconia rostrata 1.48 62.6 14.2 10.2 8.2

185

Table 1.13.1.4a: Growth performance of heliconia types at Periyakulam centre (Pooled mean- 2010-2015)

Sl. No.

Species / Types Plant height (cm)

Collar girth (cm)

No. of leaves

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm)

Petiole length(cm)

No. of shoots / plant

1. Heliconia latispatha- Tropics

82.38 13.5 46.7 51.4 15.0 20.3 24.5

2. H. latispatha - Bucky 115.5 9.0 51.0 49.75 18.2 30.1 26.7

3. H. latispatha - Kenya Red

63.325 9.0 40.0 39.75 9.8 22.6 24.5

4. H.rostrata – Dwarf 60.525 7.5 28.2 27.75 9.8 12.5 12.5

5. H.stricta – Iris 125.5 19.0 57.0 57.55 20.7 31.7 35.0

6. H.angusta – Red Christmas

67.0 6.5 33.5 30.25 11.2 19.2 19.5

7. H. wagneriana – Wagneriana Red

133 18.5 66.2 61.25 22.4 34.2 35.2

8 H. Big red -‘Kawawuchi’ 95.875 10.3 46.0 51.9 17.9 25.0 25.0

9 H. psittacorum - Rubra Red

37.675 7.1 18.4 18.25 6.1 11.2 12.5

10 Heliconia - Big red ‘Bananasplit’

79.0 7.5 35.5 31.05 12.5 22.9 23.5

11 H. Psittacorum - Sherbert 36.5 5.9 23.5 17.55 6.4 8.0 20.0

12 H. Psittacorum - Golden Torch

35.0 5.5 21.0 19.25 7.5 11.5 12.5

13 H. Psittacorum – Fuschii 30.25 4.3 17.5 14.25 5.5 9.2 18.5

14 Heliconia - Firebird 99.5 7.8 24.5 26.25 8.7 9.7 19.5

15 H. adrian 46.0 6.6 29.7 25.25 9.7 12.2 12.9

186

Table 1.13.1.4b: Yield, Inflorescence characters, longevity (days) and incidence of pest and diseases* of heliconia types at Periyakulam centre (Pooled mean- 2010-2015)

Yield and Inflorescence characters Longevity of heliconia spike (days

Sl. No.

Species / Types Spike length (cm)

Spike width (cm)

Stalk length (cm)

No. bracts / spike

No. of flowers/clump/

year

Days from spike

emergence to harvest

Plant Vase

1. Heliconia latispatha- Tropics 13.5 14.5 61.0 5.3 13.0 11.1 21.7 4.7

2. H. latispatha - Bucky 17.5 15 52.5 4.55 13.5 12.75 19.5 4.5

3. H. latispatha - Kenya Red 12.75 13.71 53.5 3.5 12.0 10.25 21 4.1

4. H.rostrata – Dwarf 5.22 4.98 28.88 3.9 21.0 11.75 17.75 2.25

5. H.stricta – Iris 15.0 10.82 48.5 11.08 17.25 10.4 25.5 4.9

6. H.angusta – Red Christmas 12.59 10.15 43.5 9.8 12.75 11.0 22.4 4.05

7. H. wagneriana – Wagneriana Red 13.5 11.36 43.58 9.70 17.25 10.05 26.5 5.25

8 H. Big red -‘Kawawuchi’ 11.08 8.74 35.5 11.75 12.25 11.75 21.5 3.9

9 H. psittacorum - Rubra Red 9.0 7.0 27.5 12.58 11.3 12.9 21 2.25

10 Heliconia - Big red ‘Bananasplit’ 8.17 6.24 23.0 10.25 12.25 14.25 23.75 4.15

11 H. Psittacorum - Sherbert 7.19 4.57 28.58 3.1 22.25 10.5 19.25 2.5

12 H. Psittacorum - Golden Torch 8.2 5.58 27.25 4.75 19.55 12.2 19.5 2.4

13 H. Psittacorum – Fuschii 8.62 7.22 23.48 5.01 20.5 12.35 18.25 2.2

14 Heliconia - Firebird 9.3 7.25 31.0 5.15 2.75 12.75 22.5 3.75

15 H. adrian 8.08 6.41 30.25 5.55 4.75 12.75 19.75 3.4

*incidence of pest and diseases in all species/types is Nil

187

Table 1.13.1.4c: Growth characters, yield and inflorescence characters of Sterlitzia sp., and Ginger lily at Periyakulam centre

Growth characters of Sterlitzia sp.

Species / Types

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf width (cm)

Petiole length (cm)

No. of suckers/plant

Sterlitzia reginae

47.25 11.5 24 9.5 25.35 9

S. nocolai 28.5 10.5 13.5 5.5 11.5 8

Yield and Inflorescence characters of Sterlitzia sp. Species /

Types Spike length

(cm) Spike width

(cm) Stalk length

(cm) No. of bracts

/ spike No of

flowers/ clump/ year

Days from spike emergence to

harvest Sterlitzia reginae

89 4.5 81 6 4 18

S. nocolai 60 3.2 78 7 2 21

Growth characters of ginger lily

Species / Types

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf width (cm)

Petiole length (cm)

No. of suckers/plant

Ginger lily – red

88.00 22.00 16.50 5.30 13.00 12.00

Yield and Inflorescence characters of Ginger lily Species /

Types Spike length

(cm) Spike width

(cm) Stalk length

(cm) No. of bracts

/ spike No of

flowers/ clump/ year

Days from spike emergence to

harvest Ginger lily – red

32.00 6.00 22.00 26.00 8.00 12.00

Ginger lily – pink

29.00 5.30 19.00 22.00 6.00 12.00

188

Table 1.14.1.1a: Evaluaion of Asparagus species / varieties as cut foliage at Bengaluru centre

Treatment

Plant spread (cm)

No. of cladophylls

/ plant

Cladophyll length (cm)

Cladophyll breadth

(cm)

No. of branches

/cladophyll 180 DAP 180 DAP 360 DAP 360 DAP 360 DAP

EW NS Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’

45.82 41.64 52.20 66.80 19.63 47.33

Asparagus setaceus syn. Plumosus

65.64 56.51 36.36 212.65 43.43 46.71

Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ compacta

38.82 38.98 324.80 23.87 6.32 8.93

Asparagus densiflorus ‘Myers’

53.01 45.37 31.99 63.61 8.31 300.60

Mean 50.82 45.62 111.34 91.73 19.42 100.89 C.D. (P = 0.05) 8.20 6.29 33.69 4.47 1.53 3.61

Table 1.14.1.1b: Cladophyll production interval, Stalk length, Stalk girth, fresh weight, inter nodal length and yield as influenced by different species / varieties of Asparagus at

Bengaluru centre

Treatment Cladophyll production

interval (days)

Cladophyll stalk

length (cm)

Cladophyll stalk girth

(cm)

Fresh wt. of

cladophyll (g)

Inter nodal length on cladophyll

(cm)

Avg. yield / sq.m (no.)

420 DAP

Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’

6.40 6.82 0.74 19.82 1.38 244.78

Asparagus setaceus syn. Plumosus

8.40 11.09 1.16 15.06 3.12 157.27

A. densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ compacta

3.80 5.49 0.14 2.16 0.89 1677.28

Asparagus densiflorus ‘Myers’

11.60 1.72 1.66 25.04 0.39 76.10

Mean 7.55 6.28 0.93 15.52 1.44 538.86 C.D. (P = 0.05) 5.38 1.28 0.26 0.59 0.32 8.92

189

Table 1.14.1.1c: Vase life parameters as influenced by different species / varieties of Asparagus at Bengaluru centre

Treatment Initial fresh

wt. of cut asparagus (g)

Weight of cut asparagus at senescence (g)

Water uptake (g)

Physiological loss in weight

(%)

Vase life (days)

Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’

21.20 5.4 37.65 52.97 5.80

`Asparagus setaceus syn. Plumosus

16.20 8.2 41.06 43.85 8.40

Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ compacta

2.80 2.2 39.79 44.06 6.20

Asparagus densiflorus ‘Myers’

29.80 18.4 50.71 39.56 11.20

Mean 17.50 8.56 42.31 45.11 7.90 C.D. (P = 0.05) 2.036 1.307 0.855 3.181 0.825

Table 1.14.1.2a: Collection and evaluation of fillers at Pune centre (2014-15)

Crop Plant Characters Plant

height (cm)

Plant spread(cm)

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm)

No. of

leaves

Leaf area (cm)

Leaf longevi

ty (days)

Leaf prod. Int.

(days)

Leaf texture

Leaf shape

Leaf margi

n E-W N-S

Asparagus (narrow leaves)

96.4 28.2 26.4 2.5 0.6 32.4 528.0 12.8 17.0 Smooth Sickle Sharp

Asparagus (broad leaves)

80.6 56.2 40.5 6.4 2.2 24.0 695.0 12.2 6.9 Smooth Pyramid Sharp

Gypsophila 36.7 30.4 28.5 3.4 2.7 21.2 394.0 4.8 - Smooth Elongated Plain Golden fern 58.7 64.5 13.5 2.9 1.6 46.5 382.0 10.8 10.4 Smooth Piramid Cerrat

ed Dazy (Golden rod)

96.5 18.4 15.6 6.8 1.6 268.4

272.0 5.4 7.2 Rough Cylindrical

Sharp

190

Table 1.14.1.2b: Collection and evaluation of fillers at Pune centre (2014-15)

Crop

Plant characters Post harvest characters Leaf tip Marking pigments Foliage

colour Plant Qua. Rat.

Branch habit

Presence of

flower

Flower types

Vase life

(days)

% Pest

incidence

% Dis. Incide

nce Asparagus (narrow leaves)

Pointed - - Pale green

A Alternate Yes Recemose 6.8 0.5 -

Asparagus (broad leaves)

Pointed - - Yellowish green

A Alternate No - 14.0 0.6 -

Gypsophila Pointed Mid rib Prominent

- Greenish yellow

B+ Alternate Yes Recemose 5.2 - -

Golden fern Pointed - - Yellowish green

B - - - 6.8 0.6 -

Daizy (Golden rod)

Blunt - - Dark green

B+ Alternate Yes Recemose 6.2 9.4 14.8

191

Table 1.14.1.3a Description of different fern species at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15) Sl. No.

Species Common name

Family Description Use Source

1. Nephrolepis cordifolia

Wild Boston fern, Tuber ladder fern/ Fishbone fern

Lomariopsidaceae/ Nephrolepidaceae

Tufted fern with three feet (90 c) tall, feather-like fronds. The end of each division of the leaf usually split into two. New plants form on creeping rhizomes. The fronds are 50–250 cm long and 6–15 cm broad, with alternate pinnae (the small "leaflets" on either side of the midrib), each pinna being 2–8 cm long. The pinnae are generally deltoid, The pinnate vein pattern is also visible on these highly compound leaves. The edges appear slightly serrate. The species has erect fronds.

Indoor Potted plant, ground cover, cut foliage

Nursery, Guwahati

2. Nephrolepis exaltata ‘Fluffy Ruffles’ syn N. exaltata’, Bostoniensis compacta’

‘Fluffy Ruffles’ Lomariopsidaceae/ Nephrolepidaceae

One of the many mutant forms of Nephrolepis exaltata. The plants have a compact habit that forms dense clumps with narrowly triangular fronds having a ruffled appearance. Individual fronds are up 12 inches (30 cm) long by 4 inches (10 cm) wide.

Indoor Potted plant, hanging basket, ground cover, cut foliage

- do -

3. Nephrolepis cordifolia 'Lemon Buttons' (Button Sword Fern) -

Button sword fern

Lomariopsidaceae/ Nephrolepidaceae

A cultivar of the common sword fern, Nephrolepis cordifolia. It grows to just under 1 foot tall with 10 inch long by 1 inch wide fronds bearing a single row of small rounded leaves (pinnae) on each side of the frond. An attractive and useful shade plant for an accent in a rock garden or as a small edging plant.

Indoor Potted plant, ground cover, cut foliage

- do –

4. Nephrolepis Button sword Lomariopsidaceae a cultivar of the common sword fern, Indoor Potted -do-

192

cordifolia 'Lemon Buttons' (Button Sword Fern) – with branched tips

fern-branching tips

/ Nephrolepidaceae

Nephrolepis cordifolia. It grows to just under 1 foot tall with 10 inch long by 1 inch wide fronds bearing a single row of small rounded leaves (pinnae) on each side of the frond.The tips have 5-6 branches.

plant, ground cover, cut foliage

5. Nephrolepis ‘ Rita,s Gold’

‘Ritas Gold’ TM Boston fern

Lomariopsidaceae/ Nephrolepidaceae

Plants have more compact growth than Boston fern, golden leaved (chartreuse yellow) fronds in clumps. 1-3 feet in height, 1-3 feet in width. Plants have weeping growth habit, suitable for hanging basket.

Indoor Potted plant, hanging basket, ground cover, cut foliage

- do -

6. Nephrolepis ‘Verona Lace’

‘Verona Lace’ Lomariopsidaceae/ Nephrolepidaceae

Very finely cut, light green lacy fronds. Compact plants, weeping growth habit suitable for hanging basket.

Indoor Potted plant, hanging basket, ground cover, cut foliage

- do -

7. Nephrolepis biserrata/ falcata ‘Furcans’

Fishtail Sword fern

Lomariopsidaceae/ Nephrolepidaceae

Tufted fern with three feet (90cm) tall, feather-like fronds, the end of each division of the leaf usually split into two, like fish-tail. New plants form on creeping rhizomes.

Indoor Potted plant, hanging basket, ground cover, cut foliage

- do -

8. Nephrolepis biserrata furcans miniata

Miniature fishtail sword fern/ ‘Fancy Frills’TM fishtail fern

Lomariopsidaceae/ Nephrolepidaceae

Tufted fern with shorter and finer feather-like fronds than Nephrolepsis biserrata /falcata ‘Furcans’. The end of each division of the leaf usually split into two, like fish-tail. New plants form on creeping rhizomes.

Indoor Potted plant, hanging basket, ground cover, cut foliage

- do -

9. Adiantum capilus-veneris

Maidenhair fern Pteridaceae Short stems bearing clouds of ovate-triangular pinnae; found growing in shaded, constantly moist, cool conditions. Dies during dry season.

Indoor Potted plant, ground cover

Wild, Guwahati, Assam

10. Adiantum Black stem Pteridaceae Large ovate-triangular pinnae,borne on Indoor Potted Nursery,

193

formosum

maidenhair fern/Delta fern / Diamond maidenhair fern /Giant m. fern

black stems; thrives in shaded, constantly moist, cool conditions

plant, Guwahati

11. Polypodium scolopendrium/ Polypodium diversifolium

Wart fern Polypodiaceae Large tropical fern growing from widely creeping woody furry rhizomes. Dark glossy, leathery pinnate fronds 2-3 ‘long with large bumpy spores. Rhizomes rise above the rims of the pot mixture.

Indoor Potted plant, ground cover, cut foliage

Wild, Guwahati, Assam

12. Lygodium flexuosum (Lygodiaceae)

Climbing fern Lygodiaceae Climbing fern, unusual in that the rachis, or midrib, of the frond is thin, flexible, and long, the frond unrolling with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct vine. The fronds may be from 3-12 m long, depending on the species.

Indoor Potted plant

Wild, Guwahati, Assam

13. Asplenium nidus syn. Phyllitis nidus

Bird’s nest fern Aspleniaceae Large, sword like, simple fronds growing to 50-150 cm long and 10-20 cm broad. They are light green, often crinkled, with a black midrib, and exhibit circinate venation. Spores develop in sori on the underside of the fronds. These sori form long rows extending out from the midrib on the back of the outer part of the lamina (frond). The fronds roll back as they brown and create a massive leaf nest in the branches and trunks of trees.

Indoor Potted plant, hanging basket,

Wild, Guwahati, Assam

14. Asplenium scolopendrium undulatum

Undulating Hart’s Tongue fern

Aspleniaceae Clumps of evergreen horizontal tongues, fronds have gentle waves, or undulations along the front.

Indoor Potted plant, bedding plant, cut foliage

Nursery

194

Syn. Phyllitis scolopendrium undulatum

15. Not identified

Plastic fern - Small fern with fine, blue green, brittle fronds. Dies during dry season.

Indoor Potted plant,

Nursery

16. Rumohra adiantiformis

Leatherleaf fern/ Florist fern

Elaphoglossaceae evergreen fern has triangular-shaped, dark glossy green, medium-textured leaflets arising from a central clump. The bold, heavy, leathery fronds, sometimes three feet high, are of unsurpassed keeping quality when cut and are much prized for use in floral arrangements. The fronds of genus Rumohra contain round sori (reproductive clusters) on the underside of the pinnae (leaflets) unlike many other ferns which have separate specialized reproductive fronds. Plants spread by means of a rusty-red, aboveground stolon and eventually form dense mats of lacy foliage, making Leatherleaf Fern ideal forground cover use in shaded locations.Dies during dry season.

Indoor Potted plant, hanging basket, ground cover, cut foliage

Nursery

17. Drynaria quercifolia

Oak leaf fern/ Basket fern

Polypodiaceae Characterized by the presence of two types of fronds, fertile foliage fronds and sterile nest fronds. The dark green foliage fronds are large, 2–4 feet (0.61–1.2 m) long, with elongated stalks. They are deeply lobed or pinnate (14-16 pinnae) winged, and bearsori (structures producing and containing spores) on the bottom surfaces. The nest fronds are smaller rounded leaves basal to the foliage fronds. They do not bear

Indoor Potted plant, hanging basket, growing on tree trunks, branches, posts (epiphytic, lithophytic )

Wild, Guwahati, Assam

195

sori and are persistent, not being shed after turning brown and dying. They form a characteristic 'basket' that collect litter and organic debris, hence the common name. The collected debris decomposes into humus, providing the plants with nutrients it would otherwise not have received from being suspended above the ground. Both frond types grow from rhizomes typically anchored to a tree or a rock. Drynaria rhizomes are creeping, densely covered in brown scales. Dies during dry season

18. Lygodium palmatum

American climbing fern

Lygodiaceae Climbing fern with broad, palm like fronds with 5 pinnate. The rachis or midrib, of the frond is thin, flexible, and long, the frond unrolling with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct vine. Dies during dry season.

Summer indoor potted plant, ground cover

Wild, Guwahati, Assam

19. Lygodium spp.

A native Terrestial fern

Lygodiaceae A Terrestrial fern species found in NE India, with luxuriant growth in humid spring-rainy season, growth poor in dry autumn and winter season. Fronds feather shaped, numbers of pinnae long and narrow, alternately arranged on midrib,pinnae petioles encircling the midrib. The topmost pinnae longest; in immature fronds, the tip of topmost pinna ends in a inward curling cluster. The basal 10-12 pinnae very short and rounded. Suitable as shade loving potted plant and cut foliage filler in flower arrangements. Dies during

Summer indoor potted plant, ground cover

wild, Guwahati, Assam

196

dry season. 20. Davallia

fejeensis Hare’s foot fern/ deer’s foot fern

Davalliaceae Epiphytic ferns, with fronds arising from long aerial furry rhizomes which grow on and over thick bark on trees or on rock crevices. Roots develop from the rhizomes, and penetrate into the growth substrate. The fronds are triangular in shape and about 1½ feet long by 1 foot wide. They divide into three to four pinnae which subdivide into many pinnules.

Indoor potted plants, hanging baskets

Nursery

21. Not identified yet

A native Terrestrial fern

- A Terrestrial fern species found in NE India, with luxuriant growth in humid spring-rainy season, growth poor in dry autumn and winter season. Two pinnae arising from nodes in opposite manner. Pinna trident shaped/three-pronged, with middle one elongated. Dies during dry season.

Indoor potted plants for summer-rainy season

Wild, Guwahati, Assam

22. Staghorn fern(Platycerium alcicorne)

Epiphytic Polypodiaceae Tufted roots growing from a short rhizome. Bear two types of fronds, basal fronds, viz., shield or kidney shaped, dry, brown fronds that protect the roots, and fertile fronds which bear spores on their undersurface and are large, branched, antler shaped,. The upper parts of fertile fronds are dark green in colour, divided or branched, and stand erect or upright. There are ten-twelve or more fertile fronds.

Hanging basket Kalimpong nursery, North Bengal, Jungles Assam

197

Table 1.14.1.3b: Plant characters of different fern species at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15) Sl. No.

Fern species Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Leaf lamina length (cm)

Leaf lamina spread (cm)

Petiole length (cm)

Petiole girth (cm)

No. leaves/ plant/ year

1. N. cordifolia 112.7 108.7 72.3 4 .4 6.9 0.23 150.4 2. Nephrolepsis exaltata

“Fluffy Ruffles’ 42.4 65.0 44.4 19.5 7.45 0.33 158.7 3. N. cordifolia 'Lemon

Buttons' 65.6 33.8 58.8 0.8 4.6 0.20 154.4 4. N. cordifolia 'Lemon

Buttons' –braching tips 42.4 45.5 32.5 6.5 9.4 0.29 150.3 5. Nephrolepis ‘ Rita,s

Gold’ 152.3 108.4 32.7 14.2 0.8 0.33 222.8 6. N. ‘Verona Lace’ 34.5 60.0 31.5 15.4 4.2 0.23 209.8 7. N. biserrata ‘Furcans’ 101.4 118.8 57.6 12.8 34.2 0.30 101.7 8. N. biserrata furcans

miniata (finer one) 44.6 54.4 20.8 7.7 11.0 0.34 145.4 9. Adiantum capillus-

veneris 14.7 17.6 7.5 3.2 3.3 0.31 20.4 10. Adiantum formosum 26.8 31.7 20.4 5.6 7.1 0.32 23.6 11. P. diversifolium 38.4 44.5 48.4 25.5 22.8 0.40 50.7 12. Lygodium flexuosum 32.3 110.0 4.6 3.8 2.7 0.41 25.4 13. Asplenium nidus

Syn. Phyllitis nidus 56.7 88.4 40.4 8.9 2.6 1.1 7.5 14. A.scolopendrium

undulatum syn. Phyllitis colopendrium undulatum 43.4 42.2 32.5 6.5 18.5 0.38 35.4

15. Plastic fern 35.7 45.4 28.4 4.7 18.4 0.29 24.5 16. Rumohra adiantiformis 34.7 35.5 34.6 15.0 14.0 0.28 67.4 17. Drynaria quercifolia 94.6 25.4 75.0 42.2 24.0 0.43 18. Lygodium palmatum

76.5 42.2 7.3 4.2 4.1 0.25 40.5 19. Lygodium (native

terrestial fern, long narrow pinnae) 65.0 35.5 27.5 14.3 14.1 0.22 55.0

20. Davallia fejeensis 35.4 35.4 15.5 6.6 5.6 0.40 11.5 21. Native Terrestial fern,

trident shaped pinnae 54.6 14.7 25.4 4.3 12.2 0.25 58.7 22. Staghorn fern 45.7 33.3 34.5 4.5 1.6 0.46 14.5

C.D. (P = 0.05) 2.76 4.00 2.43 1.49 0.87 0.52 5.35

198

Table 1.14.1.3c: Plant characters of different fern species at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15) Sl. No.

Fern species Leaf longevity

(days)

Leaf production interval (days)

Vase life (days)

Leaf texture

Leaf shape

1. Nephrolepis cordifolia 34.5 18.7 8.9 Featherlike Elongated swordlike. 2. N. exaltata “Fluffy Ruffles’syn

‘Bostoniensis compacta’ 25.4 18.9

8.2 Rough narrowly triangular fronds

3. N. cordifolia 'Lemon Buttons' 28.5 22.4 6.3 Rough Long, very narrow frond 4. N. cordifolia 'Lemon Buttons' – with branched

tips 35.0 20.4

5.7 Rough Long, very narrow frond

with plumed tip 5. Nephrolepis ‘ Rita,s Gold’ 32.3 18.7 9.2 Rough Elongated swordlike 6. Neph ‘Verona Lace’ 34.4 24.5 8.0 Lacy Narrow triangular 7. Nephrolepsis biserrata

‘Furcans’ 42.3 15.0

9.1 Rough Narrow Triangular

Feather shaped 8. N. biserrata furcans miniata 30.5 20.5 3.7 Smoother Smaller, featherlike 9. Adiantum capillus-veneris 24.5 30.3 3.6 Smooth Small, deltoid pinnae 10. Adiantum formosum 18.5 33.7 6.0 Smooth Large, deltoid pinnae 11. Polypodium diversifolium 25.0 17.6 5.5 Leathery Irregular 12. Lygodium flexuosus 30.4 27.8 4.3 Smooth Three pinnae 13. Asplenium nidus

Syn. Phyllitis nidus 23.5 30.5

8.9 Smooth Swordshaped,

Without pinnae 14. A.scolopendrium undulatum syn. Phyllitis

colopendrium undulatum 27.0 17.7

11.9 Rough Wavy, tongue like

15. Plastic fern 28.3 34.5 7.4 Smooth, brittle Feather like 16. Rumohra adiantiformis 22.4 20.6 11.9 Leathery Feather like 17. Drynaria quercifolia 32.3 55.5

7.9 Rough, leathery

Like Oak leaf

18. Lygodium palmatum 30.5 38.9 3.0 tough Palmlike 19. Native Terrestial fern, 15.6 35.5

4.7 Rough, tough and leathery

Palm leaf or feather like

20. Davallia fejeensis 17.4 17.7 7.0

Rough Triangular, dividing into pinnae, subpinnae

21. Native Terrestial fern, trident shaped pinnae 14.6 35.4 3.0 Rough Trident shaped 22. Staghorn fern 24.5 19.5 4.8 Antler-like, two or three points

C.D. (P = 0.05) 2.96 0.35 - - -

199

Table 1.14.1.3d: Plant characters of different asparagus species at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Species Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (EW)

Plant spread (NS)

Cladophyll length (cm)

Cladophyll breadth

(cm)

Cladophyll number /plant

1. Asparagus densiflorus ‘Meyersii’(foxtail asparagus)

71.4 75.6 75.4 34.5 6.8 27.4

2. A. densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ 125.7 108.4 104.6 58.7 18.5 112.3

3. A. plumosus /setaceus 179.8 127.8 122.7 20.5 8.4 123.5

4. A. aethiopicus (dwarf one) 58.7 53.2 25.7 22.6 5.0 32.8

5. .A. retrofracus/ A. makowanii 60.5 48.4 47.8 58.6 13.8 35.4

C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.96 1.84 1.89 1.30 0.98 1.16

Table 1.14.1.3e: Plant characters of different asparagus species at Kahikuchi centre

(2014-15) Species Cladophyll

longevity (days)

Cladophyll production

interval (days)

Petiole length (cm)

Petiole girth (cm)

Branches per

cladophyll

Cladophyll fresh wt.

(g)

Cladophyll internodal

length (cm)

Vase life

(days)

Asparagus densiflorus ‘Meyersii’ (Foxtail asparagus)

15.8 43.5 22.5 0.22 258.7 22.8 0.37 7.5

A. densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ 20.7 37.8 5.8 0.25 48.6 22.4 1.40 5.6

A.plumosus / setaceus 20.5 34.5 4.8 0.24 45.4

14.1 3.12 5.4

A. aethiopicus 19.3 30.0 5.4 0.26 53.2 6.4 0.7 3.2 A. retrofracus/ A. makowanii 26.7 42.6 15.8 0.30 16.8 28.7 2.4 5.5

C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.17 1.95 0.50 0.02 1.50 2.17 0.06 0.20

200

Table 1.14.1.3f: Plant characters of Dracaena species at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Species Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Leaf lamina length (cm)

leaf spread (cm)

Petiole length (cm)

Petiole girth (cm)

C. australis ‘Purpurea’ 54.6 38.0 26.0 5.27 6.0 2.0

C. australis ‘ pink 32.0 31.0 19.0 7.0 - -

D. hybrid var A 37.5 41.6 24.4 7.63 4.94 1.08

D. hybrid varB 36.4 31 18.8 7.0 4.14 1.0

D. deremensis ‘Janet Craig’ 62.6 57.6 36.0 6.42 No

petiole -

D. fragrans Massangeana 79.0 78.1 42.8 7.29 - -

D.compacta 83.8 34.4 16.0 6.0 - -

D. reflexa syn D.sanderiana 42 29 15 2.25 No

petiole -

D. deremensis (cream and green, thin linear leaves)

80.0 35.0 17.4 4.67 5.0 1.54

D.deremensis ‘Warnecki ‘White Green’

64.3 41.8 10.4 3.9 3.0 1.2

D. deremensis (dark green leaves) 30.0 25.5 11.7 3.5 3.0 1.2

D.godseffiana syn. D. surculosa 60.0 63.0 9.0 2.9 3.5 0.2

D. marginata ’Colorama’ 90.0 70.0 32.0 0.5 - -

D. marginata ’Tricolor’ 71.25 68.33 33.0 0.4 - -

201

Table 1.14.1.3g: Plant characters of different Dracaena species at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Species No. of leaves /plant/year

Leaf longevity

(days)

Leaf prodn. interval (days)

Vase life (days)

C. australis ‘Purpurea’ 32.5 Not recorded yet

Not recorded yet 5

C. australis ‘ pink 15.0 ” ” 6

D. hybrid var A 37.0 ” ” 14

D. hybrid varB 26.2 ” ” 10

D. deremensis ‘Janet Craig’ 25.6 ” ” 14

D. fragrans Massangeana 35.43 ” ” 16

D.compacta 25.0 ” ”

D. reflexa syn D.sanderiana 34.5 2 months 3 weeks

D. deremensis (cream and green, thin linear leaves)

31.50 2.5-3 1 month

D.deremensis ‘Warnecki ‘White Green’ 32.4 2.5 1 month 14

D. deremensis (dark green leaves) 20.0 ” ” 17

D.godseffiana syn. D. surculosa 7.3 ” ” 7

D. marginata ’Colorama’ 57.5 - - -

D. marginata ‘Tricolor” 52 - - -

202

Tablele1.14.1.4: Collection and evaluation of fillers (Asparagus, Dracena, Gypsophylla and Ferns) at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Plant species Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Leaf length (cm)

No. of leaves per

plant

Leaf longevity

(Days)

Leaf production

intervals

Leaf texture

Leaf shape

Leaf margin

Leaf tip

Asparagus setaceus 85.66 68.83 27.66 19.66 28.52 24.74 Fine - - - A. densiflorus 54.23 42.32 42.12 12.62 22.63 37.52 Fine _ - -

Gypsophylla elegans 112.58 54.27 6.48 27.67 24.85 21.84 Fine Lanceolate entire Acute Dracaena fragrans 124.52 69.42 53.62 24.12 134.20 67.52 smooth Lanceolate Wavy Accumin

Nephrolepis exaltata 26.11 24.51 18.23 25.62 56.23 25.36 Fine Pinnate Entire truncate C.D. (P = 0.05) 28.12 4.9 7.96 4.56 3.25 1.12

Plant species Markings etc.

Foliar color

Branching habit

Presence of flowers

Plant quality rating

Incidence of pest/ diseases

Vase life (days)

Asparagus setaceus Nil Green Yes No Good Nil 11.66 * A. densiflorus Nil Light Green Yes Yes Good Nil 6.42* Gypsophyla paniculata Nil Light Green Yes Yes ( White ) Good Nil 10.67 ** Dracaena fragrans Nil Glossy Green No No Good Nil 22.12*

Nephrolepis exaltata Nil Green Yes No Good Nil 8.25 * C.D. (P = 0.05) 3.31

* Leaf ** Flower stem

203

Table 1.14.1.5a: Existing collection of cut foliage and fillers at Hyderabad centre (2014-15)

Name of the foliage plant Philodendron Ferns Asparagus Philodendron ‘Emerald duke’ Nephrolepsis exalta “childsii’ Asparagus densiflorusvar.springeri

Philodendron ‘mamei’ Nephrolepsis exalta “smithii’ Asparagus densiflorusvar.Mayers

Philodendron ‘Black cardinal’ Polypodium punctatum Asparagus setaceus

Philodendron ‘williamsii’ Polystichum setosum Asparagus sps.-I

Philodendron Ceylon gold Blechnumpenna –marina Name of the flower filler plant

Philodendron ‘charm’ Asplenium nidus Golden rod (Solidagosp.)

Philodendron serratum Fern sps (ACC-1) Gypsophila elegance

Philodendron wend-imbe

204

Table 1.14.1.5b: Characteristics of foliage plants & fillers at Hyderabad centre

Name of the foliage plant and Description Asparagus Asparagus setaceus A fine foliage climber, prefers shady place ,twigs and cladodes arranged in a horizontal plane,triangular in

outline ;cladodes numerous in fascicle, flowers small ,white, observed during rainy and summer season and berries purple balck,

Asparagus sps.-I A dwarf form, with very attractive cladodes which are soft and light green in color. Stem have no thorns. Very attractive foliage plant

Dieffenbachia Dieffenbachia ‘Exotica Camilla’

Leaves ovate & medium in size with pointed apex .predominantly creamy yellow in and around the mid rib and green along the border.

Dieffenbachia reginae Leaves large, oblong pointed, pale green or dark green and blotched cream-white, bluish green beneath.

Philodendron Philodendron ‘Emerald duke’

A hardy, vigorus and spreading type with large hastate leaves, shining green, leathery, yellowish midrib.

Philodendron ‘Black cardinal’

Compact growth, leaves broadly ovate, cordate base, leathery, shining deep green, young leaves dark coppery red ,petiole and stem red

Philodendron ‘mamei’ A slow growing creeper with large waxy, cordate-ovate, quilted leaves, light green to grayish green, marbled and silvery areas; petioles flattened with Horney edges.

Philodendron ‘williamsii’

Thick stout stem,leaves deeply hastate,glossy green, leathery,60-80cms long with undulate margin and reddish veins.

Philodendron ‘charm’ Leaves smaller and thinner than ‘Venus Pluto’, up to 25 cm long, lower part of the lamina deeply lobed, new leaves radish brown in color.

Ferns Nephrolepsisexalta “childsii’

A compact variety fronds variously shaped,pinnate ruffled and crinkled

Nephrolepsisexalta “smithii’

Fronds 4-pinnate :pinnate small ,yellowish greenCompact growth upto 30cms height

Blechnumpenna -marina Ever green fern, fronds pinnate, glossy green, arising tuft. Aspleniumnidus A rosette of simple, lanceolate, spreading, shining green fronds, 60-120 cm long, leathery with prominent

blackish midrib and wavy margins, arising from a crown densely clothed with black scales.

205

Table 1.14.1.5c: Performance of Asparagus at Hyderabad centre

Table 1.14.1.5d: Performance of Philodendron at Hyderabad centre

Name of the plant species

Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf width (cm)

Petiole length (cm)

Petiole girth (cm)

Leaf production

interval (days)

Philodendron ‘Emerald duke’ 72.3 45.6 10.2 8.23 8.23 6.1

50.2

Philodendron mamei 45.62 46.89 12.3 8.65 7.12 5.98 60.45

Phildendron ‘black cardinal’ 48.7 62.77 17.6 9.32 4.26 6.54

53

Philodendron ‘williamsii’ 98.76 72.3 30.2 12.36 29.38 10.93

71.5

Philodendron ‘charm’ 68.32 88.6 11.2 7.6 11.57 5.23 134

Philodendron Ceylon gold 54.51

92.73 18.7 8.94 9.12 5.48

-

Philodendron serratum 68.92 172.3 17.23 10.23 22.76 7.29 -

Species/Character Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf width (cm)

Petiole length (cm)

Petiole girth (cm)

No of leaves/

fronds/branch

Utility

Asparagus setaceus 265.4 154.3 19.3 15.8 33.4 2.56 39.5 Leaf filler

Asparagus sps.-Type-I

188.42 82.4 29.2 14.62 29.6 1.85 29.2 ,,

Asparagus densiflorusvar.springeri

11.2 92.41 95.3 18.3 21.3 27.3 100.4 ,,

Asparagus densiflorusvar.Mayers

102.3 119.55 67.4 16.3 15.6 12.3 72.3 Cut foliage

Cycas 89.4 138.26 68.3 25.3 9.34 1.5 95.3 Cut foliage

Tujas 68.4 141.5 49.3 12.4 6.7 0.98 286.5 Cut foliage

206

Table 1.14.1.5e: Performance of Ferns at Hyderabad centre

Ferns Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf width (cm)

Petiole length (cm)

Petiole girth (cm)

Leaf production

interval (days)

Fern sp. (un identified) 132 150 104 33.4 22.6 7.96 -

Nephrolepsis biserrata-furcans

97.6 109.3 54.3 11.65 31.25 2.34 33.2

Blechnum penna -marina

44.3 62.3 32.6 6.7 14.5 0.56 32.6

Asplenium nidus 58.6 67.5 23.5 3.54 2.69 0.64 56.4

Table 1.14.1.5f: Performance of flower filler plants at Hyderabad centre

Flower filler Plant

height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Length of

infloresence stalk

(cm)

No of leaves/Branc

h

No. of flowers each/

cluster (or)

panicle

No. of flowers

per inflorescence

Days taken

to flower from bud stage

Days to flower from

planting

Flowering duration (days)

Gypsophila

69.34 33.76 25.64 64.3 124 654 7.3 82 84 days

Solidago

25.6 72.56 21.6 34.8 - 812 6.4 77 176 days (Goldenrod)

207

Table 1.14.1.6a: Indoor life, damage symptoms, pests and diseases of selected Philodendrons under indoor conditions at Velanikkar centre

Sl. No.

Species/variety Levels of light Indoor life (days) Symptoms of damage

1

Philodendron Black Beauty

LL 26.5 fading of colour ML 32.5 wilting, leaf drying HL 22 Leaf drying, wilting SL 24.5 leaf drying

A/C 33 Leaf drying 2

Philodendron Black Prince

LL 32.5 Leaves weak ML 36 spots, yellowing, wilting HL 17.5 leaf wilting SL 41.5 leaf margin brown

A/C 39.5 yellowing, tip brown, 3

Philodendron 'Ceylon Gold'

LL 10.5 leaf colour fading, drying, ML 13.5 Bending HL 14 Bending SL 23.5 tip scorch, yellow-green

A/C 24 leaf colour fading, drying, 4

Philodendron hederaceum

LL 16.5 leaf colour fading, drying, ML 28.5 Bending HL 32.5 Bending SL 18 tip scorch, yellow-green

A/C 33 Bending 5

Philodendron lacerum

LL 10.5 spots, yellowing, wilting ML 14 wilting HL 17.5 Bending SL 25 yellow-green at margin

A/C 28.5 yellowing, margin brown 6

Philodendron laciatum

'Variegata'

LL 13.5 yellow-green, wilting ML 20.5 drying, wilting HL 37 Bending SL 14 leaves droop, drying,

wilting A/C 21 wilting

7

Philodendron x Magnificum

LL 11 spots, yellowing, wilting ML 42.5 wilting HL 39 yellowing SL 48.5 yellow-green leaf

A/C 49 yellowing, margin brown 8

Philodendron ‘Majesty’

LL 10 leaf drooping, yellow-green

ML 8.5 drying HL 8.5 Bending

208

SL 58 leaves droop, wilting A/C 59 no symptoms

9

Philodendron 'Moonshine'

LL 8 leaf droop ML 9 wilting HL 6 leaf scorching SL 10 drooping

A/C 16 drying 10

Philodendron 'Pluto Red'

LL 10.5 tip brown, oldest leaf dry ML 14 tip brown, leaf drying HL 17.5 tip brown, yellowish green SL 25 tip scorch, wilting

A/C 25 old leaves dried and shrinken

11

Philodendron 'Red Sunlight'

LL 21 margin brown, leaf drying ML 11 Leaf colour fading HL 19.5 tip and margin brown SL 9 leaf blotch, drying

A/C 20 margin brown 12

Philodendron serratum

LL 12 tip and margin brown ML 28 tip brown, margin yellow HL 25 margin brown SL 14 margin brown, leaf drying

A/C 29 margin brown, yellowing 13

Philodendron wendlandii

LL 10 leaves yellow-green ML 23 Bending HL 13.5 Bending SL 24.5 yellow-green

A/C 24.5 bending

209

Table 1.14.1.6b: Quality rating of Philodendron by visual scoring at Vellanikkara centre

Sl. No. Species/Variety

Growth & fullness

(Texture, Shape & Pattern) (Out of

10)

Colour &

Pigmentation

(Out of 10)

Suitability to indoor conditions (Tolerance capacity)

(Out of 10)

Pest & diseases &

other problems (Out of

10)

Total (out of

40)

1 Philodendron bipinnatifidum 8.4 8.5 7.1 8.8 32.8 2 Philodendron ‘Black Beauty’ 8.6 9.3 5.0 8.9 31.8 3 Philodendron ‘Black Cardinal’ 8.7 8.6 5.4 8.1 30.8 4 Philodendron ‘Black Prince’ 8.1 8.5 5.2 7.8 29.6 5 Philodendron ‘Ceylon Gold’ 8.8 7.4 6.4 8.2 30.8 6 Philodendron elegans 8.6 7.6 6.8 7.9 30.9 7 Philodendron hederaceum 8.9 8.9 5.1 9.3 32.2 8 Philodendron karstenianum 8.4 8.6 4.6 8.6 30.2 9 Philodendron lacerum 7.8 8.1 5.2 8.8 29.9 10 Philodendron lacinatum

‘Variegata’ 8.8 8.2 7.9 7.2 32.1

11 Philodendron x Magnificum 7.6 8.3 8.6 7.1 31.6 12 Philodendron ‘Majesty’ 9.3 9.1 8.5 8.8 35.7 13 Philodendron ‘Moon Shine’ 7.2 7.6 5.0 2.6 25.7 14 Philodendron pertusum 9.1 8.4 8.7 8.5 34.7 15 Philodendron ‘Pluto Red’ 6.4 8.1 5.0 8.4 27.9 16 Philodendron ‘Red Dutches’ 8.6 8.3 5.5 7.1 29.5 17 Philodendron ‘Red Sunlight’ 7.9 8.6 7.7 8.4 32.6 18 Philodendron sagittifolium 8.8 8.6 8.2 8.5 33.5 19 P. scandens oxycardium 9.3 7.8 9.1 9.1 35.3 20 Philodendron serratum 7.8 7.6 6.1 7.2 28.7 21 Philodendron ‘Smithi’ 8.3 8.5 6.2 8.3 31.3 22 Philodendron superbum 8.6 8.3 5.6 8.6 31.1 23 Philodendron wend-imbe 8.4 7.1 6.7 8.4 30.6 24 Philodendron wendlandii 8.1 7.6 9.0 8.8 33.5 25 Philodendron williamsii 9.4 7.8 6.6 8.9 32.7 14 Philodendron pertusum 9.1 8.4 8.7 8.5 34.7 15 Philodendron ‘Pluto Red’ 6.4 8.1 5.0 8.4 27.9 16 Philodendron ‘Red Dutches’ 8.6 8.3 5.5 7.1 29.5 17 Philodendron ‘Red Sunlight’ 7.9 8.6 7.7 8.4 32.6 18 Philodendron sagittifolium 8.8 8.6 8.2 8.5 33.5 19 P. scandens oxycardium 9.3 7.8 9.1 9.1 35.3 20 Philodendron serratum 7.8 7.6 6.1 7.2 28.7 21 Philodendron ‘Smithi’ 8.3 8.5 6.2 8.3 31.3 22 Philodendron superbum 8.6 8.3 5.6 8.6 31.1 23 Philodendron wend-imbe 8.4 7.1 6.7 8.4 30.6 24 Philodendron wendlandii 8.1 7.6 9.0 8.8 33.5 25 Philodendron williamsii 9.4 7.8 6.6 8.9 32.7

210

Table 1.14.1.6c: Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of philodendrons at Vellanikkara centre

Sl. No.

Plant species

Total chlorophyll

(mg/g)

pH Ascorbic acid

(mg/g)

RWC (%)

APTI

1 Philodendron bipinnatifidum 2.68ab 5.41abc 0.48l 86.09efgh 9.01j 2 Philodendron ‘Black Beauty’ 2.25d 5.21de 11.3d 89.82bc 17.45c 3 Philodendron ‘Black Cardinal’ 1.65hi 5.22de 13.5c 81.72jkl 17.53c 4 Philodendron ‘Black Prince’ 1.71hi 4.81fg 3.09ij 97.02a 11.84ghi 5 Philodendron ‘Ceylon Gold’ 2.59bc 5.4abc 0.51l 84.68ghij 8.74 j 6 Philodendron elegans 1.8gh 5.33bcd 7.28fg 88.12bcde 14.08def

g 7 Philodendron hederaceum 1.66 hi 4.74fg 9.73de 87.55bcdef 15.01de 8 Philodendron karstenianum 2.17de 5.14e 1.89jkl 87.7bcde 10.25hij 9 Philodendron lacerum 2.76ab 5.54 a 6.56gh 90.44b 14.47def 10 Philodendron

lacinatum‘Variegata’ 2.4 c 4.83fg 9.91de 88.26bcde 16.02cd

11 Philodendron x Magnificum 1.95fg 4.83fg 2.01jkl 83.75hijk 9.87ij 12 Philodendron ‘Majesty’ 1.83ghi 5.45abc 29.16a 89.58bc 30.27a 13 Philodendron ‘Moon Shine’ .45k 4.7g 10.2de 86.36defgh 13.93def

g 14 Philodendron pertusum 1.68 hi 4.68g 9.76de 83.11ijk 14.46def 15 Philodendron ‘Pluto Red’ 2.06ef 5.31cde 4.71hi 84.27ghij 12.03ghi 16 Philodendron ‘Red Dutches’ 2.8 a 4.49h 4.85hi 81.92ijkl 11.86ghi 17 Philodendron ‘Red Sunlight’ 1.16j 4.81fg 3.43ij 96.80a 11.71ghi 18 Philodendron sagittifolium 1.81ghi 5.29cde 2.56jk 89.33bcd 10.77hij 19 Philodendron

scandensoxycardium .11l 3.82i 6.51gh 95.17a 12.03ghi

20 Phildendron serratum 1.6hi 4.86fg 20.4b 90.09b 22.32b 21 Phiodendron ‘Smithi’ 1.31 j 5.31cde 2.01jkl 81.22kl 6.43k 22 Phlodendron superbum 1.20 j 5.51ab .96kl 79.51lm 8.56jk 23 Philodendron wend-imbe 1.65hi 4.92f 8.56ef 78.29m 13.47efg 24 Philodendron wendlandii 1.62i 4.72g .56l 86.92cdefg 9.07j 25 Philodendron williamsii 1.64hi 4.44h 6.56gh 87.69bcde 12.78efg

h

211

Table 1.14.1.6d: Evaluation of philodendron species/varieties for use as cut foliage at Vellanikkara centre

Sl. No.

Species/Variety Fresh wt. of leaf (g)

Water uptake (ml)

Physiological loss in wt. (g)

Days taken to develop

symptoms 1 Philodendron

bipinnatifidum 62.7a

5h 1.24m

26.33de 2 Philodendron ‘Black

Beauty’ 32.7f

5h 1.25lm

24.33def 3 Philodendron ‘Black

Cardinal’ 29.06g

5h 1.26lm

20.33fghi 4 Philodendron ‘Black

Prince’ 21.63j

13.66def 1.76g

37.33ab 5 Philodendron ‘Ceylon

Gold’ 6.86mn

10.33fg 1.42j

17.33hij 6 Philodendron elegans 26hi 11.66f 1.55i 20.66fghi 7 P. hederaceum 24.26i 10.33fg 1.42j 35.66bc 8 P. karstenianum 4.93no 12.66ef 1.64h 28.33d 9 Philodendron lacerum 52.16b 7gh 1.34k 21.66fgh 10 P.lacinatum ‘Variegata’ 49.63c 4h 1.0p 23efg 11 Philodendron x

Magnificum 44.36d

17.33c 1.93d

32.66c 12 Philodendron ‘Majesty’ 49.23c 6h 1.29l 23efg 13 Philodendron ‘Moon

Shine’ 27.16gh

20.66b 2.05b

11.33k 14 Philodendron pertusum 17.76k 16cde 1.80f 41a 15 Philodendron ‘Pluto Red’ 9.1lm 18bc 1.99c 39.33ab 16 Philodendron ‘Red

Dutches’ 35.26e

16.33cd 1.85e

23efg 17 Philodendron ‘Red

Sunlight’ 43.46d

31.33a 2.1a

17.33hij 18 Philodendron sagittifolium 2.93o 4.33h 1.1o 19.66ghi 19 P. scandens oxycardium 4.86no 11.33f 1.51i 23.33efg 20 Phildendron serratum 5.76n 13.33def 1.74g 21.33fgh 21 Philodendron ‘Smithi’ 11.3l 4.66h 1.16n 20.33fghi 22 Philodendron superbum 5.46no 12.66fe 1.64h 10.66k 23 Philodendron wend-imbe 18.5k 12.66ef 1.64h 18.33hi 24 Philodendron wendlandii 34.8ef 10.33fg 1.42j 16.33ij 25 Philodendron williamsii 26.33hi 4.33h 1.1o 14jk

C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.37 1.76 0.029 2.19

212

Table 1.14.1.6e: Performance of Gypsophila Paniculata in Pad and Fan green house at Vellanikkara centre

Sl. No. Characters Performance

1 Plant height (cm) 70.0 2 Leaf length 7.0 3 Leaf breadth 1.5 4 Time taken for flowering (dap) 90.0

5 Time taken for first bud opening from flower initiation (days)

14.0

6 Duration of flowering (days) 45.0

Table 1.14.2.1: Biometrical characters of Native ornamental species at Periyakulam centre

Sl. No.

Characters Native ornamental species 1

Native ornamental species 2

1. Identification of the plant collected (Genus, Species and Family)

Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker ASPARAGACEAE

Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees ACANTHACEAE

2. Plant height (cm) 51+/- 5.0cm 102.0 +/_ 5.0 cm

3. Plant spread (cm) 70+/-5.0cm 80+/- 5.0cm 4. Form and number of

branches No branching monocot Dichotomous, many

5. Number of leaves per plant

8 to 15 Numerous

6. Foliage color Green Green 7. Texture of the leaves Thick Thin 8. Days taken for flowering 35 days 180 days 9. Flower size 3.7 cm(diameter) 1.5 x 2.5 cm 10. Flower color white yellow 11. Duration of flowering 45 days 60 days 12. Attractive fruiting

structure Tri locular capsules Bi locular capsules

213

Table 1.14.2.2a: Description of some of the potential wild ornamentals of HP surveyed during 2014-15 and their probable use at Solan centre

Sl. No.

Botanical and ( Common) Name

Family Description Probable Use

1. Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn

Leguminosae

A vigorous heavy climber covered with red-brown tomentum, leaves cordate, orbicular, flowers white turning to creamish yellow in terminal corymbs, thick brown pods.

For training over heavy trees and pergolas and to create shade beneath.

2. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam:

Compositae Commonly called as ox-eye daisy is a medium sized plant with much serrated foiage and white daisy like flowers. The flowers appear in abundance in May and present a scenic excellence in Mashobra, Naldehra areas of HP.

Can be utilized as a bedding plant and mass plantations of meadows.

3. Arisaema flavum Schott

Araceae It is locally called as Sarp Ka goga. It is found growing in jungles of Barog, Chail, and Kamna Devi (Shimla). A deciduous, bulbous, erect and snake like, herbaceous plant. Leaves are alternate, leaflets 9-11, fine texture, light green, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers are light green, purple inside spathe. Bloom in July-August. Fruits are red and spherical oblong and are ornamental.

It is used as specimen plant, in dry flower arrangements and in pots.

4. Notholirion thomsonianum Royle

Liliaceae

It is a medium sized bulbous plant with thin attenuate sessile leaves with pale pink flowers on tall long spikes. It is found growing in Shalaghat and Taradevi areas of HP.

It can be used in bulbous borders and as a cut flower.

5. Woodwardia unigemmata

Blechnaceae It is an evergreen fern with short erect rhizomes and ovate to ovate lanceolate coriaceous dark green leaves; emerging leaf colour red. It is found growing in Karol, Shoghi, Dhamla and Nohradhar areas.

It can be utilized as cut green and as a pot plant.

Table 1.14.2.2b: Influence of photoperiod on growth and flowering of Inula cuspidate at Solan centre

Type of Photoperiod

Short Days taken for bud

initiation

Short days Days taken to

flowering

Plant height (cm)

No. of side shoots per

plant

No. of flowers per pot

Plant spread (cm)

Duration of flowering

(days) Controlled photoperiod

29.00 33.00 28.00 3.00 40.66 26.00 34.33

Natural photoperiod

- - 32.00 2.66 32.33 27.33 -

214

Table 1.14.2.3a: Native ornamentals evaluated at Vellanikkara centre (2014-15)

Table 1.14.2.3b: Suitability of native ornamentals for different uses at Vellanikkara centre

Sl. No.

Plant Suitability for use as Cut

flower Dry

flower Pigment

extraction Essential

extraction 1. Cassia alata 2. Bauhinia acuminata x 3. Caesalpinia

pulcherrima

4. Plumeria spp. x 5. Gardenia

jasminoides

6. Quisqualis indica 7 Calicopteris

floribunda x

8. Cassia fistula x x 9. Clerodendrum

paniculatum x

10. Antigonon leptopus x

Sl.No.

Common name Scientific name Family

1. Candle sticks plant Cassia alata Fabacea

2. Dwarf white bauhinia Bauhinia acuminata Fabacea

3. Pea cock flower Caesalpinia pulcherrima Fabacea

4. Temple tree Plumeria spp. Apocynacea

5. Cape jasmine Gardenia jasminoides Rubiacea

6. Rangoon creeper Quisqualis indica Combretacea

7 Paper flower climber Calicopteris floribunda Combretacea

8 Golden shower Cassia fistula Fabacea

9 Pagoda flower Clerodendrum paniculatum

Lamiacea

10 Coral vine Antigonon leptopus Polygonacea

215

Table 1.15.1.1a: Collection and evaluation of ornamental flowering shrub landscape use- Plant characters at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Botanical Name Plant

height (cm)

Plant Spread

(cm)

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm)

No. leaves /10cm

Petiole girth (cm)

Petiole length (cm)

Interno--dal

length Acalypha wilkesiana 50.23 62.12 12 10.0 5 0.22 2.5 2.7 Malphigia glabra 220.10 75.15 4.0 2.2 8 0.06 0.4 3.0 Buddleja asiatica 302.12 56.23 10.9 3.6 4 0.10 2.2 7.0 Calliandra spp. 412.21 102.52 13 10.1 2 0.16 2.0 7.7 Spirea corymbosa 52.32 23.52 6.0 2.5 5 0.08 0.5 2.0 Cassia glauca 422.31 62.12 18.2 9.3 4 0.85 5.2 6.1 Cestrum diumum 389.12 57.45 8.0 3.2 14 0.37 1.2 1.1 Cestrum noctumum 358.62 54.82 7.4 2.5 5 0.09 1.2 5.5 Thevetia peruviana 502.42 201.42 10 1.5 7 0.12 0.1 4.2 Russelia floribunda 45.26 23.01 3.4 2.1 10 0.06 0.3 3.4 Lawsonia inerme 201.25 54.74 2.4 1.1 11 0.02 0.1 2.5 Duranta erecta 56.23 23.56 5.4 3.1 17 0.10 0.7 2.4 Ervatamia coronaria 456.52 107.52 10.7 5.2 4 0.25 2.0 1.0 E. divaricata 475.62 102.45 12 4.8 4 0.21 0.5 6.0 Erythrina crista -galli

451.52 112.52 9.0 10.0 7 0.14 7.0 4.3

Euonymus japonicus 201.42 12.52 5.5 4.4 6 0.44 1.3 4.2 Euphorbia cotinifolia

125.42 41.75 5.9 5.5 9 0.40 5.2 5.0

Galphimia gracilis 65.23 23.12 4.7 2.5 22 0.08 1.4 4.6 E. divaricata Dwarf 45.21 31.41 6.7 1.6 22 0.08 0.4 1.2 Hamelia patens 452.12 52.43 9.9 4.8 6 0.11 1.5 8.5 Hiptage benghalensis

563.12 100.02 16.8 4.2 8 0.18 0.3 3.1

Jasminum sarmbac 49.52 56.41 10.0 5.7 7 0.27 0.7 3.6 Jatropha integrrima 152.12 42.62 11.2 5.4 7 0.24 3.1 1.9 Lagerstroemia indica

189.52 32.75 5.0 2.9 11 0.11 0.3 2.4

Lantana Camara 65.41 201.85 5.0 3.7 12 0.25 1.1 2.8 L. depressa 12.52 36.42 3.5 2.6 12 0.08 0.8 4.5 Murraya exotica 204.20 42.85 16.0 9.9 4 0.33 2.0 3.2 Nyctanthes arbortristis

605.12 77.48 7.0 5.2 4 0.16 0.5 7.0

Plumbago capensis 52.41 175.62 5.5 2.7 21 0 0 6.2 E. divaricata Varig. 302.41 175.62 9.2 3.2 8 0.10 0.7 2.0 C.D. (P = 0.05) 89.52 58.02` 3.71 2.14 2.3

02 NS NS 0.42

216

Table 1.15.1.1b: Collection and evaluation of ornamental flowering shrub landscape use- Plant characters at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Botanical Name Leaf texture

Pubescence Shape of leaves

Margin of leaf

Leaf tip Branching Pest/ disease

Attraction of butterfly

Acalypha wilkesiana Coarse Yes Heart Serrated Acuminate Yes Nil No Malphigia glabra Fine No Heart Entire Acute Yes Nil yes Buddleja asiatica Coarse Yes Lanceolate Entire Acuminate Yes Nil Yes Calliandra spp. Coarse No Comp. Entire Obtuse Yes Nil Yes Spirea corymbosa Fine No Oval Lobed obtuse Yes Nil No Cassia glauca Coarse Yes Comp. Entire Obtuse Yes Nil No Cestrum diumum Coarse Yes Lanceolate Entire Acute Yes Nil Yes Cestrum noctumum Coarse Yes Lanceolate Entire Acute Yes Nil Yes Thevetia peruviana Fine Yes Lanceolate Entire Acute Yes Nil Yes Russelia floribunda Rough No Oval Serated Obtuse No Nil Yes Lawsonia inerme Fine No Lanceolate Entire Acute Yes Nil Yes Duranta erecta Fine No Oval Entire Obtuse Yes Nil No Ervatamia coronaria Thick Yes Lanceolate Entire Acuminate Yes Nil no E. divaricata Smooth Yes Lanceolate Entire Acuminate Yes Nil no Erythrina crista-galli Coarse No Oval Entire Acuminate Yes Nil Yes Euonymus japonicus Smooth No Round Entire Obtuse Yes Nil No Euphorbia cotinifolia Smooth No Round Entire Obtuse Yes Nil No Galphimia gracilis Smooth No Round Entire Obtuse Yes Nil No Ervatamia divaricata Dwarf Fine No Lanceolate Entire Acuminate Yes Nil No Hamelia patens Fine No Lanceolate Entire Obtuse Yes Nil Yes Hiptage benghalensis Coarse No Lanceolate Wavy Acuminate Yes Nil Yes Jasminum sarmbac Coarse Yes Oval Entire Obtuse Yes Nil Yes Jatropha integrrima Coarse No Lanceolate Entire Acuminate Yes Nil Yes Lagerstroemia indica Fine No Oval Entite Obtuse Yes Nil Yes Lantana Camara Rough Yes Oval Serrated Acute Yes Nil Yes L. depressa Rough Yes Oval Serrated Acute Yes Nil Yes Murraya exotica Smooth Yes Oval Entire Acute Yes Nil Yes Nyctanthes arbortristis Rough Yes Heart Entire Acute Yes Nil Yes Plumbago capensis Fine No Lanceolate Entire Obtuse Yes Nil Yes Ervatamia divaricata Varig. Smooth No Lanceolate Wavy Acuminate Yes Nil No

217

Table 1.15.1.2a: Shrubs selected for the study at Vellanikkara centre

Sl. No.

Scientific name Commom name Family

1 Allamanda violacea Purple allamanda Apocynaceae 2 Allamanda cathartica Golden trumpet Apocynaceae 3 Allamanda cathartica ‘Dwarf Dwarf Golden trumpet Apocynaceae 4 Allamanda neriifolia Bush allamanda Apocynaceae 5 Bauhinia acuminata White Orchid-tree Leguminaceae 6 Brunfelsia latifolia Yesterday-Today-Tommorow Solanaceae 7 Calliandra haematocephala Red Powder Puff Leguminaceae 8 Clerodendrum macrosiphon Musical note shrub Verbanaceae 9 Hamelia patens Scarletbush Rubiaceae 10 Ixora chinensis Chinese ixora Rubiaceae 11 Ixora coccinea Ixora Rubiaceae 12 Ixora rosea Pink ixora Rubiaceae 13 Kopsia fruticosa Shurb Vinca, Pink Kopsia Apocynaceae 14 Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae 15 Murraya paniculata Orange jasmine Rootaceae 16 Mussaenda erythrophylla Mussaenda Rubiaceae 17 Nerium indicum Nerium, Purple oleander Apocynaceae 18 Odontonema cuspidatum Firespike, cardinal flower Acanthaceae 19 Otacanthus caeruleus Brazilian Snadragon Scrophulariaceae 20 Pereskia bleo Deseart rose Euphorbiaceae 21 Pseuderanthemum graciflorum Blue Twilight Acanthaceae 22 Pseuderanthemum reticulatum Tellow vein eranthemum Acanthaceae 23 Rondeletia odorata Panama rose Rubiaceae 24 Russelia juncea Coral Fountain Plantaginaceae 25 Tabernaemontana coronaria Crape jasmine Apocynaceae 26 Tabernaemontana coronaria

‘Nana’ Dwarf tabernae Apocynaceae

27 Tabernaemontana coronaria Variegata

Variegated tabernae Apocynaceae

28 Tecomaria capensis Cape Honeysuckle Bignoniaceae 29 Thevetia peruviana Yellow oleander Apocynaceae 30 Wrightia antidysenterica Snow flake Apocynaceae

218

Table 1.15.1.2b: Plant textural classification based on leaf area at Vellanikkara centre Plant texture

group Tall shrub Medium shrub Dwarf shrub

Coarse (leaf area more than 100 cm2)

- - -

Medium coarse (leaf area 60-100 cm2)

Bauhinia acuminata Mussaenda erythrophylla

Ixora coccinia Kopsia fruticosa

Medium (leaf area 20-60 cm2)

Allamanda cathartica Allamanda violacea Nerium indicum Pereskia bleo

Tabernaemontana coronaria Ixora chinensis

Ixora rosea Odontonema cuspidatum Pseuderanthemum graciflorum

Medium (leaf area 20-60 cm2)

Thevetia peruviana Hamelia patens

Clerodendrum macrosiphon

Brunfelsia latifolia Otacanthus caeruleus Tabernaemontana coronaria ‘Variegata’

Fine (leaf area less than 10 cm2)

Allamanda neriifolia Rondeletia odorata

Russelia juncea Allamanda cathartica ‘Dwarf’ Lonicera japonica Tabernaemontana coronaria ‘Nana’

Table 1.15.1.2c: Classification of shrubs based on Air Pollution Tolerance Index

at Vellanikkara centre APTI

category Tall shrub Medium shrub Dwarf shrub

Sensitive ( ≤ 14)

Hamelia patens Pereskia bleo Thevetia peruviana

Pseuderanthemum reticulatum Kopsia fruticosa

Allamanda cathartica ‘Dwarf’ Odontonema cuspidatum Tabernaemontana coronaria ‘Variegata’ Wrightia antidysenterica

Intermediate (15-19)

Allamanda cathartica Nerium indicum

Murraya paniculata Tecomaria capensis

Brunfelsia latifolia Lonicera japonica Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum Tabernaemontana coronaria ‘Nana’

Moderately tolerant (20-24)

Allamanda violacea Bauhinia acuminata

Allamanda nerifolia Ixora chinensis Rondeletia odorata

Ixora rosea Otacanthus caeruleus Russelia juncea

Tolerant (>24)

Calliandra haematocephala Mussaenda erythrophylla

Clerodendrum macrosiphon Ixora coccinea

219

Table 1.15.1.2d: Landscaping uses of shrubs-Tall shrubs at Vellanikkara centre

Sl. No.

Shrub Accent plant

Shrub group

Shrub border

Back ground planting

Foundation planting

Corner planting

Traffic control

Screening

1 Allamanda cathartica

- - - - - - -

2 Allamanda violacea

- - - - - - -

3 Bauhinia acuminata

- - - - - - -

4 Calliandra haematocephala

- - - - -

5 Hamelia patens - - - - 6 Mussaenda

erythrophylla - - - - - -

7 Nerium indium - - - - - - 8 Periskia bleo - - - - - 9 Thevetia

peruviana - - - - - -

Table 1.15.1.2d (cont.): Landscaping uses of shrubs-Tall shrubs at Vellanikkara centre

Sl. No.

Shrub Hedge Topiary Butterfly garden

Fragrant garden

Moon garden

Rock garden

Xeriscaping Pot planting

Covering slopes

1 Allamanda cathartica

- - - - - - - - -

2 Allamanda violacea

- - - - - - - - -

3 Bauhinia acuminata

- - - - - -

4 Calliandra haematocephala

- - - - - - -

5 Hamelia patens

- - - - - - - -

6 Mussaenda erythrophylla

- - - - - - - -

7 Nerium indium

- - - - - - -

8 Periskia bleo

- - - - - - - - -

9 Thevetia peruviana

- - - - - - - -

220

Table 1.15.1.2e: Landscaping uses of shrubs-Medium shrubs at Vellanikkara centre Sl.No.

Shrub Accent plant

Shrub group

Shrub border

Back ground planting

Foundation planting

Corner planting

Traffic control

Screening

1 Allamanda nerifolia

- - -

2 Clerodendrum macrosiphon

- - -

3 Ixora chinensis - - - - - 4 Ixora coccinea - - - - - - 5 Kopsia fruiticosa - - 6 Murraya

paniculata - -

7 Pseuderanthemum reticulatum

- - - - -

8 Rondeletia odorata - - - - 9 Tabernaemontana

coronaria - - - - -

10 Tecomaria capensis

- -

Table 1.15.1.2e (cont.): Landscaping uses of shrubs-Medium shrubs at Vellanikkara centre Sl.

No. Shrub Hedge Topiary Butter

fly garden

Fragrant garden

Moon garden

Rock garden

Xeriscaping

Pot planting

Covering slopes

1 Allamanda nerifolia

- - - - - - - - -

2 Clerodendrum macrosiphon

- - - - - - -

3 Ixora chinensis - - - - - - - 4 Ixora coccinea - - - - - - - - 5 Kopsia fruiticosa - - - - - - - 6 Murraya

paniculata - - - - -

7 Pseuderanthemum reticulatum

- - - - - -

8 Rondeletia odorata

- - - - - - - - -

9 Tabernaemontana coronaria

- - - - - - -

10 Tecomaria capensis

- - - - - - - - -

221

Table 1.15.1.2f: Landscaping uses of shrubs-Dwarf shrubs at Vellanikkara centre Sl.

No. Shrub Accent

plant Shrub group

Shrub border

Back ground planting

Foundation planting

Corner planting

Traffic control

Screening

1 Allamanda cathartica

- - - - - -

2 Brunfelsia latifolia - - - - - - 3 Ixora rosea - - - - 4 Lonicera japonica - - - - 5 Odontonema

cuspidatum - - - - - -

6 Otacanthus caeruleus

- - - - - -

7 Pseuderanthemum graciflorum

- - - - -

8 Russelia juncea - - - - 9 Tabernaemontana

coronaria‘Nana’ - - - -

10 Tabernaemontana coronaria‘Variegata’

- - - -

Table 1.15.1.2f (Cont.): Landscaping uses of shrubs-Dwarf shrubs at Vellanikkara centre Sl.

No. Shrub Hedge Topiary Butterfly

garden Fragrant garden

Moon garden

Rock garden

Xeriscaping Pot planting

Covering slopes

1 Allamanda cathartica

- - - - - - - - -

2 Brunfelsia latifolia

- - - - - - - -

3 Ixora rosea - - - - - - - 4 Lonicera

japonica - - - -

5 Odontonema cuspidatum

- - - - - -

6 Otacanthus caeruleus

- - - - - -

- -

7 Pseuderanthemum graciflorum

- - - - - - - -

8 Russelia juncea - - - - - - 9 Tabernaemonta

na coronaria ‘Nana’

- - - - -

10 Tabernaemontana coronaria ‘Variegata’ antidysenterica

- - - - - - -

222

Table 1.15.2.1a: Per se performance of grass species for leaf growth and root growth at Coimbatore centre

Treatment Details No. of nodes / 10 cm2

No. of leaves/ node

Internodal length (cm)

Root length

No. of roots

T1 Axonopus compressus 4.50 3.30 3.00 13.50 90.00 T2 Bracharia reptans 4.50 3.20 1.00 13.20 250.00 T3 Digitaria bicornis 5.25 2.10 1.00 12.00 150.00 T4 Cenchrus ciliaris 2.50 4.20 1.00 16.30 58.00 T5 Cynodon dactylon x

Cynodon transvaalensis 10.10 2.73 2.02 9.59 257.55

T6 Dactyloctenium aegyptium 3.25 1.30 1.00 12.00 65.00 T7 Ophiopogon japonicus 1.00 0.20 15.00 6.20 85.00 T8 Paspalum vaginatum 5.25 1.70 1.00 10.20 125.00 T9 Stenotaphrum secundatum 2.50 9.40 2.00 16.50 155.00 T10 Stenotaphrum secundatum

‘Variegata’ 3.50 6.80 2.00 10.00 70.00

T11 Zoysia japonica 12.25 0.90 1.00 5.60 190.00 T12 Zoysia tenuifolia 10.50 1.00 1.00 15.00 200.00

Mean 5.41 2.58 3.03 140.93 11.63 C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.25 0.19 0.11 3.16 0.31

Table 1.15.2.1b: Nature and growth of different grass species at Coimbatore centre

Treatment Details Habit Nature Ligule Auricle Leaf tip Vernation

Axonopus compressus Stoloniferous Spreading Membranous Absent Boat shaped Folded

Bracharia reptans Bunch Spreading Fringe of Hairs Absent Pointed Folded Digitaria bicornis Stoloniferous Spreading Hairy Absent Pointed Folded Cenchrus ciliaris Bunch/

Rhizomatous Upright Fringe of

Hairs Absent Pointed Folded

Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon transvaalensis

Rhizomatous/ Stoloniferous

Upright/ spreading

Fringe of hairs

Absent Pointed Folded

Dactyloctenium aegyptium

Stoloniferous / rhizomatous

Spreading Membranous Absent Pointed Folded

Ophiopogon japonicus Bunch/ Rhizomatous

Upright/ spreading

Absent Absent Pointed Absent

Paspalum vaginatum Stoloniferous/ Rhizomatous

Spreading Membranous Absent Pointed Folded

Stenotaphrum secundatum

Stoloniferous Upright/ spreading

Fringe of hairs

Absent Boat shaped

Folded

S. secundatum Variegata’ Stoloniferous Spreading Hairy Absent Boat shaped Folded Zoysia japonica Rhizomatous Spreading Fringe of hairs Absent Pointed Rolled Zoysia tenuifolia Rhizomatous Spreading Fringe of

hairs Absent Pointed Rolled

223

Table 1.15.2.2a: A Collection and evaluation of turf grasses at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Grass species Days to germination

Fresh wt. of Clipping

Dry wt. of clipping Depth of root /root density

Growth rate

Dichondria repens 12.31 123.21 12.36 9.32/102.21 Low Paspalum notatum 11.02 57.42 23.10 10.21/96.23 Low Argentine bahia 6.77 101.61 41.41 4.52/48.26 low Eragrotis curvula 8.62 114.25 51.24 6.23/123.42 Medium Cyanodon dactylon S-1 11.52 251.42 95.63 8.25/251.42 Fast Zoysia japonica 11.63 95.23 23.52 7.21/158.45 Medium C.D. (P = 0.05) 4.23 21.42 5.32 1.11/56.85 ---

Table 1.15.2.2b: Collection and evaluation of turf grasses at Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Grass species Color Texture Density Response to mowing

Pest Diseases

Weed intensity

Plant quality rating

Dichondria repens Light green

coarse Good Suitable Nil Very low Good

Paspalum notatum Light green

Coarse Low Suitable Nil Very low Poor

Argentine bahia green Coarse Low Suitable Nil Very low poor Eragrotis curvula Green Coarse Good Suitable Nil Very low good Cyanodon dactylon S-1 Green Fine Good Suitable Nil Very low Very good Zoysia japonica Dark green Fine Good Suitable Nil Very low Very good

224

Table 1.15.2.3a: Performance of lawn grasses at Hyderabad centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Grass species Common name

Shoot length (cm)

Root length (cm)

Fresh wt. (g)

Dry wt. (g)

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf width (mm)

1 Zoysia japonica Korean grass 5.95 9.76 128.00 52.34 4.47 1.87

2 Eragrotis curvula weeping love 14.66 17.09 155.76 68.67 37.45 2.47

3 Cynodon dactylon Doob grass 9.16 10.47 382.84 145.76 3.45 1.28

4 Paspalum notatum Pensacola 22.76 11.83 343.00 153.33 30.09 3.46

5 Agrostis palustris Bengal Bent grass 7.85 10.79 236.34 109.54 6.43 1.52

6 Lolium perenne Rye grass 17.23 17.95 389.67 183.67 21.43 1.76 7 Argentine bahia Argentine grass 8.89 16.44 651.33 315.00 22.23 5.64

8 Poa parentis Kentucky Blue grass 14.03 12.74 171.33 72.33 10.46 4.57

C.D. (P = 0.05)

0.39 0.43 5.76 36.96 1.02 1.00

225

Table 1.15.2.3b: Performance of lawn grasses at Hyderabad centre (2014-15) Name of the

species

Common name

Adaptability

Leaf colour

Leaf Texture

Light requirement

Drought tolerance

Growth rate

Suitable for

mowing Paspalum notatum Pensacola

Warm climate 137C Coarse Sun Good Fast Suitable

Poa parentis Kentucky Blue grass Cool climate

N137D(dark green) Coarse

Sun to semi shade Poor Moderate Suitable

Argentine bahia Argentine grass Warm climate 137C Coarse Sun Good Fast Suitable

Eragrotis curvula Weeping love grass Warm climate 137C Coarse Sun Good Fast

Not suitable

Agrostis palustris Bengal bent grass Cool climate 137B Fine

Sun to semi shade Poor Moderate Suitable

Lolium perenne Perennial Rye grass Cool climate

N137B(dark green) Coarse

Sun to semi shade Moderate Fast

Not suitable

Cynodon dactylon Doob grass Warm climate 137C

Moderately fine Sun Good Fast Suitable

Zoysia japonica Korean grass Warm climate 137A

Moderately fine Sun Good Slow Suitable

Table 1.15.2.4: Quantitative and qualitative characters of turf grass germplasm at Pantnagar centre

Quantitative characters Qualitative characters Sl. No.

Grass species

Percentage germination

Days to germination

Root density

Depth of

root (cm)

Fresh weight

of shoots

(g)

Dry weight

of shoots

(g)

Colour Texture Density

1 Weeping Lovegrass

34.93 6.23 2.80 7.54 0.12 0.04 Yellowish Green

Rough Thick

2 Pensacola 28.12 12.00 8.75 6.40 0.10 0.03 Dark green Smooth Thick

226

Table 1.15.2.5: Evaluation of lawn grass species for different characters at Solan centre (2014-15) Species Number of Roots/ 10

cm2 Number of leaves/10

cm2 Root length (cm) Leaf length (cm)

Agrostis stolonifera 855.37 306.56 18.50 5.12 Lolium perenne 506.37 306.50 16.25 6.50 Paspalum dilatatum 339.00 110.24 21.75 7.00 Poa pratensis 356.62 132.50 12.25 4.50 Eragrostis curvula 189.06 123.75 15.12 11.50 C.D. (P = 0.05) 82.58 47.43 4.29 1.07

Table 1.15.2.6a: Time taken from planting to total coverage of area in different grass species in open field conditions at Vellanikkara centre

Sl. No. Grass species Duration for complete coverage (days)

1 Dichondra micrantha 130d (11.42)

2 Paspalum notatum 189a (13.79)

3 Eragrostis curvula 100f (10.02)

4 Cynodon dactylon 419 163b (12.80)

5 Cynodon dactylon 146c (12.11)

6 Zoysia japonica 170b (13.21)

7 Stenotaphrum secundatum 112e (10.60)

227

Table 1.15.2.6b: Classification of turf grass species based on air pollution tolerance index at Vellanikkara centre

APTI category Turf grass species

0 % shade 25 % shade 50 % shade Open filed

Sensitive (<14)

Paspalum notatum Eragrostis curvula Cynodon dactylon 419 Cynodon dactylon Zoysia japonica Stenotaphrum secundatum

Dichondra micrantha Paspalum notatum Eragrostis curvula Cynodon dactylon 419 Cynodon dactylon Zoysia japonica Stenotaphrum secundatum

Paspalum notatum Eragrostis curvula Cynodon dactylon 419 Cynodon dactylon Zoysia japonica Stenotaphrum secundatum

Paspalum notatum Eragrostis curvula Cynodon dactylon 419 Cynodon dactylon Zoysia japonica Stenotaphrum secundatum

Intermediate (15-19) - - Dichondra micrantha - Moderately tolerant

(20-24) Dichondra micrantha - - -

Tolerant (>24) - - - Dichondra micrantha

228

2. CROP IMPROVEMENT 1. ROSE

Project No. 2.1.1: Breeding of new cultivars of rose suitable as cut flower for export. Duration : Five years (2014-15 onwards) Objectives: 1) Breeding of cultivars of rose suitable as cut flower for domestic and export markets. 2) Breeding of roses possessing resistance to diseases and insects. Centres : Hessaraghatta, Ludhiana and New Delhi Technical Programme: 1. Crosses should be attempted involving 6 to 12 combinations of parent cultivars of Hybrid

Tea and Floribunda classes. The parents should have long stem and their flowers should have longer vase life, thicker petals and tolerance to adverse weather conditions.

2. Crosses should also be attempted in Hybrid Tea and Floribunda classes for incorporating known source of resistance to Powdery mildew, Black spot and Dieback diseases.

3. In case any hybrid seedling is observed to be resistant / tolerant to any disease under field conditions, it should be tested for disease reaction under artificial conditions.

4. Screening of improved cultivars for resistance to Powdery mildew, Black spot and Dieback diseases under artificial epiphytotic conditions.

5. The selection of hybrid seedlings/plants for cut flowers for export must be done in greenhouse conditions.

Observations recorded: 1. Plant height (cm) 2. Pedicle length and thickness 3. Number of flowering shoots per plant 4. Length of flowering shoots (cm) 5. Bud length (cm) 6. Bud diameter (cm) 7. Number of petals 8. Number of days taken for opening of petals 9. Flower diameter (cm) 10. Days taken for flowering 11. Number of flowering shoots (cut flowers with stem length of >90cm, 60-90cm, 45-60cm,

separately) - The length must include tip of flower bud. Flower should be cut leaving 5cm at the base i.e. after 3 pair of leaves.

12. Incidence/ tolerance of insects and diseases 13. DUS characteristics from PPV&FRA guidelines 14. Also observations as mentioned in Project 1.1.1

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REPORT CENTRES Hessaraghatta

Twelve cross combinations were attempted. Forty six seedlings have been established in field. These seedlings were scored for their qualitative characters as well for their resistance to pests and disease. Ludhiana

The following crosses were made using hybrid teas and floribunda cultivars (2014-2015)

The seeds after stratification were sown in the well rotten farmyard manure. The germination percentage was recorded very low (4-8%) in various crosses but higher in case open pollinated cultivars. The colour of the flower showing variation from the parents and having more number of petals were marked and are kept for further studies. At the same time the previous year crosses selected have been multiplied for the further studies.

Crosses Floribundas Characters utilized in breeding programme Hip setting %

Queen Elizabeth X R.teplitz Floriferousness, summer and winter hardiness of R.teplitz and stem length of Queen Elizabeth

87.00

Charleston X R.multiflora Hardiness of R.multiflora 2.00 Queen Elizabeth X Summer Snow Floriferousness, summer and winter hardiness of

miniature cultivar Summer Snow 3.00

Queen Elizabeth X Hokey Pokey Growth habits 5.00 Calpoly X Garnet Red Colour 27.00

Queen Elizabeth X Charleston Bicolored petals and floriferousness of Charleston 88.00

Queen Elizabeth X Border King Growth habits 12.00 Cal Poly X Fantasia Growth habits 9.00

Cal Poly X Hokey Pokey Colour 12.00

Queen Elizabeth X Lord Rubby Stem strength of Lord Ruby 51.00 Charleston X Summer Snow Highly floriferous nature of Charlestons, summer and

winter hardiness of Summer Snow 12.00

Charleston X Cal Poly Two different growth habit 54.00

Queen Elizabeth (OP) - 75.00

Charleston (OP) - 69.00

Queen ElzabethX Papa Meilland Fragrance 11.23

Local Red X Headliner Hardiness of Local Red 19.0

Local Red X Marco polo Hardiness of Local Red 18.0

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New Delhi Hybridization: Crossing was done among promising cultivars of rose. The cultivars

utilized in the crossing programme were Mardi Grass, Pusa Mahak, Queen Elizabeth, Madam Delbard, Gemini, Papa Mielland, Table Mountain, Dutch Gold, Peggy Rockfeller, Victor Hugo, Ena Harkness, Taboo, Velvet Fragrance, Midas Touch, Fragrant Plum, Lousiana, Sweet Afton, American Heritage, Pusa Abhishek, Borolina, Nigrette, Fragrant Plum, Pusa Virangana, Montezuma, Pusa Garima, Jadis and Rose Sherbet. Among the species utilize Rosa glutinosa was crossed with promising cultivars. Rosa glutinosa was reported to have resistance to powdery mildew. Selfing: Among 96 cultivars selfed, 9 cultivars (Pusa Viranagana, Mother Teresa, Sadabahar, Surdas, Ranjana, Pusa Abhishek, Queen Elizabeth, Blue Moon and Midas Touch) showed hip set. The remaining cultivars did not show any hip set on selfing. Raising of Hybrid Seedlings: The seeds from previous year crossing were sown on raised beds after stratification in the month of November. The promising seedlings were budded on Rosa indica rootstock for further evaluation. New Cultivar Identified Pusa Mahak: It is a new Hybrid Tea cultivar of rose evolved by selection from open pollinated population of cv. Century Two. The plants are tall and vigorous with a height of 100 - 120 cm. The flowers are dark pinkish in colour and have outstanding fragrance. The flowering starts in 40-45 days after pruning. Flowers are large and semi-double with 22-23 petals. It is a recurrent flowering and floriferous cultivar and each plant produces on an average 50-60 flowering shoots in a season. The cultivar is ideal for garden display and the fragrant flowers can be used for floral arrangements. Project No. 2.1.2: Testing of new genotypes of rose suitable for cut flower under

polyhouse condition. Duration : Three years Centres : Pune, Hessaraghatta, Pusa and New Delhi. Technical Programme: New entries: IIHR: Arka Swadesh, IIHR-SGC, IIHR-PMR Four commercial cultivars of the region (Checks) will be used. No. of replications : Four No. of plants per replication : Twelve Observations recorded

1. Pedicle length and thickness 2. Shape of bud 3. Bud length (cm) 4. Bud diameter (cm) 5. Flower diameter (cm) 6. Number of petals per flower

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7. Number of days taken for opening of petals 8. Stalk length (cm) 9. Flower yield

i) No. of flowers with 20-40cm stalk length ii) No. of flowers with 40-60cm stalk length iii) No. of flowers with >60cm stalk length

10. Vase life (to be recorded in tap water at room temperature) – day 11. Tolerance to disease (Powdery mildew) 12. Tolerance to pests (Thrips and Mites) 13. DUS characteristics as per PPV&FRA guidelines

Note: Centre should supply 50 plants of each lines to be tested to each centre. Four commercial cultivars as check need to be procured by all the centres on their own.

REPORT CENTRES Pune

The data presented in Table 2.1.2.1 revealed that the maximum bud length (3.30 cm) and bud diameter (2.50 cm) were observed in IIHR-7-1 and flower diameter (7.70 cm) was noticed more in cv. Naranga and which was at par with IIHR-7-7. The highest number of flower per plant (28.0) and number of petals (106.0) were recorded in cultivar Top Secret. The vase life was recorded more (8.0 days) in cultivar Nobless followed by IIHR-7-7, IIHR-7-2 and Top Secret (7.0 days). Hessaraghatta

Five genotypes (IIHRR 7-1, IIHRR 7-2, IIHRR 204, IIHRR 7-7 and Arka Swadesh) were multiplied and supplied to testing centers. All the six lines tested were found to be on par with commercial cultivars. Maximum number of petals was recorded in IIHRR 204. Vase life was found to be maximum in IIHRR 3-18-2 (Table 2.1.2.2). Pusa

The trial could not be initiated during the year due to non-availability of planting material from IIHR, Bengaluru centre. New Delhi: No Report Project No. 2.1.3: Testing of rose genotypes under open field cultivation. Duration : Three years Centres : Udaipur, Ranchi, Ludhiana, Hessaraghatta, Pantnagar, New Delhi,

Chiplima and Periyakulam

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Technical Programme: Entrie(s): IARI, New Delhi: Rose Sherbat Two commercial cultivars of the region (Checks) will be used. No. of replications : 4 No. of plants per replication : 10 Spacing : 75x75 cm Plot size : 1.5x1.5 m Observations recorded:

1. Bud length (cm) 2. Bud diameter (cm) 3. Flower diameter (cm) 4. No. of petals per flower 5. Pedicel length (cm) 6. Flower yield (in terms of number / plant & kg / plant) 7. Vase life (to be recorded in tap water at room temperature) – days 8. Tolerance to disease (Powdery Mildew and Black Spot) 9. Tolerance to pest (Thrips and Mites) Note: Centre should supply 50 plants of each lines to be tested to each centre. Two checks need to be procured by all the centres on their own.

REPORT

CENTRES Udaipur Data presented in the Table 2.1.3.1 and 2.1.3.2, indicated that highest floret bud length (2.58 cm), pedicel length (5.07 cm), total petal weight per flower (4.17 g), average flower weight (5.21 g) and 10 flower weight (51.87g) were recorded in cv. Arka Parimala. However, flower bud diameter (1.42 cm) and loose flower vase life (1.83 days) were recorded in Rosa chinensis. It has been also observed that highest flower diameter (6.70cm), flower yield per plant (1.70kg) and petals per flower were recorded in Rosa bourboniana. Lowest yield was recorded in Rosa damascaena as highly fragrant species flowers in the month of March 2015 and also shows tolerant to powdery mildew, thrips, mites and susceptible to black spot. Rest cultivars were found susceptible among diseases and pests at Udaipur centre. Cultivar Arka Parimala (new entry) was not liked by the farmers due to absence of compactness of petals cannot be utilized for garland making as loose flower and lower fragrance then the Rosa damascaena. Ranchi :

The experiment on testing of new genotypes of rose at Ranchi center was conducted during the Rabi season of 2014-15. The experiment was planned in Randomized Block Design having 5 treatments with 4 replications. In which newly budded four commercial cultivars of

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rose viz All Gold, Abha, Elisca and Tiara were planted as checks in the month of December 2014. One newly developed cultivar Pusa Sherbat of IARI, New Delhi was procured in the month of December 2014 and planted in the experimental plot for testing. Significant results were obtained. On the basis of data (Table 2.1.3.3) the maximum bud length (3.46 cm), flower length (3.70 cm) and flower diameter (10.85 cm) was recorded in cv. Abha which was at par with Elisca (3.45 cm, 3.60 cm, 10.75 cm, respectively) and Pusa Sherbat 3.35 cm in bud length and 3.50 cm in flower length. The number of petals was counted maximum in the cv. Abha (28.00) whereas number of flower was noted in the cv. Abha (29.50), vase life was also found to be maximum in the cvs. Abha and Elisca (7.52 days and 7.00 days respectively). Three cultivars viz Arka Sherbat, Abha and Elisca were found to be tolerant to powdery mildew, black spot, mites and thrips. Ludhiana

The rose plants were collected from IARI New Delhi during December, 2014, and were planted in the field as per the technical programme of work. Since the flowering in the plants have not been observed to the full extent and plants are not established in the field. The data recorded were not sufficient. The data will be given in next report. Hessaraghatta Testing of rose cv. Arka Parimala was completed for three years and this cultivar was found to be suitable for cultivation under the category of medium sized flowers. Pantnagar

An experiment was laid out in RBD with four replications in various rose cultivars i.e. Rose Sherbat, Gruss an Teplitz and Ranisahiba under open conditions. It was found that the maximum bud length, bud diameter and flower diameter i.e. 1.60 cm, 1.82 cm and 6.57 cm, respectively were recorded in cv. Ranisahiba. The number of petals per flower was highest (37.75) in cv. Gruss an Teplitz. The maximum pedicel length (3.52 cm) was found in cv. Rose Sherbat. The number of flowers/plant were recorded maximum (8.25) in cv. Rose Sherbat. Vase life of flower was found highest (3.75 days) in cv. Ranisahiba. (Table 2.1.3.4) Chiplima

The experiment was laid out with 4 cultivars of roses i.e. Rose Sherbet, Arka Parimala, G.S.Randhawa and Mainu Parle. Growth parameters like bud length, bud diameter, flower diameter, number of petals per flower, pedicel length, number of flowers per plant and vase life varied significantly between the cultivars evaluated. Among the 4 cultivars evaluated cv. Arka Parimala exhibited maximum bud length (4.65cm), maximum bud diameter (5.5cm) and maximum flower diameter (8.07cm). The rose cultivar G.S. Randhawa exhibited maximum number of petals per flower (53.5) and maximum yield (19.25 flowers/plant/season) (Table

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Table 2.1.3.5). All the cultivars tested were susceptible to black spot, thrips and mites. Since this is the first year of trial, no valid conclusion can be drawn.

Periyakulam The suitability of five rose cultivars viz., Edward Rose, Seven Day Rose, Panneer Rose, Andhra Red Rose and Arka Parimala has been assessed under open field condition based on their growth and yield performance at Horticultural College & Research Institute, Periyakulam. Growth parameters such as plant height and plant spread and yield parameters such as number of flowers, flower weight, flower yield, stalk length and flower diameter were recorded. Growth and yield data recorded during 2012 – 15 revealed that plant height of the rose cultivars varied from 72.43 cm (Seven Day Rose) to 216 cm (Panneer Rose). Plant spread ranged from 128.43 cm (Arka Parimala) to 322.31 cm (Panneer rose). Andhra red rose has recorded the highest number of flowers per plant (72.43) and flower yield (322.31 g), whereas Arka Parimala has recorded 64.86 flowers weighing 269.49 g per plant. Flower weight varied from 3.46 g (Panneer Rose) to 4.67 g (Arka Parimala). The flower diameter varied from 7.24 cm (Panneer Rose) to 8.20 cm (Arka Parimala). The pedicel or the flower stalk length varied from 3.7 cm (Panneer Rose) to 7.2 cm (Arka Parimala). The number of petals per flower ranged from 24 (Arka Parimala) to 39.46 (Andhra Red Rose). Arka Parimala has recorded the highest shelf life of flowers (3.0 days). Panneer Rose was susceptible to black spot and resistant to bud worm. Incidence of aphids, thrips and mites were observed in Arka Parimala. (Table 2.1.3.6)

Andhra Red Rose recorded the highest number of flowers per plant (72.43) followed by Edward Rose (72.31) and Arka Parimala (64.86). Flower size, stalk length (7.2 cm), flower colour, vase life (3.0 days) and fragrance are found to be best in cv. Arka Parimala. Cultivar Arka Parimala is performing well under open field condition.

New Delhi : No Report

2.GLADIOLUS Project No. 2.2.1: Breeding of cultivars of gladiolus for quality and disease resistance. Duration : Five years (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Hessaraghatta, Solan, Pune, New Delhi, Ludhiana, Srinagar and Kalyani Observations recorded:

1. Plant height (cm) 2. No. of leaves per plant 3. Width of leaf (cm) 4. Length of leaf (cm) 5. Days taken to spike emergence 6. Days taken to flowering

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7. Flowering duration (days) 8. Shape of floret (open/hooded) 9. Colour of floret (as per RHS Colour Chart) 10. Spike length (cm) 11. Rachis length (cm) 12. Diameter of second floret (cm) 13. No. of florets remained open at a time 14. No. of florets per spike 15. Fresh weight of spike (g) 16. Diameter of cut spike (cm) 17. Vase life (day) 18. No. of spike per plant and per m2 19. Texture and placement of florets

Observations recorded at corm lifting stage: 20. No. of corms per plant 21. Diameter of corms (cm) 22. Fresh weight of corms (g) 23. No. of cormels per plant 24. Fresh weight of cormels per plant (g) 25. Diameter of cormels (cm) 26. Parameters related to incidence of diseases.

REPORT

CENTRES Pune

Data presented in Table 2.2.1.1 indicated that the days to flowering ranges between 69.8 to 107.4 days an average 79.86 days. In respect of number of florets per spike ranged between 12.0 to 18.0 with an average of 15.46. Amongst the 35 hybrids; 19 hybrids were recorded more than average (87.80 cm) spike length. However 6 hybrids, GKGL-07-05, 07,13,16, 17, and GKGL 07-22 were found promising in respect of flower colour, floret per spike, spike length and rachis length. Solan

Growth and flowering performance of some of the newly evolved hybrids of Gladiolus during 2014 is presented in Table 2.2.1.2. It is evident from the data that minimum days taken to flowering were recorded in UHFS Gla 7-7 (99.00 days). On the other hand, maximum days taken to flowering were recorded in UHFS Gla 3-25 (126.33 days). Data revealed that maximum plant height was recorded in UHFS Gla 10-4 (129.33 cm) which was found to be at par with UHFS Gla 4-17 (125.33 days). In contrast to this, minimum plant height recorded in UHFS Gla 3-25

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(90.00 cm) was found to be at par with UHFS Gla 4-40 (90.67 cm) and UHFS Gla 1-33 (94.00 cm).

As regards number of florets per spike, it was recorded maximum (16.33) in UHFS Gla 1-24, UHFS Gla 2-49 and UHFS Gla 11-8, and was found to be at par with UHFS Gla 4-25, UHFS Gla 3-5, UHFS Gla 11-17 (15.67), UHFS Gla 4-48 (15.00), UHFS Gla 4-27, UHFS Gla 4-22, UHFS Gla 4-40, UHFS Gla 15-5 (15.33), UHFS Gla 3-19, UHFS Gla 3-33, UHFS Gla 5-12 and UHFS Gla 9-16 (14.67). However, it was recorded minimum (12.33) in UHFS Gla 29-2.

Besides this, in case of different crosses attempted in the year 2013, involving different parents, seeds were collected and sown. Seed germination and cormel formation has been observed in 5 crosses i.e. Red Beauty x Morallo, Red Beauty x Pascal, Pascal x American Beauty, Arka Kesar x Eurovision and Suchitra x Candyman which were harvested and stored. Kalyani

The crosses made during 2013-14 with the objective quality improvement and resistance to leaf blight were planted in nursery bed. Four hybrid combinations viz., Yellow Emperor x Interprid, Yellow Emperor x Candyman, Candyman x Yellow Emperor and Candyman X American Beauty were recovered. No wilt symptom was noticed in any of the F1s.

Sl No

Cross Combination Seeds germinated (cormels harvested)

1 Green Wood Pecker x Interprid 0 2 Yellow Emperor x Interprid 8 3 Candy Man x Yellow Emperor 14 4 Yellow Emperor x Candy Man 12 5 Pride X Yellow Emperor 0 6 Candy Man X American Beauty 22 7 Pusa Kiran X Interprid 0 8 Yellow Emperor x Pride 0 9 Punjab Dawn x Yellow Stone 0 10 Priscilla x Pride 0 11 Applause x Pride 0

Hessaraghatta

The collected new cultivars were further multiplied. A total of 69 genotypes having different colour and floral traits were maintained. Genotypes were evaluated for vegetative and floral traits. Crossing was done involving resistant genotype. Hybrid seedlings were raised from previous year crosses and hybrid cormels were produced. Genotypes from different testing centers were evaluated for various vegetative and floral traits. In Purple group Arka Naveen and in red group IIHRG-11 were found to be promising for cut flower purpose.

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Ludhiana Small corms obtained from previous years’ seeds from the crosses between the cultivars

CPG x Green Sphire, Jacksonville Gold x White Prosperity, CPG x Green Sphire, Red Beauty x Oskar, Rose Supreme x Hunting Song, were grown for further multiplication.

The seeds obtained from crosses between Sylvia x White Prosperity, Jacksonville Gold x White Prosperity and Happy End x Yellow Stone were sown and being multiplied for further evaluation.

New Delhi

Hybridization: During this year about 250 crosses were made among 10 cultivars in various cross combinations. The seeds were harvested and collected and will be evaluated in the next season. The seed were also collected from open crosses of many cultivars. The promising cultivars such as Melody Open, Estabonita, The Berton Open, High Faishion, Lucky Shamerock, Little Fawn Open , Salmon Queen Open, Pusa Suhagin, Arka Keshar, Arka Amar, Pusa Shabnam and White Prosperity were used in the crossing programme. Srinagar: No Report (Report not as per technical programme) Project No. 2.2.2: Testing of new genotypes of gladiolus for cut flower, garden decoration

and disease resistance Duration : Three year (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Hessaraghatta, Pune, Ludhiana, Srinagar, Solan, Kalyani, Pusa and Yercaud Entries for testing from centre:

i. PAU, Ludhiana: Punjab Glad 1. ii. DrYSPUHF, Solan: UHFSGla- Hb 11-10 and, UHFSGla- Hb 2-24 iii. YSRHU, Hyderabad: Glad-Acc 7 iv. SKUAST Srinagar: SK-96-1, SK-96-2, SK-96-3, SK-96-4

Technical Programme: 1. The experiment will be laid out in randomized block design with 3 replications and 10

corms of each cultivar per replication. Spacing: 30 × 20 cm. 2. Those centres which have completed recording data for three years on the performance of

the cultivars supplied earlier in this project may submit data based on pooled analysis and those who have not completed, may continue.

3. The standard check will be Pink Friendship and a Local commercial cultivar. Observations recorded:

1. Plant height (cm) 2. No. of leaves per plant 3. Width of leaf (cm) 4. Length of leaf (cm) 5. Days taken to spike emergence

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6. Days taken to flowering 7. Flowering duration (days) 8. Shape of floret (open/hooded) 9. Colour of floret (as per RHS Colour Chart) 10. Spike length (cm) 11. Rachis length (cm) 12. Diameter of second floret (cm) 13. No. of florets remained open at a time 14. No. of florets per spike 15. Fresh weight of spike (g) 16. Diameter of cut spike (cm) 17. Vase life (day) 18. No. of spikes per plant and per m2 19. Texture and placement of florets

Observations recorded at corm lifting stage: 20. No. of corms per plant 21. Diameter of corms (cm) 22. Fresh weight of corms (g) 23. No. of cormels per plant 24. Fresh weight of cormels per plant (g) 25. Diameter of cormels (cm) 26. Parameters related to incidence of diseases. 27. Reaction to diseases.

Note: 1. The corms will be made available by the breeding centres. Thirty corms of each genotype to

be supplied to each centre.

REPORT CENTRES Pune:

Data presented in Table 2.2.2.1 indicated that gladiolus genotypes IIHR-G-11 (73.11 days), UHFS GLAD HB-11-10(74.00 days) and Pusa Kiran (74.56 days) were significantly recorded early in flowering and were found at par with each other. Cultivars White Prosperity and Phule Ganesh were recorded significantly more (94.26 and 92.89 cm, respectively) spike length. Cultivar Phule Ganesh recorded significantly more number of floret per spike (17.44) which is at par with genotype Pusa Kiran (17.33), UHFS GLAD HB-11-10(16.78) and Sancerre (16.55). Maximum rachis length (47.57cm) was found in cv. Phule Prerna and was at par with cv. Sancerre (45.62 cm). In case of corm, GK-GL-94-66 was produced more number of corms per plant and was at par with cv. Sancerre (2.60) and Phule Ganesh (2.43).

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Solan: Under this project, five newly evolved genotypes of gladiolus, namely; Solan Mangla,

IIHR 12-G, UHFS Gla 1-28, UHFS Gla 9-11 and UHFS Gla 15-4 were evaluated for their growth and flowering performance during 2014. It is evident from the data in Table 2.2.2.2 that plant height was recorded maximum in UHFS Gla 9-11 (118.25 cm). On the other hand, minimum plant height was found in IIHR 12-G (102.75 cm). As regards number of leaves, it was found maximum in IIHR 12-G (9.00). It was, however, found to be at par with cv. Solan Mangla (8.62). On the other hand, minimum number of leaves per plant was found in UHFS Gla 1-28 (7.25).

As regards length of leaves, it was recorded maximum in UHFS Gla 9-11(48.75 cm), whereas it was recorded minimum in UHFS Gla 1-28 (34.00 cm). Maximum width of leaves was found in IIHR 12-G (3.79 cm) which was found to be at par with UHFS Gla 9-11 (3.64 cm) .On the contrast, minimum width of leaves was recorded in UHFS Gla 1-28 (2.62 cm) which was found to be at par with width of leaves in UHFS Gla 15-4 (2.86 cm).

It is also evident from the data that spike length was recorded maximum in UHFS Gla 9-11 (89.62 cm) which was found to be at par with IIHR 12-G (84.62 cm). In contrast, it was recorded minimum in UHFS Gla 1-28 (76.00 cm). Rachis length, was recorded maximum in UHFS Gla 9-11 (55.75 cm). It was however found to be minimum in UHFS Gla 15-4 (37.25 cm).

Data presented in Table also showed that the size of the floret recorded maximum in UHFS Gla 9-11 (10.19 cm) was at par with floret size in IIHR 12-G (9.50 cm). Size of the floret was recorded minimum in UHFS Gla 1-28 (6.54cm).

Kalyani:

Two entries received from IARI, New Delhi viz., Pusa Kiran and Pusa Subham and one from Hyderabad were evaluated with six check cvs. (Yellow Emperor, American Beauty, Candyman, Interprid, Yellow Enterprise and Punjab Glad 1). The test entries had higher floret number than the check cultivars with acceptable flower size and number of flower open at time. (Table 2.2.2.3) Hessaraghatta

A total of seven genotypes from different testing centers were evaluated for vegetative and floral traits (Table 2.2.2.4). There was significant difference among the cultivars for different traits. Among the genotypes tested, Pink Friendship was early to flower followed by IIHRG-12. Rachis length was maximum in Arka Naveen followed by IIHRG -11 and Punjab Glad-1. Number of florets per spike was maximum in IIHRG-11 followed by Arka Naveen and Punjab Glad -1. Flowering duration was maximum in Arka Naveen and it was on par with IIHRG-11 and IIHRG-12. The genotypes Arka Naveen and IIHRG-11 were found to be promising for cut flower purpose.

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Srinagar Data (Table 2.2.2.5) recorded on ten gladiolus hybrids under evaluation revealed that

maximum corm sprouting (90.33 percent) was found in SK- 96-4/6, followed by SK- 96-5/1 and SK- 96-5/17 (89.50 percent). The minimum sprouting was noticed in SK-96-5/5 (82.00%). Minimum days taken to flowering were observed in hybrid SK-96-4/4 (85.66 days), whereas maximum (110.00 days) were recorded by SK-96-5/6. Maximum duration of flowering was registered in SK-96-5/3 (16.66 days), whereas minimum (11.00 days) in SK-96-4/1.

Maximum plant height (127.33 cm) was recorded in SK-96-5/1 and SK-96-4/16, followed by SK-96-5/6 (123.50 cm) and SK-96-5/5 and SK-96-8/1 (120.00 cm). The minimum plant height (100.33 cm) was observed in SK-96-4/1. Spike length was highest inSK-96-4/16 (109.25 cm), followed by SK-96-5/1, SK-96-5/6 and SK-96-8/1 (101.50 cm). Maximum number of florets (18.50) per spike was produced by hybrid SK-96-4/16 and 18.33 each by SK-96-5/1 and SK-96-5/17. All the hybrids were at par with each other. Highest number of florets (6.33) remained open at one time was in SK-96-5/6 and SK-96-4/16. Maximum floret size (12.66 cm) was found in SK-96-4/16, followed by SK-96-4/4 (12.00 cm) and SK-96-5/17, SK-96-4/1 (11.00cm). Vase life in plain water was maximum in SK-96-4/1, SK-96-4/4, SK-96-5/1, SK-96-5/5 and SK-96-4/16 (7.00 days each). The yield of spikes per plant per square meter was significantly highest in SK-96-4/16(28.00), followed by SK-96-5/5 (27.00), SK-96-5/1 (26.50) and 25.00 each by SK-96-4/1,SK-96-4/4, SK-96-5/6 and SK-96-8/1. The minimum (22.00) spikes per plant per square meter was observed in SK-96-5/3. Highest corm production per plant (1.30) was recorded in SK-96-5/2, SK-96-5/3 and SK-96-4/16. Whereas lowest (0.80) in SK-96-8/1. Yield of cormels per plant was registered highest (30.00g) by SK-96-4/16 and minimum by SK-96-5/5 (11.50 g). Ludhiana

Only one entry of gladiolus namely Acc. 7 was supplied by Hyderabad centre. Total of 30 corms were supplied and the sprouting was around 80%. The plants produced only vegetative growth (5-6 leaves/plant) but the corms failed to produce spike and hence no flowering occured. Udaipur Data presented in Table 2.2.2.6-8, indicated that earliest days taken for first flowering were observed in genotypes Pusa Kiran, IIHR G-12 and IIHR G-11 (82.03, 83.60 , 85.03 days) and Arka Naveen was late in flowering than the Dhanvantary. The maximum duration of flowering was observed in cv.Arka Amar (24.60 days), Big Time Supreme (24.57 days) and IIHR G-12 (24.47 days) followed by Arka Kesar (24.23 days) while minimum was observed in cv. Pusa kiran and IIHR G-11 (20.90 days, 21.23 days respectively). The maximum spike length was recorded in cv. Arka Naveen (77.00 cm) followed Dhanvantary (73.17) as a local check, while minimum in Punjab Dawn. Maximum numbers of florets were recorded in cv. IIHR G-11 (17.63) and Arka Naveen (16.20), while minimum in cv. Punjab Lemon Delight (12.00). The floret diameter was highest in cv. Big Time Supreme (13.53 cm.) followed by cv. Punjab Glance (11.47 cm), while minimum in

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cv. Pusa Kiran (7.93 cm.). Maximum number of corms produced per plant was recorded in cv. IIHR G-12 (2.33) while minimum in cv. Arka Amar (1.20). However, maximum number of spikes produced / sq.m recorded in IIHR G-12 (28.50) while minimum in Arka Amar (1.17, 12.33). It is concluded that on the basis of rachis length and no. of florets/spike, corm per plant, spike per plant Arka Kesar performe better over other genotypes during 2014-15. Pusa

The trial could not be initiated during the year due to un-availability of planting material from respective coordinating centre. Yercaud: No Report

3. CHRYSANTHEMUM Project No. 2.3.1 : Breeding of cultivars of chrysanthemum for loose flower (garland

and veni), cut flower and pot culture. Duration : Five years (2014-15 onwards) Centres : New Delhi, Ludhiana, Coimbatore, Solan, Udaipur and Kalyani Technical Programme: 1. Hybridization or mutation breeding to be followed with a specific objective. 2. The details of parents used, crosses made, mutation treatments given, seed collection,

performance of the hybrid/ treated progeny, the stage of breeding material at the centre should be reported every year.

3. Proposal for testing of promising hybrids at other coordinated centres should be submitted before Annual Group meeting to the Director, DFR.

4. Photo-insensitivity and thermo-insensitivity are the most important traits which are desirable in all the cultivars.

A. Cut Flower cultivar should have i. Vigrous growing habit ii. Produces strong and straight stems iii. Lush green foliage iv. Novel colour and plant type v. Uniform flowering vi. Long vase life (20-25 days) vii. Tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress

B. Loose flower cultivar should have i. Bushy growth habit ii. Good colour and retention of colour iii. Long vase life

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iv. Long blooming period v. Profuse branching vi. Lush green foliage vii. Bigger flower size viii. Tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress

C. Pot-mum variety should have i. Dwarfness ii. Profuse branching habit iii. Compact growth habit iv. Simultaneous flowering v. Highly floriferous vi. Novel colours vii. Longer colour retention viii. Strong framework of vegetative growth to support the blooms

Observations recorded:

1. Plant height at the time of first flower bud appearance 2. Number of branches per plant 3. Weight of loose flowers per plant (for spray type) 4. Days taken to first bud appearance after planting 5. Number of flowers per plant 6. Diameter of flower (cm) 7. Flower colour as per R.H.S. Colour Chart 8. Average flower weight of bunch (g) 9. Duration of flowering (days) 10. Vase life in tap water (days) 11. Incidence / tolerance to insects and diseases 12. DUS characteristics as per PPV&FRA guidelines 13. For cut flower cultivars

i. Plant height (cm) ii. Number of branches iii. Number of leaves iv. Leaf colour (RHS Colour Chart) v. Leaf area (cm2) vi. Number of days taken for flower bud appearance vii. Number of days taken for flower bud opening viii. Flower type ix. Flower bud diameter (cm) x. Flower diameter (cm) xi. Pedicle length and thickness (cm)

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xii. Vase life (days) xiii. Incidence of insects and diseases xiv. Flower colour (RHS Colour Chart)

14. For pot mums i. Plant Height (cm) ii. Plant spread (cm) iii. Number of leaves iv. Leaf colour (RHS Colour Chart) v. Leaf area (cm2) vi. Number of days taken for flower bud appearance vii. Number of days taken for flower bud opening viii. Flower type ix. Flower bud diameter (cm) x. Flower diameter(cm) xi. Number of flowers/branch/plant xii. Flower retention on plant xiii. Field tolerance to insect and diseases xiv. Flower colour (RHS Colour Chart)

REPORT CENTRE Solan

During 2014, a total of 33 open pollinated seedlings were selected based upon growth and flowering parameters. In addition to this, during 2014 the open pollinated seeds of 66 cultivars/selections were collected for selecting desirable seedlings during 2015. Kalyani

Sixty three genotypes of chrysanthemum selected from the poly cross families were evaluated during 2014-15. Flower yield per plant ranged from 388g to 4341g with a mean of 1698g. Higher loose flower producing genotypes were B-22/137 (4321g), B-17/104 (4308), B-39/65 (3131), B-42/61 (3077), B-60/72 (3078) and B-55/59 (300). Most of the lines were suitable for loose flower production. Several lines were also promising for garden decoration and pot mum production. Observations recorded on various other characters are presented in Table 2.3.1.1. Ludhiana

For development of new cultivars of chrysanthemum for cut flower, loose flower, garden decoration and pot culture purpose, cultivars like Obsession, White Staphour, Yellow Charm, Gul-e-Sahir, Mother Teresa, Reagan Emperor, Reagan White, Kelvin Victory, Kelvin Mandarin, Kelvin Tatoo, Flirt, Royal Purple, Jaya and Kings Purple were crossed, their seeds

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along with seeds of some open pollinated cultivars were collected and sown. The seedlings raised from crosses and open pollinated cultivars will be reported, however, the hybrids developed during previous years were evaluated and the data are tabulated in table 2.3.1.2. Based on the breeding program undertaken in chrysanthemum, the promising hybrids and open-pollinated seedlings were A-43, A-44 and C-4 for garden decoration while E-82 was suitable for cut flower production.

Udaipur The rooted cuttings of three cultivars of chrysanthemum namely Indira, Mayur and Punjab Anuradha were treated with gamma radiation (0, 10, 15 and 20 Gy rad) and transplanted in the field for growth and floral parameters were observed in VM2 generation during 2014-15. The days to first bud appearance were delayed in all the cultivars with the increasing of gama doses. Minor reduction has been observed in case of plant height, branches per plant, flower diameter and vase life parameter. The major reduction in flower weight / plant, flower per plant, average flower weight per bunch and flowering duration except for days to first bud appearances were observed among Indira, Mayur and Punjab Anuradha plant. At 15 and 20 gy gama radiation two mutants were observed in cv. Indra which shows cancelling of disc and change in colour then the control. Mayure and Punjab Anuradha did not respond to gama radiation. Mutant will be isolated and multiplied in subsequent VM3 generation. (Table 2.3.1.3-4) Coimbatore: No Report New Delhi: No Report Project No. 2.3.2: Testing of newly evolved genotypes of chrysanthemum for loose flowers,

cut flowers and pot culture. Duration : Three year (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Coimbatore, Hessaraghatta, Srinagar, Solan, Pantnagar, Udaipur,

Ludhiana, Kalyani, Hyderabad and Chiplima. Entries for testing from centre:

i. DrYSPUHF, Solan: UHFS Chr-56 and UHFS Chr-68 (pot culture) ii. IARI, New Delhi: Pusa Adity, Pusa Chitraksha (pot culture) iii. YSRHU, Hyderabad: HCC-1 (Loose flower), HCC-2 & HCC-3 (Garden display) iv. BCKV, Kalyani:

Bidhan Madhuri(loose flower), Bidhan Mum (Pot culture), Bidhan Jayanti (loose flower), Bidhan Purna (loose flower) and BCH 14-1 (pot culture)

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Technical Programme: 1. Centres have to supply the required planting material to all the centres (90 plants of each

genotype). 2. All the testing centres have to evaluate the above mentioned genotypes along with local

popular cultivar as check for suitability in that region for commercial cultivation. Planting material of check cultivar to be procured by testing centres on their own.

3. No. of replications : Three 4. Design of experiment: RBD 5. Plot size: 2m x 2 m 6. Spacing: 40 cm x 30 cm For Standard type:

Check-Any commercial cultivar of the region (standard type). 1. No. of replications: four 2. Design of experiment: RBD 3. Plot size: 2m x 2m 4. Spacing: 40 cm x 40 cm

Observations recorded: 1. Plant height at first flower bud appearance stage 2. Number of branches per plant 3. Weight of loose flowers per plant (for spray type) 4. Days taken to first bud appearance after planting 5. Number of flowers per plant 6. Diameter of flower (cm) 7. Flower colour as per R.H.S. Colour Chart 8. Average flower weight of bunch (g) 9. Duration of flowering (days) 10. Vase life in tap water (days) 11. Incidence / tolerance to insects and diseases 12. DUS characteristics as per PPV&FRA guidelines 13. For cut flower cultivars

I. Plant height (cm) II. Number of branches

III. Number of leaves IV. Leaf colour (RHS Colour Chart) V. Leaf area (cm2)

VI. Number of days taken for flower bud appearance VII. Number of days taken for flower bud opening

VIII. Flower type IX. Flower bud diameter (cm)

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X. Flower diameter (cm) XI. Pedicle length and thickness (cm)

XII. Vase life (days) XIII. Incidence of insects and diseases XIV. Flower colour (RHS Colour Chart)

For pot mums I. Plant height (cm)

II. Plant spread (cm) III. Number of leaves IV. Leaf colour (RHS Colour Chart) V. Leaf area (cm2)

VI. Number of days taken for flower bud appearance VII. Number of days taken for flower bud opening

VIII. Flower type IX. Flower bud diameter (cm) X. Flower diameter (cm)

XI. Number of flowers/branch/plant XII. Flower retention on plant

XIII. Field tolerance to insects and diseases XIV. Flower colour (RHS Colour Chart)

REPORT

CENTRES Chiplima Loose flowers: The experiment was laid out with 5 genotypes of chrysanthemum i.e. HCC-1, HCC-3, Bidhan Madhuri, Bidhan Taruna and Bidhan Purna following Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. Standard cultural practices were followed to raise the crop successfully. Observations on various vegetative growth parameters were recorded and data were presented in Table 2.3.2.1. All the vegetative growth parameters studied varied significantly among the cultivars evaluated. Among the genotypes evaluated, tallest plants were observed in Bidhan Madhuri (64.97cm) whereas maximum branching was observed in Bidhan Taruna. Maximum yield of loose flowers/plant was observed in Bidhan Madhuri (147.07g) where as minimum value for this character was observed in Bidhan Taruna (71.80g). Maximum number of flowers/plant (86.67) and maximum vase life (11.33 days) was observed in Bidhan Purna whereas minimum flowers per plant (43.33) and minimum vase life (8.67 days) was observed in HCC-1. Largest size flowers (6.43cm dia.) were observed in HCC-1. All the evaluated genotypeswere found susceptible to leaf spot and aphids. Bidhan Madhuri can be taken up by farmers interested for commercial cultivation of chrysanthemum as it gives maximum yield. Pot culture: The experiment was laid out with 5 genotypes of chrysanthemum i.e. HCC-2, Bidhan Mum, IARI-15, UHFS Chr-44 and PAU 83-40. Standard cultural practices were

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followed to raise the crop successfully. Observations were recorded and data were presented in Table 2.3.2.2. Vegetative growth parameters varied significantly among the genotypes evaluated. Maximum plant height (42.80cm) and spread (33.40cm) was observed in Bidhan Mum. Maximum number of flowers/branch was observed in Bidhan Mum (37.33) followed by PAU 83-40 (26.0). Maximum number of branches/ plant was observed in PAU 83-40 and UHFS Chr-44. Flower retention on the plant was maximum in UHFS Chr-44 (37.67 days). Bidhan Mum can be successfully grown as a pot plant as it exhibited maximum height and spread. UHFS Chr-44 can also be grown as a pot plant as it produced attractive flowers with longest flower retention capacity. Coimbatore Planting materials have been received from IARI and Kalyani and raised in pots. They are being multiplied in the nursery for taking up planting during June 2015. Planting materials from Solan and Hyderabad have not yet been received. The trial is in progress Solan Under this project, 20 genotypes of chrysanthemum namely, UHFSChr-44, UHFSChr-110, PAU-1, Autumn Joy, Pusa Anmol, Winter Queen, Garden Beauty, Solan Shringar, PAU-3, Royale Purple, PAU-A-64, Yellow Delight, UHFSChr-81, Vijay Kiran, PAU-A-43, Anmol, PAU-B-107, UHFSChr-83, Little Pink and Pusa Centenary were evaluated for their vegetative growth and flowering performance during 2014. It is evident from the data presented in Table 2.3.2.3 that plant height varied significantly among these genotypes. Maximum plant height (98.95 cm) was recorded in Solan Shringar and found statistically at par with Pusa Centenary (86.83 cm). Whereas, minimum plant height (21.27 cm) was observed in genotype UHFSChr-44’which was found statistically at par with Vijay Kiran (31.71 cm) and PAU-A-43 (38.08 cm). As regards plant spread, maximum (44.83 cm) in genotype PAU-B-107 was followed by Royal Purple (38.07 cm) and PAU-A-43 (38.04 cm). However, minimum plant spread (22.07 cm) was observed in Winter Queen and was followed by Yellow Delight (22.79 cm). Maximum number of flowers per plant (166.53) obtained in Royal Purple, followed by PAU-A-43 (164.06). Whereas, minimum flowers per plant (36.88) was recorded in Pusa Centenary followed by Yellow Delight (47.73).

Data also revealed that maximum number of side shoots (3.27) observed in Royal Purple was found statistically at par with Solan Shringar (3.13), UHFSChr-81 (2.87), PAU-A-43 (2.79), PAU-B-107 (2.73), Autumn Joy (2.67), Garden Beauty (2.60) and Little Pink (2.53). However, minimum number of side shoots (1.77) recorded in genotype UHFSChr-44 which was statistically at par with genotypes Pusa Anmol (2.01), Pusa Centenary (2.15), Anmol (2.20), Vijay Kiran (2.27), UHFSChr-110 (2.30), PAU-2 (2.40), PAU-A-64 (2.40), UHFSChr-83 (2.40), PAU-1 (2.47), Yellow Delight (2.47) and Winter Queen (2.5). As regards flower size, significant difference was observed among different chrysanthemum genotypes. Maximum flower size (11.74 cm) recorded in Pusa Centenary was followed by Garden Beauty (10.33 cm). Whereas,

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minimum flower size (3.00 cm) was recorded in UHFSChr-44 and was found statistically at par with PAU-1 (3.20 cm), PAU-A-64 (3.58 cm), Pusa Anmol (3.64 cm) and Vijay Kiran (3.66 cm).

Kalyani

Twenty nine genotypes including 18 entries from BCKV, Kalyani centre, two entries from IARI, New Delhi and several standard check cultivars were evaluated during 2014-15. Plant height ranged from 27 cm in Winter Queen to 110 cm in Bidhan Shova with a mean of 64.2 cm. Number of flower per plant ranged from 67 in Pusa Chitraksha to 1979 in Bidhan Lalima. Bidhan A 1/123 had profuse flowering with no pinch canopy. This entry is suitable for garden decoration as well as loose flower production. Bidhan Shova was tallest among the lot with attractive single white coloured flower suitable for garden decoration and cut spray production. Bidhan Rupanjali had rare combination of canopy and flower colour (yellow with reddish tip) which is suitable for garden decoration and pot production. Bidhan Agnisikha and Bidhan Swapna are suitable for cut spray production. Most of the test entries performed better than the check cultivars. (Table 2.3.2.4) Hessaraghatt

Eight genotypes were evaluated; genotype PAU-B-107 recorded maximum plant height at the time of first flower bud appearance, while minimum plant height recorded in Arka Pink Star. The genotype Usha Kiran recorded maximum number of branches/plant, weight of loose flowers per plant. The genotype PAU-A-64 took minimum days taken to first bud appearance while Local Yellow Semi-Double was late. Maximum number of flowers per plant was recorded in Arka Pink Star followed by Local Yellow Semi-double. Maximum average flower weight of bunch was recorded maximum in PAU-D-1, while maximum duration of flowering was recorded in Usha Kiran (Table 2.3.2.5). Ludhiana

Chrysanthemum genotypes procured from different centers were evaluated. Observations were recorded on plant growth and flowering parameters as per the technical programme of work. Significant differences were observed and data pertaining to various growth and flowering parameters are tabulated in Table 2.3.2.6. All the genotypes performed fairly well under Punjab conditions. Among the genotypes procured from IARI New Delhi, IIHR Bengaluru and BCKV Kalyani center, it was found that for pot culture the plants were tallest in Pusa Chitraksha (42.06), whereas, the number of branches per plant was recorded maximum in Kirti (9.33), however the number of flowers per plant was recorded highest in Arka Pink (177.77). In Check, plant height was 15.33cm, whereas, number of flowers were also maximum (292.33) as compared to all other genotypes. Among the different genotypes tested for loose flower production, Bidhan Tarun from BCKV Kalyani exhibited maximum number of flowers/plant (114.44) followed by Bidhan Madhuri (75.33) under Punjab conditions. In check Ratlam Selection number of flowers were more (148.66) as compare to all others. From the above results

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it can be concluded that all genotypes procured from different centers performed well under Punjab conditions. Pantnagar

In the present experiment Thai Chin Queen was used as a check cultivar. It was observed that maximum plant height ( 84.66cm) was recorded in Pusa Centenary and minimum in Himanshu at first flower bud appearance. Number of primary branches per plant was minimum in Pusa Centenary (2.24) and maximum (7.33) was observed in No Pinch. Also the plant spread was found maximum (46.50 cm) in No Pinch cultivar. The number of flowers per plant was found maximum in Himanshu followed by Hybrid 4. Maximum diameter (9.33 cm) of flower was found in Hybrid-5 and minimum (4.67 cm) in UHFS Chry 83. The flowering duration ranged from 27.67 days in No Pinch to 51.11 days in Sova. (Table 2.3.2.7) Udaipur Among these ten genotypes under spray category, Shova found better for number branches per plant (7.67), loose flower weight (206.67 g), flower per plant (83.00), and vase life (8.00 days). The Cultivar Winter Queen was used as check. On the basis of various floral and vase life parameters cv. Shova performed better under testing experiment at Udaipur condition. (Table 2.3.2.8-9). Data depicted in Table 2.3.2.10-11 for five genotypes of standard chrysanthemum revealed that cv. Pusa Centenary was found better for earliest first bud appearance (27.67 days), highest plant height (46.10 cm), number of branches per plant (4.50) flower diameter (9.67 cm ), flowering duration (43.33 days), vase life (6.33 days) and Yellow group 11 B. Cultivar John Webber was used as local check. Hyderabad

Among the chrysanthemum genotypess evaluated, the results revealed that maximum number of flowers/spray (12.20), maximum number of flowers/plant (144.53) and duration of flowering (34.67 days) was recorded in BC-32-20 over check. However, minimum number of days to flowering (78.33 days) was recorded in CO3 over check (95.00 days). Among new entries, maximum number of flowers/plant (138.00) was recorded in Bidhan Mallika. The maximum diameter of floret (7.16 cm) and duration of flowering (36.20 days) was recorded in Bidhan Purna. (Tables 2.3.2.12-13) Srinagar: No Report (Not as per technical programme)

4. ORCHIDS Project No. 2.4.1: Genetic improvement in Orchids Duration : Ten years (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Vellanikkara, Kalyani, Kahikuchi, Coimbatore for Dendrobium and Phalaenopsis

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Technical Programme: A. Dendrobium 1. Selection of cultivars

The cultivars selected based on the following morphological and floral characters a) Morphological characters

1. Number of shoots 2. Shoot height (cm) 3. Number of leaves 4. Leaf size (l x b) 5. Number of roots

b) Floral characters 1. Number of flowers/ spike 2. Days from spike emerge to first flower opening 3. Days from first flower opening to last flower opening 4. Days for wilting of first flower 5. Days for wilting of all flowers 6. Flower size (cm) 7. Spike length (cm) 8. Internodal length (cm) 9. Flower colour 10. Vase life (days) 11. Blooming period 12. No. of spikes/ year 13. Fragrance present or not

2. Floral biology The following aspects were studied

Anthesis - Record the time of opening of the flowers Stigma receptivity - By hand pollinating five flowers of the selected cultivars with

their own pollen at different times of the day starting from 8 am to 5 pm at 2 h interval. The pollination, leading to maximum fruit development will be the best receptivity time.

Pollen studies - Pollen production, morphology, fertility and germination of pollen grains.

3. Compatibility among cultivars and wild species 1. Assessing self compatibility 2. Assessing cross compatibility in all possible combinations

Observations recorded: 1. Percentage of pod set 2. Number of days taken for maturity of pods 3. Size of pods (cm)

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4. Green pod culture Harvest at the green pod stage (starting from 50% maturity) at 10 days interval to standardize the correct stage of maturity. Rinse with tap water, teepol and then with distilled water. Treat with 0.1 per cent Emisan for 20 minutes. Surface sterilize by dipping the pods in 0.1% mercuric chloride for one minute and flaming after a dip in 70 per cent alcohol. Inoculate into Vacin and Went medium supplemented with Kinetin/ BAP at 4 mg l-1 and IBA/ NAA at 2 mg l-1, 0.5 per cent sucrose and 15 ml l-1coconut water. Observations recorded

1. Number of days for greening, protocorm development and shoot and root formation. 2. Shoot height (cm) 3. Number of leaves 4. Number of roots 5. Days for planting out

Sub culturing: By the time the seedlings have produced their second leaf (usually six months after sowing) they can be subcultured in Knudsuns’ C media supplemented with banana pulp (20g/l) and coconut water (200ml/l). 5. In vitro mutagenesis - Subject the protocorms to gamma irradiation at 20, 40 and 60 Gy. Observations to be recorded:

1. Survival percentage of irradiated material 2. Days taken for leaf production 3. Days taken for shoot and root production 4. Number of shoots/seedling 5. Mean number of leaves/shoot 6. Days taken for planting out

6. Hardening and field evaluation of the hybrid seedlings Take out the seedlings on reaching the planting out stage, treat with Carbendazim (0.05%) for twenty minutes, plant in community pots. Medium - brick pieces and charcoal pieces in equal proportion kept under 50 per cent shade and watered regularly to maintain humidity. Nutrient solution: 30:10:10 NPK at 0.1 % as alternate day foliar sprays.

7. Performance of hybrids Observations (at flowering):

1. Days from planting to spike emergence 2. Days from spike emergence to first flower opening 3. Days for opening of all flowers 4. Number of flowers per spike 5. Flower size (cm) 6. Flower colour 7. Spike length (cm)

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8. Days for wilting of the flowers in plants 9. Vase life (days) 10. DUS characters (if finalized in that species) 11. Any special characters

8. Estimation of genetic parameters

1. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV %) 2. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV %) 3. Heritability (h2)

B. Phalaenopsis 1. Selection of cultivars

Both cut flower and pot plant cultivars were selected based on the following characters a) Morphological characters

1. Number of leaves 2. Size of leaf (leaf area) 3. Number of roots

b) Floral characters 1. Time of flowering 2. Number of spikes 3. Number of flowers/ spike 4. Arrangement of flowers 5. Flower colour 6. Flower size (cm) 7. Longevity of spike on plant (days) 8. Presence of secondary spike 9. Longevity of spike in vase (days)

2. Floral biology The following aspects were studied Anthesis - Record the time of opening of the flowers Stigma receptivity- By hand pollinating five flowers of the selected cultivars with their

own pollen at different times of the day starting from 8 am to 5 pm at 2 h interval. The pollination time leading to fruit development will be the best receptivity time .

Pollen studies - Pollen production, morphology, fertility and germination of pollen grains.

3. Compatibility among cultivars and wild species 1. Assessing self-compatibility 2. Assessing cross compatibility in all possible combinations

Observations recorded: 1. Percentage of pod set 2. Number of days taken for maturity of pods

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3. Size of pods (cm) 4. Green pod culture Harvest at the green pod stage (starting from 50% maturity) at 10 days interval to standardize the correct stage of maturity. Rinse with tap water, teepol and then with distilled water. Treat with 0.1 per cent Emisan for 20 minutes. Surface sterilize by dipping the pods in 0.1% mercuric chloride for one minute and flaming after a dip in 70 per cent alcohol. Inoculate into Vacin and Went medium supplemented with Kinetin/ BAP at 4 mg l-1 and IBA/ NAA at 2 mg l-1, 0.5 per cent sucrose and 15 ml l-1coconut water. Observations to be recorded:

1. Number of days for greening, protocorm development and shoot and root formation. 2. Shoot height (cm) 3. Number of leaves 4. Number of roots 5. Days for planting out

Sub culturing By the time the seedlings have produced their second leaf (usually six months after sowing) they can be subcultured in Knudsuns’ C media supplemented with banana pulp (20g/l) and coconut water (200ml/l). 5. In vitro mutagenesis Subjecting the callus induced from protocorms and in vitro leaf to gamma irradiation at 20, 40 and 60 Gy. Observations recorded

1. Survival percentage of irradiated material 2. Days taken for leaf production 3. Days taken for shoot and root production 4. Number of shoots per seedling 5. Mean number of leaves per shoot 6. Days taken for planting out

6. Hardening and field evaluation of the hybrid seedlings After three months in the subculture media take out the seedlings, treat with Carbendazim (0.05%) for twenty minutes, plant in the community pots. Medium – Coconut fibre/ moss and charcoal pieces kept under 80% shade and watered regularly to maintain humidity. Nutrient solution 10:10:10 greencare at 0.1 % as foliar spray, twice a week. 7. Performance of hybrids When flowering starts, the following characters will be observed:

1. Days from planting to spike emergence

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2. Days from spike emergence to first flower opening 3. Days for opening of all flowers 4. Number of flowers per spike 5. Arrangement of flowers on the spike 6. Flower size (cm) 7. Flower colour 8. Spike length (cm) 9. Days for wilting of the flowers on the plant 10. Days for wilting of the flowers in vase 11. Any special characters

8. Estimation of genetic parameters 1. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV %) 2. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV %) 3. Heritability (h2)

REPORT CENTRE For Dendrobium and Phalaenopsis Vellanikkara

The study aims to improve the Dendrobium and Phalaenopsis cultivars by hybridization, i.e. to develop new hybrids with desirable characters like more spike length, increased number of flowers, extension of flowering season, expansion of range of flower colours, improving vase life, creating miniature forms and imparting fragrance. A. Dendrobium: Selfing and crossing with all combinations were tried using the cultivars Sonia, Emma white, Tongchai Gold Burana Emerald, Jairuk Plash, Burana Charming. Pod set was observed only in Burana Charming x Burana Emerald. The cultures of the pods obtained from the crosses, Burana Charming x Burana Emerald were transferred to media (1/2 MS + IAA 1.5 mg/l+ NAA 1.5 mg/l + sucrose 10 g/l + activated charcoal 4g/l) for shoot elongation and rooting.

Self and cross compatibility in Dendrobium cultivars crossed during 2014-15 represented in the Table 15. The rooted seedlings of the hybrids obtained from the crosses, Burana Charming x Burana Emerald which were survived and planted out. Vegetative characters of Hybrid seedlings of Burana Charming x Burana Emerald are given in Table 2.4.1.1.

B.Phalaenopsis: Pods obtained by crossing Phalaenopsis cultivars and Lin Jessica x Amabilis were cultured in the media.

The crosses made were Magic Kiss x Medium Pink, Kaliedoscope x Spring Time, Lin Jessica x Amabilis, Amabilis x Lin Jessica, Aposya x Amabilis, Kaliedoscope x Goldie, Kaliedoscope x Amabilis and Kaliedoscope x Purple Brown. Kahikuchi: No Report Kalyani: No Report Coimbatore: No Report

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5. ANTHURIUM

Project No. 2.5.1: Breeding and testing of cultivars of anthurium for cut flower. Duration : Five Year (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Vellanikkara, Yercaud, Kalyani and Hessaraghatta. Technical Programme: Hybridization will be carried out with the main objective of further improving the adapted cultivars in respect of quality of spike and resistance to biotic (Bacterial wilt) and abiotic stresses. Hybrid seedlings will be raised to study the vegetative and floral characters. Observations recorded: Parents

1. Pollen viability 2. Stigma receptivity 3. Compatibility

Hybrids 1. Time for germination of seeds 2. Plant height (cm) 3. Number of leaves per plant 4. Number of roots per plant 5. Days to flowering 6. Length of flower stalk (cm) 7. Girth of flower stalk (cm) 8. Nature of flower stalk (straight / plant) 9. Size of spathe (cm) 10. Angle of spadix over spathe 11. Length of spadix (cm) 12. Girth of spadix (cm) 13. Vase life (days) 14. Tolerance to biotic stress 15. Number of flowers/plant/year 16. Spathe length and width (cm) 17. Colour of spadix and spathe as per RHS Colour Chart

REPORT CENTRES Hessaraghatta: Mother plants were collected from local growers which will be used for breeding purpose in future.

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Vellanikkara The crosses were tried were White King x Tropical and Tropical x White King. The seed set has been observed in White King x Tropical. Yercaud: No Report

Kalyani: No Report

6. TUBEROSE Project No.2.6.1: Breeding of tuberose for higher flower yield (loose/cut flowers), concrete

yield and resistance to nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Duration : Three years (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Kalyani, Pune, Hessaraghatta, Udaipur and Coimbatore. Technical Programme: 1. Hybridization as well as mutation breeding to be followed with a specific objective. 2. The details of parents used, crosses made, mutation treatments given, seed collection,

performance the hybrid/ treated progeny, the stage of breeding material at the centre should be reported every year.

3. Proposal for testing of promising hybrids at other coordinated centres should be submitted before Annual Group Meeting to the Director, DFR, Pune.

Observations recorded: 1. Plant height (cm) 2. No. of leaves/plant 3. Days to spike emergence 4. Days to opening of first floret 5. Flowering duration (days) 6. Spike length (cm) 7. Rachis length (cm) 8. Number of florets/spike 9. Length of floret (cm) 10. Diameter of florets (cm) 11. Diameter of cut spike (cm) 12. Weight of individual floret (g) 13. Weight of florets per spike (g) 14. Number of spikes per clump 15. Number of spikes/plot / ha 16. Weight of florets/plot / ha 17. Number of bulbs per clump

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18. Number of bulblets per clump 19. Diameter of bulb (cm) 20. Length of bulb (cm) 21. Weight of individual bulbs (g) 22. Diameter of bulblet (cm) 23. Weight of bulblet (g) 24. Tolerance/ incidence of nematodes. 25. Yield and quality parameters for concrete.

REPORT CENTRES Pune

Data in Table 2.6.1.1a revealed that the genotype GK-T-C-4 found early in flowering and genotype GK-T-C-2 recorded maximum height (84.63cm), stock length (79.22 cm) and spike weight (81.10g) and number of spikes per plant (10.06) then other genotypes. Data presented in Table2.6.1.1b revealed that all the selected progenies of cross between Variegated ( Single) X Vaibhav (Double) showed double type of flower having average whorls 3.58, with 19.69 petals per flower and rachis length 49.26 cm. The genotype L4P7 recorded highest number of florets per spike (58.72) as compared to others.

All selected progenies of cross between Variegated (Single) x Phule Rajani (Single) and Phule Rajani (Single) X Suvasini (Double) recorded the single type flower, while the progenies of Vaibhav (Double) X Phule Rajani (Single) showed double type flower. Among the four progenies of cross between Vaibhav (Double) X Phule Rajani ( Single) genotypes L1P1 and L1P2 recorded higher spike length (73.99 and 73.96 cm, respectively), no. of florets per spike (67.16 and 54.72, respectively). Kalyani

Following hybrids were selected from the crosses made in different year. From the crosses made in 2011-12 a total of eight hybrids were selected. From the crosses made in 2012-13 several single as well as semi-double hybrids were selected. From the crosses made in 2013-14 again several single as well as semi double hybrids were selected. All the lines area under evaluation. Several single hybrids selected in 2012 have been multiplied for evaluation with check cultivars in preliminary yield trial. Bidhan Rajani-1(Bidhan Snigdha), Bidhan Rajani-2 (Bidhan Ujwal) and Bidhan Rajani-3 (Bidhan Jyoti) were multiplied and distributed to different Centres. Several lines were found promising in terms of floret yield and floret size. BR 12-1-5, BR 12-7-1, BR 12-7-2, BR 12-7-5, BR 12-11-1, BR 12-11-9, BR 12-11-9 and BR 12-11-12 had higher floret yield (> 90 g/plant). Four lines had 60 or more florets per spike. Five lines viz., BR 12-7-1, BR 12-11-6, BR 12-11-9, BR 12-11-10 and BR 12-11-12 had 2.0g or more floret weight. (Table 2.6.1.2)

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Cross -2012 Cross -2013 Cross -2014

Arka Nirantara x Phule Rajani Phule Rajani x Vaibhab (single) Sikim Selection x Suvasini

Calcutta Single x Sikkim Selection

Phule Rajani x Vaibhab (Single)

Hyderabad Single x Vaibhab

Hyderabad Single x Phule Rajani

Phule Rajani x Vaibhab (Semi double)

Sikim Selection x Suvasini (double)

Phule Rajani x Hyderabad Single

Arka Nirantara x Vaibhab(Semi double)

Sikkim S-9 x Suvasini (double)

Calcutta Single x Arka Niranatara

Hyderabad Single x Suvasini (Semi-double)

Arka Nitantara x Phule S-7 x Vaibhab (double)

Phule Rajani x Arka Niranatara Phule S-14 x Vaibhab

(double) GKTC-4 x Phule Rajani Arka Niranatara x Hyderabad Single

Hessaraghatta Hybridization was attempted among various genotypes in the germplasm and seedlings have been raised and preliminary evaluation was done. Arka Nirantara multiplied and given to different testing centres. The genotype Arka Nirantara was found to be tolerant to nematodes and possessed highest concrete content. A clonal selection from Arka Nirantara having straight spikes has been identified and purified. Udaipur

Data presented in Table 2.6.1.3-4 indicated that ten Lines were raised from seedling population up to bulb stage from 2010 planted at Udaipur centre. Out of these ten Lines flowered during 2012-12, 2013-14 and 2014-15 which were distinct from their maternal parent in various characters. Out of that, two distinct variants were selected from seed population of Phule Rajani viz MPUAT-S-7. It is dwarf in nature (37.67 cm) with greenish flower bud, leaves width (1.32 cm), spike length (29.83 cm), floret diameter (3.23cm), floret number per spike (39) and floret length (5.10 cm). Another selection, MPUAT-S-7 (1) with pinkish tinge on floral bud having plant height (54.67 cm), spike length (50.07cm), rachis length (29.83cm), floret diameter (3.30cm ), floret open at a time (5.67), floret number (45.33) and floret length (3.57cm) respectively. Third variant was selected from Sikkim Selection-6 i.e SSVP-3 with plant height (125.88cm), leaf width (1.27cm), spike length (116.89cm), rachis length (29.97cm), floret diameter (3.80cm), floret open at a time (5.00), floret number (45.96) per spike and floret length (6.0cm). Coimbatore: No Report

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Project No. 2.6.2: Testing of genotypes in tuberose for higher flower yield (loose/cut

flowers), concrete yield and resistance to nematode. Duration : Three years (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Hessaraghatta, Kalyani, Kahikuchi, Pune, Hyderabad, Ludhiana, Pantnagar,

Coimbatore, Pusa and Udaipur. Entries for testing from centre: BCKV, Kalynai: Bidhan Rajani H-1, Bidhan Rajani H-2, Bidhan Rajani H-3 Check cultivars: Prajwal, Phule Rajani, Shringar and a local cultivar (as check) Design : RBD No. of replications : Three Spacing : 30 cm × 30 cm Plot size : 2.0m × 2.0m (6 rows × 6 plants) Observations recorded:

1. Plant height (cm) 2. No. of leaves/plant 3. Days to spike emergence 4. Days to opening of first floret 5. Flowering duration (days) 6. Spike length (cm) 7. Rachis length (cm) 8. Number of florets/spike 9. Length of floret (cm) 10. Diameter of florets (cm) 11. Diameter of cut spike (cm) 12. Weight of individual floret (g) 13. Weight of florets per spike (g) 14. Number of spikes per clump 15. Number of spikes/plot / ha 16. Weight of florets/plot / ha 17. Number of bulbs per clump 18. Number of bulblets per clump 19. Diameter of bulb (cm) 20. Length of bulb (cm) 21. Weight of individual bulbs (g) 22. Diameter of bulblet (cm) 23. Weight of bulblet (g) 24. Tolerance/ incidence of nematodes. 25. Yield and quality parameters for concrete.

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26. Incidence of disease, insects and nemaotdes.

REPORT CENTRE Pune

Data presented in Table 2.6.2.1 indicated that cv. Shringar (9.87), Phule Rajani (9.71), Local Double (9.67) , Hyderabad Double (9.40) and Prajwal (9.04) produced significantly more number of spikes per plant and found at par with each other. In case of number of florets per spike cultivar Local Double (48.38), Suvasini (46.33). and Hyderabad Double (45.88) significantly recorded more number of florets per spike and found at par with each other followed by cultivar Phule Rajani (33.61), Prajwal(32.53) and Shringar (30.28). Variegated (124.37 cm) and Vaibhav (121.09 cm) significantly recorded highest spike length and found at par with each other. However, cv. Shringar (10.28) and Local Double (10.11) significantly produced more number of bulbs per plant and found at par with each other. Kalyani

Three test entries of tuberose viz., Bidhan Rajani-1 (Bidhan Snigdha), Bidhan Rajani-2 (Bidhan Ujwal) and Bidhan Rajani-3 (Bidhan Jyoti) from BCKV, Kalyani were tested with six check genotypess viz. Calcutta Single, Phule Rajani, Shringar, Prajwal, GKTC-4 and Arka Nirantara. Calcutta Single recorded highest spike yield (80 spikes per m2) which was followed by cvs. Bidhan Jyoti and Shringar. In terms of floret yield per unit area Bidhan Snigdha recorded maximum yield (5100 g/m2) which was followed by Bidhan Ujwal (4469 g/m2) and Arka Prajwal (3659 g/m2). Arka Nirantara recorded 6433 g/m2 floret yield. Bidhan Snigdha also had highest floret length, floret weight and floret number, followed by Bidhan Ujwal and Prajwal. (Table 2.6.2.2) Hessaraghatta

Bulbs of tuberose cv. Arka Nirantara were distributed to 10 testing centres ( Lucknow, Kalyani, Kahikuchi, Pune, Hyderabad, Ludhiana, DFR, New Delhi, Pant Nagar, PUSA and Udaipur). Ten single type cultivars namely Mexican Single, Variegated, Hyderabad Single, Shringar, Prajwal, Arka Nirantara, Phule Rajani, GKTC-4, Calcutta Single, Arka Sugandhi and Six double types Pearl Double, Suvasini, Hyderabad Double, Swarna Rekha, Calcutta Double and Vaibhav were evaluated for various characteristics as per the approved technical programme. Cultivars Suvasini, Prajwal, Arka Nirantara and Vaibhav performed better than others. Vaibhav recorded maximum spike yield among double types. Cultivars Arka Nirantara and Prajwal recorded higher loose flower yield than other cultivars. Weight of floret was highest in Prajwal. Cultivar Arka Nirantara exhibited early flowering (Table 2.6.2.3, 4, 5 & 6).

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Kahikuchi: No Report Ludhiana

Two new genotypes collected from Pune and Hessaraghatta centre were evaluated along with four other single type cultivars including Local Single as check . From Table 2.6.2.7a and 2.6.2.7b, it is clear that among these genotypes GKT-4 was late flowering, took 119.30 days to flower while that of Arka Nirantara it was 108.57 days. None of the cultivar under testing set seed under Punjab conditions. From the results thus obtained it can be concluded that the new genotypes, GKT-4 and Arka Nirantara did not perform well under Punjab conditions as compared to local checks. However, the new genotypes showed to be good multipliers. Pantnagar: No Report Udaipur Data presented in Table-2.6.2.8-10 revealed that among six cultivars of tuberose under testing in single flower types cv. Prajwal was found better for maximum flowering duration (32.83 days), plant height (91.63 cm), spike length (74.92 cm), floret weight / spike (114.17 g), florets per spike (53.23), floret diameter (4.73 cm), number of bulbs (17.83), weight per bulb (18.10 g), spikes per clump (3.10), spikes per / ha (3.10 lakhs) and weight of florets / ha (354.43 q) followed by cv. Phule Rajani for duration of flowering (30.30 days), weight of florets / spike (65.08 g), florets per spike (48.20), floret diameter (4.60 cm), number of bulbs (15.00), bulb weight (16.90 g), spikes per clump (2.53), spikes per ha (2.53 Lakh) and floret weight / ha (164.99 qt). The tuberose bulb for new entry were not supplied by BCKV Kalyani centre. Pusa: No Report Hyderabad

During 2014-15, 8 genotypes of tuberose were evaluated along with check Hyderabad single. The results revealed that, maximum rachis length (18.39 cm), no. of florets per spike (40.28 no.’s), number of spikes/plant (40.27) were recorded in Calcutta Single. Maximum number of bulblets (35.80) was recorded in GK-T-C-4 over check Hyderabad Single (20.93no.’s). However, maximum number of bulbs (19.40) was recorded in Calcutta Single over check (14.47). (Tables. 2.6.2.11-12) Coimbatore: No Report

7. MARIGOLD Project 2.7.1: Breeding and testing of new genotypes of marigold for loose flower and

higher pigment content. Duration : Three years (2014-15 onwards)

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Centres : Coimbatore, Kalyani, Ludhiana, Pune, Chiplima, Kahikuchi, Solan and Hessaraghatta.

Technical Programme: 1. Hybridization among promising cultivars/cultivars for (a) higher loose flower yield, (b)

pot culture and (c) photo-insensitive (year round producing) cultivars 2. For testing:

DrYSRHU, Solan: UHFS-FM-Mari-786 BCKV, Kalyani: Bidhan Marigold -1, Bidhan Marigold -2, Bidhan Marigold -3,

Bidhan Marigold -4, Bidhan Marigold -5 and Bidhan Marigold -6. IIHR, Bengaluru: IIHRMO-3, IIHRMY-4, IIHRMY-5, IIHRMO-2, IIHRMO-4

and IIHRFm-1 NOTE: DrYSRHU Solan, BCKV Kalyani and IIHR Bengaluru centre has to supply the planting material (20g breeder seeds) of the above entries to all the testing centres.

3. Check : Three, African Marigold- Pusa Narangi Gainda and French Marigold-Jafri and a Local type

4. Design : RBD 5. No. of replications : Three 6. Spacing : 40m × 40 cm 7. Plot size : 2.8m × 2.8m 8. No. of plants per plot : 36 9. Observations recorded:

i) Plant height (cm) ii) Plant spread (cm) iii) Leaf area (cm2) iv) Photoperiodic response v) Days to 50% flowering vi) Days to first flower bud appearance vii) Number of branches per plant viii) Stem diameter (cm) ix) Flowering duration (days) x) Days to first harvest xi) Number of flowers per plant xii) No. of harvests xiii) Number of flowers per m2 xiv) Size of flowers (diameter) xv) Weight of flowers (g) / plant xvi) Individual flower weight xvii) Pigment content

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REPORT CENTRE Coimbatore

Among the French marigold cultivars Coimbatore Local Dwarf recorded highest plant height (37.20 cm), plant spread (35.60 cm), number of flowers (304.00). Highest single flower weight (2.95 g), flower size (4.22 cm) and number of primary branches (5.56) recorded in IIHR FM-1 and UHFS FM-786 respectively. In case of IIHR MO-2 recorded highest total flower yield (317.53) and longer duration (113.00) followed by UHFS FM -786. (Table 2.7.1.1)

Among the cultivars of African marigold Coimbatore Local Orange recorded highest plant height (97.40 cm), plant spread (66.70 cm), number of branches (17.80), single flower weight (14.73), flower size (8.42 cm) and total flower yield (1130.65). Highest number of flowers (183.67) and total duration (118.12 days) was recorded in Arka Bangara. (Table 2.7.1.2) Pune

Data presented in Table 2.7.1.3 indicated that genotypes 786 (65.00 days) and IIHR-Mo-3 (67.00 days) were found significantly early in flowering and found at par with each other. However the cultivars Pusa Arpita found significantly superior in respect of more (184.33) number of flowers per plant with their weight per plant (1007.73 g) and number of harvesting (5.97). Chiplima

Among the marigold cultivars tested, tallest plants were observed in Bidhan Marigold-4 (105.57cm) whereas maximum spread was observed in Bidhan Marigold-1(52.2cm). Early flower bud appearance was observed in IIHRMO-2(32.67 days) which was at par with IIHRMO-3 (33.33 days). Maximum number of branches per plant was observed in Bidhan Marigold-6 (20.33) followed by Bidhan Marigold-3(16.67). Maximum number of flowers per plant was observed in Bidhan Marigold-1 (78.33) followed by Pusa Narangi Gainda (78.00). The highest yield of flowers in terms of weight was observed in IIHRMO-3 (458.22g) followed by Bidhan Marigold-1 (455.7g). (Table 2.7.1.4). High yielding cultivars like IIHRMO-3 and Bidhan Marigold – 1 can be taken up for commercial cultivation by the farmers interested in cultivation of marigold. Kahikuchi

In 2014-15, the experiment was revised and new genotypes were included. IIHR marigold genotypes and UHFS-Fm-Mari-786 Solan performed well under Assam conditions, showing good vegetative growth and flower production (Tables 2.7.1.5 & 2.7.1.6). Seeds of Bidhan-1 and 2 were available only in end of March, 2015, which were planted and flowering will be over by July, 2015.

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Solan Two separate trials of 11 new genotypes of marigold were conducted during different

times. In the first trial, the raised seedlings of 11 genotypes (Plate 10), namely, ‘IIHR FM-1’(V1), ‘IIHR MO-2’ (V2), ‘IIHR MO-3’(V3), ‘IIHR MO-4’(V4), ‘IIHR MY-4’(V5), ‘IIHR MY-5’(V6), ‘Bidhan I Orange’(V7), ‘Bidhan II Orange’(V8), ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’(V9), ‘Pusa Basanti Gainda’(V10) and ‘Pusa Arpita’ (V11) were planted on 5th May, 2014 and the data were recorded on various growth and flowering parameters. As, ‘Pusa Arpita’ failed to flower and remained vegetative, the data on various parameters could not be recorded. Data presented in Table 2.7.1.7 revealed that among different genotypes of marigold, maximum plant height (160.99 cm) recorded in ‘IIHR MY-5’ which found statistically at par with ‘IIHR MY-4’ (160.93 cm), ‘IIHR MO-3’ (159.16 cm) and ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ (148.55 cm). Whereas, minimum plant height (38.17 cm) observed in ‘IIHR FM-1’ which was found statistically at par with genotype ‘IIHR MO-2’ (47.93 cm). As regards plant spread, it was recorded maximum (79.74 cm) in ‘Bidhan I Orange’ which was found to be statistically at par with ‘Bidhan II Orange’ (72.07 cm). Among all the genotypes, earliest emergence of flower bud was recorded in genotype ‘IIHR FM-1’ (53.43 days) which was found statistically at par with genotypes ‘IIHR MY-4’ (54.09 days) and ‘Bidhan I Orange’ (58.42 days). However, cultivar ‘Pusa Basanti Gainda’ took maximum days (70.67 days) to flower bud appearance which was found statistically at par with the genotypes ‘IIHR MY-4’ (69.93 days), ‘IIHR MY-5’ (69.73 days), ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ (68.61 days), ‘IIHR MO-3’ (67.43 days), ‘IIHR MO -2’ (66.05 days) and ‘Bidhan II Orange’ (65.04 days). Genotype ‘IIHR FM-1’ took minimum number of days (61.99 cm) for first flowering which was statistically at par with genotype ‘IIHR MO-4’ (62.78 days), whereas, maximum days for first flowering (90.00 days) was observed in genotype ‘IIHR MY-5’ which was found to be statistically at par with genotypes ‘IIHR MY-4’ (87.20 days) and ‘Pusa Basanti Gainda’(86.67 days).

Regarding number of branches per plant, non-significant results were obtained. However, maximum number of branches (8.33) recorded in cultivar ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’, followed by ‘IIHR FM-1’ (8.02), whereas, minimum number of branches per plant (6.50) recorded in genotype ‘IIHR MO-2’ were followed by ‘IIHR MY-5’ (7.33). It is evident from the data that maximum stem diameter (16.64 mm) recorded in genotype ‘IIHR MY-4’ was found to be statistically at par with cultivars ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ (16.39 mm) and ‘Bidhan II Orange’ (16.01 mm). Maximum duration of flowering (49.11 days) recorded in genotype’ IIHR FM-1’ was found statistically at par with genotypes ‘Bidhan I Orange’ (46.58 days) and ‘Bidhan II Orange’ (45.25 days). Whereas, minimum duration of flowering (39.60 days) recorded in genotype ‘IIHR MO-2’ was found statistically at par with genotypes ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ (39.72 days), ‘IIHR MY-4’ (40.07 days), ‘Basanti Gainda’ (40.93 days), ‘IIHR MY-5’ (42.30 days), ‘IIHR MO-3’ (43.17 days) and ‘IIHR MO-4’ (43.78 days).

Data also revealed that minimum number of days to 1st harvest (64.61 days) was recorded in genotype ‘IIHR FM-1’ was found statistically at par with genotype ‘IIHR MO-4’ (65.60 days).

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However, maximum days to first harvest (94.35 days) recorded in genotype ‘IIHR MY-5’ was found to be statistically at par with genotype ‘IIHR MO-3’ (92.46 days).

As regards number of flowers per plant, it was recorded maximum (80.67) in genotype ‘IIHR FM-1’ which was found to be superior among all the genotypes, whereas, minimum number of flower per plant (19.40) in ‘IIHR- MY-4’ which was found to be statistically at par with genotypes ‘IIHR MO-3’ (23.66), ‘IIHR MY-5’, ‘Pusa Basanti Gainda’ (24.47) and ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ (30.39). Maximum number of harvests (7.22) recorded in genotype ‘IIHR FM-1’ was found statistically at par with genotypes ‘IIHR MO-2’ (7.00) and ‘Bidhan I Orange’ (6.11), whereas, minimum number of harvests (4.38) were recorded in genotype ‘IIHR MY-5’ was found to be statistically at par with genotypes ‘IIHR MY-4’ (4.70), ‘IIHR MO-3’ (5.07), ‘Pusa Basanti Gainda’ (5.07), and 'Pusa Narangi Gainda’ (5.22). It is also clear from the data that maximum number of flowers per m2 (726.00) recorded in genotype ‘IIHR FM-1’ was found statistically at par with ‘IIHR MO-4’ (707.01), whereas, minimum number of flowers per m2 (174.60) recorded in genotype ‘IIHR MY-4’ was found to be statistically at par with genotypes ‘IIHR MO-3’ (212.94), ‘IIHR MY-5’ (216.39), ‘Pusa Basanti Gainda’ (220.20) and ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ (273.51). It has been observed that maximum flower size (6.03 cm) was recorded in genotype ‘Bidhan I Orange’ which was found to be statistically at par with genotypes ‘IIHR MY-4’ (5.76 cm), ‘Bidhan II Orange’ (5.68 cm), ‘Pusa Basanti Gainda’ (5.65 cm), ‘IIHR MY-5’ (5.48 cm) and ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ (5.22 cm). However, minimum flower size was recorded in genotype ‘IIHR MO-2’ (2.42 cm). As regards weight of flowers per plant, maximum weight per plant (359.19 g) recorded from ‘Bidhan I Orange’ which found to be statistically at par with ‘Bidhan II Orange’ (289.06 g). In contrast, minimum flower weight per plant ( 77.44 g) was recorded in ‘IIHR MY-5’ which was statistically at par with ‘IIHR MO-2’ (83.80g),’IIHR MY-5’(90.20 g), ‘IIHR MO-3’ (g) and ‘Pusa Basanti Gainda’ (125.73 g). In case of individual flower weight, it was recorded maximum (10.7 g) in genotype ‘Bidhan I Orange’ which was found to be statistically superior among all the genotypes, whereas, minimum individual flower weight (1.97 g) was recorded in genotype ‘IIHR MO- 2’ which was statistically at par with genotypes ‘IIHR MO-4’ (3.19 g).

In the second trial, the seeds of four genotypes, namely, ‘IIHR FM-1’, ‘IIHR MO-2’, ‘Bidhan II Orange’ and ‘Pusa Basanti Gainda’ failed to germinate, therefore, the data were recorded for remaining genotypes of marigold only, viz., ‘IIHR MO-3’(V1), ‘IIHR MO-4’(V2), ‘IIHR MY-4’(V3), ‘IIHR MY-5’(V4), ‘Bidhan I Orange’(V5), ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’(V6), ‘Pusa Arpita’ (V7) and one more genotype ‘FM-786’ (V8) was also evaluated along with these above mentioned seven genotypes of marigold (Table 2.7.1.8).

Data showed that the maximum plant height (95.23 cm) recorded in ‘IIHR MY-4’ was found to be statistically at par with genotypes ‘Pusa Arpita’ (92.70 cm), ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ (89.60 cm), ‘IIHR MY-5’ (84.27 cm) and ‘IIHR MO-3’ (77.93 cm). Whereas, minimum plant height (34.07 cm) was observed in genotype ‘IIHR MO-4’ which was found statistically inferior among all the genotypes. Maximum plant spread (65.85 cm) was recorded in genotype ‘Pusa Arpita’ was found statistically superior among all the genotypes. However, minimum plant

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spread recorded in ‘IIHR MO-4’ which was found to be statistically at par with ‘IIHR MY-4’ (37.77 cm), ‘IIHR MO-3’ (40.27 cm) and ‘IIHR MY-5’ (41.63 cm).

It has been found that genotype ‘FM-786’ took minimum number of days for flower bud appearance (47.00) which was found statistically at par with genotypes ‘IIHR MO-3’ (48.00 days), ‘Bidhan I Orange’ (48.00 days), ‘IIHR MY-4’ (49.33 days), ‘IIHR MO -4’ (49.67 days) and ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ (50.33 days). Maximum number of days for flower bud appearance (84.00 days) was observed in genotype ‘Pusa Arpita’. Earliest flowering (57.33 days) was recorded in ‘IIHR MO-3’, ‘Bidhan I Orange’ and ‘FM-786’ which was found to be statistically at par with ‘IIHR MO-4’ (60.00 days) and ‘IIHR MY-5’ (60.67 days). However, late flowering (92.61 days) was recorded in ‘Pusa Arpita’ as it took maximum number of days for flowering among all the genotypes.

Data shown in the Table 2.7.1.8 showed the non- significant differences in number of branches per plant in different genotypes. However, maximum number of branches per plant (9.67) was recorded in ‘Pusa Narangi Gainda’ and ‘FM-786’, which was followed by genotype ‘IIHR MY-5’ (7.67). In contrast, minimum number of branches per plant (5.33) was observed in genotype ‘IIHR MY-4’ followed by genotype ‘IIHR MO-3’ (5.67).

It has been observed that the maximum stem diameter (15.76 mm) recorded in genotype IIHR MO-3 was found to be statistically at par with IIHR MY-4 (15.64 mm), Bidhan I Orange (15.04 mm), Pusa Arpita (14.63 mm), IIHR MO -4 (14.51 mm), IIHR MY -5 (14.42 mm) and Pusa Narangi Gainda (14.34 mm), whereas, minimum stem diameter (10.06 mm) was recorded in ‘FM -786’.

In case of duration of flowering, non-significant results were obtained, however, maximum flowering duration (30.33 days) recorded in genotype ‘FM-786’ was followed by genotype Bidhan I Orange (29.00 days) and Pusa Arpita (29.00 days). Minimum flowering duration (24.67 days) recorded in genotype ‘IIHR MO-3’ was followed by genotype ‘IIHR MY -5’ (25.33 days). Minimum number of days for first harvesting (57.00) recorded in genotype ‘FM-786’ was found to be statistically at par with genotype ‘IIHR MO-3’ (60.33 days), whereas, maximum days to first harvesting (97.67 days) was recorded in genotype ‘Pusa Arpita’.

Data revealed that the maximum number of flowers per plant (132.00) were recorded in genotype Pusa Arpita In contrast, minimum number of flowers per plant (33.00) was recorded in genotype IIHR MO-4 was found statistically at par with genotypes ‘IIHRMO-3’ (45.33), ‘IIHR MY-5’ (45.67), Pusa Narangi Gainda (46.0) and Bidhan I Orange (50.67). Maximum number of harvests (7.00) recorded in genotype Pusa Narangi Gainda was statistically at par with genotypes IIHR MY-5 (6.00), Bidhan I Orange (6.00) and FM – 786 (6.00). Number of harvests were recorded minimum (3.67) in genotype Pusa Arpita which was found to be at par with genotypes IIHR MO-4 (4.00), IIHR MO-3 (4.33) and IIHR MY -5 (5.00).

As regards number of flowers/m2, it was again recorded maximum (1188.00) in genotype Pusa Arpita. In contrast, minimum number of flowers/m2 (297.00) was recorded in genotype IIHR MO-4 was found to be statistically at par with genotypes IIHR MO -3 (408.00), IIHR MY-5 (411.00), ‘IIHR MY -4’ (414.00), Pusa Narangi Gainda (414.00) and Bidhan I Orange (456.0).

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Maximum flower size (5.66 cm) recorded in Pusa Narangi Gainda was found to be statistically at par with IIHR MY -4 (5.48 cm), IIHR M-3 (5.36 cm), IIHR MY-5 (5.32 cm) and Bidhan I Orange (5.28 cm). However, minimum flower size (3.47 cm) recorded in IIHR MO-4 found inferior among all the genotypes. It has been found that maximum flower weight per plant (434.00 g) was recorded in Pusa Arpita which was found to be statistically at par with genotype Bidhan I Orange (299.67 g), whereas, minimum flower weight per plant (112.00 g) was observed in genotype IIHR MO-4 which was statistically at par with genotypes IIHR MO-3 (112.00 g), IIHR MY -4 (212.67 g), ‘IIHR MY-5’ (172.67g) and Pusa Narangi Gainda (230.33 g). However, maximum weight of individual flower (7.84 g) recorded in genotype Bidhan I Orange which was found to be superior among all the genotypes, whereas, minimum individual flower weight (3.91 g) recorded in genotype ‘IIHR MO 4’ was found to be statistically at par with Pusa Arpita (4.10 g). Kalyani

Twenty two marigold entries including three exotic lines Red Coat ((EC-733792), ZEMPASUCHILT (EC-733799) and ELDORADO(EC-733794, five lines received from IIHR viz., IIHRFM-1,IIHRMO-2, IIHR MO 3 , IIHRMY-4 and IIHR MO-5, eight lines from BCKV Centre were evaluated with three check cultivars viz., Pusa Narangi Gainda, Pusa Arpita and Pusa Basanti Gainda. Maximum flowers per plant was recorded in Pusa Narangi Gainda (443 flowers per plant) which was followed by Bidhan Marigold -3 (427). IIHRMY-4 was tallest among the lot (102 cm). However, it produced 42 flowers per plant only. Bidhan Rjani 1, 2 and 3 are suitable for loose flower production. In terms of flower yield per plant, Pusa Narangi recorded highest yield (2194 g/plant) which was followed by Bidhan Marigold-3 (2145 g/plant). Three exotic Lines were dwarf with good canopy suitable for garden decoration. Bidhan Marigold-1, Bidhan Marigold-2 and Bidhan Marigold-3 are suitable for loose flower production as well as pot culture. (Table 2.7.1.9) Hessaraghatta

Nine Lines were evaluated at Hessaraghatta. Planting was taken up in the month of August. Pusa Narangi Gainda, Pusa Basanti Gainda and Pusa Arpita Gainda were used as checks. However, Pus Arpita did not flower during the period under Bengaluru condition (Table 2.7.1.10). Among yellow category of African Marigold, IIHRMY-5 and IIHRMY-4 were found to be high yielding compared to Pusa Basanti Gainda. Among orange category of marigold, IIHR MO-3 was found to be on par with Pusa Narangi Gainda. Among the French marigold category, IIHR MO-4 was high yielding. Flower size was small in case of IIHRMO-2, resulting in more number of flowers per unit weight compared to all other cultivars under testing. Three cultivars of marigold were developed and were identified for release by IIHR, Hessaraghatta based on performance evaluation over three years. Performance of cultivars in comparison with commercial cultivars is presented in Table 2.7.1.11.

268

Ludhiana Six Lines from IIHR Hessaraghatta namely IIHRFm1, IIHRMO2, IIHRMO3, IIHRMY4,

IIHRMO4 and IIHRMY5, 3 Lines from BCKV Kalyani , namely, Bidan Marigold-1, Bidan Marigold- 2, Bidhan Marigold-3 and one line from Solan centre UHFS Mar-FM-786 were compared with Pusa Narangi Gainda (African Marigold) and Jaffri (local/ French marigold). Plants were observed dwarf when compared with Pusa Narangi Gainda but at par with Jaffri in all the lines. IIHRFm1 produced highest no of flowers (78.22) which were observed at par with IIHRMO2. UHFS Mar-FM-786 produced 40.35 flowers per plant which is at par with Jaffri (local/French) The individual flower weight was observed highest(3.50g/ flower) in Bidan Marigold- 3 and hence the number of flowers per plant. Number of flowers per plant was observed at par in case of IIHRFm1 and IIHRMO2. (Table 2.7.1.12)

To find out summer flowering marigold in Punjab, 15 germplasm Lines were collected from different places Karnal , Panipat , Sonepat and Ganga – Jumuna belt near Dehli , which have higher temperature in summer. These 15 entries were evaluated in RBD with three replications at Deptt of Floriculture& Landscaping, PAU Ludhiana during summer 2014. The Summer Sugat ( MG12)was best early flowering cultivar which flowered in 76 days , Desi Gainda 1 (MG3) was the best medium duration which flowered in 82 days and SM Sel.–M (MG13) late group entry flowered in 100 days were best heat tolerant & double flower entries . The best double flowered plants from these entries were multiplied vegetatively from terminal cuttings, as there was no seed set in summer. Replicated trial of 15 entries is again planted during this summer (2015) to identify the best summer marigold cultivar.

8. CROSSANDRA Project No. 2.8.1: Testing of new genotypes for loose flower, cut flower and pot culture Duration : Three years (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Hessaraghatta, Coimbatore, Hyderabad and Pune Technical Programme 1. The experiment will be laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications

and 16 plants per replication to be planted at a spacing of 60 cm × 60 cm. Five randomly tagged plants per replication to be used for recording observations on growth and flowering parameters.

2. Local cultivars of the region used as check. 3. Cultivars/entries for testing from IIHR, Hessaraghatta are Arka Ambara, Arka Kanaka, Arka

Shreeya, and Arka Shrvya. a. For loose flower: Arka Ambara, Arka Kanaka and Arka Shreeya b. For cut flower and pot culture: Arka Shravya NOTE: IIHR, Hessaraghatta centre supplied 48 rooted plants of the above four entries to all the testing centres.

269

Observations recorded: 1. Plant height (cm) 2. Plant spread (cm) 3. Number of branches per plant 4. Days to flower 5. Rachis length (cm) 6. Spike length (cm) 7. Number of flowers per spike 8. Flower weight (100 flowers, g) 9. Flower colour (RHS colour chart) 10. Floret size (length and width, cm) 11. Shelf life (days) 12. Blooming period (days) 13. Number of pickings per month 14. Susceptibility to pests and diseases, if any

REPORT

CENTRE Coimbatore

Five genotypes of Crossandra have been collected from different parts which includes IIHR, to test the potential of loose, cut flower and pot culture during January, 2015. Among all the genotypes tested, the highest plant height was observed in cultivar Arka Shravya (35.90 cm) followed by Arka Kanaga (30.95 cm), the highest plant spread (EW) was recorded in Arka Shravya (46.15 cm) followed by Pondicherry Local (41.50 cm) and the highest plant spread (NS) was recorded in Arka Shravya (42.00 cm) followed by Pondicherry Local (40.60 cm) and the highest number of flowers per spike was recorded in cv. Arka Shravya (20.10) followed by Pondicherry Local (15.10). Harvest of the crop is in progress. (Table 2.8.1.1) Hessaraghatta

Plants of four cultivars viz., Arka Ambara, Arka Kanaka, Arka Shreya and Arka Shravya were multiplied and supplied to Coimbatore, Hyderabad and Pune. Trials have been initiated. Hyderabad

New cultivars of crossandra brought from IIHR, Hessaraghatta were planted. Arka Shravya performed better among all the cultivars. It recorded minimum days to flowering (49.00) over check (56.27) and maximum spike length (10.25 cm) over local (5.94 cm) and no. of flowers/plant (16.87 no.’s) over control (16.80 no.’s). (Table 2.8.1.2)

270

Pune Four cultivars Arka Ambra, Arka Kanak, Arka Shreeya and Arka Shrvya collected from

IIHR, Hessaraghatta and three genotypes i.e. Local – 1, Local – 2 and Local – 3 collected from local area. The planting will be done on commesment of rainy season i.e. in June-2015.

9. CHINA ASTER Project No. 2.9.1 : Testing of new genotypes for cut flower and loose flower Duration : Three years (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Hessaraghatta, Pune, Solan, Kalyani, Coimbatore and Hyderabad Technical Programme

1. The experiment laid out in randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 32 plants per replication to be planted in a plot size of 2.7 m × 1.2 m at spacing of 30 cm × 30 cm. Five randomly tagged plants per replication to be used for recording various observations on growth and flowering parameters.

2. Cultivars/entries be evaluated in their colour group e.g. white coloured will be evaluated with white coloured cultivar/local cultivar.

3. Local cultivars of the region such as 'Local White’, ‘Local Pink’ and ‘Local Violet’ be used as check for comparison in their respective colour group.

4. Cultivars/entries for testing from IIHR, Hessaraghatta (6 Nos.) are Arka Aadya, Arka Archana, Kamini, Poornima, Shashank and Violet Cushion.

5. For cut flower: Kamini, Poornima, and Violet Cushion 6. For loose flower: Arka Aadya, Arka Archana, Kamini, Poornima, Shashank and Violet

Cushion Observations recorded:

1. Plant height (cm) 2. Plant spread (cm) 3. Number of primary branches per plant 4. Stalk length (cm) 5. Days to first flower opening 6. Days to 50% flowering 7. Days to first harvest of loose flowers 8. Number of harvests of loose flower 9. Flower head diameter (cm) 10. Number of flowers per plant 11. Weight of flowers per plant (g) 12. Individual flower weight (g) 13. Flowering duration (days) 14. Vase life (in tap water at room temperature) (days) 15. Shelf life of loose flowers (days) 16. Flower colour as per RHS Colour Chart (RHS colour chart No.)

271

17. Reaction to pest and diseases, if any REPORT

CENTRES Coimbatore

Among the seven genotypes evaluated, Hosur Local recorded the maximum plant height (71.31 cm) and was on par with genotypes Shashank l(69.51 cm) and Kamini (61.81 cm). The genotype Belagavi Local recorded minimum plant height of 30.87 cm. The genotype Hosur Local also recorded the highest plant spread (46.89 cm), highest number of branches plant-1

(38.85), and earliest flower bud appearance (53.25 days) and thereafter full bloom (29.80 days). (Table 2.9.1.1) The genotype Hosur Local recorded 50 per cent flowering (90.20 days) earlier while the genotype Kamini recorded longest duration of flowering (58.20 days), maximum longevity of flowers on plant (12.45 day), highest flower diameter (7.46 cm) and longest flower stalk length of 65.68 cm. Number of flowers plant-1 was maximum (42.85) in the genotype Poornima followed by White double (36.50). The maximum weight of individual flower was observed in Kamini (5.21 g) with a mean flower yield of 164.07 g per plant which was on par with Hosur Local (163.79 g). (Table 2.9.1.2) Of the seven China aster genotypes evaluated, Hosur Local recorded significance with regard to vegetative parameters, while Kamini exhibited significant results for flowering parameters, viz., maximum flower diameter (7.46 cm) and flower weight (5.21 g). Pune

The six cultivars Arka Adya, Arka Archana, Kamini, Poornima, Shashank and Violet Cushion are collected from IIHR, Hessaraghatta and four cvs.i.e. Phule Ganesh White, Phule Ganesh Pink, Phule Ganesh Violet and Phule Ganesh Purple will be used as check and planting will be done in August-2015. Hessaraghatta

Six genotypes with three local checks were evaluated. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for different vegetative and flower quality traits. The maximum plant height was recorded in Arka Violet Cushion followed by Arka Kamini. The genotypes Arka Ardya and Arka Archana recorded early flowering, while Arka Violet Cushion was late in flowering. Maximum flower diameter was recorded in Arka Poornima, while maximum loose flower yield was recorded in Arka Aadya followed by Arka Archana. Hyderabad: No Report Solan: No Report Kalyani: No Report

*******************

272

2. CROP IMPROVEMENT

Table 2.1.2.1: Testing of new genotypes of rose suitable for cut flower under polyhouse condition at Pune centre (2014-15). Genotypes Bud

length (cm)

Bud diam. (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

No. of petals/ flower

Pedicel length (cm)

Pedicel thickness (cm)

% Disease incidence

(PM)

No. of flowers per plant

Stalk length (cm) Vase life (Days)

90 60 45

IIHR-7-7 2.90 2.00 7.40 40.00 5.93 0.50 5.43 23.00 4.00 12.00 10.00 7.00 IIHR-9-1 2.53 1.90 6.80 28.00 8.57 0.50 5.83 21.00 0.00 8.00 13.33 4.00 IIHR-7-1 3.30 2.50 5.20 48.00 10.13 0.50 5.67 20.00 0.00 9.00 11.00 4.00 IIHR-7-2 2.40 1.80 4.70 43.00 10.77 0.67 6.00 22.00 3.33 11.00 7.00 7.00 IIHR-203 2.60 2.20 6.30 77.00 10.13 0.40 6.20 26.00 0.00 15.00 11.00 5.00 Nobless 1.90 1.40 6.60 42.00 10.80 0.63 20.90 24.00 5.00 9.00 10.00 8.00 Gold Strick 2.50 2.00 5.70 61.00 10.10 0.63 27.43 19.00 4.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 Naranga 2.50 2.00 7.70 38.00 11.10 0.67 20.83 23.00 4.00 12.00 7.33 6.00 Top Secret 2.60 2.10 6.10 106.00 10.17 0.53 21.53 28.00 5.00 14.00 9.00 7.00

CD(P=0.05) 0.62 0.36 0.47 5.75 0.88 NS 1.78 4.35 2.02 3.72 2.90 1.84 Table 2.1.2.2: Testing of new genotypes of rose for polyhouse condition at Hesaraghatta Centre (2014-15) Genotypes No of flowers/plant/year No. of petals/flower Flower diam. (cm) Vase life (days) IIHRR 3_18_2 20 37.1 10.4 7 IIHRR 7_1 20 38.0 8.2 6 IIHRR 7_2 24 28.8 9.1 6 IIHRR 7_7 24 30.0 10.5 6 IIHRR 204 20 76.5 10.1 6 Arka Swadesh 24 32.8 8.8 6 Corvet 28 29.2 8.1 5

273

First Red 31 26.0 8.1 7 CD (P=0.05) 10.00 5.00 0.40 NS

Table 2.1.3.1: Testing of rose genotypes under open field condition at Udaipur centre ( 2014-15)

Genotype

Flower bud length (cm)

Flower bud diam. (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

Pedicel length (cm)

No. of petals per

flower

Total petal weight (g) per flower

1 2 3 4 5 6 Arka Parimala 2.58 1.31 6.60 5.07 30.00 4.17

Rosa bourboniana 2.20 1.22 6.70 3.14 47.67 3.27

Rosa chinensis 2.34 1.43 6.07 4.42 37.33 3.38

Rosa damascena 2.13 1.22 6.50 3.70 41.67 1.95

CD (P=0.05) 0.18 0.08 0.66 0.50 3.89 0.65

Table 2.1.3.2. Testing of rose genotypes under open field condition at Udaipur centre (2014-15)

Cultivar

Ave. flower wt. (g)

10 flowers weight (g)

No of flowers /plant

Yield/plant (Kg)

Loose flowers self life (days)

Tolerance to disease (Powdery mildew or

Black spot)

Tolerance to pest (Thrips and mites)

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Arka Parimala 5.21 51.87 80.60 0.43 1.17 00 00

Rosa bourboniana 3.96 35.77 428.70 1.70 1.33 00 00

Rosa chinensis 3.95 32.92 276.67 1.13 1.83 00 00

Rosa damascaena 2.40 20.96 82.80 0.20 1.00 00 00

274

CD(P=0.05) 1.01 7.87 16.51 0.22 0.55 00 00

Table No. 2.1.3.3. testing of new genotypes of rose suitable for open cultivation at Ranchi

Genotype Bud length (cm)

Flower length (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

No. of petals per plant

Length of pedicel (cm)

No. of flowers/ plant

Vase life (Days)

Tolerance to disease Tolerance to pest

Pusa Sherbat 3.35 3.50 9.80 17.00 1.05 25.70 5.50 Powdery mildew, black spot

Thrips, Mites

Elisca 3.45 3.60 10.75 24.00 1.10 28.90 7.00 Powdery mildew, black spot

Thrips, Mites

All God 3.12 3.18 9.00 22.20 1.00 23.00 6.00 - Mites Abha 3.46 3.70 10.85 28.30 1.10 29.50 7.52 Powdery mildew,

black spot Mites

Tiara 2.95 2.98 8.90 22.00 1.00 20.20 5.25 - - CD (P=0.05) 0.15 0.14 0.14 3.30 NS 3.90 0.55

Table 2.1.3.4. Testing of rose genotypes under open field cultivation at Pantnagar centre Genotypes Bud

length (cm)

Bud diam. (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

No. of petals per flower

Pedicel length (cm)

No of flowers/ plant

Vase life (days)

Tolerance to diseases

Tolerance to pest

Rose Sherbet 1.55 1.62 5.87 26.00 3.52 8.25 2.50 Good Good Gruss an teplitz

1.52 1.65 5.77 37.75 2.53 8.00 3.50 Good Good

275

Ranisahiba 1.60 1.82 6.57 34.75 2.85 4.00 3.75 Good Good

CD at 5% NS NS NS 4.50 0.65 1.45 0.40

Table 2.1.3.5. Performance of rose genotypes under open field conditions at Chiplima centre. Genotype Bud

length(cm) Bud

diam. (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

No. of petals/ flower

Pedicel length (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant

Vase life

(days)

Tolerance to disease (Powdery mildew &

black spot)

Tolerance to pest (Thrips

and mite) Rose Sherbet 2.37 2.40 5.87 20.75 3.25 16.25 5.25 Susceptible Susceptible Arka Parimala 4.65 5.50 8.07 33.75 6.07 14.00 5.75 Susceptible Susceptible G.S. Randhawa 3.92 3.27 6.97 53.50 5.67 19.25 5.50 Susceptible Susceptible Mainu Parle 4.52 3.72 7.57 44.75 5.22 17.50 6.25 Susceptible Susceptible CD (P=0.05) 0.09 0.17 0.26 2.66 0.23 2.26 0.66

Table.2.1.3.6. Performance of rose Genotypes for yield and flower characters at Periyakulam centre (Pooled mean 2012-15)

Character Edward Rose Seven Day Rose Arka Parimala Panneer Rose Andhra Red Rose Plant height(cm) 143.00 72.43 94.32 216.00 103.54 Plant spread(cm) 124.56 121.30 128.43 224.00 126.53 Flower weight(g) 4.35 4.00 4.67 3.46 4.45 Bud length(cm) 459 5.34 9.60 5.50 5.00 Flower length(cm) 6.00 7.8 12.56 6.12 6.50 Flower diameter(cm) 7.89 7.40 8.20 7.24 7.30 No/. of petals per flower 38.00 24.50 24.00 30.20 39.46

276

Stalk length(cm) 4.56 4.70 7.20 3.70 3.80 Flower yield: Number/plant g/plant

72.31 43.16 64.86 40.56 72.43 315.85 172.64 269.49 140.34 322.31

Self life (days) 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 Tolerance to disease: (Powdery mildew & Black spot )

Tolerant Tolerant Tolerant Susceptible Tolerant

Tolerance to pests: Thrips, Mites & Bud worm

Tolerant Tolerant Susceptible Tolerant Tolerant Moderately resistant Susceptible Moderately

resistant Resistant

Moderately

resistant 2.GLADIOLUS

Table 2.2.1.1a: Breeding of Genotypes of gladiolus for quality and disease resistance at Pune centre (2014-15).

Identity

Days to sprouting

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves /plant

No. of tillers /plant

Width of leaf (cm)

Days taken to spike emergence

Days to 50% flowering

Flowering duration (days)

Shape of floret

Length of spike (cm)

Length of rachis (cm)

Diam. of floret (cm)

No. of florets /spike

Fresh wt. of spike (g)

94-2 14.0 112.5 6.6 1.1 2.4 53.6 85.3 18.0 O 87.4 43.5 10.0 17.0 93.7 94-58 14.0 120.4 6.4 1.0 2.3 56.7 107.4 20.0 O 102.6 46.3 9.4 16.5 90.8 07-1 13.0 107.4 6.7 1.0 2.2 62.4 75.6 14.0 O 96.7 44.6 9.7 15.6 87.5 07-2 15.0 118.7 6.0 1.3 2.3 65.3 76.3 17.0 O 100.8 54.7 9.0 16.2 93.8 07-3 14.0 105.3 6.4 1.1 2.7 62.4 74.2 18.0 O 92.3 46.6 9.5 14.3 95.4 07-4 15.0 100.6 6.8 1.2 2.5 64.2 78.5 17.0 O 80.4 54.2 8.7 17.8 95.6 07-5 15.0 93.4 6.7 1.1 2.6 63.7 74.6 15.0 H 73.6 44.3 8.4 16.5 96.4 07-6 13.0 85.4 6.5 1.2 3.0 58.9 78.5 21.0 H 67.4 37.2 10.2 14.2 89.3 07-7 14.0 107.5 6.0 1.0 2.6 62.7 80.2 23.0 O 84.3 54.4 9.6 16.3 94.2 07-8 16.0 96.7 7.0 1.2 2.8 72.4 90.3 20.0 H 78.7 48.7 10.0 17.6 89.7 07-9 14.0 104.8 6.7 1.1 3.2 65.2 87.4 16.0 O 86.2 45.3 8.4 14.6 94.2 07-10 15.0 96.7 6.8 1.3 3.3 59.3 82.5 20.0 O 67.8 36.4 9.4 12.3 98.4 07-11 13.0 98.6 6.2 1.2 3.5 56.4 74.6 18.0 H 63.5 37.5 8.6 15.2 98.8 07-12 15.0 115.6 6.4 1.3 3.0 57.6 76.5 22.0 O 98.6 50.5 9.3 16.2 90.6

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07-13 16.0 120.7 6.6 1.3 2.9 56.7 73.4 15.0 O 108.3 56.4 8.6 17.2 94.4 07-14 14.0 106.4 6.3 1.3 2.7 53.8 75.6 16.0 H 94.5 43.3 9.3 15.4 96.5 07-15 13.0 96.5 6.0 1.1 3.0 60.7 76.8 22.0 H 57.8 37.5 9.6 12.5 90.5 07-16 16.0 118.5 7.0 1.2 2.8 63.4 78.6 20.0 O 103.7 57.4 9.4 18.0 100.4 07-17 14.0 98.7 7.0 1.0 2.9 63.6 80.6 17.0 O 66.8 42.3 9.3 15.0 96.7 07-18 14.0 124.3 6.8 1.3 3.3 58.7 72.5 15.0 O 110.2 52.6 7.5 17.6 98.5 07-19 15.0 92.6 6.7 1.4 2.6 59.4 75.6 12.0 O 65.7 34.2 9.0 14.2 94.5 07-20 13.0 120.4 6.3 1.3 2.9 64.3 87.4 14.0 O 103.4 47.6 10.5 16.5 96.6 07-21 12.0 105.3 7.0 1.4 3.3 62.7 82.3 15.0 O 97.8 45.2 10.2 16.7 98.5 07-22 13.0 102.4 7.4 1.3 3.5 66.4 90.5 12.0 O 95.6 38.8 10.8 13.2 92.2 07-23 15.0 110.6 7.4 1.2 3.2 68.3 89.4 14.0 O 98.7 43.6 10.4 15.6 94.7 7-24 14.0 106.4 6.9 1.0 3.0 67.3 92.5 15.0 O 96.5 46.4 9.9 14.0 87.8 07-25 13.0 96.4 6.7 1.2 2.9 52.8 67.8 20.0 H 68.4 45.3 10.2 14.3 89.6 07-26 15.0 122.3 6.5 1.0 3.2 55.4 74.3 21.0 H 104.3 54.4 10.4 16.7 92.5 07-27 13.0 99.4 6.6 1.2 3.5 57.3 76.5 20.0 O 73.4 46.3 11.0 15.8 87.6 07-28 15.0 104.8 7.0 1.3 3.4 58.6 74.3 18.0 O 97.2 44.3 10.3 14.6 67.7 07-29 14.0 97.4 7.4 1.1 3.6 70.5 85.6 15.0 H 63.4 42.6 9.7 13.0 84.5 07-30 15.0 118.4 6.5 1.2 2.8 60.2 81.5 18.0 O 100.2 57.6 10.2 15.7 93.4 07-31 15.0 105.4 6.3 1.3 3.3 57.5 73.7 20.0 O 94.3 48.2 10.4 15.0 95.3 07-32 13.0 114.3 6.5 1.2 3.2 54.6 69.8 16.0 O 104.6 54.8 9.7 17.8 97.6 07-33 15.0 86.7 6.2 1.1 3.5 61.7 74.5 18.0 O 56.4. 34.5 9.5 12.0 67.8 Mean 14.20 106.04 6.64 1.19 2.97 60.99 79.86 17.49 - 87.80 46.21 9.60 15.46 92.16

Table2.2.1.1b (Cont.): Breeding of Genotypes of gladiolus for quality and disease resistance at Pune centre (2014-15).

Treatment Diam. of cut spike

(cm)

Vase life

(days)

No of spikes

/m2

Texture of floret

Placement of floret

No. of

Corms

/plant

Fresh wt. of corms

(g)

Diam. of

corm (cm)

No. of cormel

s /plant

Wt. of cormels/ plant (g)

Colour of flowers

278

94-2 1.6 6.4 23.0 Thin Alternate 1.3 32.3 2.5 22.0 20.0 618-Azalea Pink & Red strip on basal 3 petals

94-58 1.5 6.2 20.0 Thin Alternate 1.5 29.5 3.1 23.0 24.2 722-Cherry & Redish dark yellow throat

07-1 1.6 5.8 22.0 Thin Alternate 1.3 30.6 3.2 19.0 20.3 Light purple with purple blotch at throat

07-2 1.4 6.0 20.0 Thin Alternate 1.2 33.5 3.2 25.0 25.7 Deep orange with red throat

07-3 1.5 5.5 20.5 Thin Alternate 1.0 28.4 2.5 25.0 20.5 Light orange with with magenta throat

07-4 1.3 7.0 24.0 Thick Alternate 1.1 30.1 3.0 17.0 15.3 Variable dark pink with white throat

07-5 1.4 6.7 20.0 Thick Alternate 1.2 25.6 2.8 19.0 16.2 Mauve

07-6 1.4 6.6 22.0 Thin Alternate 1.0 23.4 2.5 20.0 17.6 Magenta with white throat

07-7 1.6 6.5 23.0 Thick Alternate 1.2 31.8 2.7 22.0 20.4 Off white with yellow green throat

07-8 1.4 5.7 19.0 Thick Alternate 1.0 33.4 3.2 23.0 20.7 Yellow with red throat

07-9 1.5 5.8 19.0 Thick Alternate 1.2 28.9 3.5 30.0 25.5 Red with white throat

07-10 1.7 6.0 21.0 Thick Alternate 1.1 28.6 3.3 25.0 22.1 Variable pink with purple blotch on petal

07-11 1.5 5.4 20.0 Thin Alternate 1.2 28.5 2.8 20.0 20.3 Whitish yellow with red throat

07-12 1.6 7.2 22.0 Thin Alternate 1.3 30.2 2.9 16.0 19.9 Whitish orange with scarlet red throat

07-13 1.5 7.7 23.0 Thick Alternate 1.2 28.7 2.9 18.0 20.2 Pinkish white pink throat

07-14 1.5 6.5 20.0 Thick Alternate 1.2 32.5 2.7 22.0 22.6 White with pink strips at throat

07-15 1.4 6.0 20.0 Thick Alternate 1.1 28.4 3.5 18.0 19.3 Purple with white throat

279

07-16 1.5 5.8 20.0 Thick Alternate 1.2 30.6 3.0 30.0 22.8 Light pink with dark pink throat

07-17 1.4 5.5 21.0 Thick Alternate 1.0 32.8 3.5 28.0 25.3 Pink with red throat

Table 2.2.1.1 b (Contd.): Breeding of Genotypes of gladiolus for quality and disease resistance at Pune centre (2014-15)

Treatment Diam. of cut spike (cm)

Vase life (days)

No of spikes/m2

Texture of floret

Placement of floret

Corm /plant

Wt. of corms (g)

Diam. of corm (cm)

No. of cormels /plant

Wt. of cormels/ plant (g)

Colour of flowers

07-18

1.5 6.0 18.0 Thin Alternate

1.0 32.2 3.3 30.0 24.3 White with red throat

07-19

1.4 5.8 20.0 Thick Alternate

1.2 32.4 3.0 27.0 23.2 White

07-20

1.6 5.7 19.0 Thick Alternate

1.3 30.5 3.0 22.0 20.3 Pink with red throat

07-21

1.5 5.6 20.0 Thick Alternate

1.1 28.3 2.7 17.0 16.3 Deep orange

07-22

1.3 5.5 22.0 Thin Alternate

1.2 28.1 2.5 20.0 16.6 Pink with red white throat

07-23

1.5 5.7 19.0 Thin Alternate

1.1 30.4 3.0 22.0 18.0 Off white with magenta throat

7-24

1.6 5.4 17.0 Thick Alternate

1.5 30.3 3.0 20.0 17.6 Light orange with vermilion throat

07-25 1.3 5.8 16.0 Thick Alter 1.2 32.3 3.1 19.0 15.3 Light orange with

280

nate vermilion throat

07-26

1.5 7.0 18.0 Thick Alternate

1.3 30.6 3.0 18.0 16.2 Lavender with magenta throat

07-27

1.7 7.4 19.0 Thick Alternate

1.6 28.4 3.2 25.0 25.3 -

07-28

1.5 7.2 20.0 Thin Alternate

1.5 28.3 3.2 18.0 15.5 Pink with white throat

07-29

1.6 6.0 19.0 Thick Alternate

1.5 31.5 3.3 25.0 20.0 Red

07-30

1.5 5.8 18.0 Thin Alternate

1.3 33.2 3.2 25.0 20.3 Orange with white strip at throat

07-31

1.7 5.6 21.0 Thin Alternate

1.5 30.7 3.2 27.0 21.4 Orange with red throat

07-32

1.6 6.8 20.0 Thick Alternate

1.3 30.9 3.3 22.0 17.0 Variable pinkish white with dark purple throat

07-33

1.5 5.5 20.0 Thin Alternate

1.2 30.5 3.5 27.0 22.0 Yellow

Mean 1.50 6.15 20.16 -- -- 1.23 30.18 3.04 22.46 20.23 -

Table2.2.1.2. Growth and flowering performance of newly evolved hybrids of gladiolus at Solan centre (2014-15) Hybrid No. of days taken for flowering Plant height (cm) No. of florets/spike

UHFS Gla1-4 104.33 118.00 13.33 UHFS Gla 1-24 113.33 116.33 16.33 UHFS Gla 1-27 111.33 101.00 15.00 UHFS Gla 1-28 120.00 99.00 13.17 UHFS Gla 1-33 115.67 94.00 13.00

281

UHFS Gla 2-49 120.33 112.67 16.33 UHFS Gla 2-50 118.33 112.00 15.00 UHFS Gla 2-52 121.33 117.67 13.17 UHFS Gla 2-54 120.00 118.67 13.33 UHFS Gla 3-4 108.67 110.33 12.67 UHFS Gla 3-5 115.00 109.00 15.67 UHFS Gla 3-10 105.67 97.67 13.67 UHFS Gla 3-19 114.33 105.33 14.67 UHFS Gla 3-25 126.33 90.00 13.33 UHFS Gla 3-26 121.67 117.00 12.67 UHFS Gla 3-27 112.67 105.67 14.00 UHFS Gla 3-28 112.67 106.33 14.00 UHFS Gla 3-33 122.00 96.00 14.67 UHFS Gla 3-40 116.67 106.33 13.67 UHFS Gla 3-43 113.67 98.33 14.33 UHFS Gla 3-54 113.67 118.67 13.33 UHFS Gla 3-60 111.00 120.67 13.67 UHFS Gla 3-62 116.00 116.33 14.33 UHFS Gla 4-17 113.67 125.33 15.33 UHFS Gla 4-22 112.00 100.33 15.33 UHFS Gla 4-25 112.33 118.67 15.67 UHFS Gla 4-30 110.33 106.33 14.33 UHFS Gla 4-40 117.00 90.67 15.33 UHFS Gla 4-46 118.33 105.67 13.67 UHFS Gla 4-47 111.67 104.00 14.00 UHFS Gla 4-48 109.67 120.00 15.00 UHFS Gla 5-12 113.33 117.67 14.67 UHFS Gla 5-20 111.67 110.67 16.33

282

UHFS Gla 7-7 99.00 118.00 14.00 UHFS Gla 8-5 111.33 106.33 14.00 UHFS Gla 9-16 113.33 110.00 14.67 UHFS Gla 10-4 116.00 129.33 14.00 UHFS Gla 10-7 113.33 107.33 14.00 UHFS Gla 11-4 108.00 109.33 13.33 UHFS Gla 11-5 111.00 99.67 13.33 UHFS Gla 11-9 117.67 105.00 13.67 UHFS Gla 11-8 110.33 102.67 16.33 UHFS Gla 11-14 109.67 105.00 14.33 UHFS Gla 11-16 102.00 117.00 14.33 UHFS Gla 11-17 102.00 118.67 15.67 UHFS Gla 15-5 120.33 118.00 15.33 UHFS Gla 17-3 104.67 106.00 14.33 UHFS Gla 21-11 103.33 102.00 14.33 UHFS Gla 27-3 121.33 96.67 11.67 UHFS Gla 29-2 102.33 108.00 12.33 CD (P=0.05) 1.79 4.81 1.68

Table 2.2.1.3: Growth and flowering characteristics of newly developed gladiolus hybrids at New Delhi centre

S.No. Hybrid Plant N0. of Width Length of Days taken Spike Rachis No. of

283

height

(cm)

leaves

per

plant

of leaf

(cm)

leaf

(cm)

to

flowering

length

(cm)

length

(cm)

florets

remained

open at

time

1 Melody Open Seedlings 114.00 6.33 3.46 35.33 75.66 95.00 61.33 5.66

2 P-16-1 x Eurovision 118.00 6.00 2.53 35.00 84.66 98.33 57.66 6.00

3 Little Fawn Open Seedlings 117.33 6.33 3.13 45.33 109.66 104.66 54.00 6.33

4 Salmon Queen Open Seedlings 142.66 6.33 3.13 45.33 104.00 130.00 55.33 7.33

5 Smokey Lady x Oscar 96.33 6.66 2.04 40.00 105.33 85.33 45.33 7.00

6 Berlew Open Seedlings (Light

purple

117.66 6.33 2.76 41.33 93.00 106.00 56.00 7.00

7 Suchitra x Melody 135.00 6.66 4.06 44.66 103.33 122.66 66.33 6.66

8 PinkParassol Open Seedlings 135.33 6.00 3.00 36.33 113.00 121.00 51.66 7.33

9 White Prosperity ( Check) 112.66 6.66 3.80 32.00 110.33 61.66 40.33 6.00

CD (P=0.05) 4.34 NS 0.13 1.33 0.68 1.48 1.71 0.66

284

Table 2.2.1.4: Growth, flowering and corm parameters of newly developed gladiolus hybrids at New Delhi centre

S.No. Hybrid Diam. of

floret

(cm)

Stem

thickness

(cm)

Length

of

tepals

(cm)

Width of

tepals

(cm)

N0. of

florets

per spike

N0. of

corms

per plant

N0. of

cormels

per plant

Incidence of disease

(Fuasrium wilt)

1 Melody Open Seedlings 11.33 2.10 5.73 5.10 18.33 3.00 21.00 Free from fusarium wilt

2 P-16-1 x Eurovision 9.50 2.00 5.83 5.33 16.00 2.66 39.66 -

3 Little Fawn Open Seedlings 8.00 2.50 5.00 5.00 19.33 2.33 25.33 Free from fusarium wilt

4 Salmon Queen Open

Seedlings

11.33 2.93 6.33 5.50 19.00 2.33 19.33 -

5 Smokey Lady x Oscar 8.53 2.06 5.13 4.16 19.00 2.66 21.66 -

6 Berlew Open Seedlings

(Light purple

8.60 2.10 6.23 3.60 19.00 2.66 21.00 -

7 Suchitra x Melody 8.63 2.03 6.00 4.83 19.33 3.00 27.66 -

8 PinkParassol Open Seedlings 10.33 2.06 6.50 5.46 16.00 3.66 126.66 Free from fusarium wilt

9 White Prosperity ( Check) 10.00 2.00 7.33 5.00 17.00 1.66 19.33 -

CD (P=0.05) 1.22 0.33 0.66 0.34 0.94 0.97 2.41

285

Table 2.2.2.1 : Testing of new genotypes of gladiolus for cut flower, garden decoration and disease resistance at Pune centre (2014-15).

Genotype

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/plant

No. of tillers/plant

Width of leaf (cm)

Days to spike emergence

Days to 50% flowering

Flowering duration (days)

Shape of floret

Length of spike (cm)

Length of rachis (cm)

Diam. of floret (cm)

No. of florets remained open at a time

Hyderabad AC NO-7 104.33 8.11 1.13 2.53 76.67 81.78 22.33 O 66.22 41.98 9.62 6.22 Pusa Kiran 100.50 7.78 1.10 2.83 67.33 74.56 19.00 O 69.90 44.16 9.93 8.22 Punjab Glance 88.67 7.22 1.13 2.90 73.00 76.89 21.33 O 60.45 41.04 9.40 5.33 Punjab Lemon Delight 74.81 6.55 1.03 3.00 70.33 76.22 27.00 O 51.41 31.06 8.92 5.44 IIHR G-11 97.78 7.78 1.27 3.03 62.67 73.11 24.67 O 67.04 36.02 8.22 7.11 IIHR G-12 96.70 8.78 1.93 3.37 77.67 87.44 17.67 H 75.78 36.24 8.49 6.78 GK- GL-94-97 94.91 8.78 1.50 3.07 72.33 77.78 11.33 O 63.84 41.07 8.58 6.78 Punjab Pink Elegance 78.22 8.00 1.13 2.80 69.67 82.22 19.33 H 57.95 40.31 9.21 7.22 UHFSGla- HB- 11-10 102.78 7.89 1.20 2.33 67.67 74.00 27.00 H 68.37 45.06 9.65 6.78 White Prosperity 108.95 8.78 1.30 2.97 75.00 90.56 14.00 O 94.26 42.40 9.83 7.22 Phule Ganesh 112.29 7.67 2.17 3.03 71.00 86.00 18.00 O 92.89 55.31 9.42 8.56 Phule Prerna 108.84 7.33 1.00 2.77 75.00 87.45 14.33 O 77.15 47.57 9.83 7.67 Sancerre 105.68 8.22 1.77 2.97 68.33 77.00 17.67 O 75.96 45.62 9.48 6.11 GK-GL-94-66 105.86 8.89 2.40 3.23 73.67 92.11 10.67 O 81.47 36.18 9.34 8.11 Punjab Glad 1 102.59 7.11 1.20 2.43 75.00 94.56 20.33 H 69.48 42.93 8.77 7.22

286

CD (P=0.05) 6.46 0.48 0.19 0.27 3.47 2.57 3.12 4.60 2.03 0.75 0.83 Contd….. Table 2.2.2.1 (Contd.): Testing of new genotypes of gladiolus for cut flower, garden decoration and disease resistance at Pune centre (2014-15).

Genotype Nos. of florets /spike

Fresh wt. of spike

(g)

Dia. of cut spike

(cm)

Vase life (days)

No of spike/m2

Texture of floret

Placement of floret

Corm /plant

Fresh wt. of corms (g)

Diam. of corms (cm)

Cormels /plant

Fresh wt. of Cormels/ plant(g)

Dia. of Cormel

(cm)

Dieases incidence

Hyderabad AC NO-7 14.22 59.37 1.50 7.00 14.27 Thin Alternate 1.73 82.92 5.87 14.89 8.77 0.43 12.29 (6.67)

Pusa Kiran 17.33 65.14 1.47 7.33 14.63 Thin Alternate 1.23 83.02 5.61 9.78 2.79 0.40 12.29 (6.67)

Punjab Glance 13.33 53.91 1.20 5.33 15.33 Thick Alternate 1.20 58.16 5.30 71.11 9.87 0.47 0.00 (0.00)

Punjab Lemon Delight 12.55 47.13 1.50 5.00 12.57 Thick Alternate 1.60 47.80 4.70 64.56 27.19 0.50 26.06 (20.0)

IIHR G-11 13.78 40.11 1.77 7.33 16.30 Thick Alternate 1.60 64.59 4.77 43.00 21.19 0.63 18.43 (10.0)

IIHR G-12 15.00 58.81 1.97 6.00 15.80 Thick Alternate 2.17 76.18 5.16 22.89 21.31 0.67 0.00 (0.0)

GK- GL-94-97 15.89 63.54 2.10 7.33 18.43 Thin Alternate 2.33 92.87 5.24 31.67 0.77 0.37 0.00 (0.0)

Punjab Pink Elegance 16.00 45.81 1.43 5.67 14.57 Thick Alternate 1.63 43.64 4.35 21.33 4.17 0.47 21.14 (13.33)

UHFSGla- HB- 11-10 16.78 61.40 1.50 6.00 14.00 Thin Alternate 1.60 72.23 5.62 41.22 6.80 0.37 0.00 (0.0)

White Prosperity 15.89 87.73 1.83 8.00 15.60 Thin Alternate 1.67 100.55 5.63 22.00 19.59 0.63 12.29 (6.67)

Phule Ganesh 17.44 87.09 2.20 8.00 17.70 Thick Alternate 2.43 132.52 5.96 55.78 21.12 0.33 12.29 (6.67)

Phule Prerna 14.34 62.86 1.70 5.67 15.00 Thin Alternate 1.23 52.52 4.53 29.89 3.50 0.43 0.00 (0.0)

sancerre 16.55 66.58 2.00 8.00 17.30 Thin Alternate 2.60 121.02 5.45 16.33 4.28 0.67 35.20

287

Table 2.2.2.2. Performance of newly evolved genotypes of gladiolus at Solan centre (2014-15)

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ plant

Length of leaves (cm)

Width of leaves (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets per spike

Floret diam.(cm)

Solan Mangla 103.50 8.62 38.62 3.06 80.75 38.37 15.97 9.44 IIHR 12-G 102.75 9.00 38.25 3.79 84.62 38.50 13.75 9.50 UHFS Gla 9-11 118.25 7.62 48.75 3.64 89.62 55.75 19.37 10.19 UHFS Gla 1-28 100.75 7.25 33.00 2.62 76.00 39.50 16.37 6.54 UHFS Gla 15-4 108.50 7.91 38.92 2.86 77.62 37.25 17.00 9.51 CD (P=0.05) 3.90 1.10 4.37 0.44 5.58 5.34 1.66 0.72

Table 2.2.2.3: Comparative performance of gladiolus entries at Kalyani Centre

(33.33)

GK-GL-94-66 15.11 45.87 1.87 6.67 17.90 Thick Alternate 2.63 128.28 6.00 27.78 11.30 0.37 0.00 (0.0)

Punjab Glad 1 14.45 61.92 1.37 5.33 14.77 Thin Alternate 2.47 65.88 4.67 27.33 5.18 0.47 21.14 (13.33)

CD (P=0.05) 1.23 5.31 0.23 1.46 1.64 - - 0.29 9.65 0.87 16.85 4.90 0.13 8.01

Sl No

Name of the variety/Genotype

Days to flower

Plant height (cm)

Leaf no Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

Spike wt. (g) No. of florets /plant

Floret diam. (cm)

1 Yellow Emperor 82.7 51.1 8.3 81.7 45.1 86.1 12.7 10.8 2 Candyman 83.3 71.1 8.3 91.7 41.1 124.9 13.3 10.9 3 Pussa Kiran 82.3 63.7 9.7 103.2 47.3 117.4 15.3 11.3 4 Pussa Subham 85.0 73.3 10.7 101.4 49.9 122.8 18.0 11.0 5 American Beauty 72.3 67.8 10.3 85.0 37.1 67.0 10.7 10.7

288

Table 2.2.2.4: Performance of gladiolus genotypes along with Pink Friendship at Hessaraghatta Centre (2014-15)

Genotype Days to spike

emergence

Days to flowering

Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

Floret size (cm)

No. of florets/spike

Florets remain open

Flowering duration

(days) Arka Naveen 59.66 70.66 112.76 86.16 61.60 9.50 16.33 4.66 15.33 IIHRG -11 59.66 70.66 99.36 81.06 53.03 8.26 16.50 5.00 14.33 IIHRG -12 56.33 64.33 111.43 94.73 46.80 8.16 14.33 5.33 15.00 Punjab Glad- 59.33 65.66 109.70 91.13 46.06 8.36 15.00 5.66 14.66

6 Ac. No-7 88.3 66.3 12.3 105.3 48.2 131.0 16.7 12.4 7 Interprid 83.0 43.9 10.3 75.0 42.2 67.4 12.7 11.1 8 Yellow Enterprise 84.0 59.4 10.3 86.8 44.8 96.2 14.7 10.7 9 Punjab Glad-1 94.3 44.8 10.0 72.1 41.1 52.7 12.7 6.7 CD (P=0.05) 5.40 2.00 0.82 2.36 1.88 12.57 1.65 0.35

289

1 Pusa Shubham

61.66 67.66 107.70 90.93 47.16 8.10 14.33 5.66 13.66

Pusa Kiran 60.00 66.66 108.50 90.80 45.80 8.43 14.00 6.00 13.33 Pink Friendship

50.33 63.66 80.90 74.76 44.13 8.00 9.00 6.00 10.00

CD (P=0.05) 3.33 2.19 4.69 3.74 6.77 0.27 1.25 1.09 1.14

Table-2.2.2.5: Breeding and Testing of new gladiolus cultivars at SKUAST-K Srinagar center (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Cross No.

Days taken

to flower

ing (DAP)

Flower duration

(days)

Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

No of florets /spike

No of florets

remained open at a

time

Floret size (cm)

Vase life

(days)

Yield of

spikes/

plant/ (cm2

No. of corms/ plant

Yield of

cormels/

plant (g)

Bloom Colour

1. SK-96- 90.00 11.00 100.33 83.33 16.50 5.00 11.00 7.00 25.00 1.00 12.00 Tyrian Rose 24/3 with Tyrian

290

4/1 Rose margins 24/2 and with Rose Bengal 25 spots

2. SK-96-4/4

85.66 12.50 115.00 89.00 17.00 4.00 12.00 7.00 25.00 1.10 12.00 Mandarin red 17/1 with geranium lake 20 streaks on throat

3. SK-96-5/1

100.33 12.00 127.33 101.50 18.33 5.50 10.66 7.00 26.50 1.15 15.00 Porcelain rose 620, throat pure white with China rose 024 centre, frilled

4. SK-96-5/2

95.50 15.00 111.50 93.00 15.00 5.00 10.66 6.00 22.33 1.30 15.00 Geranium lake 20/2, throat pure white with China Rose 024 base

5. SK-96-5/3

90.00 16.66 115.00 89.50 15.00 5.00 10.00 6.00 22.00 1.30 11.50 Geranium lake 20/2, throat pure white

6. SK-96-5/5

104.50 12.50 120.00 90.66 15.00 4.00 10.00 7.00 27.00 0.85 20.00 Pure white, with crimson 22/1 margins, throat crimson, 22.

7. SK-96-5/6

110.00 13.66 123.50 101.50 17.00 6.33 10.00 6.33 25.00 0.95 19.00 Porcelain Rose 620/1, throat with Magenta streaks 27 on creamish base

8. SK-96-8/1

93.33 15.00 120.00 101.50 17.00 5.50 10.00 6.33 25.00 0.80 21.00 Pure white with crimson 22/1 streaks on creamish yellow throat

9. SK-96-5/17

91.00 13.00 116.00 93.00 18.33 5.00 12.00 6.66 22.33 1.00 21.00 Scarlet 19/1 having pure white, geranium lake 20/1, patch towards throat with garnet lake 828/3 streaks at the base

10 SK-96-4/16

103.00 15.00 127.33 109.25 18.50 6.33 12.66 7.00 28.00 1.30 30.00 Top scarlet 19, base and throat sulphur yellow 1/3 with rose Bengal 25/2 streaks, frilled

CD(P=0.05) 1.67 0.66 1.31 2.14 0.27 N.S N.S N.S 0.43 0.09 1.07 - Crosses

a) V50 x V54 ___

SK-96-5 b) V54 x V14 __ SK-96-8 c) V54 x V33 ___ SK-96-4

291

Traderhorn White Prosperity White Prosperity White Friendship White Prosperity Red Majesty

Table 2.2.2.6 Testing of new genotypes of gladiolus during 2014-15

Sl. No

Genotype

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves

per plant

Leaf width (cm)

Spike emergence (days)

Days to flowering

(days)

Flowering duration

(days)

Floret shape Colour of floret

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Arka Amar 81.17 9.73 2.30 80.63 89.00 24.60 Open Red 2 Arka Kesar 100.83 19.30 2.43 79.37 87.77 24.23 Open Red group 44 b 3 Arka Naveen 107.57 14.63 3.07 95.93 102.10 23.43 Open Purple group 76 a 4 Big Time Supreme 99.67 15.23 2.37 80.03 93.27 24.57 Open Red-purple 66 c 5 Dhanvantary (c) 105.63 18.93 2.57 88.87 100.10 22.87 Open Yellow group 10 b

6 IIHR-G-11 102.43 17.23 2.43 73.77 85.03 21.23 Open Red group 40 d

7 IIHR-G-12 99.47 8.47 3.07 73.97 83.60 24.47 Open Purple-voilet group n 82 c

8 Punjab Dawn (C) 74.60 13.60 2.23 74.10 84.30 22.37 Open Pink

9 Punjab Glance 87.67 14.67 2.53 93.13 100.90 21.77 Open red group 38 d

10 P. Lemon Delight 90.17 11.03 2.47 94.70 102.17 23.77 Open Yellow group 10 c

11 Pusa Kiran 89.37 18.97 3.17 75.07 82.03 20.90 Open White group N155 b

12 Pusa Shubam 79.93 19.27 3.57 85.07 96.20 21.93 Open yellow group 10 b

292

CD (P=0.05) 9.60 1.26 0.23 8.05 8.71 2.43 - -

Table 2.2.2.7 Testing of new genotypes of gladiolus during 2014-15

Sl. No

Cultivar

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

Second floret

diam. (cm)

Florets per spike

Fresh weight of spike (g)

Diam. of spike (mm)

Vase life (days)

No. of spike per plant

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 Arka Amar 54.83 37.80 9.30 13.47 55.14 7.13 7.30 1.17 2 Arka Kesar 72.60 47.60 9.93 15.07 66.68 8.13 7.47 2.27 3 Arka Naveen 77.57 53.40 9.73 16.20 65.41 7.47 7.03 1.93 4 Big Time Supreme 68.53 39.43 13.53 13.27 67.37 6.53 6.30 2.00 5 Dhanvantary 73.17 44.20 9.13 15.10 61.56 6.67 6.93 2.03

6 IIHR-G-11 70.80 48.50 8.73 17.63 69.98 7.10 5.97 1.93

7 IIHR-G-12 68.97 47.57 9.67 14.87 66.40 7.97 7.03 1.03

8 Punjab Dawn 51.40 40.27 9.67 13.83 50.11 6.37 6.07 1.70

9 Punjab Glance 59.63 43.67 11.47 14.43 57.50 7.37 6.47 2.03

10 Punjab Lemon Delight 62.87 49.53 9.13 12.27 54.52 6.83 6.83 1.77

11 Pusa Kiran 66.17 41.53 7.93 14.73 61.40 6.87 5.97 1.97

293

12 Pusa Shubam 55.73 38.97 9.60 14.20 57.54 7.07 6.43 2.20

CD (P=0.05) 6.29 3.53 0.89 1.46 5.89 0.73 0.66 0.18

Table 2.2.2.8 Testing of new genotypes of gladiolus during 2014-15

Sl. No

Cultivar

No. of spike

per m2

No. of corms per

plant

Corm diam. (cm)

Corm weight

(g)

No. of cormels

per plant

Cormels wt.

per plant (g)

Cormels diam. (cm)

Incidence of disease

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 Arka Amar 12.33 1.20 4.17 42.48 21.33 15.00 0.50 tolerance 2 Arka Kesar 26.53 2.23 4.53 41.49 19.00 13.38 0.63 tolerance 3 Arka Naveen 23.20 1.97 3.77 33.73 15.67 10.77 0.60 tolerance 4 Big Time Supreme 23.67 2.03 3.97 35.53 14.00 9.44 0.77 tolerance 5 Dhanvantary 25.13 2.13 4.70 42.90 26.67 18.23 0.67 tolerance

6 IIHR-G-11 23.20 1.97 4.37 37.47 15.33 10.87 0.70 tolerance

7 IIHR-G-12 28.50 2.33 4.59 41.13 36.67 24.92 0.53 tolerance

8 Punjab Dawn 25.67 2.17 4.28 41.57 39.67 27.15 0.63 tolerance

9 Punjab Glance 22.33 1.87 4.28 36.43 16.33 11.03 0.57 tolerance

294

10 Punjab Lemon Delight 20.93 1.77 3.97 36.10 14.00 9.41 0.53 tolerance

11 Pusa Kiran 22.87 1.90 4.08 36.67 18.00 12.18 0.60 tolerance

12 Pusa Shubam 26.25 2.21 4.37 36.13 14.00 9.88 0.67 tolerance

CD (P=0.05) 3.42 0.24 0.27 3.72 2.69 1.79 0.10 -

295

3. CHRYSANTHEMUM

Table 2.3.1.1: Comparative performance of chrysanthemum lines at Kalyani Centre

Sl. No

Accession No. Designation

Plant height (cm)

No. of branch/ plant

Days to bud initiation

No. of flowers /plant

Diam. of flower (cm)

Wt. of flower (g)

Plant spread (cm)

Loose flower yield (g)

Colour

1 BC 12-1 A-1/123 52.7 28.0 107 1256 5.25 1.6 67 2010 Yellow 2 BC 12-2 A-2/77 91.9 10.0 92 685 6.35 1.2 49 823 Red 3 BC 12-3 A-4/19 47.6 12.4 98 891 4.45 1.3 62.5 1158 Orange Yellow 4 BC 12-4 A5-/82 38.6 7.1 102 330 6.05 3 62 989 Golden Yellow 5 BC 12-5 A-6/67 59.1 6.2 95 698 4.35 2.1 51 1465 Violet 6 BC 12-6 A-7/116 48.5 32.3 99 1274 6.95 2.2 81 2802 Pink 7 BC 12-7 A-8/17 82.7 13.3 106 762 6 2.7 67 2058 Yellow 8 BC 12-8 A-9/10 76.1 21.9 105 373 6.1 4.1 51.5 1530 Pink 9 BC 12-9 A-10/46 56.6 14.3 90 1168 4.45 1.3 54.5 1518 Yellow 10 BC 12-10 A-12/92 49.9 8.1 99 397 5.05 2.9 62 1151 Pinkish White 11 BC 12-11 A-13/63 63.9 6.7 95 977 5.75 3 69 2930 Light Pink 12 BC 12-12 A-14/72 49.4 6.7 102 750 5.5 2 56 1500 Bicolour loop 13 BC 12-13 A-15/2 50.2 39.0 99 1268 5.05 1.8 91 2283 Yellow 14 BC 12-14 A-16/29 68.1 16.6 96 449 6.05 3 57.5 1348 White 15 BC 12-15 A-17/14 68.0 13.8 96 436 7.25 5.6 51 2441 Yellow 16 BC 12-16 A-18/122 39.6 33.7 99 998 4.95 1.5 59.5 1498 Red 17 BC 12-17 A-19/48 80.0 18.1 105 769 6.05 2.2 73.5 1692 Magenta 18 BC 12-18 A-20/9 67.2 11.9 128 512 4.4 1.9 43 973 Orange 19 BC 12-19 B-1/3 77.0 22.3 100 404 8.05 4.5 51.5 1817 Pink 20 BC 12-20 B-2/51 68.1 10.9 93 1011 5.45 1.7 54.5 1719 Brick Red 21 BC 12-21 B-5/18 63.0 9.5 95 488 6.1 2.1 48.5 1024 Magenta 22 BC 12-22 B-7/106 69.6 3.8 102 449 5.45 2 55.5 897 Light Pink 23 BC 12-23 B-Rajat 47.8 16.6 92 442 7.85 5.2 47.5 2296 White

296

24 BC 12-24 B-10/133 68.2 12.4 129 520 5.05 1.6 45 831 Orange 25 BC 12-25 B-11/28 75.7 8.6 110 538 6.75 2.8 46.5 1505 Pink 26 BC 12-26 B-12/81 37.1 10.9 102 363 5.75 1.6 37 581 Red 27 BC 12-27 B-14/44 76.8 23.8 105 952 5.25 3 72 2855 Firy Red(Magenta)

28 BC 12-28 B-15/124 58.5 16.2 97 384 4.9 4 48 1536 Pink 29 BC 12-29 B-16/19 41.4 13.8 95 738 4.05 2.1 39.5 1550 Pink 30 BC 12-30 B-17/104 69.5 21.4 93 845 5.65 5.1 62.5 4308 Violet 31 BC 12-31 B-18/81 57.1 24.7 104 1201 7.1 1.9 64 2282 Violet 32 BC 12-32 B-19/10 79.6 18.5 96 826 6.45 2.9 56.5 2396 Violet 33 BC 12-33 B21/114 73.0 17.6 106 961 8.05 3 54.5 2884 Deep Yellow 34 BC 12-34 B-22/137 71.9 21.9 105 904 6.05 4.8 63.5 4341 Firy Red 35 BC 12-35 B-25/39 48.5 29.9 91 803 5.05 3.4 61.5 2731 Deep Yellow 36 BC 12-36 B-26/96 49.1 8.6 99 486 5.55 5.2 66 2529 brick Red 37 BC 12-37 B-27/102 62.7 11.9 111 413 6.55 1.8 47 743 Fiery red 38 BC 12-38 B-28/126 67.5 28.5 110 616 7.1 3.3 73 2034 39 BC 12-39 B-29/13 79.4 9.5 91 277 8.05 1.4 51 388 Brick Red 40 BC 12-40 B-31/60 66.7 12.8 108 610 6.05 1.6 52 976 Brick Red 41 BC 12-41 B-35/42 63.9 11.4 99 421 6.55 3.9 66 1642 Orange 42 BC 12-42 B36/25 56.6 13.8 104 647 4.6 2.7 51.5 1747 Magenta 43 BC 12-43 B-37/131 53.7 9.0 99 764 7.95 1.3 64.5 993 Light Pink 44 BC 12-44 B-39/65 56.2 15.2 104 1080 5.45 2.9 57.5 3131 Orange 45 BC 12-45 B-42/61 67.6 14.7 105 1183 4.5 2.6 67 3077 Yellow 46 BC 12-46 B-43/111 54.0 13.3 105 455 6.6 1.4 52.5 637 brick Red 47 BC 12-47 B45/8 53.9 13.8 97 518 4.5 2.9 54 1503 Pinkish White 48 BC 12-48 B-46/53 64.6 16.6 91 470 4.45 1.3 50.5 612 brick Red 49 BC 12-49 B-49/94 79.5 21.9 99 507 6.05 2.7 56.5 1369 Light Pink 50 BC 12-50 B-50/64 27.6 38.0 97 634 5.45 1.1 77.5 697 Deep pink 51 BC 12-51 B-51/12 37.0 16.2 90 328 5.05 3.8 40.5 1248

297

52 BC 12-52 B-52/21 54.3 19.0 102 567 7.15 1.6 64.5 907 Fiery red 53 BC 12-53 B53/108 55.3 20.0 104 512 4.4 1.2 45.5 614 Orange Yellow

54 BC 12-54 B-55/59 70.4 19.5 101 714 5.2 4.2 65.5 3000 Pink 55 BC 12-55 B-56/129 47.6 14.7 119 577 4.85 2.8 54 1615 Deep red 56 BC 12-56 B-57/36 67.5 12.8 92 500 7.7 1.7 48.5 851 White 57 BC 12-57 B-58/118 31.0 4.8 106 442 6.05 4 54 1766 Orange Yellow

58 BC 12-58 B-59/32 31.4 5.7 93 539 4.5 2.9 47.5 1563 Deep Yellow 59 BC 12-59 B-60/72 75.0 19.0 104 616 6.6 5 51 3078 Violet 60 BC 12-60 B-61/115 51.7 12.8 99 388 7.05 4.1 56.5 1593 61 BC 12-61 B-62/63 37.2 3.3 105 443 6.65 2.7 70.5 1196 brick Red 62 BC 12-62 B-65/57 38.2 18.1 97 448 7 2.9 52 1299 Golden Red 63 BC 12-63 B-66/57 57.8 13.3 99 99 6.35 4.4 44 434 Fiery Red Mean 64.2 16.7 78.8 513.1 5.9 2.7 57.1 1698 Max 96.7 41.0 101.0 995.0 8.1 5.6 91.0 4341 Min 29.1 3.5 69.0 216.5 4.1 1.1 37.0 388 CD (P=0.05) 5.33 2.92 2.16 73.81 0.38 0.42 3.67 232.5

Table. 2.3.1.2: Breeding of Genotypes of chrysanthemum for loose flower (garland and veni), cut flower and pot culture at Ludhiana centre (2014-15).

Accession No. Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches per plant

Wt. of loose flowers per plant (g)

Days taken to first bud appearance

Days to flowering

No. of flowers per plant

Diam. of flower (cm)

Duration of flowering (day)

A-32 52.34 47.86 4.33 47.84 98.3 107.30 96.66 8.16 35.63 A-44 56.70 42.72 6.00 45.51 79.60 91.30 136.00 7.30 24.66

298

A-43 53.37 51.28 6.33 45.28 88.60 95.9 195.00 7.26 26.54 A-76 65.91 42.09 4.33 44.62 103.6 110.6 79.33 5.30 26.76 A-62 29.20 25.37 5.33 45.23 102.6 109.0 65.33 5.33 25.87 A-83 44.06 39.24 5.33 45.04 94.23 111.40 71.00 7.10 24.54 A-92 31.77 37.01 3.67 44.85 103.30 115.30 117.33 4.13 27.87 A-12 66.34 43.66 3.67 45.62 104.71 114.50 109.00 7.16 31.69 B-11 55.61 42.81 3.67 47.84 95.36 108.10 131.66 6.86 30.62 B-35 38.26 25.91 4.67 46.12 99.67 108.56 62.00 6.36 24.56 B-28 66.45 41.22 5.00 45.51 102.43 119.87 157.00 6.33 25.34 B-71 48.53 30.14 5.00 45.41 105.60 121.43 178.33 4.63 28.34 C-4 43.37 28.88 3.67 46.23 91.30 102.45 68.66 6.30 22.64 E-76 36.27 22.68 3.67 45.84 99.70 115.43 47.66 6.60 25.69 E-82 73.66 31.83 4.67 56.67 86.67 115.67 51.33 4.86 35.66 E-105 47.77 40.31 5.00 45.62 102.30 120.78 116.00 5.63 26.34 E-132 47.15 28.02 4.67 46.68 107.67 123.43 54.33 7.33 22.67 E-131 46.89 41.81 4.67 45.13 103.33 114.32 182.66 4.63 31.89 E-51 28.62 31.34 4.33 45.39 98.30 104.32 186 3.26 23.67 E-111 41.45 22.48 2.67 46.51 88.70 98.76 32.66 4.63 34.87 F-51 37.88 19.07 3.66 45.93 109.20 124.32 112.33 3.73 31.98 E-112 27.21 32.27 4.53 47.52 96.24 105.45 131.00 3.66 35.64 E-135 45.41 38.60 4.67 46.19 107.24 123.45 176.33 6.63 36.54 E-102 60.57 36.02 5.43 46.05 91.33 110.43 108.00 5.20 32.31 CD ( P = 0.05) 6.59 6.50 0.88 0.32 83.00 3.62 2.78 0.37 2.65

299

Table 2.3.1.3 Mutation breeding of chrysanthemum during 2014-15

Treatment Plant height (cm)

No. of branches/ plant

Flower weight / plant (g)

Days taken to first bud appearance

No. of flowers per plant

Diam. of flower (cm2)

Indira 0 gy 28.5 3.1 99.6 26.7 30.4 6.3 Indira 10 gy 25.9 2.4 83.5 28.3 25.0 6.5 Indira 15 gy 23.2 2.3 77.6 30.0 20.7 6.2 Indira 20 gy 23.1 2.4 75.1 30.0 18.5 6.1 Mayure 0 gy 31.6 2.9 80.4 29.0 55.0 3.5 Mayure 10 gy 28.3 2.5 44.1 33.3 44.3 3.9 Mayure 15 gy 26.0 2.6 42.6 33.0 38.3 3.3 Mayure 20 gy 26.9 2.5 41.5 34.7 37.9 3.2 Punjab Anuradha 0 gy 21.8 3.1 68.8 24.7 46.5 4.7 Punjab Anuradha 10 gy 20.4 3.3 68.0 26.0 48.9 4.9 Punjab Anuradha 15 gy 18.8 2.5 62.9 26.7 37.2 4.5 Punjab Anuradha 20 gy 16.8 2.4 48.3 27.0 34.3 4.4

CD (P=0.05) 2.40 0.38 6.52 3.09 4.05 0.31

300

Table 2.3.1.4 Mutation breeding of chrysanthemum during 2014-15

Treatment Colour of flower Avg. flower weight of bunch (g)

Duration of flowering (days) Vase life (days) Incidence/tolerance to

pest and diseases

Indira 0 gy yellow-orange 23A 31.7 42.0 6.5 -

Indira 10 gy yellow-orange 23A 32.5 39.7 6.5 -

Indira 15 gy yellow-orange 23A 27.7 38.0 6.5 -

Indira 20 gy yellow-orange 23A 26.9 38.7 6.1 -

Mayure 0 gy Yellow group 12A 21.4 42.7 6.4 - Mayure 10 gy Yellow group 12A 20.9 39.7 6.5 - Mayure 15 gy Yellow group 12A 20.6 36.0 6.3 - Mayure 20 gy Yellow group 12A 17.8 34.3 6.0 - Punjab Anuradha 0 gy Yellow Group 9 A 24.6 41.0 6.4 - Punjab Anuradha 10 gy Yellow Group 9 A 24.3 38.3 6.5 -

Punjab Anuradha 15 gy Yellow Group 9 A 21.8 37.0 6.2 -

Punjab Anuradha 20 gy Yellow Group 9 A 21.2 34.7 5.8 -

CD (P=0.05) - 2.68 3.23 0.67 -

301

Table 2.3.2.1 Testing of chrysanthemum genotypes for loose flowers at Chiplima centre. Genotype Plant

height (cm)

No. of branches/

plant

Wt. of loose

flowers/ plant (g)

Days taken to 1st bud

appearance

No. of flowers/

plant

Diam. of flower (cm)

Flower colour

Avg. flower wt. of bunch

(g)

Duration flowering(

days)

Vase life (days)

Incidence/tolerance to insect &

diseases

HCC-1 42.97 6.67 123.54 52.67 43.33 6.43 155A 23.33 27.33 8.67

Susceptible to leaf spot and aphids

HCC-3 34.37 3.33 97.97 49.67 51.00 4.67 75B 19.67 28.67 10.67 Bidhan Madhuri 64.97 5.33 147.07 64.33 77.00 5.77 75A 21.00 35.00 10.33 Bidhan Taruna 48.37 6.00 71.80 66.00 84.67 5.27 75C 18.33 34.00 9.67

Bidhan Purna 34.83 4.00 97.07 62.33 86.67 5.33 1B 21.00 31.67 11.33 CD (P=0.05) 6.52 1.31 20.75 3.48 12.31 0.31 - 2.21 1.76 1.03 - Table 2.3.2.2 Testing of chrysanthemum genotypes for pot culture at Chiplima centre. Genotype Plan

t height

(cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of leaves/ plant

Leaf colour

Leaf area

(mm2)

Days for flower

bud appeara

nce

Days for

flower bud

opening

Flower bud

diam. (cm)

Flower diameter

(cm)

No. of flowers/ branch

No. of branches

/plant

Flower retention

on the plant (days)

Flower type

Flower colour

HCC-2 27.70 28.07 121.00 136B 853.67 53.67 24.33 0.70 2.17 17.67 4.33 37.33 Pompon 9A

Bidhan Mum

42.80 33.40 29.00 133A 548.67 41.00 21.33 1.40 3.47 37.33 2.67 35.67 Decorativ

e 25A IARI-15 37.0

3 18.37 174.33 136A 363.67 57.67 25.67 0.74 2.40 13.67 4.67 30.67 Pompon 6A

UHFS Chr-44

25.77 25.43 496.00 133A 185.33 62.67 28.67 0.95 2.73 25.33 7.67 37.67 Double

korean

1A with 173A streaks

PAU 83-40 23.53 29.13 210.00 136B 384.67 49.33 31.33 1.84 3.70 26.00 7.67 33.67 Double

korean 75B CD (P=0.05) 4.57 4.73 34.80 69.01 1.35 1.12 0.29 0.44 5.72 1.05 1.14

302

Table 2.3.2.3. Growth and flowering parameters of newly evolved genotypes of chrysanthemum at Solan centre Genotype Plant height

(cm) Plant spread

(cm) No. of flowers per plant No. of side shoots Flower size (cm)

UHFSChr-44 21.27 37.86 56.60 1.77 3.00 UHFSChr-110 67.07 28.10 92.20 2.30 4.50 PAU-1 45.33 29.65 122.56 2.47 3.20 Autumn Joy 62.79 34.23 101.13 2.67 6.31 Pusa Anmol 40.13 25.21 57.46 2.01 3.64 Winter Queen 53.00 22.07 55.00 2.50 4.48 Garden Beauty 81.07 35.10 62.13 2.60 10.33 Solan Shringar 98.95 34.65 95.00 3.13 6.73 PAU-3 71.37 24.60 96.93 2.40 4.31 Royal Purple 76.40 38.70 166.53 3.27 5.53 PAU-A-64 38.08 28.07 122.10 2.40 3.58 Yellow Delight 71.87 22.79 47.73 2.47 4.15 UHFSChr-81 71.57 28.07 99.13 2.87 6.68 Vijay Kiran 31.71 23.20 50.07 2.27 3.66 PAU-A-43 79.91 38.04 164.06 2.79 6.59 Anmol 45.93 27.86 58.67 2.20 4.88 PAU-B-107 81.05 44.83 117.73 2.73 7.35 UHFSChr-83 55.41 26.64 65.93 2.40 4.12 Little Pink 60.51 37.57 126.33 2.53 4.44 Pusa Centenary 86.83 30.44 36.88 2.15 11.74 CD (P=0.05) 17.42 N/A N/A 0.75 0.77

303

Table 2.3.2.4: Comparative performance of newly evolved chrysanthemum genotypes at Kalyani centre Sl. No

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of branches/

plant

Days to bud initiation

Spray per plant

No. of flowers /plant

Wt. of flower (g)

Loose flower yield (g)

Duration of flowering

(days) 1 Bidhan Shova 110 22 68 140 415 2.0 813 35 2 Bidhan Agnishikha 105.1 21 82 90 289 6.0 1746 39 3 Bidhan Sabita 62 10 69 91 352 2.2 767 37

4 Bidhan No Pinch (A 1/123) 53 32 75 190 990 1.7 1683 32

5 Bidhan Agnidev 70.1 16 71 120 350 4.0 1400 43 6 Bidhan Lalima 62.1 30 76 150 582 3.4 1979 43 7 Bidhan Rupanjali 53.5 8 71 130 775 2.2 1705 33 8 Bidhan Swapna 76 20 72 80 330 4.6 1518 32 9 Bidhan Antara 75.9 15 71 130 521 2.2 1125 42 10 Bidhan Gold 53.2 15 70 121 363 4.1 1474 44 11 Bidhan C-6/11 60.2 13 69 70 342 1.6 547 28 12 Bidhan Rajat 50.2 16 69 65 320 5.2 1664 32 13 Bidhan Mallika 85 20 69 140 572 2.8 1602 45 14 Bidhan Madhuri 83 30 71 141 450 3.2 1440 40 15 Bidhan Mum 75 22 70 90 459 2.6 1193 45 16 Bidhan Purna 70.2 30 51 135 400 2.1 840 38 17 Bidhan Tarun 64 18 69 180 910 2.0 1856 40 18 Bidhan Jayanti 70.1 24 69 122 362 4.6 1665 45 19 Pusa Arunima 55 10 69 15 26 5.4 140 42 20 Pusa Centanary 50 10 68 12 38 9.1 344 37 21 Pusa Keshri 52 12 70 13 28 9.6 270 40 22 Pusa Chitraksha 48 10 71 7 42 1.6 67 37 23 Garden Beauty 61.2 10 70 90 352 4.2 1464 47 24 Jaya 70.3 16 72 75 321 5.1 1637 44 25 Royal Purple 45.5 16 68 50 152 3.2 486 41 26 Winter Queen 27 20 70 80 301 1.0 289 37 27 Autumn Joy 75 10 72 110 421 1.7 699 51

304

28 Anmol 45 0 71 90 530 1.8 954 33 29 Nanako 53.2 9 71 40 225 3.2 720 43 Mean 64.2 16.7 70.1 95.4 386.8 9.64 1106.5 39.5 Max 110 32 82 190 990 0.96 1979 51 Min 27 0 51 7 26 2.10 67 28

Project No. 2.3.2.5: Testing of newly evolved genotypes of chrysanthemum for loose flowers, cut flowers and pot culture at ICAR-IIHR Hesaraghatta Centre (2014-15) Genotype Plant height

(cm) No. of

branches per plant

Wt. of loose

flowers per plant

Days to first bud

appearance

No. of flowers

per plant

Diam. of flower (cm)

Avg. flower

weight of bunch (g)

Duration of flowering

(days)

Arka Pink Star 28.32 14.38 39.25 65.20 272.24 3.00 21.52 38.62 Kirti 38.62 15.62 163.45 93.25 118.62 4.00 32.63 43.80 Usha Kiran 58.45 18.52 168.32 102.42 160.34 4.50 35.20 40.61 PAU-D-1 32.62 7.42 120.33 63.65 52.36 4.30 40.82 37.20 PAU-B-43 46.51 11.52 72.62 55.80 43.82 5.00 37.25 39.48 PAU-A-64 42.84 12.35 136.52 52.30 169.75 4.00 27.62 30.16 PAU-B-107 63.24 13.60 152.20 65.40 181.30 4.52 36.30 34.20 Local Yellow Semi-Double 61.32 15.20 166.54 122.28 190.62 4.65 29.60 28.63 CD (P=0.05) 3.68 2.62 9.62 2.83 12.40 0.06 4.38 3.12

305

Table 2.3.2.6: Testing of newly evolved genotypes of chrysanthemum for loose flowers, cut flowers and pot culture at PAU Ludhiana centre (2014-15)

Genotype Plant height (cm)

Days to first bud appearance

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches per plant

No. of flowers per plant

Diam. of flower (cm)

Duration of flowering (day)

Pot culture Pusa Adity 34.81 86.00 23.35 5.33 29.33 5.34 28.66 Pusa Chitraksha 42.06 111.66 31.38 6.77 40.22 6.63 26.11 Arka Pink 23.77 82.33 22.33 8.21 177.77 3.47 24.33 Kirti 41.25 93.18 34.11 9.33 140.55 5.33 27.00 Yellow Charm (check) 15.33 79.66 40.53 8.33 292.33 3.23 32.00 CD ( P = 0.05) 1.92 1.08 2.77 1.18 12.14 0.39 3.20 Loose flower Bidhan Jayanti 51.33 103.66 32.80 5.99 45.33 6.32 26.77 Bidhan Tarun 47.22 108.00 24.11 6.77 114.44 5.80 28.44 Bidhan Madhuri 47.88 99.33 33.77 5.55 75.33 5.98 29.44 Ratlam Selection (check) 69.50 88.41 47.16 10.66 148.66 8.63 25.13 CD ( P = 0.05) 1.68 1.60 8.72 1.83 9.10 1.28 0.98

306

Table 2.3.2.7: Testing of newly evolved genotypes of chrysanthemum at Pantnagar centre

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of primary branches/ plant

Plant spread (cm)

Days to first bud initiation

No. of flowers/ plant

Diam. of flower (cm)

Weight of one flower (g)

Duration of flowering (Days)

Incidence/ tolerance to insects & diseases

Hybrid 1 40.22 4.67 31.44 38.00 32.11 5.36 2.80 36.00 Tolerance Hybrid 2 50.56 4.00 36.37 37.60 48.11 6.33 2.60 40.33 Tolerance Hybrid 3 48.94 4.76 24.83 38.00 18.89 6.39 1.70 37.00 Tolerance Hybrid 4 41.33 3.83 28.08 52.00 58.22 6.76 1.53 40.00 Tolerance Hybrid 5 60.30 4.44 36.00 49.38 32.44 9.33 1.39 35.66 Tolerance Hybrid 6 53.28 4.67 43.00 44.35 32.78 6.43 1.47 32.30 Tolerance NBRI Himanshu 29.56 5.50 42.23 45.67 67.89 8.03 2.35 32.15 Tolerance No Pinch 36.56 7.33 46.50 40.26 35.78 5.44 1.83 27.67 Tolerance Aliva 30.67 4.44 34.66 41.75 28.44 5.77 1.36 32.25 Tolerance Sova 59.44 4.67 27.49 38.20 55.56 7.77 1.40 51.11 Tolerance UHFS Chry 77 42.95 5.56 31.66 69.33 43.86 4.87 3.23 35.30 Tolerance UHFS Chry 81 51.40 3.96 17.35 59.25 39.25 5.67 3.54 34.67 Tolerance UHFS Chry83 41.18 5.60 24.10 55.42 21.33 4.67 2.21 33.21 Tolerance Pusa Centenary 84.66 2.24 26.16 54.31 14.94 8.50 6.30 35.23 Tolerance Pusa Anmol 33.78 03.00 24.86 39.87 49.40 5.81 1.13 29.00 Tolerance NBRI Kaul 33.20 5.56 17.55 43.70 46.78 6.77 0.41 31.44 Tolerance Thai Chin Queen 45.00 7.33 44.60 52.36 22.56 7.19 3.62 35.10 Tolerance CD (P=0.05) 3.15 0.95 5.59 15.66 6.53 0.34 0.46 1.95

307

Table 2.3.2.8: Testing of newly evolved genotypes of chrysanthemum (Spray type) at Udaipur centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of branches per plant

Flower wt. per plant (g)

Days to first bud appearance

No. of flowers/ plant

Flower diam. (cm)

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 Agnidev 40.53 5.33 107.50 32.33 43.00 4.07

2 Agnishika 61.63 7.00 138.67 33.33 55.67 4.17

3 Anmol F1 32.43 6.00 135.33 35.67 67.33 3.43

4 BC-1-123 35.63 5.67 152.83 34.00 61.00 3.60

5 Garden Beauty 38.57 5.67 87.67 35.00 43.67 4.33

6 Lalima 49.47 6.33 197.33 36.00 79.00 4.50

7 PAU-B-107 38.47 5.33 116.67 34.33 47.00 3.23

8 Shova 46.33 7.67 206.67 38.33 83.00 4.23

9 Sabita 43.13 5.67 190.67 30.33 76.33 4.17

10 Winter Queen 38.10 6.00 89.67 33.67 44.00 4.57

CD (P=0.05) 4.69 1.38 18.64 3.58 8.25 0.54 Contd.

308

Table 2.3.2.9: Testing of newly evolved genotypes of chrysanthemum (Spray type) at Udaipur centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Genotype Flower colour Avg flower wt. of bunch (g)

Flowering duration (day)

Vase life (day) Incidence / tolerance to insects and diseases

7 8 9 10 11

1 Agnidev GRYED ORANGE GROUP N163D 20.43 33.67 6.33 Tolerance

2 Agnishika WHITE GROUP NN155D 20.27 35.67 6.50 Tolerance

3 Anmol F1 YELLOW GROUP 12A 22.50 41.00 6.33 Tolerance

4 BC-1-123 ORANGE RED GROUP N34D 27.33 37.00 6.00 Tolerance

5 Garden Beauty YELLOW ORNGE GROUP 21C 16.13 37.00 5.33

6 Lalima RED GROUP 53A 31.30 37.33 6.83 Tolerance

7 PAU-B-107 YELLOW GROUP 9C 22.33 35.67 5.67

8 Shova RED GROUP 53B 27.00 39.00 8.00 Tolerance

9 Sabita PURPLE GROUP 75D 33.33 38.00 6.33 Tolerance

10 Winter Queen WHITE GROUP NN155C 14.57 37.33 5.67 Tolerance

CD (P=0.05) - 6.03 3.48 0.86 -

309

Table 2.3.2.10: Testing of newly evolved genotypes of chrysanthemum (Standard type) at Udaipur centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of branches per plant

Flower wt. per plant (g)

Days to first bud appearance

No. of flowers/ plant

Flower diam. (cm)

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 Prnima Purple 45.00 4.17 107.50 35.67 17.33 6.98

2 Pusa centinary 46.10 4.50 138.67 27.67 16.00 9.67

3 John webber 44.67 3.83 135.33 31.33 14.33 9.60

4 UHF Chry 77 37.60 3.17 152.83 32.33 22.00 6.49

5 UHF Chry 43 40.60 3.17 87.67 32.67 19.33 5.27

CD (P=0.05) 3.72 0.97 18.641 4.37 2.06 0.28 Contd.

Table 2.3.2.11: Testing of newly evolved genotypes of chrysanthemum during 2014-15 (Standard type)

S. No.

Genotype Avg. flower wt. of bunch (g)

Flowering duration (day)

Vase life (day) Flower colour Incidence / tolerance to insects and diseases

7 8 9 10 11

1 Prnima Purple 40.43 41.67 6.17 Red purple group 71A Tolerance

2 Pusa Centinary 33.87 43.33 6.33 Yellow group 11 B Tolerance

3 John Webber 36.31 34.67 5.83 White group 155 C Tolerance

4 UHF Chry 77 52.17 35.67 5.17 White group NN 155 C Tolerance

5 UHF Chry 43 45.83 36.67 5.33 Red purple group 74 D Tolerance

CD (P=0.05) 10.83 4.88 0.60 - -

310

311

Table. 2.3.2.12. Performance of Chrysanthemum genotypes at Hyderabad center (2014-15) Sl. No Genotype Plant

height(cm) Plant

spread(cm) No. of

branches/plant Days to

bud appearance

Days to flowering

Spray length (cm)

No. of flowers/spray

Avg. flower wt. (g)

Diam. of floret(cm)

No. of flowers/plant

Duration of

flowering (days)

1 BC-47-101 35.53 23.48 8.27 70.00 104.33 19.53 7.47 4.20 3.77 62.95 32.33 2 BC-6-11 29.46 33.63 11.33 63.67 89.00 22.45 8.53 10.67 5.11 93.93 29.67 3 Swapna 29.35 21.07 9.07 84.33 108.33 16.75 5.20 13.53 6.16 51.33 32.00 4 BC-32-20 28.03 35.33 11.00 69.00 107.00 17.33 12.20 9.00 4.91 144.53 34.67 5 Rupanjali 35.25 29.37 10.73 65.33 107.00 26.87 6.73 19.40 5.51 58.60 30.33 6 Rajat 26.50 21.37 8.27 65.33 90.00 15.63 5.80 10.93 6.43 50.73 25.67 7 Arka Pink Star 11.73 18.07 8.20 59.33 114.33 7.85 8.20 4.53 2.93 73.27 30.00 8 Agnipath 20.69 25.40 11.47 66.33 93.67 11.60 8.83 12.60 5.55 91.47 23.67 9 Usha Kiran 27.73 19.50 5.50 68.00 102.00 12.08 4.83 7.70 5.45 31.63 34.17 10 Kriti 23.69 20.51 9.73 70.00 99.00 13.61 5.60 10.27 5.17 43.13 22.00 11 Lalima 25.50 24.85 11.27 68.33 95.33 12.43 5.33 10.73 5.25 45.33 20.33 12 Agnishikha 37.02 19.13 6.87 88.00 117.33 18.62 8.87 12.80 5.72 75.47 28.00

13 Co3 31.03 16.84 7.60 59.33 78.33 30.06 3.53 18.73 5.84 28.87 30.00

14 Sabitha 39.24 27.03 9.53 70.67 100.00 21.08 11.33 8.53 4.89 100.47 27.33

15 Shova 37.11 26.81 10.60 67.00 82.33 22.82 6.60 10.40 6.27 49.73 27.67

16 Agnidev 52.18 38.03 9.33 68.00 95.67 17.08 5.67 11.40 5.38 48.93 29.33

17 Silper (check) 27.97 32.63 23.53 37.83 95.00 17.33 5.67 10.67 6.03 44.57 21.27 18 CD (P=0.05) 12.35 14.56 4.32 13.54 7.56 12.32 4.36 9.56 6.54 12.34 14.53

312

Table. 2.3.2.13. Performance of chrysanthemum new genotypes at Hyderabad center (2014-15)

S.No Treatments Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches/

plant

Days to bud appearance

Days to flowering

Spray length (cm)

No. of flowers/ spray

Avg flower weight(g)

Dia. Of floret(cm)

No. of flowers/

plant

Duration of flowering

(days)

1 Bidhan Jayanti 29.90 28.70 8.80 83.00 116.00 16.70 5.40 22.60 6.10 55.80 31.00

2 Bidhan Mallicka 28.50 34.50 9.80 78.00 110.00 23.50 8.80 11.00 4.86 138.00 34.00

3 Bidhan Purna 33.60 35.10 9.60 83.00 105.80 21.36 6.80 11.40 7.16 84.80 36.20

4 Bidhan Mum 25.60 23.40 7.60 79.00 113.00 17.10 5.40 8.20 4.20 62.40 36.00

5 BC-14-1 (B.Tarun) 29.80 28.90 9.20 85.00 117.00 22.40 7.20 13.80 6.14 67.80 30.20

6 Bidhan Madhuri 47.90 42.50 11.00 86.20 123.00 29.60 13.40 14.00 5.60 126.20 34.00

7 Silper (check) 27.97 32.63 23.53 37.83 95.00 17.33 5.67 10.67 6.03 44.57 21.27

8 CD (P=0.05) 5.97 6.28 NS 0.96 0.24 4.80 2.52 0.88 0.31 30.01 0.24

313

4. ORCHIDS

Table. 2.4.1.1 Self and cross compatibility in Dendrobium genotypes crossed at Velanikkara centre (2014-15)

Female

Male

Sonia Emma White Tongchai Gold Burana

Emerald

Jairuk Plash

Burana Charming

Sonia S x C x C x C x C x C x

Emma White C x S x C x C x C x C x

Tong Chai Gold C x C x S x C x C x C x

Burana

Emerald C x C x C x S x C x C x

Jairuk

Plash C x C x C x C x S x C x

Burana

Charming C x C x C x C C x S x

Sx-Self incompatible ; C-Cross compatible ; Cx- Cross incompatible

314

Table 2.4.1.2. Vegetative characters of Hybrid seedlings of Burana Charming x Burana Emerals at Velannikarra centre

SI. No. Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ plat Spread

1 1.50 4 2.20 2 1.50 4 3.00 3 3.00 5 4.00 4 2.50 3 2.50 5 4.00 1 2.25 6 3.00 4 2.20 7 2.50 4 3.00 8 2.00 3 3.50 9 2.50 2 3.00

315

6.TUBEROSE

Table 2.6.1.1a: Performance of tuberose hybrids in respect of growth and flowering parameters at Pune centre (2014-15).

316

Sl. No. Character GK-T-C-1 GK-T-C-2 GK-T-C-7 GK-T-C-4 1 Days to flowering 82.88 81.55 83.33 81.33 2 Plant height(cm) 76.93 84.63 76.56 74.57 3 Spike length (cm) 70.71 79.22 70.83 68.29 4 Rachis length (cm) 30.62 25.67 30.66 27.82 5 No. of florets/spike 55.14 49.45 58.58 50.92 6 Spike weight(g) 67.10 81.10 78.56 67.15 7 No. of spikes/plant 8.93 10.06 8.35 8.90 8 No. of leaves /plant 19.56 24.11 18.78 17.67 9 Days to spike emergence 63.89 65.89 67.00 67.89

10 Length of floret (cm) 5.95 5.66 5.52 5.31 11 Diameter of floret (cm) 5.11 5.59 5.45 4.99 12 Diameter of cut spike (cm) 0.81 0.91 0.83 0.86 13 Weight of individual floret (g) 2.32 2.07 2.35 1.94 14 Wt. of florets/spike (g) 148.22 135.73 157.45 131.71 15 No of spikes/plot 267.80 301.70 250.5 266.90 16 No. of bulbs/ clump 9.87 10.52 8.48 9.26 17 No. bulblets/ clump 17.10 16.33 24.09 23.78 18 Diam. of bulb (cm) 3.26 2.98 2.91 3.13 19 Length of bulb (cm) 6.04 5.46 5.65 5.73 20 Avg. wt. of bulb 34.29 43.47 28.30 43.31 21 Avg. wt. of bulblets 9.86 8.43 7.05 8.41 22 Diam. of bulblets (cm) 1.54 1.56 1.48 1.64 23 % leaf blight intensity 2.79 3.54 3.22 3.39

317

Table 2.6.1.1b: Assessment of hybrids of tuberose in respect of growth and flower production at Pune centre (2014-15).

Observation /Crosse Variegated ( Single) X Vaibhav (Double) Mean L3P1 L3P2 L4P5 L4P6 L4P7 L4P9 L5P1 L5P5 L5P7 Days to spike emergence 63.33 54.00 63.67 69.33 69.00 60.33 56.00 56.00 60.33 61.33 Days to flowering 90.33 95.78 99.00 89.33 91.11 87.66 87.22 90.33 91.77 91.39 Plant height (cm) 81.05 156.74 92.60 72.59 78.44 95.94 103.88 117.11 118.19 101.84 Spike length (cm) 76.31 136.74 87.02 67.88 73.99 90.10 98.83 113.54 113.88 95.37 Rachis length (cm) 51.16 51.65 48.27 45.58 40.02 38.77 55.38 57.11 55.44 49.26 No. of florets/ spike 47.03 44.27 57.36 45.83 58.72 35.77 52.94 52.06 45.53 48.83 No. of spikes/plant 7.19 9.49 7.68 7.91 12.24 8.76 9.78 6.14 5.57 8.31 No of leaves/plant 17.44 12.67 17.67 14.22 13.67 16.33 17.22 18.11 18.56 16.21 No of whorls / Flower 3.61 3.72 3.39 3.72 4.16 3.50 3.27 3.44 3.44 3.58 No of petals/ Flower 22.28 19.49 20.55 20.27 20.77 19.66 16.21 18.22 19.72 19.69 Colour tinge on flower bud Greenish White Pinkish Pinkish Greenish Pinkish Pinkish Pinkish Pinkish Greenish ---- Floret length (cm) 6.62 5.36 6.08 6.06 6.43 5.60 5.29 6.48 6.77 6.08 Floret dia. (cm) 4.26 3.82 4.38 4.15 4.97 4.32 3.89 4.75 5.32 4.43 Vase life (days) 5.33 5.00 7.00 10.0 7.00 11.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.04 Dia. Of cut spike (cm) 0.79 1.0 0.80 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.79 0.93 0.92 0.84 Floret wt. (g) 4.23 2.32 2.82 3.17 3.29 2.84 2.17 3.05 2.99 2.99 No. of bulbs/plant 7.33 9.67 8.11 8.45 12.78 9.22 10.22 6.56 5.89 8.69 No. of bulblets/plant 28.78 16.45 33.78 29.33 26.22 38.44 35.67 18.45 7.78 26.10 Dia. Of bulb (cm) 2.97 3.37 3.50 3.72 3.98 3.21 3.47 3.48 3.62 3.48 Length of bulb (cm) 6.17 6.41 6.51 5.76 5.93 5.24 5.92 5.93 6.08 5.99 Dia. Of Bulblet (cm) 1.52 1.35 1.30 1.36 1.47 1.22 1.58 1.21 1.37 1.38 Weight of bulblet (gm) 8.50 11.78 9.50 9.56 11.28 9.83 10.72 11.17 9.61 10.22 Wt. of bulbs (g) 41.39 52.22 54.95 63.61 58.06 43.17 46.45 58.06 55.33 52.58 Node at 1st flower emergence 7.03 10.75 6.50. 5.51 7.45 10.26 7.39 9.33 8.53 8.28 Flower type Double Double Double Double Double Double Double Double Double ----

318

Leaf blight intensity (%) 23.06 6.74 2.55 10.34 5.59 19.83 0.58 4.00 3.11 8.42 Table 2.6.1.1b contd.: Assessment of hybrids of tuberose in respect of growth and flower production at Pune centre (2014-15). Observation /Crosse Variegated X Phule Rajani Vaibhav X Phule Rajani Phule Rajani

X Suvasini L9P7 L1P4 L9P2 Mean L1P1 L1P2 L2P2 L2P4 Mean Days to spike emergence 65.11 62.22 66.22 64.52 56.33 67.33 67.33 68.33 64.83 64.22 Days to flowering 85.76 83.33 81.22 83.44 87.11 97.44 91.77 90.00 91.58 80.22 Plant height (cm) 71.33 116.39 84.51 90.74 80.91 76.72 63.27 65.16 71.52 61.76 Spike length (cm) 64.93 109.58 80.56 85.02 73.99 73.96 55.33 62.63 66.48 56.52 Rachis length (cm) 25.14 39.78 24.75 29.89 45.16 41.23 35.32 38.76 40.12 36.72 No. of florets/ spike 57.28 57.25 34.53 49.69 67.16 54.72 54.68 18.83 48.85 49.95 No. of spikes/plant 7.77 10.14 10.57 9.49 9.13 7.41 9.66 11.19 9.35 08.22 No of leaves/plant 19.34 20.56 17.45 19.12 17.41 19.78 15.22 19.21 17.91 18.89 No of whorls / Flower 1 1 1 1.00 3.77 3.55 4.05 3.11 3.62 1 No of petals/ Flower 6 6 6 6.00 21.83 25.10 23.38 23.04 23.34 6 Colour tinge on flower bud Dark Pink Greenish Pinkish --- Greenish White Greenish White ---- White Floret length (cm) 6.04 5.95 5.28 5.76 6.13 7.30 6.47 6.39 6.57 5.22 Floret dia. (cm) 6.34 5.67 5.08 5.70 6.06 6.30 4.98 4.34 5.42 4.52 Vase life (days) 9.0 11.0 9.17 9.72 10.00 8.00 7.33 7.00 8.08 9.17 Dia. of cut spike (cm) 0.87 0.85 0.75 0.82 1.03 0.79 0.67 1.0 0.87 0.85 Floret wt. (g) 2.49 1.80 1.94 2.08 3.55 5.17 5.25 4.35 4.58 1.94 No. of bulbs/plant 8.6 10.78 11.0 10.13 9.44 7.67 10.33 11.56 9.75 8.22 No. of bulblets/plant 15.89 18.67 25.33 19.96 22.89 24.00 48.78 28.11 30.95 28.66 Diam.of bulb (cm) 3.15 3.76 3.26 3.39 3.64 3.87 3.36 3.17 3.51 3.04 Length of bulb (cm) 5.87 8.09 5.87 6.61 5.77 6.49 5.80 5.78 5.96 6.02 Diam. of Bulblet (cm) 1.63 1.85 1.58 1.69 1.71 2.00 1.53 1.47 1.68 1.40 Weight of bulblet (gm) 7.83 9.28 8.39 8.50 10.11 14.83 9.89 9.83 11.17 7.67 Wt. of bulbs (g) 38.73 52.21 43.23 44.72 53.50 65.00 42.95 40.28 50.43 35.07 Node at 1st flower emergence 10.22 11.78 9.45 10.48 9.43 6.58 4.57 5.20 6.45 5.78

319

Flower type Single Single Single --- Double Double Double Double --- Single Leaf blight intensity (%) 3.64 4.10 5.04 4.26 17.63 1.59 3.60 10.00 --- 8.20

Table 2.6.1.2: Comparative performance of tuberose hybrids developed at Kalyani centre

Sl. No.

Hybrid Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets /spike

Length of floret (cm)

Wt of single floret (g)

Floret yield/ spike

1 BR 12-1-1 32 90 30 60 5 1.46 87.6 2 BR 12-1-3 41 92 32 38 6 1.61 61.2 3 BR 12-1-4 40 77 27 42 5.6 1.64 68.9 4 BR 12-1-5 55 91 36 60 7 1.6 96.0 5 BR 12-7-1 59 86 28 44 6 2.16 95.0 6 BR 12-7-2 54 75 29 64 6.7 1.52 97.3 7 BR 12-7-3 63 101 50 42 7.7 1.54 64.7 8 BR 12-7-4 31 115 25 36 6.2 1.54 55.4 9 BR 12-7-5 55 83 30 60 6.8 1.58 94.8 10 BR 12-7-6 44 89 33 36 6.2 1.56 56.2 11 BR 12-7-7 55 79 30 48 7.9 1.58 75.8 12 BR 12-11-1 38 93 34 56 6.1 1.64 91.8 13 BR 12-11-2 50 80 33 48 6.1 1.62 77.8 14 BR 12-11-3 35 75 26 40 7.2 1.84 73.6 15 BR 12-11-4 30 49 23 38 5.5 1.5 57.0 16 BR 12-11-5 31 63 19 34 5.7 1.6 54.4 17 BR 12-11-6 38 101 26 36 6.5 2 72.0 18 BR 12-11-7 26 82 34 38 5.5 1.57 59.7 19 BR 12-11-8 17 56 22 32 5.3 1.64 52.5 20 BR 12-11-9 38 54 21 44 6.8 2.1 92.4 21 BR 12-11-10 36 83 40 42 5.5 2.06 86.5 22 BR 12-11-12 26 47 22 50 5.5 2.02 101.0 23 BR 12-14-2 40 85 38 38 5.5 1.8 68.4

320

24 BR 12-14-3 43 61 31 38 5.8 1.6 60.8 25 BR 12-14-4 41 94 39 44 6 1.58 69.5 26 BR 12-14-5 36 91 30 40 5.5 1.54 61.6 27 BR 12-14-7 46 71 30 48 6 1.58 75.8 28 BR 12-14-8 46 96 34 42 6.2 1.64 68.9 29 Calcutta Single 36 87 30 34 5.7 0.98 33.3 30 Phule Rajani 39 52 19 54 5.2 1.64 88.6 31 Prajwal 35 136 45 56 6.9 1.78 94.6

Mean 40.5 81.7 30.5 44.6 6.1 1.7 74.3

Max 58.0 136.3 49.9 64.0 7.9 2.2 101.1

Min 16.1 47.0 19.2 32.0 5.0 1.4 52.5

Table 2.6.1.3 Breeding of tuberose for higher flower, concrete yield and resistance to nematodes

S. No. Seedling Populations Variant Plant height (cm)

Leaf length (cm) Leaf base width (cm)

Leaf mid width (cm)

Leaf tip width (cm)

Avg. leaf width (cm)

1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Sikkim Selection Variant SSVP1 101.90 39.16 1.50 1.00 0.30 0.93 2. Sikkim Selection Variant SSVP2 94.41 38.96 1.10 1.20 0.40 0.90 3. Sikkim Selection Variant SSVP3 125.88 35.17 1.90 1.50 0.40 1.27 4. Phule Rajani Variant P1 PRSV1 118.88 52.95 1.50 1.70 0.40 1.20

5. Pune Local Single Variant V1 PLSV1T 116.39 51.45 1.00 1.00 0.40 0.80

6. Pune Local Single D PLSV2D 54.95 42.96 1.20 1.10 0.30 0.87

7. Mexican Single Dwarf Variant MSDV1 64.94 45.96 1.40 1.50 0.40 1.10

8. Shringar S Tall Variant SSTV1 99.90 41.96 1.20 1.10 0.40 0.90

321

9. PRS Variant MPUAT S7 37.67 29.27 1.27 1.67 1.03 1.32 10. PRS Variant MPUAT-7 (1) 54.67 32.87 0.90 1.27 0.63 0.93

CD (P=0.05) 2.95 2.02 0.16 0.09 0.04 0.08 Contd….

Table 2.6.1.4. Breeding of tuberose for higher flower, concrete yield and resistance to nematodes

S. No. Parents Variant Spike

length (cm) Rachis length

(cm) Floret diam.

(cm) Florets

opened at a time

No. of florets/ spike

Florets length (cm)

7 8 9 10 11 12 1. Sikkim Selection Variant SSVP1 91.91 23.98 3.40 4.00 27.97 5.00 2. Sikkim Selection Variant SSVP2 87.91 14.99 3.50 3.00 31.97 4.00 3. Sikkim Selection Variant SSVP3 116.89 29.97 3.80 5.00 45.96 6.00 4. Phule Rajani Variant P1 PRSV1 106.90 28.27 4.10 6.00 37.96 6.60

5. Pune Local Single Variant V1 PLSV1T 103.90 19.98 3.10 3.00 28.97 6.00

6. Pune Local Single D PLSV2D 43.96 14.99 3.10 6.00 29.97 5.50

7. Mexican Single Dwarf Variant MSDV1 56.95 14.99 4.00 8.99 31.97 6.00

8. Shringar S Tall Variant SSTV1 89.91 21.98 3.60 3.00 34.97 5.50 9. PRS Variant MPUAT S7 29.83 15.50 3.23 5.67 39.00 5.10

10 PRS Variant MPUAT-7 (1) 50.07 29.83 3.30 5.67 45.33 3.57

322

CD (P=0.05) 1.85 0.82 0.08 1.20 4.39 0.07

323

Table 2.6.2.1 : Testing of new genotypes in tuberose for flower yield (loose/cut flowers), concrete yield and resistance to nematode at Pune (2014-15)

Genotype

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves /plant

Days to flowering

Flowering duration (day)

Days to spike emergence

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets /spike

Length of floret (cm)

Diam. of floret (cm)

Diam. Of spike (cm)

Wt. of floret (g)

Suvasini 101.50 25.63 95.33 228.00 64.00 94.72 46.33 46.33 6.31 4.68 0.87 4.78 Vaibhav 126.67 20.00 92.00 231.67 54.67 121.09 42.23 42.23 5.37 4.43 0.80 1.60 Local Double 89.55 22.78 88.44 231.33 56.00 84.88 48.38 48.38 6.12 4.53 0.80 4.49 Hydrabad Double 92.44 19.56 88.77 225.67 59.67 87.02 45.88 45.88 6.33 4.75 0.87 4.08 Local Single 94.81 17.00 79.22 230.00 63.33 89.73 20.49 20.49 5.29 4.45 0.88 1.47 Shringar 78.86 18.78 80.77 235.67 65.78 72.81 30.28 30.28 4.90 5.05 0.86 1.79 Phule Rajani 74.49 20.45 81.33 232.00 65.44 69.74 33.61 33.61 5.12 5.64 0.91 1.97 Hydrabad Single 77.47 20.00 83.44 208.00 66.67 72.46 28.41 28.41 4.89 5.37 0.95 1.74 Arka Nirantara 95.27 21.89 79.66 217.67 60.89 86.93 26.77 26.77 5.76 5.79 1.11 2.59 Prajwal 94.83 23.55 78.55 224.00 62.78 91.14 32.53 32.53 6.05 5.65 1.18 3.12 Varigated 138.64 21.45 82.99 230.67 62.99 124.37 24.55 24.55 5.34 5.18 0.87 1.49

CD (P=0.05) 6.46 4.07 3.87 3.88 5.76 4.20 2.50 2.50 0.53 0.63 0.07 0.49

Contd…….

324

Table 2.6.2.1: Testing of new genotypes tuberose for flower yield (loose/cut flowers), concrete yield and resistance to nematode at Pune centre (2014-15).

Genotype

Wt. of florets /spike(g)

No. of spikes /plant

Wt. of spike (g)

No. of spikes /plot

Wt. of florets /plot(kg)

No. of bulbs /clump

No. of bulblets /clump

Diam. of bulb (cm)

Length of bulb (cm)

Wt. of bulb (g)

Diam. of bulblet (cm)

Wt. of bulblets/ clump(g)

Suvasini 54.33 6.72 179.63 201.70 9.67 6.89 27.22 2.98 5.95 36.72 1.48 10.17 Vaibhav 48.70 7.89 106.33 236.60 8.47 8.33 32.67 3.11 5.78 31.11 1.48 5.67 Local Double 45.70 9.67 135.82 290.10 7.17 10.11 32.22 3.57 6.23 51.22 1.76 12.78 Hydrabad Double 56.87 9.40 135.71 281.90 6.17 9.55 38.00 3.53 6.26 45.17 1.55 12.22 Local Single 19.67 7.88 64.90 236.50 5.40 8.33 17.11 2.64 6.54 23.51 1.47 7.11 Shringar 37.97 9.87 88.24 296.10 9.63 10.28 23.44 3.39 6.08 39.13 1.58 7.67 Phule Rajani 39.47 9.71 96.16 291.20 11.87 9.78 25.89 2.95 6.21 35.08 1.76 7.77 Hydrabad Single 28.60 8.13 81.53 243.90 7.40 9.10 22.33 2.98 5.97 31.46 1.62 7.63 Arka Nirantara 37.10 8.11 91.69 243.30 7.73 8.55 13.45 3.72 7.08 59.91 1.67 9.16 Prajwal 40.83 9.04 121.43 271.30 9.00 9.30 12.50 3.56 7.55 56.90 1.75 9.43 Varigated 20.93 6.85 94.41 205.40 6.13 7.01 21.21 3.47 6.18 40.24 1.41 5.40

CD (P=0.05) 2.97 1.11 9.16 33.34 0.63 1.22 4.38 0.27 0.60 7.79 0.20 1.82

325

Table 2.6.2.2: Performance of tuberose genotypes at Kalyani centre

Sl. No.

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ plant

No. of shoots/pl

ant

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

Length of florets (cm)

No. of florets per spike

Spike yield per m2

Floret yield per m2

Wt of bulb per clump (g)

1 Calcutta Single 68.0 198.3 29.4 103.3 32.0 6.0 33.3 80.0 2481 167

2 Phule Rajani 52.0 93.2 24.6 91.3 38.0 5.6 53.3 39.2 2474 197 3 Shingar 52.7 121.7 23.9 82.0 40.7 6.0 51.3 42.7 2640 182

4 Hybrid GKTC-4 54.8 80.3 23.8 79.3 32.0 5.6 54.0 35.5 2220 200

5 Prajwal 71.3 56.4 17.8 125.7 46.7 6.7 55.3 35.5 3659 400

6 Arka Nirantara 70.0 117.9 26.0 121.0 43.7 6.5 54.0 41.1 2312 240

7 Bidhan Snigdha 71.3 105.4 22.0 120.0 44.7 7.1 60.7 42.1 5100 467

8 Bidhan Ujwal 55.3 132.0 26.0 86.0 35.3 5.8 58.7 52.8 4469 353

9 Bidhan Jyoti 69.3 100.7 20.7 141.3 37.3 5.8 53.3 43.7 3312 217 Mean 62.7 111.7 23.8 105.6 38.9 6.1 52.7 45.8 3185 269 CD (P=0.05) 17.06 13.5 2.9 7.45 4.92 0.31 2.09 11 621 46.9

326

Table 2.6.2.3: Performance of tuberose genotypes (Single) at Hesaraghatta Centre (2014-15)

Genotype Days to

Spike emerge

nce

Days to openin

g of first

floret

Flowering

duration (days)

Spike lengt

h (cm)

Rachis

length (cm)

No of flower

s /spike

Flower

length (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

Wt. of individua

l floret (g)

Wt. of florets/ spike

(g)

No. of spikes/ clump

No. of spikes/ ha

Loose flower yield/ ha/yr (kg)

Plant height (cm)

No of leaves/ plant

Diam. of spikes (mm)

Mexican Single

120.00 11.66 119.66 78.00 14.63 44.66 5.50 3.79 1.00 44.75 4.33 433333.40 10152.68 39.00 72.00 8.34

Shringar 98.00 12.66 176.66 70.83 15.36 55.60 5.88 4.08 1.12 65.25 4.50 450000.00 16092.09 44.66 93.66 9.39 Prajwal 95.00 8.66 168.00 114.3

3 24.56 57.40 6.63 4.96 2.57 142.00 4.50 450000.00 35572.29 60.00 132.00 13.80

Arka Nirantara

90.00 10.66 256.66 100.50

24.53 56.06 6.56 4.50 2.16 128.70 5.00 500000.00 42859.42 61.66 126.00 10.93

Variegated 148.33 19.33 151.33 95.16 11.43 41.00 5.48 3.98 1.03 33.97 2.00 200000.00 3727.74 38.00 58.33 9.25 Hyderabad Single

142.66 16.00 157.66 64.36 15.66 45.06 5.78 3.80 1.20 54.07 2.16 216666.77 11500.80 48.00 65.66 9.02

Calcutta Single

215.66 16.66 110.33 91.96 9.48 34.33 5.01 3.56 0.76 26.33 1.16 116666.70 2796.28 38.00 40.66 6.86

Phule Rajani

121.33 12.33 132.66 58.23 23.10 41.80 5.96 3.92 1.15 43.36 1.50 150000.00 6597.56 40.33 84.66 8.52

GKTC-4 233.33 17.33 93.66 63.76 26.50 48.93 5.98 4.22 1.20 62.84 1.50 150000.00 6975.06 35.00 67.66 8.81 Arka Sugandhi

110.33 16.33 163.66 62.76 13.46 54.13 5.30 3.64 1.24 72.88 4.83 483333.40 11378.40 35.33 86.66 7.44

CD (P=0.05)

24.94 NS 19.54 6.57 3.42 4.32 0.46 0.42 0.22 12.23 0.78 78981.02 31105.68 4.48 21.29 1.46

327

Table 2.6.2.4: Bulb multiplication and related parameters of tuberose genotypes (Single) at Hesaraghatta centre (2014-15) Genotype No. of bulbs/

clump No. of

bulblets/ clump

Bulb diam. (cm)

Bulb length (cm)

Wt. of bulb (g)

Bulblet diam. (cm)

Wt. of bulblet (g)

Mexican Single 16.66 5.00 2.40 4.33 20.16 1.43 9.19

Shringar 9.00 4.00 2.79 5.33 23.24 1.60 9.73

Prajwal 17.00 5.00 3.08 6.20 26.87 1.83 11.57

Arka Nirantara 18.00 6.00 2.90 5.83 25.54 1.80 11.84

Variegated 15.00 7.00 2.66 5.26 21.05 1.30 9.22

Hyderabad Single 11.66 5.00 3.03 4.80 21.14 1.23 9.47

Calcutta Single 8.00 6.00 2.38 5.10 22.36 1.26 9.73

Phule Rajani 13.33 4.33 2.60 4.43 20.78 1.23 9.17

GKTC-4 7.66 3.00 2.46 4.36 21.67 1.50 8.48

Arka Sugandhi 15.33 5.00 2.56 5.16 23.39 1.43 11.24

CD (P=0.05) 2.15 1.25 NS 0.65 2.81 0.26 1.25

328

Table 2.6.2.5: Performance of tuberose genotypes (Double) at Hesaraghatta centre (2014-15)

Genotype

Days to spike

emergence

Days to opening of first floret

Flowering

duration (days)

Spike lengt

h (cm)

Rachis

length (cm)

No. of florets/spike

Floretlength (cm)

Floret diam. (cm)

Wt. individual floret

(g)

Wt. of florets/ spike

(g)

No. of spikes/ clump

No. of spikes/ ha/yr

Plant height (cm)

No of leaves/ plant

Diam. of

spikes (mm)

Pearl

Double

152.00 15.33 114.66 97.23 25.60 48.36 5.93 4.04 2.09 227.33 1.33 133333.30 41.33 92.33 7.96

Suvasini 135.66 8.66 151.00 109.0

0

35.86 66.13 6.40 5.05 3.14 314.66 2.73 273333.40 43.66 122.33 9.71

Vaibhav 100.00 6.33 196.66 103.3

3

38.16 55.40 5.92 4.18 2.42 242.66 4.30 430000.00 47.66 117.33 9.28

Hyderaba

d Double

142.00 16.66 152.66 96.70 20.76 48.93 4.67 3.85 3.05 250.66 3.60 360000.00 42.33 112.00 9.81

Calcutta

Double

149.33 15.00 110.00 99.26 29.36 40.60 4.62 3.99 1.42 142.00 2.33 233333.30 34.33 93.33 11.10

Suarna

Rekha

184.66 21.33 66.00 89.43 24.43 48.73 4.92 3.30 2.87 287.33 1.00 100000.00 34.33 83.66 9.37

CD

(P=0.05) 10.11 4.32 23.24 5.35 8.93 4.21 0.55 0.22 0.42 45.27 1.06 106006.20 6.10 25.97 1.48

329

Table 2.6.2.6: Bulb multiplication and related parameters of tuberose genotypes (Double) at Hesaraghatta Centre (2014-15)

Genotype No. of bulbs/ clump

No bulblets/ clump

Bulb diam. (cm)

Bulb length (cm) Wt. of bulb (g)

Bulblet diam. (cm)

Wt. of bulblet (g)

Pearl Double 14.00 5.66 2.65 6.10 20.16 1.69 11.91

Suvasini 25.00 9.33 2.56 6.63 23.24 1.73 12.83

Vaibhav 24.00 5.33 2.80 6.33 26.87 1.73 12.43

Hyderabad Double 10.00 6.00 2.29 5.33 25.54 1.40 8.58

Calcutta Double 9.00 3.33 2.69 5.90 21.05 1.50 10.01

Suarna Rekha 8.00 2.66 2.93 5.70 21.14 1.46 10.51

CD (P=0.05) 1.87 2.38 NS NS 2.87 NS 1.19

Table 2.6.2.7a: Testing of tuberose genotypes for higher flower yield (loose/cut flowers), concrete yield and resistance to nematode at Ludhiana centre (2014-15) Genotype Plant height

(cm) No. of leaves/ plant

Days to spike emergence

Days to opening of first floret

Flowering duration (days)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length(cm)

No. of florets/ spike

Length of floret (cm)

Diam. of floret (cm)

Diam. of spike (cm)

Wt. of florets/ spike (g)

Phule Rajani 76.14 24.91 115.01 154.67 55.61 56.35 23.67 30.22 0.69 1.11 0.70 34.33 Local Single 83.99 26.08 99.37 102.45 59.91 74.79 30.57 34.44 0.77 1.13 0.70 33.67 Shringar 79.29 27.63 100.24 112.22 63.93 58.33 24.33 33.33 0.68 1.10 0.61 23.31 Prajwal 96.04 38.81 89.57 95.44 102.45 83.44 32.44 55.55 0.71 1.58 0.75 48.89 GKT-4 56.51 33.32 97.31 119.30 62.40 44.02 24.42 33.12 2.09 3.14 0.60 32.43 Arka Nirantara 69.69 35.74 92.76 108.57 67.21 55.35 27.43 26.63 2.52 3.05 0.67 25.35 CD (P=0.05) 13.11 1.65 4.57 7.54 6.84 6.36 3.21 3.86 0.72 1.21 0.32 1.64

330

Table 2.6.2.7b: Testing of tuberose genotypes for higher flower yield (loose/cut flowers), concrete yield and resistance to nematode at Ludhiana centre (2014-15) Genotype Weight

of spike (g)

No. of spikes/ clump

Vase life (days)

Bulb Bulblet Yield Length (cm)

Diam. (mm)

Weight (g)

Length (cm)

Diam. (mm)

Weight/ Clump (g)

Bulb Blublet Per clump

Per meter sq.

Per clump

Phule Rajni 94.92 3.39 5.16 3.81 1.73 36.50 2.23 0.79 53.89 5.52 42.91 16.86 Local Single 106.52 4.66 6.17 3.89 1.78 34.26 2.41 1.53 58.61 2.78 46.58 15.02 Shringar 97.78 3.25 6.53 4.05 2.28 40.18 2.74 1.59 52.14 1.78 13.65 14.35 Prajwal 119.32 5.51 7.86 5.36 3.67 88.40 3.69 1.24 121.51 4.23 59.50 28.80 GKT-4 61.61 3.57 2.32 3.80 2.12 4.50.06 2.54 1.23 37.21 2.93 28.11 8.53 Arka Nirantar 69.42 4.82 3.35 4.05 2.46 28.49 2.14 1.26 41.40 2.10 34.30 9.74 CD (P=0.05) 9.82 1.38 0.61 0.53 0.81 5.61 NS NS 13.58 0.85 6.24 2.42

Table 2.6.2.8 Testing of new genotypes in tuberose during 2014-15

Genotype Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves per

plant

Days to spike emergence

Days to flowering

Flowering duration (days)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets / spike

Floret length (cm)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 GK-T-4 69.71 26.30 91.66 105.67 18.17 53.10 29.43 30.20 4.20

Arka Nirantara 73.58 36.67 109.31 124.63 24.27 70.70 31.26 33.20 5.33 Prajwal 91.63 43.47 125.00 138.30 32.83 74.92 34.37 53.23 5.96

Phule Rajani 80.53 42.63 113.83 128.00 30.30 62.60 30.30 48.20 4.75 Shringar 66.43 35.40 107.53 120.17 25.23 55.21 30.00 45.83 4.63

MPUAT-7 (1) 54.67 30.00 105.90 118.13 22.31 50.07 29.83 45.33 3.57 C.D. at 5% 3.75 2.04 8.062 4.79 1.814 2.758 2.540 4.654 0.435

331

Table 2.6.2.9 Testing of new genotypes in tuberose during 2014-15

Genotype Florets diam. (cm)

Spike diam. (mm)

Individual floret wt.

(g)

Florets wt./

spike (g)

No. of spikes/ clump

No. of spike/ plot

No. of spikes/ ha

(Lakh)

Florets weight

(kg/plot)

Florets weight (Q/ha)

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 GK-T-4 4.19 0.85 1.08 32.64 2.30 82.80 2.30 2.71 75.17

Arka Nirantara 4.17 0.99 1.43 47.45 2.43 87.60 2.43 4.15 115.35 Prajwal 4.73 1.15 2.14 114.17 3.10 111.60 3.10 12.76 354.43

Phule Rajani 4.60 0.89 1.35 65.08 2.53 91.20 2.53 5.94 164.99 Shringar 4.36 0.95 1.23 56.47 2.33 84.00 2.33 4.75 131.91

MPUAT- 7 (1) 3.30 1.02 1.32 44.89 2.47 88.80 2.47 3.99 110.84 CD (P=0.05) 0.23 0.15 0.12 6.98 0.43 15.48 0.43 1.22 33.90

Contd…. Table 2.6.2.10 Testing of new genotypes in tuberose during 2014-15

Genotype No. of bulbs

per clump No. of bulblets/

clump Bulb diam.

(cm) Bulb

length (cm)

Individual bulbs wt. (g)

Bulblet diam. (cm)

Bulblet wt. (g)

Incidence of disease, insects and

nematodes 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

GK-T-4 8.50 14.50 2.48 4.40 12.77 1.71 4.39 Nil Arka Nirantara 14.33 16.72 2.80 4.70 14.38 1.92 4.92 Nil

Prajwal 17.83 25.52 3.23 5.57 18.10 2.20 5.97 Nil Phule Rajani 15.00 23.13 3.10 5.40 16.90 2.05 5.80 Nil

Shringar 13.00 20.83 3.00 5.17 16.55 1.79 5.19 Nil MPUAT-7 (1) 13.00 18.00 3.15 5.35 16.70 1.80 5.30

CD (P=0.05) 1.93 1.01 0.23 0.28 0.12 0.10 0.07 -

332

Table. 2.6.2.11. Performance of tuberose genotypes at Hyderabad center (2014-15)

Sl. No. Genotype

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ plant

No. of days to flower

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets

per spike

Length of floret(cm)

Diam. of floret(cm)

Wt. of individual floret (g)

Wt. of flowers/ spike(g)

No. of spikes/ plant

1 Phule Rajani 37.36 14.60 9.67 48.50 16.39 38.33 4.75 3.01 2.07 49.67 1.00

2 GK-T-C-4 31.27 14.33 10.50 37.93 17.15 38.40 4.76 2.81 1.40 39.93 1.27

3 Calcutta Single 31.32 15.67 12.44 37.30 18.39 40.28 4.62 3.08 1.52 41.83 1.73

4 Shringar 35.97 14.57 12.17 36.53 16.55 34.18 4.63 2.97 1.27 40.65 1.33

5 Prajwal 35.95 15.64 10.33 40.17 15.49 36.75 13.26 2.90 1.87 44.10 1.33

6 Arka Nirantara 31.31 14.73 12.47 48.30 16.87 36.23 4.55 2.99 1.61 43.42 1.67

7 Hyderabad Double 29.93 15.03 13.33 47.57 17.05 39.60 4.66 2.93 1.80 47.47 1.53

8 Hyderabad Single (check)

35.13 14.33 13.17 47.27 16.95 38.33 4.73 3.27 1.93 44.20 1.87

CD (P=0.05) 4.72 NS NS 3.69 1.46 3.17 NS NS 0.30 5.44 0.21

333

S.No

Table. 2.6.2.12. Corm characters of Tuberose at Hyderabad center ( 2014-15)

Genotype No. of bulbs/ clump

No. of bulblets/clump

Wt. of bulbs/ clump (g)

Wt. of bulblets/ clump (g)

Diam. of bulb (cm)

Diam. of bulblet (cm)

Wt. of single bulb (g)

Wt. of single bulblet (g)

1 Phule Rajani 9.60 24.93 83.13 39.20 23.35 12.24 13.93 3.27

2 GK-T-C-4 14.27 35.80 79.20 49.40 16.15 11.38 21.87 2.67

3 Calcutta Single 19.40 28.33 150.80 46.13 20.39 11.11 21.67 2.73

4 Shringar 12.47 16.07 167.80 33.47 25.61 12.98 39.47 3.87

5 Prajwal 12.80 22.67 164.47 66.53 22.08 13.52 31.93 7.13

6 Arka Nirantara 13.60 22.65 152.23 56.58 22.83 13.47 31.27 7.07

7 Hyderabad Double 12.60 13.80 210.67 43.27 23.31 13.46 45.80 7.87

8 Hyderabad single 14.47 20.93 279.67 56.67 25.21 14.30 48.33 8.67

9 CD (P=0.05) 2.42 5.062 116.611 14.799 NS NS 15.93 2.256

334

7. MARIGOLD

Table 2.7.1.1. Mean performance of French marigold Genotypes for vegetative and yield parameters at Coimbatore centre French marigold

Genotype Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of primary branches

Single flower weight

(g)

Flower size (cm)

No. of flowers per

plant

Total flower wt. (g)

Flowering duration (days)

IIHR MO-2 20.72 29.19 5.22 1.50 3.54 285.67 317.53 113.00 IIHR FM-1 23.17 33.22 4.33 2.95 4.22 240.33 241.23 94.25 UHFS FM-786 19.67 21.69 5.56 1.07 3.06 243.33 89.56 99.81 IIHR MO-4 13.63 21.77 4.22 1.55 3.50 175.33 222.77 105.42 Coimbatore Local Dwarf 37.20 35.60 4.60 1.11 3.40 304.00 296.42 91.77

Table 2.7.1.2. Mean performance of African marigold Genotypes for vegetative and yield parameters at Coimbatore centre

African marigold

Genotype Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of primary branches

Single flower weight

(g)

Flower size (cm)

No. of flowers

per plant

Total flower

weight (g)

Flowering duration

(days)

Arka Bangara 46.61 41.25 3.89 5.26 4.52 183.67 346.13 118.12 IIHR MO-3 34.28 30.86 6.67 5.30 5.20 102.33 257.95 103.76 IIHR MY-4 45.06 29.14 8.67 2.76 4.51 160.67 288.88 116.47 IIHR MY-5 40.06 29.00 8.72 5.13 4.35 133.67 259.47 114.54 Coimbatore Local Orange 97.40 66.70 14.80 14.73 8.42 145.00 1130.65 111.78

335

Table No. 2.7.1.3: Breeding and testing of marigold genotypes for loose flower and pigment content at Pune centre (2014-15).

Table No. 2.7.1.3.contd: Breeding and testing of marigold genotypes for loose flower and pigment content at Pune centre (2014-15)

Genotype Plant Height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Days to 50% flowering

Days to first flower

appearance

No. of branches / plant

Stem diam. (cm)

Flowering duration

(days)

Days to first flower harvest

No. of flowers/plant

IIHR Mo-2 32.87 40.87 75.00 51.33 17.67 1.80 39.33 79.00 107.00 IIHR My-5 94.83 45.03 81.67 67.67 13.67 2.07 41.67 86.33 32.33 IIHR Fm-1 22.87 32.07 70.67 54.67 18.33 1.87 45.00 74.33 47.67 IIHR Mo-4 22.00 24.63 94.67 85.00 8.33 1.27 35.67 99.67 36.00 IIHR Mo-3 57.80 44.03 67.00 58.67 11.67 1.53 44.33 70.67 34.33 Pusa Arpita 92.73 67.37 137.33 117.67 22.33 2.27 61.33 142.00 184.33 IIHR My-4 85.40 42.47 75.67 56.67 16.33 1.83 48.00 79.00 43.67 Banglore 31.53 22.90 74.00 52.00 15.67 1.77 39.00 77.33 38.00

786 29.10 34.47 65.00 48.00 8.67 1.80 35.67 68.33 82.67 Pusa Narangi Gainda 42.90 42.27 74.67 61.00 12.00 2.00 46.00 78.67 31.33 Pusa Basanti Gainda 47.23 40.03 84.67 63.00 14.00 2.17 53.33 88.67 24.33

CD (P=0.05) 10.05 5.65 3.26 2.03 2.99 1.80 2.23 3.22 8.66

Genotype No of harvest No of flowers./ m2 Size of flower (cm) Wt. of flowers/plant (g) Wt. of flowers/plot (Kg) IIHR Mo-2 4.00 535.00 4.17 196.37 7.07 IIHR My-5 4.47 161.67 5.73 287.07 10.33 IIHR Fm-1 4.63 238.33 4.33 143.40 5.16 IIHR Mo-4 3.80 180.00 4.17 101.70 3.66 IIHR Mo-3 4.70 171.67 5.33 228.13 8.21 Pusa Arpita 5.97 921.67 5.07 1007.73 36.28 IIHR My-4 4.27 218.33 6.30 340.90 12.27 Banglore 3.33 190.00 3.97 107.40 3.87

786 3.83 413.33 3.80 161.87 5.83 Pusa Narangi Gainda 4.87 156.67 5.30 236.87 8.53 Pusa Basanti Gainda 4.77 121.67 5.53 160.63 5.78

CD (P=0.05) 0.36 43.32 0.67 73.43 2.64

336

Table 2.7.1.4 Performance of marigold genotypes at Chiplima centre

Genotype Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Leaf area

(mm2)

Days to first fl. bud appear

ance

Days to 50% floweri

ng

No. of branches/plan

t

Stem diam. (cm)

Flowering

duration (days)

Days to first

harvest

No. of flowers/

plant

No. of harvests

Diam. of

flower (cm)

Wt. of flowers/plant

(g)

Individual

flower wt. (g)

Bidhan Marigold 1 71.23 52.20 351.33 36.33 44.67 15.67 1.74 56.67 36.67 78.33 2.67 4.36 455.70 5.82 Bidhan Marigold 2 71.73 41.03 56.33 47.33 50.33 16.00 0.96 49.67 48.33 67.33 3.67 2.94 175.35 2.60 Bidhan Marigold 3 92.80 39.90 353.33 51.00 57.00 16.67 1.12 55.00 55.67 64.33 2.67 4.34 255.32 3.97 Bidhan Marigold 4 105.57 41.43 209.67 73.33 56.67 9.33 1.27 33.67 76.00 46.00 2.33 3.54 115.86 2.51 Bidhan Marigold 6 75.83 45.70 164.00 35.33 48.33 20.33 0.84 56.67 40.33 76.67 2.67 3.84 250.13 3.28 Pusa Narangi Gainda 79.13 38.40 194.00 77.67 43.33 13.33 0.99 46.67 31.33 78.00 3.33 3.64 213.02 2.72 IIHRMO2 32.17 20.73 55.67 32.67 52.33 13.33 0.64 51.67 47.67 67.33 3.67 2.25 22.36 0.33 IIHRMY5 79.70 29.53 396.67 34.33 47.33 6.67 0.92 40.67 34.33 28.00 2.33 3.59 81.84 2.90 IIHRMO3 70.90 49.53 434.33 33.33 46.67 6.67 1.10 37.33 51.67 56.67 3.33 5.76 458.22 8.13 IIHRMY4 55.43 32.33 846.67 85.67 48.00 7.33 1.12 42.33 87.00 33.67 2.67 5.67 253.50 7.52 IIHR MO4 26.90 24.70 126.67 47.67 41.67 5.67 0.40 42.33 66.67 40.33 3.33 3.68 97.26 2.42 CD (P=0.05) 11.32 9.93 39.89 1.50 1.16 2.82 0.17 1.45 1.29 9.29 0.97 0.31 43.52 0.49

337

Table 2.7.1.5: Growth performance of new genotypes of marigold at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Genotype

Description Germin

ation (%)

Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of primary branches/ plant

Stem girth (cm)

Days to first flower bud appearance

Days to 50% flowering

BM-1 Seeds available and sown in April, 2015

- - - - - - -

BM-2 Seeds available and sown in April, 2015

- - - - - - -

IIHRMO-3 (Orange)

Tall, African type, orange 75.0 86.0 56.9 9.0 27.4 57.0

IIHRMY-4 Yellow flower, African marigold 75.0 57.6 37.6 4.7 0.7 42.0 70.5

IIHRMY-5 African marigold,medium sized yellow fls, long thin inrolled petals like cigarette , longer pedicel cup

75.0 84 49 7.0 0.6 45.0 68.3

IIHRMO-2 Dwarf compact plant, French, pure orange flowers, carnation type, late flowering

50.0 28 29 10.3 0.5 58.3 84.0

IIHRMO-4 Dwarf French marigold 50.0 17 17 7.0 0.5 35.0 60.4

IIHRFm-1 Dwarf,French marigold, compact plant, red and yellow petals, disc not prominent , flowers like IIHR MO-2 but smaller

90.0 22.6 29 15.0 0.5 46.7 66.0

Siracole Dwarf, medium height, reddish flowers

90.0 69.5 60.3 17.0 2.2 36.5 61.2

Pusa Narangi Gainda

Tall, African 90.0 85.8 40.5 9.67 2.2 32.3 63.7

Pusa Arpita Medium-tall, French type, anemone

90.0 62.1 87.8 7.33 2.2 36.4 68.8

338

FM-Zafri Medium-tall, French marigold type,

93.5 40.3 42.9 14.07 2.2 36.4 54.5

Hajo Local Orange

Tall African, orange 80.0 62.7 90.5 8.0 2.2 35.6 55.0

Hajo Local Yellow

TallAfrican,yellow 80.0 83.2 105.7 9.0 2.3 32.3 55.5

UHFS-Fm-Mari-786 Solan

Dwarf, French, flowers light 3-4 orange colour petals around disc, likeIIHR MO-2 but smaller flowers

80.0 30.0 29.6 13.0 0.45 47.8 53.0

African marigold-Yellow from IIHR

Tall, African, yellow flowers, greenish tinge, type

80.0 81 44.2 9.53 0.65 50.0 65.0

339

Table 2.7.1.6: Growth performance of new genotypes of marigold at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Genotype Flowering

duration (days) First harvest

(days) No. of

harvests No. of

flowers /plant

No. of flowers/m2

Flower diam. (cm)

Individual flower wt. (g)

No. of seeds per flower

BM-1 - - - - - - - - BM-2 - - - - - - - - IIHRMO-3 (Orange) 45.0 47.0 2 45.0 180.0 2.75 4.93 103.7 IIHRMY-4 45.0 55.2 2 27.5 110.0 5.56 3.73 128.0 IIHRMY-5 60.0 50.0 2 72.8 29.12 4.0 8.42 - IIHRMO-2 60.0 85.3 2 89.3 357.2 4.0 2.22 47.7 IIHRMO-4 80.0 45.5 2 27.5 110.0 5.56 3.89 40.6 IIHRFm1 50.0 45.0 2 95.0 380.0 4.4 2.62 - Siracole 75.0 45.9 4 178.4 713.6 5.47 4.0 110.5 Pusa Narangi Gainda 26.3 54.7 2 44.5 178.0 5.35 5.53 189.0 Pusa Arpita 80.0 60.1 3 510.5 2040.0 2.94 4.50 130.3 FM-Zafri 70.0 61.7 3 258.7 1034.8 4.40 4.50 93.8 Hajo Local orange 34.3 45.2 3 122.5 490.0 5.33 4.46 203.3 Hajo Local yellow 40.0 50.0 148.9 595.60 5.40 3.83 215.9 UHFS-Fm-Mari-786 Solan 30.0 50.0 2 55.0 220.0 4.1 2.24 50.3 African marigold-Yellow supplied from IIHR (greenish tinge)

45.0 65.3 3 85.2 340.8 5.13 4.30 75.5

340

Table 2.7.1.7. Evaluation of marigold genotypes for loose flower production at Solan centre (Planted in May, 2014) Genotype Plant

height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Days to bud

appearance

Days to 1st

flowering

No. of branches/ plant

Stem diam. (mm)

Flowering

duration (days)

Days to 1st

harvest

No. of flowers/

plant

No. of harvests

Flowers/ m2

Flower size (cm)

Flower weight/

plant (g)

Individual flower weight

(g)

IIHR FM-1 38.17 39.80 53.43 61.99 8.07 7.83 49.11 64.61 80.67 7.22 726.00 4.80 273.22 4.54

IIHR MO-2 53.58 50.22 66.05 80.60 6.50 15.23 39.60 82.96 45.83 7.00 412.50 2.42 83.80 1.97

IIHR MO-3 159.16 55.57 67.43 82.26 7.57 15.03 43.17 92.46 23.66 5.07 212.94 4.95 100.38 5.06

IIHR MO-4 47.93 56.97 54.09 62.78 7.37 15.01 43.78 65.60 78.56 5.67 707.01 4.67 228.40 3.19

IIHR MY-4 160.93 43.82 69.93 87.20 7.40 16.64 40.07 89.83 19.40 4.70 174.60 5.76 90.20 5.05

IIHR MY-5 160.99 49.43 69.73 90.00 7.33 15.36 42.30 94.35 24.04 4.38 216.39 5.48 77.44 5.46

Bidhan I Orange

73.02 79.74 58.42 72.75 7.48 14.54 46.58 76.33 49.33 6.11 444.00 6.03 359.19 10.7

Bidhan II

Orange 90.57 72.07 65.04 74.76 7.54 16.01 45.25 75.45 43.05 5.78 387.48 5.68 289.06 9.31

Pusa Narangi Gainda

120.03 47.62 68.61 82.77 8.33 16.39 39.72 90.54 30.39 5.22 273.51 5.22 158.64 8.51

Pusa Basanti Gainda

148.55 54.01 70.67 86.67 7.67 15.48 40.93 88.00 24.47 5.07 220.20 5.65 125.73 8.08

CD (P=0.05) 14.44 9.30 5.94 3.66 N/A 1.08 4.23 2.84 21.31 1.11 191.82 1.07 76.80 1.22

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Table 2.7.1.8. Evaluation of marigold genotypes for loose flower production at Solan centre ( Planted in August 2014)

Genotype Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Days to bud

appearance

Days to 1st

flowering

No. of branch

es/ plant

Stem diam. (mm)

Flowering

duration (days)

Days to 1st

harvest

Flowers per

plant

No. of harvest

s

Flowers/ m2

Flower size (cm)

Flower weight/

plant (g)

Individual flower

weight (g)

IIHR MO-3 77.93 40.27 48.00 57.33 5.67 15.76 24.67 60.33 45.33 4.33 408.00 5.36 212.00 5.23

IIHR MO-4 34.07 32.35 49.67 60.00 6.00 14.51 26.67 64.67 33.00 4.00 297.00 3.47 112.33 3.91

IIHR MY-4 95.23 37.77 49.33 64.67 5.33 15.64 26.00 66.67 46.00 5.00 414.00 5.48 212.67 5.37

IIHR MY-4 84.27 41.63 52.00 61.67 7.67 14.42 25.33 64.67 45.67 6.00 411.00 5.32 172.67 6.14

Bidhan I Orange 70.70 52.42 48.00 57.33 7.00 15.04 29.00 61.33 50.67 6.00 456.00 5.28 299.67 7.84

Pusa Narangi

Gainda 89.60 43.78 50.33 60.67 9.67 14.34 27.00 65.33 46.00 7.00 414.00 5.66 230.33 4.98

Pusa Arpita 92.70 65.85 73.33 84.67 6.33 14.63 29.00 97.67 132.00 3.67

1,188.0

0 4.79 434.00 4.10

FM -786 54.60 48.90 47.00 57.33 9.67 10.06 30.33 57.00 75.00 6.00 675.00 4.73 261.00 4.40

CD (P=0.05) 21.39 10.35 4.22 3.67 N/A 3.05 N/A 3.80 24.08 1.50 216.76 0.50 146.75 0.47

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Table 2.7.1.9: Comparative performance of marigold entries at BCKV Centre

Sl. No. Genotype Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Diam. of flower (cm)

No. of flowers/ plant Wt. of flower (g) Flower yield/m2

1 Bidhan Marigold-1 57.00 29.3 5.0 397 3.6 1788 2 Bidhan Marigold-2 89.00 41.7 3.9 294 4.4 1292 3 Bidhan Marigold-3 102.00 51.0 5.1 427 6.5 2145 4 Bidhan Marigold-4 113.00 47.0 5.1 168 5.1 855 5 Bidhan Marigold-5 105.00 49.3 3.7 210 3.4 714 6 Bidhan Marigold-6 356.67 56.3 4.4 398 3.5 202 7 Bidhan Marigold-7 107.00 43.0 4.2 241 2.5 602 8 Bidhan Marigold-8 82.33 40.7 4.1 157 3.7 581 9 Pussa Arpita 356.67 74.3 5.4 33 6.8 92 10 IIHRMO-2 61.33 25.0 3.4 340 4.8 612 11 Pussa Basanti Gainda 64.00 51.7 5.0 313 5.0 1863 12 Pussa Narangi Gainda 72.33 56.0 5.1 443 3.4 2194 13 IIHRFM-1 61.67 21.7 3.8 405 1.9 770 14 Eidorado(Ec-733794) 76.00 53.0 5.6 421 6.0 1324 15 Red Coat (Ec-733792) 53.3 28.7 3.9 113 3.0 339 16 Zempasuchilt (733799) 73.7 52.3 3.1 105 2.0 210 17 IIHRMO-2 110.7 36.3 3.5 127 1.9 241 18 IIHRFM-1 96.7 31.0 3.4 61 2.0 123 19 IIHRMY-4 102.0 41.7 6.4 42 6.3 265 20 IIHRFM -5 50.3 41.3 5.9 50 6.4 322 21 IIHRMO-3 43.7 51.7 6.1 44 6.5 284 22 UHRS-FM 786 71.7 30.7 2.9 102 2.0 203 Mean 102.1 43.3 4.5 200.9 3.9 791.8

CD (P=0.05) 15.4 7.7 10.3 8.0 0.53 6.3

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Table 2.7.1.10: Evaluation of marigold genotypes at Hesaraghatta Centre (2014-15)

Genotype No of flowers/plant

No. of harvests No of flowers/m2

Size of flower (cm)

Weight of flowers/plant (g)

Individual flower weight (g)

IIHRFM-1 169.0 12.0 6084.0 4.9 594.9 3.5 IIHR M0-4 205.0 12.0 8496.0 4.8 1055.5 4.5 IIHR M0-2 236.3 12.0 7389.7 4.2 481.0 2.3 IIHRM0-3 81.0 8.0 2916.0 4.9 347.1 4.3 Pusa Narangi 76.1 8.0 2739.6 5.1 257.5 3.4 IIHRMY-4 103.0 8.0 3708.0 5.4 409.4 4.0 IIHRMY-5 150.5 8.0 5418.0 5.1 713.4 4.7 Pusa Basanti Gainda 75.3 8.0 2710.4 4.7 328.1 4.4 BM 1 63.0 8.0 2268.0 4.1 130.7 2.1 BM 2 40.0 8.0 1440.0 3.9 93.0 2.3 BM 3 52.0 8.0 1872.0 4.2 213.2 4.1 CD (P=0.05) 10.06 - 0.43 1.15 - -

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Table 2.7.1.11: Performance of IIHR hybrids in comparison with commercial genotypes at Hesaraghatta Centre (2014-15)

Genotypes 2013 2014 2015 Mean performance over 3 yrs

No. of flowers/

plant

Yield per plant (g)

Flower diam. (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant

Yield per

plant (g)

Flower diamete

r (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant

Yield per

plant (g)

Flower diam. (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant

Yield per

plant (g)

Flower diam. (cm)

Arka Agni 116.2 1156.2 6.7 111.6 1122.9 7.3 129.0 1220.9 6.5 118.9 1166.7 6.8

Pusa Narangi Gainda 109.7 613.2 4.4 102.5 594.5 5.1 105.3 623.8 4.8 105.8 610.5 4.8 F1 Hybrid Orange 94.4 989.8 6.3 88.5 995.1 7.1 91.3 897.2 6.4 91.4 960.7 6.6 Arka Bangara 148.3 1084.3 4.8 140.6 1043.6 5.2 145.8 1030.4 5.0 144.9 1052.8 5.0 Pusa Basanti Gainda 101.8 549.7 4.4 100.7 523.6 5.3 101.6 568.8 4.2 101.4 547.4 4.6 F1 Hybrid Gold 110.7 951.3 6.5 102.4 1116.2 6.5 93.7 986.8 6.0 102.3 1018.1 6.3 Arka Alankara 133.7 1051.1 6.6 122.4 1068.8 7.5 130.7 1015.2 6.9 128.9 1045.0 7.0 CD (P=0.05) 25.7 21.9 1.1 11.1 25.5 0.9 16.4 20.6 1.4 18.2 25.6 1.2

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Table 2.7.1.12 Testing of new genotypes of marigold at Ludhiana centre (2014-2015)

Genotypes Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches/ plant

Stem diam. (cm)

No. of flowers/plant

Individual flower wt. (g)

Wt. of flowers/ plant (g)

Size of flower (cm)

Days to bud appearance

Duration of flowering

Days to first harvest

IIHRMFm1 35.33 20.50 10.00 0.63 75.27 1.47 110.30 3.49 24.33 25.66 25.33 IIHRMO2 44.35 33.98 12.00 0.72 78.22 1.17 91.03 3.00 31.33 22.00 22.00 IIHRMO3 37.46 21.42 11.00 0.67 45.17 2.33 105.43 3.33 30.33 26.66 15.33 IIHRMO4 32.50 18.26 9.00 0.52 41.08 1.43 58.74 3.26 49.66 23.33 16.33 IIHRMY5 44.16 22.87 11.67 0.64 41.38 1.73 71.61 2.93 32.00 22.33 19.00 IIHRMY4 34.33 22.50 10.67 0.58 45.81 1.87 85.57 3.31 41.33 20.66 19.66 Bidan Marigold 1 22.00 17.83 17.67 0.75 27.98 3.47 97.93 3.37 67.66 73.00 24.33 Bidan Marigold 2 27.17 35.83 5.33 0.75 27.20 4.13 113.20 3.60 74.66 79.66 25.00 Bidan Marigold 3 30.33 32.66 11.17 0.82 55.39 3.50 192.19 4.40 75.33 80.66 24.66 UHFS-Mar-FM-786 18.67 15.42 8.17 0.36 40.35 1.87 75.45 1.72 28.66 74.00 19.33 Pusa Narangi Gainda 45.18 18.5 8.2 0.68 20.75 6.1 126.58 5.08 41.33 58.00 18.33 Jaffri(Local/French) 27.17 16.00 9.33 0.58 39.83 1.32 52.58 2.93 37.67 75.00 20.33 CD (P=0.05) 2.78 4.85 2.79 0.14 8.29 0.39 29.76 0.54 11.75 14.5 2.5

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8.CROSSANDRA

Table 2.8.1.1. Testing of crossandra cultivars at Coimbatore centre

Cultivar Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm) No. of

branches/ plant

Rachis

length (cm)

Flower

spike length (cm)

Flower size

(L x B)

100 flowers weight (g) EW NS

Pondicherry local 27.14 41.50 40.60 3.90 5.90 15.10 3.1 x 3.0 7.70

Arka Ambara 26.50 22.70 21.50 4.30 6.30 11.10 2.9 x 2.8 7.90

Arka Shreeya 21.40 22.60 24.40 4.40 6.80 12.30 3.0 x 3.2 8.00

Arka Shravya (Cut flower) 35.90 46.15 42.00 4.90 10.70 20.10 4.9 x 5.9 8.50

Arka Kanaga 30.95 32.50 32.00 4.10 7.70 13.10 5.0 x 4.7 7.50

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Table. 2.8.1.2.Testing of new genotypes of crossandra for loose flower, cut flower and for pot culture at Hyderabad center (2014-15)

Genotypes Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches/

plant

Days to flowering

Rachis length (cm)

Spike length (cm)

Floret length (cm)

Floret width (cm)

No. of flowers/ plant

Arka Shravya 12.84 10.82 1.60 49.00 5.19 10.25 3.17 2.18 16.87

Arka Ambara 11.52 13.10 1.40 71.20 3.55 5.90 3.72 2.79 11.53

Arka Kanaka 16.85 13.01 1.27 77.53 5.28 9.99 3.89 3.10 7.60

Arka Shreeya 12.46 13.81 1.80 81.67 4.55 8.22 3.81 3.34 7.07

Local variety (check) 21.56 17.91 1.33 56.27 4.70 5.94 3.13 2.13 16.80

CD (P=0.05) 2.788 3.295 NS 10.723 1.133 1.884 0.587 0.352 2.397

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9.CHINA ASTER

Table 2.9.1.1. Testing of new genotypes of China aster at Coimbatore centre

Genotype Plant height (cm) Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches per plant

Days taken for flower bud appearance

Days taken for flower opening

Days taken from bud to full bloom

Kamini 61.81 32.64 17.25 70.65 96.05 32.40

Poornima 69.51 29.39 25.55 59.75 86.45 29.80

Shashank 56.44 37.14 27.30 62.85 86.70 27.40

Hosur local 71.31 46.89 38.85 53.25 80.55 29.80

Belagavi local 30.87 20.81 10.30 72.65 95.10 25.70

White doubled 49.91 31.59 21.40 66.90 92.80 29.40

Dwarf double mixed 46.82 34.65 20.60 66.65 88.55 25.60

CD (P=0.05) 9.74 4.81 4.96 5.80 7.99 2.98

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Table 2.9.1.2. Testing of new genotypes of China aster at Coimbatore centre Genotypes Days to

50 % flowering

Duration of flowering

(days)

Longevity of flowers

(days)

Flower diameter

(cm)

Flower stalk

length (cm)

No. of flowers plant-1

Individual flower

weight (g)

Wt. of 100

flowers (g)

Av. Flower yield

plant-1 (g)

Flower yield plot-1 (kg)

(4x2 m)

Estimated flower yield

ha-1

Kamini 114.10 58.20 12.45 7.46 65.68 36.15 5.21 515.23 164.07 3.91 4.3

Poornima 97.05 51.55 9.60 5.78 64.05 42.85 4.12 423.02 163.79 3.71 4.2

Shashank 99.65 49.45 10.70 6.68 64.22 36.20 3.89 396.23 144.08 3.47 3.9 Hosur Local 90.20 38.55 9.75 5.98 49.17 30.50 4.75 460.87 138.31 3.42 3.8

Belagavi Local 111.05 41.60 9.90 6.18 41.78 19.95 3.67 367.50 75.31 1.88 3.2

White Doubled 105.05 45.70 10.05 6.94 56.36 36.50 3.97 400.31 137.33 3.46 3.8

Dwarf Double Mixed

100.90 51.35 9.65 6.29 51.88 32.80 3.37 343.62 99.73 2.49 2.8

CD (P=0.05) 5.25 1.55 0.60 0.52 5.90 4.89 0.42 34.25 19.19 0.45 0.43

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3. CROP MANAGEMENT

1. ROSE Project No. 3.1.1: Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicides in rose (Open) Duration : Three years (2014 - 15 onwards) Centres : Chiplima, Ludhiana, Pune, Ranchi and New Delhi Technical Programme No. of treatments : 7

1. Atrazine pre-emergence 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by post-emergence ethoxysulfuron (20g a.i/ha) at 30 DAS + hand-weeding at 30 days interval starting from 75 days thereafter

2. Pendimethalin pre-emergence @ 1.0 kg a.i./ ha followed by post-emergence ethoxysulfuron (20g a.i/ha) at 30 DAS + hand weeding at 30 days interval starting from 75 days thereafter

3. Imazethapyr @ 100 g/ha pre-emergence followed by hand weeding at 30 days interval starting from 75 days thereafter

4. Isoproturon pre-emergence @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha followed by hand-weeding at 30 days interval starting from 75 days thereafter

5. Oxyfluorfen pre-emergence 0.250 kg a.i./ha followed by hand-weeding at 30 days interval starting from 75 days thereafter

6. Weedy check 7. Weed free check Plot size : 1.5x1.5m Spacing (Row/plant) : 0.75cm x 0.75 cm No. of replications : Three Cultivar : Raktagandha Design of experiment : RBD

Observations recorded:

1. Weed flora encountered during the trail 2. Weed count per m2 at 25 days intervals 3. Fresh weight of weed at 25 days intervals (g) 4. Dry weight of weed at 25 days intervals (g) 5. Plant height at first flower bud appearance stage (cm) 6. Number of branches per plant 7. Days to flowering 8. Flowering duration (day) 9. Number of flowers per plant 10. Flower diameter (cm) 11. Length of flower bud (cm) 12. Vase life (day)

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REPORT CENTRES Chiplima

The weed count/m2, fresh weight and dry weight of weed varied significantly between the treatments. Minimum weeds (4.67/m2) were observed in the plots which were treated with Pendimethalin pre-emergence @ 1kg a.i./ha followed by post emergence ethoxysulfuron (20g a.i./ha). Growth parameters like plant height at first flower bud appearance, number of branches per plant, days to flowering, duration of flowering, flower diameter, bud length, number of flowers per plant did not vary significantly between the treatments. This may be due to the reason that the crop is in its initial stages of growth.

Herbicide treatment with Pendimethalin pre-emergence @ 1kg a.i./ha followed by post emergence ethoxysulfuron (20g a.i./ha) is effective in controlling weeds in rose under Chiplima conditions (Table No. 3.1.1a). Ludhiana

The trial was conducted as per the technical programme of work. The results obtained are tabulated in Table No. 3.1.1b. It was observed that treatment Pendimethalin (1.0 kg a.i./ ha) and ethoxysulfuron (20g a.i/ha) as post emergence herbicide plus hand weeding at 30 days interval starting at 75 days thereafter was effective to control of weed flora and recorded maximum plant height (66.22cm), number of branches (13.72), number of flowers per plant (64.30) and number of flowers per unit area (8.93), which were found at par with weed free check. The treatments Pendimethalin (1.0 kg a.i./ ha) and ethoxysulfuron (20g a.i/ha) as post emergence herbicide plus hand-weeding at 30 days interval starting at 75 days thereafter and Atrazine and ethoxysulfuron (20g a.i/ha) as post emergence herbicide plus hand weeding at 30 days interval starting at 75 days thereafter, were found to be effective for the control the weeds. Common weed flora found: Chenopodium album, Coronopus didymus (jungli halon), Cyprus rotundus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eragrostis teneuella, Gnaphalium sp., Malva parviflora, Melilotus alba, Onethera spp., Poa annua, Rumex dentatus, Solanum nigrum, Spergula arvensis, Veronica sp. Pune

Collected planting material of rose cultivar gladiator, the planting will be done in the month of June 2015. Ranchi

On the basis of one year data, it has been concluded that the Pendimethalin pre emergence @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha followed by post emergence ethoxysulfuron @ 20 g a. i/ha gave good result to reduce weed which helpful to increase the vegetative growth as well as reproductive characters of rose plant (Table No. 3.1.1c). New Delhi

The weedicides reduced the weed count, fresh weight and dry weight of weeds significantly. T1 (Atrazine 1.0 kg a.i/ha + ethoxysulfuron 20g a.i/ha) was the best treatment

347

and it significantly reduced the weed count, fresh weight and dry weight of weeds/m2 in comparison to weedy check in rose cv. Raktagandha. The weedicides did not affect the plant height, number of branches per plant, flowering duration, days to flowering, number of flowers per plant, length of flower bud and vase life significantly (Table No. 3.1.1d).

Project No 3.1.2: Standardization of potting media composition for different classes of roses. Duration : Three years 2014 - 15 onwards Centres : Ludhiana, Pune, Pantnagar, Ranchi, Chiplima, Bengaluru and Periyakulam Technical programme No. of treatments : Seven

1. Soil (Control) 2. Cocopeat + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) 3. Cocopeat + Perlite + Vermiculite (2:1:1) 4. Vermicompost + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) 5. Vermicompost + Perlite + Vermiculite (2:1:1) 6. FYM + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) 7. FYM + Perlite + Vermiculite (2:1:1)

No. of replications : 4 No. of pots per replication : 4 Design of experiment : CRD Cultivar : Miniature (Cri Cri or any other available cultivar)

Floribunda (Iceberg or any other available cultivar) Polyantha (Echo or any other available cultivar) Only one plant of one year old per pot was planted in 8” (Miniature) and 10” (Floribunda and Polyantha) size plastic pot. Application of NPK (19:19:19) @ 10g per pot at 15 days interval was applied all treatments. The varieties will be supplied by DFR Observations recorded:

1. pH, bulk density and EC of media at bi-month interval starting from November. 2. Plant height at the time of first flower bud appearance (cm) 3. Plant spread, NXS & EXW (cm) 4. Number of branches per plant 5. Days to flowering 6. Duration of flowering (day) 7. Number of flowers per plant at fortnightly interval 8. Flower diameter (cm) 9. Flower bud length (cm) 10. No. of flowers per plant 11. Tissue nutrient analysis (NPK only) 12. Flower longevity in field plant (days)

348

REPORT CENTRES Ludhiana

The trial was conducted as per the technical programme of work on cvs. Centre Piece (Miniature), Iceberg (Floribunda) and Marjorie Fair (polyantha). The data pertaining to all the parameters are tabulated in Table No. 3.1.2a-c. It was observed that plant height, plant spread , branches per plant, duration of flowering and bud length were not significantly affected but number of flowers per plant were noted maximum in Cocpeat + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) in floribunda and polyantha (21 and 12, respectively), but the same was noted maximum (49.61) in Vermicompost + Perlite +Vermiculite (2:1:1) for miniature cultivar Centre Piece.

Bulk density was recorded the lowest (0.13 g/cm3) in Cocopeat + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) and maximum (0.82 g/cm3) in soil while the pH was recorded lowest (6.31) in Vermicompost + Perlite +Vermiculite (2:1:1) and highest (7.90) in soil. Pune

The planting material of different classes of rose is ready. The trial will be planted in the month of June – 2015. Pantnagar

An experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications in different classes of rose viz., miniature (Cri-Cri), floribunda (Iceberg) and polyantha (Echo) during 2014 - 15 (Table No. 3.1.2d). The treatments comprised of seven combinations of soil, FYM, vermicompost, cocopeat, vermiculite and perlite.

The pH, bulk density and EC of media were analysed. The pH ranged from 5.45 (T5) to 8.00 (T1). The bulk density of media was higher (2.00) in T3 and lower in T7 (0.008). The EC was maximum (1.43) in T1 and minimum (0.22) in T6. Plant height was recorded maximum (24.00 cm) in the media consisting of Vermicompost + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) in cultivar Iceberg and minimum (14.25 cm) in soil (control) under the cultivar Cri- Cri. Vermicompost + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) recorded maximum number of primary branches per plant (5.75) in Echo cultivar and the lowest one was recorded in T1 for primary branches (1.75) in cultivar Iceberg. Plant spread was recorded maximum in the media consisting of FYM + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) in cultivar Echo in N x S (24.75 cm) in E x W (24.87 cm) and minimum in N x S (11.00 cm) in E x W (9.37cm) under soil (control) in the cultivar Cri- Cri. Flowers of maximum diameter (7.1 cm) were found in media consisting of Vermicompost + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) in cultivar Iceberg and it was lowest in T1 (4.00 cm) in cultivar Cri- Cri under soil (control). Various treatments did not differ much for days to flowering, duration of flowering, flower diameter, bud length and flower longevity. Number of flowers per plant being an important character among flowering attributes were found maximum (181.00) in cultivar Echo under T4 consisting of Vermicompost + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) and it got reduced (11.00) under control (soil) in cultivar Cri- Cri. Among the various media tried for standardization of potting media composition for different classes of roses under Tarai conditions, it can be concluded that media consisting of

349

Vermicompost + Perlite + Vermiculite (3:1:1) was found best for growing of different classes of roses under pot production. Ranchi

On the basis of one year data, it has been concluded that the composition of Vermicompost + Perlite + Vermiculite and FYM + Perlite +Vermiculite were good for plant growth, number of flowers, flower size as well as duration of flowering in miniature rose (Table No. 3.1.2e). Chiplima Miniature group: The growth parameters like plant height and plant spread varied significantly between the treatments. Maximum plant height (42.23cm) at first flower bud appearance was observed in the potting media composed of vermi-compost, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1. Maximum spreading of plants (25.85cm) was also observed in same treatment. Minimum plant height (18.38cm) at first flower bud appearance and minimum plant spread (14.18 cm) was observed in the potting media composed of cocopeat, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1. Other growth parameters did not vary significantly between treatments. This may be due to the reason that the crop is in its initial stages of growth (Table No. 3.1.2f). Floribunda group: The growth parameters like plant height, plant spread number of branches per plant and number of flowers per plant varied significantly between the treatments. Maximum plant height (59.18cm) at first flower bud appearance was observed in the potting media composed of vermi-compost, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1. Maximum spreading of plants (41.70cm) was also observed in same treatment. Minimum plant height (34.45cm) at first flower bud appearance and minimum plant spread (15.95 cm) was observed in the potting media composed of cocopeat, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1. The potting media composed of vermi-compost, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1 also produced maximum number of branches/ plant (6.25) and maximum number of flowers/ plant (17.5) over other treatments. The potting media composed of vermi-compost, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1 produced tallest plants with maximum spread, maximum number of branches/ plant and maximum number of flowers/ plant over other treatments (Table No. 3.1.2g). Polyantha group: The growth parameters like plant height, plant spread number of branches per plant and number of flowers per plant varied significantly between the treatments. Maximum plant height (54.13cm) at first flower bud appearance was observed in the potting media composed of vermi-compost, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1. Maximum spreading of plants (45.85cm) was also observed in same treatment. Minimum plant height (24.40cm) at first flower bud appearance and minimum plant spread (17.20 cm) was observed in the potting media composed of cocopeat, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1. The potting media composed of vermi-compost, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1 also produced maximum number of branches/ plant (6.17) and maximum number of flowers/ plant (24.25) over other treatments. The potting media composed of vermi-compost, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 2:1:1 produced tallest plants with maximum spread, maximum

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number of branches/ plant and maximum number of flowers/ plant over other treatments (Table No. 3.1.2h). Bengaluru: No report Periyakulam: Experiment was not conducted according to given technical programme.

2. GLADIOLUS Project No. 3.2.1: Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus. Duration : Three years (2014 - 15 onwards) Centres : Hessarghatta, Wadura, Ludhiana, Udaipur, Solan, Hyderabad and Pusa Bihar Technical Programme: Uniform sized corms of gladiolus planted at different planting dates so as to regularize the consistent market supply and also to standardize the time of planting for getting high quality flowers and maximum returns. Cultivars : 4 (White Prosperity, Eurovision, Nova Lux and Priscilla) Date of Planting: Hills- 6 (7th Feb, 7th March, 7th April, 7th May, 7th June, 7th July) Plains- 8 (1st Sept., 15th Sept., 1st Oct., 15th Oct., 1st Nov., 15th Nov., 1st Dec., 15th Dec.) Spacing : 30x20cm Plot size : 2.4x2.4m No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : RBD (factorial) Observations recorded

1. Plant height (cm) 2. Days taken to spike emergence 3. Days taken to flowering 4. Duration of flowering (Days) 5. Spike length(cm) 6. Diameter of second floret (cm) 7. Number of florets/spike 8. Fresh weight of spike (g) 9. Vase Life (days) 10. Number of spikes/plant and per m2

REPORT

CENTRES Ludhiana Plant height: The results of Table No. 3.2.1a indicated that the tallest plant height of (94.30 cm) was recorded from October 15 planting irrespective of cvs. and it was statistically at par with November 1 planting. It is evident from the results that plant height varied significantly with respect to planting time and cultivar. The cultivar White Prosperity was recorded to be

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the tallest followed by cv. Nova Lux irrespective of planting time. Plant height decreased as the planting was delayed beyond mid-October. The results of interaction indicated that the maximum plant height was recorded from cv. White Prosperity under early planting of October 15. The minimum plant height was recorded in cv. Priscilla under late planting of December 15 followed by December 1 planting (71.34 cm). Spike emergence: It is evident from the data presented in Table No. 3.2.1a that cv. Nova Lux took 95.5 days for spike emergence irrespective of planting time. With respect to planting dates, the time to spike emergence varied between 75.04 to 76.78 days and presented significant differences different planting dates. As per the results of interaction the data indicated that the minimum time to spike emergence was taken by cv. Priscilla (60.00 day) in December 1 planting. It was maximum by cv. Nova Lux in December 1 planting. Time to flowering: The results indicated that cv. Nova Lux took the longer time to flower as compared with other cultivar. Generally, October planting took between 102 – 105 days for flowering and this time reduced as the planting was delayed beyond mid November. The results of interaction indicated that cv. Nova Lux took 115.60 days for flowering under November 1 planting (Table No. 3.2.1a) Spike length: It is evident from the results given in Table 3.2.1.4 that spike length of different cvs. varied from 66.30 to 75.15 cm irrespective of planting dates and cultivars. White Prosperity produced the longest spikes. The early planting from mid-October to first November gave the longest spikes presenting non-significant differences. The results of interaction indicated that cv. White Prosperity gave the longest spike under October planting followed by the same cv. in November 1 planting (Table No. 3.2.1a). Florets/spike: The floret count per spike also varied significantly for different cvs. and different planting times. It varied from 9.32 to 12.62 per spike among cultivars and it was maximum in both the plantings done in November as compared with other plantings. The results of interaction indicated that the maximum number of florets were recorded in cv. White Prosperity under November 15 planting (Table No. 3.2.1a). Flowering duration: The results of Table No. 3.2.1a indicated that flowering duration ranges between 7 – 12 days among different cultivars and 8.00 – 11.64 days among different planting times. The results of interaction indicated that the longest flowering duration of 12.90 days was recorded in cv. Priscilla under November 1 planting. Weight of spikes: There were significant differences for weight of spikes in different cultivars irrespective of planting dates. The maximum weight was recorded in cvs. White Prosperity (57.35 g/spike) and minimum in Nova Lux (25.53g/spike). The individual spike weight was also affected by different planting time being maximum under November planting. The results of interaction indicated that the maximum weight was recorded in cv. White Prosperity under November 1 planting (Table No. 3.2.1a). Vase life: It is evident from the results of Table No. 3.2.1a that there were significant differences for vase life of different cultivars irrespective of planting dates. The longest vase life of 14.34 days was recorded in cv. Priscilla and shortest in cv. Nova Lux. i.e., 9.34 days. Likewise the vase life was also affected by different planting time being maximum under December planting and presented significant differences among different planting times.

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Hyderabad Gladiolus cv. Arka Amar when planted at different dates , good vegetative growth

was noticed in 15th November planting treatment with maximum plant height (64.07cm), maximum No. of leaves (8.07), maximum leaf length (35.26cm) and width (2.88cm). Early flowering was recorded in Sep. 1st planting crop with less No. of days to spike emergence (58.87) and less No. of days for flowering (70.47).Superiority in important economic characters was observed in Oct 1st planting crop with maximum spike length (91.84cm) and rachis length (41.99cm), maximum No. of florets/spike (15.20), maximum size of floret (9.26cm), maximum weight of spike (46.40g), maximum duration of flowering (19.13 days) and maximum vase life (8.67 days). Oct 1st planting crop with maximum spike length (91.84cm) and rachis length (41.99cm), maximum No. of florets/spike (15.20), maximum size of floret (9.26cm), maximum weight of spike (46.40g), maximum duration of flowering (19.13 days) and maximum vase life (8.67 days) was found to be good for Hyderabad conditions (Table No. 3.2.1b). Pusa Bihar

In staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus. 15th October planting (D4 V1 and D4 V2) produced best results in both the carieties with respect to plant height, spike length, diameter of second florets, number of florets/ spike, fresh weight of spike and number of spike/m2. Treatment D3V1, D3V2 and D5V1, D5V2 (1st October and 1st November planting) respectively were observed to be next two better treatments (Table No. 3.2.1c). Udaipur

Data presented in Table No. 3.2.1d, indicated that interaction effect 15th Oct. staggered planting date X Sancerre found better with highest plant height (109.7 cm), spike length (88.70 cm), floret diameter (9.97 cm), fresh weight of spike (88.70 g), vase life (8.4 days), number of spike per plant (2.7), number of floret per spike (17.1) followed by planting date 1st Oct X Sancerre with highest flowering duration (29.90 days) which is at par with each other, respectively.

The data in Table No. 3.2.1e, revealed that cultivar effect, cv. Sancerre showed significant influence for highest plant height, flowering duration (24.69days), spike length (74.67cm), floret diameter (8.77 cm), fresh weight of spike (76.89 g), vase life (6.78 days), spikes per plant (2.29), number of floret per spike (15.77), number of spike per m2, followed by cv. Pricella. Whereas, earlier days taken to spike emergence and flowering were recorded in cv. Angelia, (89.51, 99.43 days respectively) and lowest in cv. Punjab Dawn.

Data in Table No. 3.2.1f indicated statistically significant effect among various staggered planting dates in gladiolus. The 15th Oct. planting date 2014 represented highest plant height, flowering duration, spike length, floret diameter, fresh weight of spike, vase life, number of spike per plant, number of florets per spike and number of spike per m2 respectively, followed by 1st Oct planting date 2014. The 1st or 15th November and December 2014 planting dates not found suitable in Udaipur condition. Due to reduction in spike length, rachis length, floret/spike, floret diameter, vase life and corm/cormlet production as temperature increases after March resulted into corm rot.

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Wadura Data revealed that among four cultivars tested, cv. White Prosperity performed better

during March planting in respect of plant height, spike length, number of florets/spike, fresh weight of spike (g), vase life and number of spikes/ plant/ m2. June Planting and Red Beauty was found second best planting time and cultivar for above mentioned vegetative and floral characters of gladiolus. Solan: No report Hessarghatta

Letter sent to DFR, Pune for deletion of the following projects from IIHR Centre from Technical Programme of 2014 - 15 Project No. 3.2.2: Effect of planting density on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus Duration : Three years (2014 - 15 onwards) Centres : Solan, Wadura, Ludhiana, Hessaraghatta, Pusa Bihar and Katrain Technical programme

No of treatments : 3 No replications : 3 Design of experiment : RBD Plot Size : 1.2x1.2m Spacing : 15x15 cm, 15x20 cm, 20x20 cm, 30x20 cm Cultivar : White Prosperity or any commercial cultivar of the region

Observation recorded:

1. Plant height (cm) 2. No. of leaves per plant 3. Days taken to spike emergence 4. Flowering duration (days) 5. Spike length (cm) 6. Rachis length (cm) 7. Diameter of the spike (cm) 8. Diameter of second floret (cm) 9. No. of florets per spike 10. Fresh weight of spike (g) 11. Vase life ( days ) 12. Incidence of disease occurrence (%) 13. Incidence of insect-pest occurrence (%)

Observations recorded at corm lifting stage

1. No. of corms per plant 2. Diameter of corm (cm)

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3. No. of cormels per plant 4. Fresh weight of cormels per plant (g)

REPORT

CENTRES Ludhiana Plant growth and flowering: The results of Table No. 3.2.2a indicated that plant height was maximum at 20x20 cm spacing followed by 30x20 cm spacing. It was recorded to be at par at 15x15 cm and 15x20 cm spacing; however, the differences in plant height were non- significant under different plant spacings. Similarly, the leaf number varied from 8.67 to 9.33/plant presenting non- significant differences. The results of table indicated that flowering duration ranges between 13.50 to 14.00 days. The longest spikes were produced at 20x20 cm spacing followed by 83.18 cm at 30x20 cm spacing. Floral parameters: The diameter of second floret ranges from 8.46 to 8.58 cm under different plant spacing. The maximum number of florets (13.87/spike) was produced at 15x20 cm followed by 30x20 cm spacing. The variation in spike weight was found to be non-significant. The vase life was recorded to be 15 days under all the plant spacing except 15x15 cm, however statistically it was non-significant. The incidence of disease and insect pest under different plant spacing was recorded to be moderate. Corm and cormel yield: The maximum number of corms i.e. 2.25/corm was produced by 20x20 cm plant spacing and there were non-significant differences in corm diameter under all the planting densities. The observations recorded on number of cormels varied from 20.08 to 28.58/corm. Pusa Bihar

In planting density on growth, flowering and corn production in gladiolus. T4 (30 x 20 cm) was found superior among the treatment with respect of spike length, rachis length, number of florets/spike, weight of spike, vase life and number of spike / m2. Treatments T5 (30 cm x 30 cm) were observed to be next better treatments (Table No. 3.2.2b). Wadura

Gladiolus cultivars showed variability in vegetative, reproductive and corm and cormel characteristics under different plant spacings. Results showed that wider plant spacing of 20x20 cm produced maximum plant height, number of leaves/plant (8.9), less number of days for spike emergence (84.4), longer spikes (95.5 cm) and more florets/spike (17.5). Plant spacing of 20 x 20 cm produced maximum 1.59 corms/plant, corm diameter (4.8 cm) followed by 15x20 cm (3.6 cm). Maximum cormels/plant (20.5) was recorded in plant spacing of 20 x 20 cm which was followed by 15x20 cm (18.0) and 15x15 cm (12.1). Hessaraghatta

Letter has sent to DFR, Pune for deletion of the following projects from IIHR Centre from Technical Programme of 2014 – 15.

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Katrain This experiment was laid out during April, 2015 and is under evaluation. Report of

this experiment will be submitted during September or Oct., 2015. Solan: No report

Project No. 3.2.3: Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicide in gladiolus Duration : Three years (2014 - 15 onwards) Centres : Hessarghatta, Wadura, Ludhiana, Udaipur, Solan and Hyderabad, Technical programme No of treatments : 8

1. Atrazine pre-emergence 1.0 kg. a.i/ha followed by 1 hand-weeding 60 DAP 2. Pendimethalin pre-emergence @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha followed by 1 hand-weeding 60 DAP 3. Isoproturon post-emergence @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at 30 DAS followed by 1 hand-weeding

60 DAP 4. Isoproturon post-emergence @0.5 kg a.i. kg/ha + 2,4-D post-emergence @ 0.5 kg

a.i/ha followed by 1 hand-weeding 60 DAP 5. Oxyflurofin pre-emergence @ 0.25 kg a.i./ha followed by 1 hand-weeding 60 DAP 6. 3 hand-weeding at 30, 60 and 90 DAP 7. Weedy check 8. Weed free check

No. replications : 3 Design of experiment : RBD Plot Size : 1.2x1.2 m Spacing : 30x20cm Cultivar : White Prosperity Observation recorded

1. Weed floras encountered during the trial 2. Fresh weight of weeds at 25 days interval (g) 3. Dry weight of weeds at 25 days interval (g) 4. Days taken to spike emergence 5. Plant height (cm) 6. No. of leaves per plant 7. Flowering duration (days) 8. Spike length (cm) 9. Rachis length (cm) 10. Diameter of the spike (cm) 11. Diameter of second floret (cm) 12. No of florets per spike 13. Fresh weight of spike (g) 14. Vase life ( days )

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15. Incidence of disease or insect pest (%) Observations recorded at corm lifting stage

1. No of corms per plant 2. Diameter of corm (cm) 3. No. of cormels per plant 4. Fresh weight of cormels per plant (g)

REPORT

CENTRES Ludhiana

The results of Table No. 3.2.3a indicated that the maximum plant height (91.00 cm) was recorded under treatment of 3 hand weedings and it was statistically at par with Pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg a.i./ha. This value was also at par with hand weeded plot. The results also showed that plant height significantly reduced under unweeded plot and spray application of Atrazine at 1.0 kg a.i./ha and 1.5 kg a.i./ha presented minimum value for plant height. The leaves produced under different weedicide treatments presented non-significant differences. The values ranged from 7.90 to 9.00 per plant. The maximum leaves (9.00/plant) were produced under Oxyflurofin 0.25 kg a.i./ha hand weeded treatment. The number of tillers produced under different weedicide treatments also presented non-significant differences and the number ranged between 0.30 and 0.750 per plant The data recorded on flowering parameters in terms of days taken to flowering and duration of flowering did not differ significantly due to various weedicide applications. The time taken to flowering varied between 108.5 days to 110.5 days. The flowering duration ranged between 12.67 days to 15.00 days. The longest flowering duration of 15.00 days was recorded under hand weeded plot. It is evident from the results that the longest spikes were obtained from 3 hand weedings treatment. It was 76.85 cm under hand weeded plot and it was also at par with Atrazine @ 1.00 kg/ha. It is also clear that that rachis length was related with spike length. Therefore this parameter followed the same trend as in spike length. The rachis length ranged between 30.00 cm to 36.00 cm presenting non significant differences among different weedicide treatments. The results also indicated that maximum number of florets i.e., 12.33/spike were obtained with weedicide treatment of Atrazine @ 1.00 kg a.i./ha and Pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg a.i./ha which was at par with hand weeded treatment. The lowest number of florets (9.50/spike) was obtained under Isoproturon @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha. The maximum floret size (7.56 cm) was observed in hand weeded plot closely followed by Oxyfluorofin @ 0.25 kg a.i./ha (7.50 cm). The results also indicated that there were non-significant differences among various treatments and the average floret size varied between 6.50 cm to 7.56 cm. The corm multiplications rate ranged between 1.30 and 1.62. The range for the corm diameter was between 4.80 cm to 5.41 cm, however the differences were non-significant. Oxyfluorofin @ 0.25 kg a.i./ha was the effective weedicide presenting the minimum weed count (111.33.70/m2). The maximum weeds were recorded under unweeded plot and the value was (319.00 m2). Among different weedicide treatments, the minimum weed fresh matter was recorded with Pendimethalin @ 1.00 kg a.i./ha. It is also evident that Atrazin @ 1.00 kg a.i./ha resulted in the minimum weed dry matter (33.00 g m2). The maximum weed dry matter per unit area was recorded in unweeded plot i.e., 158.70 g/ m2.

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Hyderabad During 2014 – 15 different herbicides were tested to control weeds in gladiolus and

the results reveal that, the weed growth with regards to weed count at 25 days interval, No. of weeds (9.67), weed fresh (11.00) and dry weight (3.67) were minimum with the application of herbicide Pendimethalin @1 kg a.i/ha followed by hand weeding at 60DAP. Maximum No. of weeds were noticed in weedy plot. With regards to yield characters, Minimum No. of days taken for spike emergence (65.27 days), maximum No. of flowers/spike (15.13 No.) were recorded in T6 treatment weed free check. The effect of Isoproturon was not studied due to not availability of chemical (Table No. 3.2.3b).

Hessarghatta

Letter has sent to DFR, Pune for deletion of the following projects from Hessaraghatta Centre from Technical Programme of 2014 - 15 Wadura: No report Udaipur: No report

Solan: No report

3. CHRYSANTHEMUM Project No. 3.3.1: Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicide in Chrysanthemum Duration : Three years 2014 - 15 onwards Centres : Ludhiana, Solan, Pantnagar, Kalyani, Udaipur, Hyderabad, New Delhi and

Bengaluru Technical programme Treatments 8

1. Atrazine pre-transplanting pre-emergence @0.75 kg a.i./ha followed by 1 hand-weeding 30 & 60 DAP.

2. Pendimethalin pre-transplanting pre-emergence @1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by hand-weeding 30 & 60 DAP.

3. Oxyflurofen pre-transplanting pre-emergence @0.2 kg a.i./ha followed by hand-weeding 30 & 60 DAP.

4. Isoproturon post-emergence @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha 20 DAP followed by hand-weeding 60 DAP.

5. Biopyribac –Na post-emergence @ 25 g/ha 20 DAP followed by hand-weeding. 6. 3 hand-weedings 30, 60, 90 DAP. 7. Weedy check. 8. Weed free check.

Number of replication: 3 Plot size: 2x2m Spacing: 40x30cm Design of experiment: RBD

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Cultivar used: Cultivar for loose flower production Observations recorded:

1. Weed flora encountered during the trail 2. Weed count per m2 at 25 days intervals 3. Fresh weight of weed at 25 days intervals (g) 4. Dry weight of weed at 25 days intervals (g) 5. Plant height at first flower bud appearance stage (cm) 6. Number of branches per plant 7. Plant Spread (cm) 8. Days to color break 9. Days to full bloom stage 10. Number of flowers per plant 11. Flower diameter (cm) 12. Vase life (day)

REPORT

CENTRES Ludhiana

The effect of different pre and post- emergence herbicides on weed control, growth and floral characters in chrysanthemum cultivar Ratlam Selection was studied. The herbicides were applied as pre and post-plant application as per technical programme of work. The data were recorded on weed count, fresh weight and dry weight of weeds, vegetative and floral characters like plant height, plant spread, number of flowers per plant, days to bud appearance and days to full bloom. It was found that all the treatments differed significantly with each other with respect to various vegetative as well as floral characters (Table No. 3.3.1a). Treatment comprising, Pendimethalin pre-transplanting pre-emergence @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding 30 and 60 DAP was the effective treatment to control weeds with total weed count (87.83 /m2), low fresh weight (55.17 g) and dry weight (44.33 g) of the weeds 50 days after transplanting. Regarding vegetative and floral parameters, the maximum plant height (52.40 cm), number of branches (7.50), plant spread (35.40 cm), number of flowers/plant (71.93), flower diameter (9.47) and duration of flowering (24.77 cm) was observed in weed free check followed by treatment comprising, pendimethalin pre-transplanting pre-emergence @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding 30 and 60 DAP with plant height (47.53 cm), number of ranches (4.93), plant spread (32.40 cm), number of flowers/plant (63.90), flower diameter (8.33) and duration of flowering (20.87 cm). Among the different weedicides tried, treatment i.e., pendimethalin pre-transplanting pre-emergence @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha showed effective results for controlling weeds in chrysanthemum. The common weed flora are Cyperus rotendus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eleusine indica, Paspalum distichum and Phyllanthus niruri Pantnagar

An experiment was laid out in chrysanthemum cv. Garden Beauty. The experiment was replicated thrice and laid out in Randomized Block Design. The plants were planted at a

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spacing of 30 cm × 30 cm in a plot size of 1 m x 1 m. Number of plants were 9 in each plot (Table No. 3.3.1b). There is a significant effect of pre and post-emergence herbicides on all the observations except plant spread (N-S) and flower diameter. At 25, 50 and 75 DAT, the lowest number of weeds (13.40), (27.83) and (35.50) were recorded in the treatment oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha, while highest (78.63), (115.93) and (143.03) recorded in weedy check, respectively. At 25, 50 and 75 DAT, the lowest fresh weight of weeds (8.57 g), (17.81 g) and (22.78 g) was recorded in the treatment oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha, whereas, highest (50.32 g), (74.06 g) and (91.56 g) recorded in weedy check, respectively. At 25, 50 and 75 DAT, the lowest dry weight of weeds (2.83 g), (5.92 g) and (7.15 g) was recorded in the treatment oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha and highest (16.05 g), (24.65 g) and (30.20 g) recorded in weedy check, respectively. The maximum plant height (36.53 cm) was recorded in the treatment oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha, while minimum (26.26 cm) was recorded in weedy check. Number of branches were recorded maximum (8.40) in the treatment oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha, while minimum (4.80) recorded in weedy check. In N-S direction, maximum plant spread (34.26 cm) recorded in the treatment oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha, while minimum (27 cm) recorded in weedy check. The maximum plant spread (31.86 cm) was recorded in the treatment oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha and minimum (24.73 cm) recorded in the treatment weedy check in E-W. The minimum days (50.13) taken to colour break stage from transplanting were recorded in the treatment atrazin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha, while maximum (71.70) recorded in weedy check, which was significantly higher than all the treatment. Days taken to full bloom stage from transplanting were recorded minimum (75.86) in the treatment atrazin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha, while maximum (87.40) recorded in weedy check. Duration of flowering recorded from peak flowering up to the stage till plants remain presentable, was found maximum (31.55) in pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i/ha, while minimum (19.89) recorded in weedy check. The maximum number of flowers (26.67) were recorded in the treatment pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha, while minimum (12.13) recorded in weedy check. Weight of loose flowers per plant was obtained maximum (37.07 g) in treatment pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha and minimum (16.90 g) in weedy check. The maximum yield of loose flowers per hectare (26.67 q) was obtained in treatment pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha, while minimum (12 q) was obtained in weedy check. Diameter of flower was recorded maximum (8.65 cm) in the treatment pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha and minimum (6.92 cm) recorded in weedy check. The maximum vase life of flowers (16.89) was recorded in the treatment pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha and minimum (8.55) recorded in weedy check. The common weed flora recorded are Cyprus rotundus, Euphorbia hirta, Digitaria sanguinalis and Naphalium indicum Hyderabad

During 2014 - 15 different herbicides were tested to control weeds in chrysanthemum and the results revealed that, the weed growth with regards to weed count at 25 days interval, No. of weeds, weed fresh and dry weight was minimum with the application of herbicide Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 & 60 DAP. Maximum No. of weeds were noticed in weedy plot. With regards to yield characters, weed free treatments recorded more number of flowers/plant (54.73), plant height (50.44 cm) in Pendimethalin @

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1 kg a.i/ha + hand weeding at 30 & 60DAP sprayed plot. The effect of Isoproturon was not studied due to not availability of chemical (Table No. 3.3.1c) Udaipur

The experiment was layout during 2014 - 15 as per technical programme but 80 per cent plant population died due to post emergence herbicide application on chrysanthemum so that experiment was failed at Udaipur centre. Solan: No report Kalyani: No report New Delhi: No report Bengaluru: No report Project No. 3.3.2: Standardization of growth retardants for pot mum production. Duration : Three years 2014 - 15 onwards Centres : Ludhiana, Solan, Pantnagar, Kalyani, Udaipur, Hyderabad and Bengaluru Technical programme Treatments

1. Control 2. Paclobutrazol @ 30ppm 3. Paclobutrazol @ 60ppm 4. Paclobutrazol @ 90ppm 5. CCC @ 750ppm 6. CCC @ 1000ppm 7. CCC@ 1500ppm 8. Daminozide @ 500 ppm 9. Daminozide @ 750 ppm 10. Daminozide @ 1000 ppm 11. Ethephon @ 250ppm 12. Ethephon @ 500ppm 13. Ethephon @ 750ppm 14. Ethephon @ 1000ppm 15. Uniconazole @ 4 ppm 16. Uniconazole @ 8 ppm 17. Uniconazole @ 16 ppm

Cultivar : Royal Purple. Pot size : 6 inch plastic pot Number of replication : 3 Number of pots per replication: 5

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Statistical design of experiment : Factorial RDB Only one plant per pot was planted and the potting media consisted of Cocopeat+Perlite+Vermiculite (3:1:1 v/v) Observations recorded

1. Days to first bud appearance 2. Days to colour break 3. Days to full bloom stage 4. Flower diameter (cm) 5. Internodal length (cm) ( At fortnightly interval) 6. Diameter of the main stem at flowering (mm) 7. Plant spread N x S and E x W (cm) 8. Plant height at first flower bud appearance stage (cm) 9. Number of sprays per plant 10. Days to flower withering 11. No. of flowers/plant 12. Weight of flower (g) 13. Vase life (day) 14. Any toxicity symptom

REPORT

CENTRES Udaipur

The experiment did not layout due to unavailability of Uniconazole, Paclobutrazol, and CCC, and constraint with insufficient recurring contingency to purchase the chemical and media. To layout the experiment extra contingency (60,000 Rs.) required for purchase of the plastic pots, various growth retardant, vermiculite, perlite and cocopeat as a potting media during 2014 - 15 as per technical programme. Hyderabad: The experiment not conducted due to non-availability of chemicals and funds. Ludhiana: Report not according to the technical programme. Solan: No report Pantnagar: No report Kalyani: No report Bengaluru: No report

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4. CARNATION Project No. 3.4.1: Staggered planting of carnation for extending flower availability. Duration : Three years (2014 - 15 onwards) Centres : Hessarghatta, Pune and Solan Technical Programme: Cultivar : Recommended commercial cultivar(s) of the region Date of planting : 7 (Oct, Nov, Dec, Jan, Feb, March, April depending upon the region) No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : RBD (factorial) Observation to be recorded

1. Plant height (cm)- It was measured when first flower is fully opened 2. Number of days required for flower bud formation 3. Number of days required for first flowering-planting to appearance of first flower 4. Bud size (cm) 5. Flower diameter (cm) – At full blooming stage of flower 6. Number of flowers per plant 7. Total number of flowers per m2 (flower yield) per annum 8. Duration of flowering (day) 9. Stem sturdiness 10. Diameter of flower stem (cm) 11. Calyx splitting

High : 60% and above Medium : 30 – 50% Low : less than 30%

12. Number of flowers produced with stem length A Grade : 55 cm and above B Grade : 45 cm – 54 cm C Grade : 30 cm – 44 cm

13. Strength of cut flower – The strength was determined by holding the stem horizontally at a point 25 cm above the base and noting the deviation of the flower head below horizontal line.

A Grade : less than 150 B Grade : 150 – 300 C Grade : less than 300

REPORT

CENTRES Hessarghatta

Letter has sent to DFR, Pune for deletion of the following projects from Hessarghatta centre from Technical Programme of 2014 – 15.

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Pune The staggered planting of carnation cv. Gaudina. for extending flower availability will

be done in the month of October 2015. Solan: No report.

5. MARIGOLD Project No. 3.5.1: Effect of different herbicides on weed control in marigold Duration : Three years (2014 - 15 onwards) Centres : Ludhiana, Hyderabad, Kalyani, Pantnagar, Bengaluru, Pusa Bihar,

Periyakulum, Kahikuchi and New Delhi Technical Programme Number of treatments 8

1. Atrazine pre-transplanting pre-emergence @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha followed by 1 hand-weeding 30 & 60 DAP

2. Pendimethalin pre-transplanting pre-emergence @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by hand-weeding 30 & 60 DAP

3. Oxyflurofen pre-transplanting pre-emergence @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha followed by hand-weeding 30 & 60 DAP

4. Isoproturon post-emergence @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha 20 DAP followed by hand-weeding 60 DAP

5. Biopyribac –Na post-emergence @ 25 g/ha 20 DAP followed by hand-weeding 6. 3 hand-weedings 30, 60, 90 DAP 7. Weedy check 8. Weed free check

No. of replications : Three No. of plants per plot : 30 Plot size : 2m x 2cm Spacing (Row/plant) : 40cm x 40cm Cultivar : Pusa Narangi Gainda or any commercial cultivar of the region Observations recorded

1. Scientific names of the weed flora 2. Weed count/m2 area at 25 days interval non-destructive sampling 3. Fresh weight of weeds (g) at 25 days interval 4. Dry weight of weeds (g) at 25 days interval 5. Plant height at first flower bud appearance stage (cm) 6. Plant spread N x S and E x W (cm) 7. Number of side shoots/ plant 8. Days to first bud appearance 9. Days to full bloom stage 10. Days to flower withering 11. No. of flowers/plant

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12. Weight of flowers/plant (g) 13. Weight of flowers/plot/ha (kg)

REPORT

CENTRES Ludhiana

The trial was conducted as per the technical program of work. The results are tabulated in Table No. 3.5.1a. It was observed that Pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i./ha, 3 hand weeding, weed free check exhibited maximum plant height 26.22, 25.16, 24.92 respectively. While flowering was observed in 61.33 days in Pendimethalin@1.0kg a.i./ha which was at par with Atrazine @ 1.0kg a.i./ha (62.33), 3 hand weeding (63.33days), weed free check (63.33days). But the no of flowers per plant was recorded maximum (64.30) in case of Pendimethalin@1.0kg a.i./ha. It is concluded that for controlling weeds Pendimethalin @1.0kg a.i./ha and Atrazine @1.0kg a.i./ha found to be very effective in marigold during rabi season. Common weed flora found Chenopodium album, Coronopus didymus, Cyprus rotundus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eragrostis teneuella, Gnaphalium sp., Malva parviflora, Melilotus alba, Onethera spp., Poa annua, Rumex dentatus, Solanum nigrum, Spergula arvensis and Veronica sp. Hyderabad

The weed growth with regards to weed count at 25 days interval, weed fresh and dry weight was minimum with the application of herbicide Pendimethalin @1 kg a.i/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 & 60 DAP. Maximum No. of weeds were noticed in weedy plot. With regards to yield characters, weed free treatments recorded more number of flowers/plant (69.07) followed by Pendimethalin @1 kg a.i/ha + hand weeding at 30 & 60DAP (66.87) (Table No. 3.5.1b). Pantnagar

An experiment was laid out in marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda. The experiment was replicated thrice and laid out in Randomized Block Design. The seedlings were planted at a spacing of 40 cm × 40 cm in a plot size of 2 m x 2 m. Number of plants were 30 in each plot (Table No. 3.5.1c). There was no weed was found at 25 days after planting in all the treatments. At 50 days, weed count per m2 was found maximum (89.33) in weedy check. However, weed count per m2 reduced drastically with use of chemicals and Oxyfluorfen (0.2 kg a.i./ha + 2 hand weedings) showed significant reduction in weed count i.e. 15.00. Maximum fresh weight of weeds (73.00 g/m2) was found in weedy check and minimum (11.67 g/m2) in Oxyfluorfen (0.2 kg a.i./ha + 2 hand weedings). Regarding the dry weight, weedy check showed highest dry weight (24.39 g/m2) which was significantly higher than rest of the treatments. Oxyfluorfen (0.2 kg a.i./ha + 2 hand weedings) recorded minimum (2.20 g/m2) dry weight of weeds. Weed count at 75 days was maximum (99.00) in weedy check which was significantly higher than rest of the treatments and minimum (20.33) in Oxyfluorfen (0.2 kg a.i./ha + 2 hand weedings). The maximum fresh weight of weeds (86.92 g/m2) was recorded in weedy check while minimum (14.67 g/m2) in Oxyfluorfen (0.2 kg a.i./ha + 2 hand weedings). The dry weight of weeds was found maximum (28.00 g/m2) under

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weedy check. Oxyfluorfen (0.2 kg a.i./ha + 2 hand weedings) treated plots gave minimum (3.87 g/m2) dry weight of weeds as compared to other weedicides. The plant height was observed maximum (59.30 cm) in Oxyfluorfen (0.2 kg a.i./ha + 2 hand weedings) while minimum (56.40 cm) was recorded with weedy check. The plant spread was recorded maximum in the T3 in North – South (50.20 cm) in East –West direction (54.52 cm) and minimum in T7 (39.50 cm). The number of side shoots per plant were found maximum (11.40) in Oxyfluorfen (0.2 kg a.i./ha + 2 hand weedings) and minimum (8.14) in T7 (weedy check). The Oxyfluorfen (0.2 a.i./ha + 2 hand weedings) had highest number of flowers per plant (38.46). However, weedy check showed the poorest response as far as number of flowers per plant are concerned and produced only 20.93 flowers per plant. The weight of flower per plant, was recorded maximum (261.04 g) in Oxyfluorfen (0.2 a.i./ha + 2 hand weedings) treated plot whereas minimum (105.58 g) in weedy check. Pusa, Bihar

Application of weedicides significantly affected the vegetative growth and productivity of marigold flowers under North Bihar agro-climatic conditions. Pre-emergence application of pendimethaline @ 1.0 kg a.i. / ha (T2) followed by hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAP produced the best result and was comparable with the weed free check. Treatment T1 and T3 (Atrazine (Pre emergence) @ 0.75/kg ai/ha and Oxyflurofen (Pre emergence) @ 0.2 kg a.i./ha) respectively followed by hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAP were observed to be next two better treatments (Table No. 3.5.1d). Kahikuchi

Data presented in Table No. 3.5.1e revealed that there was a progressive increase in weed density up to 150 days after planting. Least weed population was recorded in T10 (Weed free Check) at all stages of crop growth. Significantly less weed population was counted in treatments T7 (laying of 25 micron black polythene mulch on soil before planting) and T3 (Oxyfluorfen pre-em @ 0.2 kg a.i. /ha + HW 30 & 60 DAP (Kroll 23 EC). The next best treatment was T2 (Pendimethalin (Dost 30 EC) pre-em @ 1.0 kg a.i. /ha + HW 30 & 60 DAP) and T8 (Three hand weeding at 30, 60 & 90 DAP). On the other hand, the weedicide treatments T5 (Pyrazo sulfuron ethyl (Saathi 10% WP) post-em @ 20 g a.i./ha 3 DAP + HW 60 DAP) and T6 (Butachlor (Machete 50 EC) pre-em @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha + HW 30 & 60 DAP) recorded significantly high weed density at all stages of crop growth compared to the other treatments. Least weed dry weight recorded in T10 (Weed free Check) at all stages of crop growth. At the early stages of crop growth viz., 25 DAP, the plots with weed control treatments, T7 (black polythene mulch), Atrazine@ 0.75kg + 2 hand weeding and T8 (Hand weeding) registered lower weed dry weight, while at 50 DAP, T3 (Oxyf 0.2 kg/ha + 2 HW along with T8 (3 hand weeding) recorded lowest weed dry weight. However, at 150 DAP, the lowest weed dry weight was recorded in T7 (Black Poly Mulch), Bispy-Na 25 g + 1HW treated plots (T4) and T8 (Hand weeding). During the later stages of crop growth, the same treatments recorded significantly lower fresh weight as well as biomass accumulation. There was a general increase in fresh weight & dry weight of weeds with time. Weedy control (T9) recorded maximum weed count, fresh and dry weights. Among all the treatments, application of T1 (Atrazine 0.75kg + 2HW), T3 (Oxyfluorfen 0.2 kg + 2 HW) and T7 (Black Poly Mulch)

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recorded the maximum vegetative growth among all the treatments. T7, T3 and T10 (weed free control) recorded maximum side shoots per plant. T1 (Atrazine 0.75 kg + 2HW) and T2 (Pendimethalin 1.0 kg + 2 HW) recorded the earliest flowering (within 40.33 and 40.37 days, respectively). Application of black mulch resulted in the maximum flowering duration (85.30 days), followed by T10 (Weed free Check) which recorded 80.43 days. Among the weed control treatments, the highest flower production was recorded in case of black polythene mulch, which was at par with weed free check (Table 3.5.1.5). There was non significant difference in flower production between plots covered with black polythene mulch and the two herbicide treatments T3 (Oxyfluorfen 0.2 kg + 2HW), T2 (Pendimethalin 1.0 kg + 2 HW), recording 663.68, 662.29 and 645.31 No. of flowers/plant. Treatments T10 and T2 were statistically at par in respect of weight of flowers/plant (between 2.87 and 2.82 kg/plant). New Delhi

It is revealed from the Table No. 3.5.1f New Delhi that the weed count was minimum (2.67) in weedy check (T8) followed by T2 & T3 (3.33 & 3.33, respectively). The maximum weed count (25.0) was recorded in T7 followed by T5 & T4 (18 & 14, respectively). The fresh and dry weights were observed minimum (24.67 & 7.08, respectively) in T3 followed by T8 which was non-significant. However, maximum fresh and dry weights were recorded in T7 (310.00 & 66.50, respectively). The plant height was maximum (62.66 cm) in T3 followed by T2 (61.00 cm) and minimum (50.33 cm) was recorded in T7. The first bud appearance was recorded earliest (55 days) in T3 followed by T2 (56.00 days). However, longest days (65.00 days) taken in T7. The earliest blooming (79.00 days) was recorded in T2 followed by T3 (80.00 days) which was non-significant. The longest days (89.00 days) taken in blooming was observed in T7. The maximum number of flowers per plant (50.00) was found in T2 followed by T3 (49.00) with non-significant difference. However, minimum number of flowers per plant (25.00) exhibited by T7. The data revealed that maximum flower yield per plot (16.42 kg) was recorded in T2 followed by T3 (16.28 kg) with non-significant difference and minimum flower yield per plot (5.39 kg) was observed in T7.

It is concluded from this investigation that herbicidal sprays affected significantly the growth, development and yield attributes of marigold. The T2 Pendimethalin pre planting pre emergence @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding 30 and 60 DAP, T3 Oxyflurofen pre planting pre emergence @ 0.2kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding 30 and 60 DAP showed better result in most of the parameters studied under investigation. Kalyani: No report. Bengaluru: No report Periyakulum: No report.

6. LILIUM Project No. 3.6.1: Standardization of propagation technology for hybrid lilies Duration: Three years (2014 - 15 onwards)

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Centres: Katrain, Solan and Wadura Programmed bulbs of each group of Lilium (Asiatic, Oriental and LA hybrids) were selected for propagation. Outer 5 – 6 scales from each bulb were excised along with basal plate and treated with a fungicide solution containing Mancozeb (0.2%) and Carbendazim (0.1%) for half an hour. The scales were given a quick dip application of rooting hormone prior to planting. The treated scales were planted in moistened growing medium with 1/3 portion of the scale above the medium and incubated at prevailing atmospheric conditions in propagation chamber. The media will be kept moist by spraying water with a spray pump. After bulblet formation observations were recorded. Technical programme: Number of cultivars: 3 (one cultivar from each group i.e. Asiatic, Oriental and LA hybrids) Number of media: 3 (Cocopeat, Perlite + Vermiculite, Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Rooting hormone: 3 (NAA 500 ppm, IBA 500 ppm and NAA 500 ppm + IBA 500 ppm No. of treatment combinations: 3 x 3 x 3 = 27 Design of experiment: RBD Factorial Observations to be recorded

1. Initial weight of scales(g)/ replication 2. Number of days taken to bulblet formation 3. Number of days taken to sprouting of bulblets 4. Percent response 5. Number of bulblets formed 6. Average weight of bulblets (g) 7. Circumference of bulblets (cm) 8. Propagation index (PI)= Weight of bulblets harvested x 100

Initial weight of scales

REPORT CENTRES Katrain

Data presented in Table No. 3.6.1.1. indicated that earliest sprouting of bulblets (111.4 days) was observed in cv. Courier which was found at par with cv. Pavia (112.3 days). Non-significant differences were found in all the propagation media with respect to days to sprouting of bulblets. Among different growth regulators treatment, earliest bulblets sprouting was found with NAA (500 ppm) (111.4 days) and IBA (500 ppm) (111.5 days) (Table No. 3.6.1.1). Interaction between growth regulator and cultivars reveals that in cultivar Pavia earliest bulblets sprouting (107.2 days) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm). The interactions between growth regulators x cultivars x propagation media indicated that in cultivar Pavia earliest bulblets sprouting (102.3 days) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm) when scales were planted in Perlite + Vermiculite media (Table No. 3.6.1.2). In general, average weight of bulbets was recorded maximum in cvs. Courier (6.9 g) and Pavia (6.8 g) (Table No. 3.6.1.3). Further, it is also clear from the table that maximum weight of bulblets (5.78 g) was found with cocopeat. Data pertaining to interaction between cultivar x propagation media revealed that in cultivar ‘Pavia’ maximum weight of bulblets

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(8.78 g) was recorded with cocopeat. Maximum average weight of bulblets (8.6 g) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm). Interaction between cultivars and propagation media indicated that in cultivar Courier maximum weight of bulblets (13.0 g) was observed with NAA (500 ppm). Data pertaining to interaction between growth regulators x cultivars x propagation media indicated that maximum weight of bulblets (9.9g) was recorded when scales were treated with NAA (500 ppm) and planted in perlite + vermiculite media, which was found to be at par with cocopeat (8.7 g) (Table 3.6.1.4). Interaction between cultivars x growth regulators x propagation media indicated that in cultivar Pavia maximum average weight of bulblets (15.9 g) was recorded with cocopeat when bulbs were treated with NAA (500 ppm) (Table No. 3.6.1.5). Data presented in Table No. 3.6.1.6 indicated that circumference of bulblets was more (2.8 cm) in cv. Courier. It is also clear from the table that maximum bulblet circumference (2.8 cm) was recorded in cocopeat media. It is also clear that NAA (500 ppm) produced largest sized bulblets (3.3 cm). An interaction between cultivars and growth regulators reveals that maximum bulblet circumference (3.6 cm) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm) in cv. Pavia. Interaction between propagation media and growth regulators presented in Table No. 3.6.1.7 showed that maximum circumference of 3.3 cm was recorded with NAA (500 ppm) when scales were planted in perlite + vermiculite and sand + FYM + soil propagation medium. The interactions between cultivars x growth regulators x propagation media showed that in cv. Pavia maximum bulblet circumference (3.8 cm) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm) when scales were planted in cocopeat (Table No. 3.6.1.8). It is evident from the Table No. 3.6.1.9 that propagation index was higher in cv. Pavia (59.9%) as compared to other cultivars. It is also clear from the table that maximum propagation index (46.6 %) was recorded in cocopeat. The interaction between cultivar x media revealed that maximum propagation index (78.4%) was recorded with cocopeat in Pavia. The maximum propagation index (64.2%) was observed with NAA (500 ppm). Interaction data revealed that in cv. Pavia maximum propagation index (104.1%) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm). The interactions among cultivars x growth regulators x media indicated that in cv. Pavia maximum propagation index (141.8%) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm) when scales were planted in cocopeat (Table 3.6.1.10). Perusal of data presented in table 3.6.1.11 showed that mean maximum per cent response (62.4%) of scale survival was recorded in cv. Pavia. Data also revealed that NAA (500 ppm) exhibited maximum (61.9%) percent survival response of scales. Interaction between cultivars x growth regulators presented in this table shows that maximum percent response (86.1%) was recorded in cv. Pavia with NAA (500 ppm). Non-significant results were obtained due to media on percent response of scale survival (Table 3.6.1.12). It is evident from the interaction effect of growth regulators and media that maximum per cent response (65.0%) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm) when scales were planted in perlite + vermiculite media. The interactions among cultivars x growth regulators x media revealed that in cv. Pavia maximum (95.0%) percent response was noticed with IBA (500 ppm) when scales were propagated in cocopeat media (Table 3.6.1.13). It is evident from the data presented in table 3.6.1.14 that bulblet formation was significantly higher in cv. Courier (12.1) as compared to other cultivars. The interaction between cultivars and propagation media reveals that maximum bulblet formation (15.3) was

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recorded in cv. Courier when scales were propagated in perlite +vermiculite media. Maximum bulblet formation was observed with NAA (500 ppm). The interactions between cultivar and growth regulators in this table showed that cv. Courier produced maximum bulblets (21.0) with NAA (500 ppm). The interaction between media x growth regulators shows that maximum bulblet formation (14.9) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm) when scales were propagated in perlite + vermiculite media (Table 3.6.1.15). Interaction between cultivar x growth regulators x media reveals that in cv. Courier maximum bulblet formation (21.0) was recorded with NAA (500 ppm) when scales were propagated in sand + soil+FYM, which was at par with cv. Pavia (19.0) with cocopeat (Table 3.6.1.16). Wadura

The results revealed that the overall best performance was recorded in medium Cocopeat supplemented with root hormone NAA 500 ppm for almost all the parameters, which was closely followed by Sand + Soil + FYM (1:1:1) and NAA 500 ppm. Among the cultivars tested, cv. Denia from Asiatic group recorded significantly better than other cultivars Solan: No report Project No. 3.6.2: Standardization of growing medium for Lilium Duration: Three years (2014 - 15 onwards) Centres: Katrain, Solan and Wadura Technical Programme: No of cultivars: Three (one cv. From each group) No of growing media: 7

1. Sand + Soil + FYM(1: 1: 1; v/v) 2. Sand + Soil + FYM(2: 1: 1; v/v) 3. Cocopeat + FYM (1: 1; v/v) 4. Cocopeat + Soil + FYM ( 1:1:1; v/v) 5. (Sand + Soil + FYM) + cocopeat(1: 1; v/v) 6. (Sand + Soil + FYM) + vermicompost (2: 1; v/v) 7. (Sand + Soil + FYM) + vermicompost + cocopeat (2: 1: 1; v/v)

Observations recorded: 1) Days taken to emergence of sprout 2) Plant height (cm) 3) Spike length (cm) 4) Number of days taken for the lower most bud to show colour 5) Number of days taken to flowering 6) Number of buds/spike 7) Bud length (cm) 8) Number of flowers per spike 9) Size of flowers (cm) 10) Duration of flowering (days) 11) No, size, weight of bulbs

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12) No, size, weight of bulblets 13) Disease incidence 14) Vase life in distilled water

REPORT

CENTRES Katrain

This experiment was conducted on non-vernalized bulbs of two lilium cvs. Cilesta (LA-hybrid) and Courier (Asiatic). Data presented in Table No. 3.6.2a indicated that non-significant effect was observed between cultivars with respect to days to 50% sprouting. Further, it is clear from the table that earliest sprouting (70.8 days) was observed when non-vernalized bulbs were planted in Cocopeat +FYM growing media. Like cumulative effect of growing media and cultivars, they showed similar effects on reducing the number of days taken to 50% sprouting in both the cultivars. Earliest sprouting in cv. Cilesta (63.0 days) was recorded with cocopeat +FYM. Data on plant height revealed that plant height was more of cv. Cilesta (113.1 cm) as compared to Courier (73.0 cm). It is clear from the table that maximum plant height (104.7 cm) was observed with cocopeat +soil+FYM (102.8 cm). Interaction between cultivars and growing media showed that maximum plant height (129.3 cm) in cv. Cilesta was recorded with cocopeat + FYM growing media. Data in table 3.6.2.2 showed that maximum spike length (98.7 cm) was found in cv. Cilesta as compared to Courier (52.9 cm). It is clear from the table that maximum spike length (91.7 cm) was recorded with cocopeat + FYM +soil growing media. Interaction between cultivars x growing media shows that cocopeat + FYM resulted maximum spike length (116.6 cm) in cv. Cilesta. Data on number of days taken to lower most bud to show colour revealed that cv. Cilesta (165.3 days) took less days to show bud colour. Further, this shows that earliest bud colour showing (167.2 days) was observed with cocopeat + FYM. The interaction effect of cultivar x growing media showed that minimum number of days taken to show the bud colour was observed in cv. Cilesta (147.0 days) when bulb were planted in cocopeat +FYM growing media. In general, cv. Cilesta (167.3 days) took less number of days to flowering as compared to Courier (172.4 days). Further, data also shows that earliest flowering (158.6 days) was recorded when bulbs were grown in cocopeat + FYM media. Data pertaining to interaction between cultivars x growing media reveals that cocopeat + FYM resulted in earliest flowering in both the cultivars. The effect of growing media was more pronounced in cv. Cilesta as compared to Courier. The cv. Cilesta produced more flowers per plant (5.3) than Courier (3.5). Among growing media, maximum flowers (4.9) were recorded with cocopeat + FYM media. Interaction cultivars x growing media shows that in cv. Cilesta (5.9) maximum number of flowers were recorded with cocopeat + FYM growing media. In general, flower buds of cv. Cilesta (11.3 cm) were longer than Courier (9.3 cm). Planting of bulbs in cocopeat + soil + FYM growing media gave maximum flower bud length (10.9 cm). The interaction between cultivar x growing media shows that in cv. Cilesta maximum flower bud length was recorded in cocopeat +soil +FYM growing media, which was found to be at par with (sand +soil +FYM) + vermicompost growing media.

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Wadura Growing medium consisting of (Sand + Soil + FYM) + cocopeat (1:1; v/v) was found to be the best module for lilium flower production. The data reveal that cv. London too minimum (90.00) days to sprouting, maximum plant height (65.00 cm) and number of flowers per spike (4.50) supplemented with the same medium. Flower size was measured with respect to length and diameter of flower and maximum length (12.00 cm) and diameter (17.00 cm) was recorded by cv. London supplemented with (Sand + Soil + FYM) + cocopeat (1:1; v/v). Cocopeat + Soil + FYM (1:1:1; v/v) was found second best growing medium for most of the studied characters. Solan: No report

7. ALSTROEMERIA Project No. 3.7.1: Standardization of growing medium for alstroemeria Duration: Three years (2014 - 15 onwards) Centres: Kalimpong, Solan and Wadura Technical Programme: Alstroemeria cultivars were planted at density of 4 rhizomes per meter square in each growing media. Name of cultivars: Recommended commercial cultivar of the region No. of growing media: 7

1. Sand + Soil + FYM(1: 1: 1; v/v) 2. Sand + Soil + FYM(2: 1: 1; v/v) 3. Cocopeat + FYM (1: 1; v/v) 4. Cocopeat + Soil + FYM ( 1:1:1; v/v) 5. (Sand + Soil + FYM) + cocopeat(1: 1; v/v) 6. (Sand + Soil + FYM) + vermicompost (2: 1; v/v) 7. (Sand + Soil + FYM) + vermicompost + cocopeat (2: 1: 1; v/v)

Observations recorded:

1) Plant height (cm) 2) Stem length (cm) 3) Number of flowering stems /plant 4) Number of days taken to flowering 5) Number of florets/stem 6) Number of inflorescence/plant 7) Size of floret (cm) 8) Duration of flowering (days) 9) No, size, weight of rhizome 10) Disease incidence 11) Vase life in distilled water

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REPORT CENTRES Kalimpong

The experiment was laid out in August 2014 to standardize the growing media for alstroemeria cv. Pluto. The data in the Table No. 3.7.1a reveal that treatment T7 {(Sand + soil + FYM) + vermicompost + cocopeat (2:1:1;v/v)} recorded maximum plant height (80.90 cm) while T2 {Sand + Soil + FYM (2:1:1; v/v)} produced the shortest plants (55.62 cm). Stem length was recorded maximum in T5 {(Sand + soil + FYM) + Cocopeat (1:1; v/v)} (78.30 cm) followed by T7 (74.83 cm). Treatment T7 (7.27) also proved to be superior in terms of number of florets per stem which was statistically at par with T5 (7.02) and flowering duration (25.29 days). The number of rhizome was recorded maximum (13.58) with T7 while maximum rhizome size (6.09 cm), weight of rhizome (14.05 g) recorded in T5. The vase life was extended significantly with treatment T5 (12.95 days) which was statistically at par with T7 (12.44 days). Shortest vase life was observed in T1 (7.44 days).

From the present study, it may be inferred that alstroemeria cv. Pluto performed best under T7 {(Sand + soil + FYM) + vermicompost + cocopeat (2:1:1;v/v)} with respect to vegetative and reproductive parameters (Table No. 3.7.1a). Wadura

Growing medium treatment T5 consisting of {(Sand + Soil + FYM) + cocopeat (1:1; v/v)} was found to be the best module for Alstroemeria flower production. It was found that the cv. Allahdin produced maximum plant height (88.40 cm), stem length (82.70 cm), number of florets per stem (21.58), size of florets and vase life (19.21 days) was obtained in growing medium treatment T7 {(Sand + Soil + FYM) + cocopeat (1:1; v/v)}. Increased duration of flowering, number, size and weight of rhizome were also recorded with the same media. Solan: No report

8. FOLIAGE PLANTS Project No. 3.8.1: Effect of colored shade nets on cut foliage plant (Asparagus plumosis and Nephrolepis) Duration: Three years (2014 - 15 onwards) Centres : Pune, Hessaraghatta, Kahikuchi, Vellanikkara, Ludhiana, Kalyani and Coimbatore Technical programme Treatments:

1. White coloured shade nets (50%) 2. Green coloured shade net (50%) 3. Red coloured shade net (50%) 4. Control (without shade net)

Replications : 3 (10pots in each replication) Design : RBD

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Observations recorded 1. Plant height (cm) 2. Plant spread(cm) 3. Leaf length (cm) 4. Leaf breadth (cm) 5. No. of leaves per plant 6. Leaf longevity days 7. Petiole girth 8. Vase life ( days) 9. Chlorophyll Content 10. Leaf production interval 11. Colour intensity (RHS colour chart)

REPORT

CENTRES Ludhiana

The trial was conducted as per the technical program of work. It was found that petiole girth, vase life, leaf production interval and chlorophyll spad values were not significantly affected by color of shade nets. However, plants were observed taller under shade nets of various photo selective nature as compared to control. Green and red color fabrics exhibited similar effect on plant height and spread (Table No. 3.8.1a). Pune

The facility of different coloured shade net poly houses is yet to be done, hence on erection of coloured shadenet the trial will be commensurate. Hessaraghatta

Letter has sent to DFR, Pune for deletion of the following projects from IIHR Centre from Technical Programme of 2014 – 15. Kahikuchi

The experiment could not be done due to unavailability of white and red coloured shade net in sufficient quantity. Vellanikkara

The experiment has been laid out and observations being recorded. We have included other cut foliages belonging to coloured, variegated and flowering groups along with Asparagus Kalyani: No report. Coimbatore The project will be initiated after the receipt of necessary funds towards erection of shade net house.

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Project No. 3.8.2: Efficacy of media incorporated with Pusa hydrogel on growth and production of quality foliage plants. Duration: Three years (2014 - 15 onwards) Centres: Coimbatore, Bengaluru, Ludhiana, Kahikuchi and Vellanikkara Technical programme Number of treatment:

1. Control 2. Pusa Hydrogel @ 10, 20, 30 and 40 g/5 kg potting media 3. Pusa Hydrogel @ 20 g/5 kg potting media 4. Pusa Hydrogel @ 30 g/5 kg potting media 5. Pusa Hydrogel @ 40 g/5 kg potting media

Name of foliage plant: Aglaonema Size of pot: 10 inch Number of replication: 4 Number of pots per replication: 10 Design of experiment: RBD The potting media consisted of Soil + FYM + Sand (1:1:1 v/v) Observations recorded:

1. Plant height (cm) 2. No. of leaves / plant 3. Leaf length (cm) 4. Leaf width (cm) 5. Leaf area (sq. cm) 6. No. of roots / plant 7. Plant spread (cm) 8. Leaf longevity (days) 9. Leaf production interval (days) 10. Petiole length (cm) 11. Petiole girth 12. pH of the medium 13. EC of the medium 14. Frequency of irrigation 15. Quantity of water applied

REPORT

CENTRES Coimbatore

According to data shown in Table No. 3.8.2a incorporation of 40 g/5 kg potting media is found to be effective in increasing the plant height (36.30 cm), stem girth (6.15 cm), no. of leaves (7.10), leaf length (27.10 cm), leaf width (5.88 cm), petiole girth (2.00 cm), root length (7.83 cm), no. of primary roots (21.00) and plant spread (21.22 cm) and also maintaining the moisture content (18%) after 5 days of watering.

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Bengaluru Letter has sent to DFR, Pune for deletion of the following projects from IIHR Centre

from Technical Programme of 2014 - 15 Ludhiana

Experiment was not conducted due to non-availability of Pusa Hydrogel. The problem was discussed in XXIV Group meeting of AICRP on Floriculture held at Sher-E-Kashmir Univ. of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Sringar on 17-19 April, 2015. The same experiment will be conducted in year 2015 – 16 as per technical programme and report will be submitted in next AICRP report (2015 – 16). Kahikuchi: The trial not carried out due to non-availability of Pusa hydrogel.

Vellanikkara: The trial not carried out due to non-availability of Pusa hydrogel.

9. ORCHIDS Project No. 3.9: Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Management in Orchids Project No. 3.9.1: Effect of organic manure on growth and development of orchids Duration : Three years Centres : Temperate Region: Kalimpong, Yercaud and Solan. Tropical Region: Vellanikkara, Coimbatore and Kahikuchi. Treatment details: T1- Control {common basal dose with FYM 1kg/pot + decomposed coir compost 100g/pot +

Bio-fertilizers (VAM + Azospirillum + PSB) 2g/pot each in 6 months interval + Trichoderma 20g/pot (applied by mixing with moist FYM dose and covered with a polythene sheet for a week and then apply in pots)}

T2- T1 + Poultry manure @ 100g/pot T3- T1 + Mustard oil cake @ 100g/pot T4- T1 + Fish meal @ 100g/pot T5- T1 + Neem cake @ 100g/pot T6- T1 + Vermicompost @ 500g/pot T7- T1 + Bone meal @ 200g/pot Number of treatments : 7 Number of plants/ replication : 6 Number of replications : 3 Design: CRD, Name of Cultivar: For Temperate region – hybrid of Cymbidrium and for Tropical region – hybrid of Dendrobium Observations to be recorded: A. Vegetative parameters

1. Plant height (cm) 2. Stem girth (cm)Leaf area (cm2) 3. No. of leaves per plant

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4. No. of pseudobulbs/stems per plant 5. Internodal length(cm) 6. Interval of leaf production (days)

B. Floral parameters 1. Flowering duration (day) 2. Days to flowering 3. No. of spikes/plant 4. No. of flowers per spike 5. Spike length (cm) 6. Flower size (L x B cm) 7. Pedicel length (cm)

C. Postharvest parameters 1. Time taken for wilting of the first floret (days) 2. Dry matter production (g) 3. Longevity of spike in the field 4. Vase life in tap water at room condition (days) 5. NPK estimation of the leaves at the final year of the experiment and leaves will be

collected after wilting of the last spike

REPORT CENTRES Temperate region Kalimpong

The experiment was laid out in CRD on Cymbidium hybrid ‘Laevis Duke Bella Vista. The experiment is in progress as the plants have not come to flowering and is still in vegetative stage. Yercaud: No report

Solan: No report Tropical region Vellanikkara

For our centre, the tropical orchid Dendrobium was assigned for the study. But this being an epiphylic orchid, the treatments allotted are not suitable. The matter has been represented with DFR and the experiment will be continued after necessary modification of the technical programme. Coimbatore: No report Kahikuchi.

Trial could not carried out due to inadequate contingency fund for procuring planting materials and other experimental requirement.

377

Project No. 3.9.2. : Standardization of organic supplements for growth and flowering of orchids Duration : Three years Centres : Temperate Region: Kalimpong, Yercaud and Solan. Tropical Region: Vellanikkara, Coimbatore and Kahikuchi. Treatment details:

T1 - Control with inorganic fertilizers as spray (NPK: 15:5:5-0.2 %)

T2 - FYM @ 1kg/pot T3 - Vermicompost @ 500g/pot T4 - T2 + T3 T5 - Azospirillum @ 2g/pot T6 - PSB @ 2g/pot T7 - VAM @ 2/pot T8 -T2 + T4 T9 -T3 + T4 T10 -T2 + T3 + T4

Number of treatments : 10 Number of plants/ replication : 6 Number of replications : 3 Design: CRD, Name of Cultivar: For Temperate region – Hybrid of Cymbidrium and for Tropical region – Hybrid of Dendrobium Note: NPK as ammonium nitrate, ortho-phosphoric acid and potassium nitrate respectively 15 days interval. On the other hand organic supplements will be applied 6 months interval. Observations to be recorded: A. Vegetative parameters

1. Plant height (cm) 2. Stem girth (cm) 3. Leaf area (cm2) 4. No. of leaves per plant 5. No. of pseudobulbs/stems per plant 6. Internodal length(cm) 7. Interval of leaf production (days)

B. Floral parameters 1. Flowering duration (day) 2. Days to flowering 3. No. of spikes/plant 4. No. of flowers per spike 5. Spike length (cm) 6. Flower size (L x B cm) 7. Pedicel length (cm)

C. Postharvest parameters

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1. Time taken for wilting of the first floret (days) 2. Dry matter production (g) 3. Longevity of spike in the field 4. Vase life in tap water at room condition (days) 5. NPK estimation of the leaves at the final year of the experiment and leaves will be

collected after wilting of the last spike

REPORT CENTRES Temperate Region Kalimpong

The experiment was laid out in CRD on Cymbidium hybrid ‘Margaret Thatcher’. The experiment is in progress as the plants have not come to flowering and are still in vegetative stage. Yercaud: No report Solan: No report Tropical Region Vellanikkara

For our centre, the tropical orchid Dendrobium was assigned for the study. But this being an epiphylic orchid, the treatments allotted are not suitable. The matter has been represented with DFR and the experiment will be continued after necessary modification of the technical programme. Coimbatore: No report Kahikuchi

Trial not carried out due to inadequate contingency fund for procuring planting materials and other experimental requirement. Project No. 3.9.3. : Studies of inorganic nutrients spray on growth and pre blooming period of orchids Duration : Three years Centres : Temperate Region: Kalimpong, Yercaud and Solan. Tropical Region: Vellanikkara, Coimbatore and Kahikuchi. Treatment details

T1- NPK:( 5:5:5-0.2 %)

T2- NPK:( 5:5:5-0.3 %) T3- NPK:( 10:5:5-0.2 %) T4- NPK:( 10:5:5-0.3 %)

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T5- NPK:( 10:10:10-0.2 %) T6- NPK:( 10:10:10-0.3 %) T7- NPK:( 10:15:10-0.2 %) T8- NPK:( 10:15:10-0.3 %) T9- NPK:( 15:10:10-0.2 %) T10- NPK:( 15:10:10-0.3 %) T11- NPK:( 20:5:5-0.2 %) T12- NPK:( 20:5:5-0.3 %) T13- NPK:( 20:10:10-0.2 %) T14- NPK:( 20:10:10-0.3 %) T15- NPK:( 10:20:10-0.2 %) T16- NPK:( 10:20:10-0.3 %)

Number of treatments : 16 Number of plants/ replication : 6 Number of replications : 2 Design of experiment : CRD Name of Cultivar: For Temperate region – Hybrid of Cymbidrium and for Tropical region – Hybrid of Dendrobium Note: NPK as ammonium nitrate, ortho phosphoric acid and potassium nitrate respectively 15 days interval spray. Observations recorded: A. Vegetative parameters

1. Plant height (cm) 2. Stem girth (cm) 3. Leaf area (cm2) 4. No. of leaves per plant 5. No. of pseudobulbs/stems per plant 6. Internodal length(cm) 7. Interval of leaf production (days)

B. Floral parameters 1. Flowering duration (day) 2. Days to flowering 3. No. of spikes/plant 4. No. of flowers per spike 5. Spike length (cm) 6. Flower size (L x B cm) 7. Pedicel length (cm)

C. Postharvest parameters 1. Time taken for wilting of the first floret (days) 2. Dry matter production (g) 3. Longevity of spike in the field 4. Vase life in tap water at room condition (days)

380

5. NPK estimation of the leaves at the final year of the experiment and leaves will be collected after wilting of the last spike

REPORT

CENTRES Temperate Region Kalimpong: The trial could not be undertaken due to insufficient planting material. Yercaud: No report Solan: No report Tropical Region Coimbatore

The investigation revealed that the foliar application of NPK 20:10:10 (0.3%) at weekly intervals improved the growth, development and flower yield of Dendrobium orchid hybrid Emma White. Hence weekly application of 0.3% of NPK 20:10:10 is recommended for better yield of Dendrobium orchid Emma White (Table No. 3.9.3a). Vellanikkara

This experiment was conducted previously and conclusion report was already presented. We have standardized nutrient solutions prepared from ammonium nitrate, ortho phosphoric acid and potassium nitrate for both pre-blooming and flowering stages of Dendrobium orchid which is being widely used by orchid growers of the state. Kahikuchi.

Trial not carried out due to inadequate contingency fund for procuring planting materials and other experimental requirement. Project No. 3.9.4. : Effect of micro nutrients on growth, development and flowering of orchids Duration : Three years Centres :

Temperate Region: Kalimpong, Yercaud and Solan. Tropical Region: Vellanikkara, Coimbatore and Kahikuchi.

Treatment details Number of treatments : 13

T1- Control (Distrile water spray without micronutrients )

T2- Cu @ 200 ppm T3- Cu @ 400 ppm T4- Fe @ 300 ppm T5- Fe @ 600 ppm

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T6- Zn @ 300 ppm T7- Zn @ 600 ppm T8- Mn @ 200 ppm T9- Mn @ 400 ppm T10- Bo @ 100 ppm T11- Bo @ 200 ppm T12- Mo @ 100 ppm T13- Mo @ 200 ppm

Number of plants/ replication : 6 Number of replications : 3 Design of experiment : CRD, Name of cultivar: For Temperate region – Hybrid of Cymbidrium and for Tropical region – Hybrid of Dendrobium Note: The treatments were applied as foliar spray at 15 days interval. 1000 ppm of the required micronutrient solution was prepared by dissolving the following quantities of chemicals in one litre of water.

1. Cu-Copper sulphate: 3.93 g 2. Fe-Ferrous ammonium sulphate: 7.02 g 3. Zn-Zinc sulphate: 3.42 g 4. Mn-Manganese sulphate: 1.58 g 5. Bo-Boric acid: 5.72 g 6. Mo-Molybdic acid: 1.88g

Observations recorded: A. Vegetative parameters

1. Plant height (cm) 2. Stem girth (cm) 3. Leaf area (cm2) 4. No. of leaves per plant 5. No. of pseudobulbs/stems per plant 6. Internodal length(cm) 7. Interval of leaf production (day)

B. Floral parameters 1. Flowering duration (day) 2. Days to flowering 3. No. of spikes/plant 4. No. of flowers per spike 5. Spike length (cm) 6. Flower size (L x B cm) 7. Pedicel length (cm)

C. Post harvest parameters 1. Time taken for wilting of the first floret (day) 2. Dry matter production (g) 3. Longevity of spike in the field 4. Vase life in tap water at room condition (day)

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REPORT CENTRES Temperate Region Kalimpong: The trial could not be undertaken due to insufficient planting material. Yercaud: No report Solan: No report Tropical Region Coimbatore

Among the treatments, T5 which consists of application of the recommended dose of fertilizers (NPK 20 : 10 : 10 @ 0.2%) + 600 ppm Fe was found superior in respect of all the vegetative parameters viz., plant height (39.31 cm), number of leaves / plant (7.51), number of pseudobulbs / plant (7.12) and number of roots / plant (23.41) as well as flowering parameters viz., number of spikes / plant (6.73), number of florets / spike (9.21), spike length (35.24 cm), flower pedicel length (4.91 cm) and vase life (16.72 days) (Table No. 3.9.4a).

Vellanikkara

This experiment was conducted previously and conclusion report was already presented. Kahikuchi

Trial could not carried out due to inadequate contingency fund for procuring planting materials and other experimental requirement.

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1. ROSE Table No. 3.1.1a: Evaluation of pre and post-emergence herbicides in rose (Open) (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Weed count/

m2

Fresh wt. (g)

Dry wt. (g)

Plant height (cm)

No. of branches/

plant

Day to flowering

Flowering duration

(day)

No. of flowers

per plant

Flower dia. (cm)

Length of flower

bud (cm)

Vase life

(day) T1 6.67 34.30 4.00 79.70 3.33 50.00 21.33 11.33 6.27 3.43 5.33 T2 4.67 26.60 2.73 77.00 3.00 49.67 22.00 10.67 6.50 3.27 5.67 T3 5.67 34.10 3.80 78.73 2.67 50.33 21.67 10.33 6.07 3.47 5.00 T4 6.00 30.67 3.40 77.27 3.67 50.00 22.00 9.67 6.60 3.43 5.33 T5 6.67 35.00 3.83 80.27 3.00 50.67 22.33 11.00 6.40 3.17 6.00 T6 41.00 467.43 94.50 77.13 3.67 49.33 23.00 10.67 6.63 3.60 5.67 T7 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.80 2.67 48.67 22.67 11.33 6.37 3.50 6.33

CD (P=0.05) 0.57 1.60 0.56 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS N.S.= Nonsignificant Table No. 3.1.1b: Evaluation of pre and post-emergence herbicides in rose (Open) (Ludhiana 2014 – 15)

Treatment Weed count Fresh weight (g) Dry weight (g)

Day Day Day 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100

T1 8.67 6.00 6.00 4.23 0.73 0.63 0.77 0.20 0.17 0.26 0.17 0.03 T2 10.67 14.67 7.67 3.00 14.5 1.1 0.87 0.25 5.1 0.37 0.1 0.04 T3 30.67 27.33 15.33 10.23 19.83 5.23 1.67 1.02 6.10 2.23 0.5 0.24 T4 19.33 17.67 4.33 2.33 13.56 1.57 1.77 0.42 5.3 0.47 0.4 0.02 T5 17.00 9.33 12.00 4.36 9.03 2.40 2.73 2.03 2.97 0.83 0.73 0.58 T6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T7 63.33 60.00 33.33 23.33 26.50 57.23 49.43 11.25 7.90 17.8 16.23 5.23

CD (P=0.05) 27.79 21.38 9.83 12.23 12.37 16.40 7.29 2.56 4.36 3.79 1.96 0.12 Table No. 3.1.1b: Evaluation of pre and post-emergence herbicides in rose (Open) (Ludhiana 2014 – 15) contd…………

Treatment Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches/

bush

Day to flowering

Duration of flowering

(day)

No. of flowers/

Plant

Flower dia. (cm)

Bud length (cm)

T1 56.67 19.80 3.50 65.00 51.00 6.68 5.44 1.91 T2 67.38 20.83 3.80 64.67 48.33 8.93 5.37 1.67 T3 59.61 19.22 2.96 67.00 50.33 4.33 4.89 158 T4 49.11 20.42 4.94 65.00 43.00 5.72 5.05 1.80

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T5 58.52 21.05 3.78 65.00 47.00 3.83 4.83 1.88 T6 68.03 22.19 4.41 65.00 48.00 8.33 4.80 1.81 T7 29.46 11.52 1.88 69.67 37.33 1.33 4.33 1.51

CD (P=0.05) 1.21 6.05 NS NS 4.72 2.14 0.49 0.23 Table No. 3.1.1c: Evaluation of pre and post-emergence herbicides in rose (Open) (Ranchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatment

Weed count per m2

Fresh wt. of weed (g)

Dry wt. of weed

(g)

Plant height (cm)

No. of branches per plant

Day to flowering

Flowering duration

(day)

No. of flowers

per plant

Flower diam. (cm)

Length of flower bud (cm)

Vase life (day) Weed flora

T1 51.65 43.25 23.30 78.10 10.75 72.54 15.00 34.60 12.22 4.00 6.66 Cyperus rotendus Cynodon

doctyledon Daucus carota

Oxalis corniculata

T2 42.20 35.00 15.23 80.25 14.15 72.20 17.00 35.60 14.10 5.60 8.20 T3 99.00 86.80 50.75 61.20 9.80 71.10 13.10 28.10 12.00 3.98 6.60 T4 70.13 66.00 40.75 69.00 9.50 69.70 14.70 30.00 13.15 4.90 7.80 T5 87.30 78.60 46.30 68.00 9.80 70.00 14.00 26.00 12.50 4.10 7.00 T6 160.00 104.00 52.00 70.00 9.90 70.00 10.80 17.10 10.00 3.00 6.10 T7 51.43 44.70 25.50 67.20 8.70 80.70 14.20 25.00 13.50 4.20 7.32

CD (P=0.05) 9.80 8.50 10.10 2.30 0.78 2.15 2.55 3.00 1.35 0.78 0.89 Table No. 3.1.1d: Evaluation of pre and post-emergence herbicides in rose (Open) (New Delhi center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Weed count per m2

Fresh weight per m2

(g)

Dry weight per m2

(g)

Plant height (cm)

No. of branches per plant

Day to flowering

Flowering duration

(day)

No. of flowers

per plant

Flower diam. (cm)

Length of flower bud

(cm)

Vase life

(day)

T1 Atrazine 1.0 kg a.i/ha + ethoxysulfuron 20g a.i/ha 18.00 22.00 8.50 89.00 4.33 45.67 109.00 49.67 7.87 66.67 6.33

T2 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i/ha + ethoxysulfuron 20g a.i/ha 77.67 562.33 145.43 81.00 4.33 47.33 112.67 46.33 8.30 67.33 6.00

T3 Imazethapyr 100 g a.i. /ha 18.67 88.67 35.41 89.33 5.00 42.33 114.67 44.67 7.87 63.67 6.00 T4 Oxyflourfen 0.25kg a.i/ha 138.67 787.00 218.24 81.00 4.33 44.00 107.33 41.67 7.53 63.33 6.00 T5 Weedy Check 268.33 1774.00 409.92 89.67 3.67 46.33 110.33 39.67 7.57 65.00 6.00 T6 Weed free check 116.33 498.33 122.01 79.33 4.33 45.33 96.33 45.00 8.03 62.67 5.67 CD (P=0.05) 54.53 907.49 187.28 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

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Table No. 3.1.2a: Effect of pot media on growth and flowering of pot grown miniature rose cv Centre Piece (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Bulk

density g/cm3

EC mS/cm pH Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches/

plant

Day to flower

Duration of flowering

(day)

Bud length (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant T1 0.82 8.89 7.90 17.50 25.00 7.67 50.89 1.20 3.68 30.62 T2 0.13 2.41 7.65 17.25 22.17 8.4 52.64 92.75 1.43 4.25 45.83 T3 0.29 4.43 6.95 21.00 24.33 10.75 45.68 95.67 1,23 3.98 42.72 T4 0.18 5.11 7.00 18.50 26.38 10.25 47.58 85.38 167 3.54 48.52 T5 0.36 4.58 6.31 20.8 24.67 5.00 47.43 89.78 1.22 4.93 49.61 T6 0.27 3.12 6.36 21.67 21.00 5.33 45.89 100.64 1.36 3.97 35.71 T7 0.37 4.11 7.78 19.00 18.75 5.33 49.67 96.39 1.02 3.13 32.76

CD (P=0.05) 0.003 0.010 NS 5.11 2.12 NS 1.03 0.02 NS 0.10 0.31 Table No. 3.1.2b: Effect of pot media on growth and flowering of pot grown floribanda rose cv. Ice Berg (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Bulk

density g/cm3

EC mS/cm pH Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches/

plant

Day to flower

Duration of flowering

(day)

Bud length (cm)

Flower diam. (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant T1 0.82 8.89 7.90 17.33 16.50 5.0 51.83 85.87 0.80 3.27 13.00 T2 0.13 2.41 7.65 35.00 14.67 5.33 48.56 80.65 1.57 3.34 21.00 T3 0.29 4.43 6.95 28.00 17.75 4.0 45.19 81.76 1.49 4.01 12.33 T4 0.18 5.11 7.00 24.5 17.25 3.0 49.73 78.45 1.69 4.26 16.67 T5 0.36 4.58 6.31 24.0 18.25 4.0 50.25 80.87 1.55 5.01 19.67 T6 0.27 3.12 6.36 27.5 19.75 6.0 46.33 79.53 1.34 3.55 20.33 T7 0.37 4.11 7.78 30.00 15.00 4.0 48.74 84.19 1.76 3.52 16.67

CD (P=0.05) 0.03 0.01 NS 2.19 0.11 0.01 NS 1.09 NS 0.06 NS Table No. 3.1.2c: Effect of pot media on growth and flowering of pot grown polyantha rose cv. Majorie Fair (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Bulk

density g/cm3

EC mS/cm pH Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

Branches per

plant

Day to flower

Duration of flowering

Bud length (cm)

Flower size (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant T1 0.82 8.89 7.90 21.25 20.83 8.00 50.67 102.64 1.02 2.68 10.67 T2 0.13 2.41 7.65 27.00 26.33 8.00 45.35 95.74 1.18 2.65 12.00 T3 0.29 4.43 6.95 21.60 25.67 9.80 50.65 93.86 1.02 2.21 11.67 T4 0.18 5.11 7.00 28.00 36.25 10.50 47.29 98.92 0.87 2.00 10.66 T5 0.36 4.58 6.31 30.40 41.67 15.00 45.84 94.25 1.03 2.43 11.33 T6 0.27 3.12 6.36 29.25 31.24 13.25 49.50 84.75 1.16 2.63 10.67 T7 0.37 4.11 7.78 26.25 28.13 15.67 51.90 104.78 1.04 3.59 10.33

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CD (5%) 0.003 0.010 NS 3.12 4.17 NS 0.02 NS NS 0.051 NS Table No. 3.1.2d: Effect of pot media on growth and flowering of pot grown different classes of roses (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15)

Treatment pH Bulk density

EC mmhos

/cm2

Plant height (cm) No. of branches/plant Plant spread (N x S) (cm)

Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo T1 8.00 0.29 1.43 14.25 14.50 17.50 2.00 1.75 4.00 11.00 12.25 12.29 T2 7.38 1.80 0.42 15.75 17.00 19.75 2.25 2.75 4.75 15.25 13.25 15.50 T3 6.72 2.00 0.52 15.25 18.50 19.00 2.50 2.25 4.75 14.00 12.50 18.50 T4 5.62 0.67 0.41 21.25 24.00 22.50 4.00 4.50 5.75 16.75 22.50 22.75 T5 5.45 0.66 0.45 19.75 22.50 21.75 3.75 4.00 5.50 16.50 21.75 22.00 T6 6.17 0.01 0.22 18.25 21.75 20.75 3.50 4.00 5.50 17.75 24.00 24.75 T7 6.98 0.008 0.30 18.00 21.50 20.50 3.75 4.00 5.25 17.50 23.00 23.75

CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS 2.45 2.75 2.50 0.55 0.65 0.68 1.80 2.75 2.80 Table No. 3.1.2d: Effect of pot media on growth and flowering of pot grown different classes of roses (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15) cont…

Treatment Plant spread (E x W) (cm) Day to flowering Duration of flowering (day) Avg. no. of flowers / plant at fortnightly interval

Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo T1 9.37 12.00 13.50 49.00 54.00 51.00 150 150 150 2.0 3.0 4.0 T2 13.12 13.75 21.17 48.00 53.00 50.00 151 151 151 2.4 3.4 4.4 T3 12.00 12.75 18.27 48.00 53.00 50.00 151 151 151 2.4 3.4 4.4 T4 13.75 19.00 23.00 46.00 51.00 49.00 152 152 152 3.2 5.2 8.2 T5 13.20 18.75 22.00 46.00 51.00 49.00 152 152 152 3.0 5.0 8.0 T6 14.00 20.50 24.87 47.00 52.00 49.00 154 154 154 3.4 5.4 8.4 T7 13.25 19.25 23.25 47.00 52.00 49.00 153 153 153 3.5 5.6 8.6

CD (P=0.05) 1.50 1.85 2.85 NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.60 0.70 0.90 Table No. 3.1.2d: Effect of pot media on growth and flowering of pot grown different classes of roses (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15) cont.…

Treatment Flower diam. (cm) Bud length(cm) No of flowers/plant Flower longevity in field (day) Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo Cri -Cri Iceberg Echo

T1 4.0 6.0 5.0 0.6 0.9 0.8 11.00 16.00 50.00 8 10 12 T2 4.2 6.3 5.2 0.8 1.0 1.0 15.00 26.00 84.00 9 11 13 T3 4.1 6.2 5.1 0.7 1.1 0.9 12.00 24.00 69.00 9 11 13 T4 4.5 7.1 5.5 1.0 1.5 1.2 23.00 40.00 181.00 9 11 13 T5 4.4 6.9 5.3 1.0 1.5 1.1 22.00 38.00 174.00 9 11 13

387

T6 4.3 6.8 5.2 0.9 1.2 1.0 21.00 37.00 160.00 9 11 13 T7 4.2 6.5 5.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 20.00 36.00 149.00 9 11 13

CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 2.50 3.00 13.50 NS NS NS Table No. 3.1.2e: Standardization of potting media composition for different classes of roses (Ranchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatment PH Bulk

density g/cm2

EC dsm-1

Plant height (cm)

Plant spread

N-S (cm)

Plant spread E-W (cm)

No. of branches

/plant

No. of flowers/ plant at

fortnightly intervals

Flower diam. (cm)

Day to flowering

(day)

Duration of

flowering (day)

Flower longevity in field plant

Flower bud

length (cm)

T1 5.6 0.214 0.418 29.74 32.23 45.15 6.08 2.40 2.44 51.47 143.20 9.00 1.51 T2 6.3 0.213 0.440 30.32 34.22 47.10 5.90 2.69 2.55 42.85 150.75 13.90 1.03 T3 6.1 0.214 0.525 33.67 35.45 48.08 7.45 2.50 3.17 42.50 149.86 13.10 1.57 T4 6.0 0.229 0.425 36.58 41.02 51.98 8.51 3.84 3.31 50.33 153.00 16.20 1.80 T5 6.1 0.212 0.527 30.13 40.31 50.44 8.40 3.68 2.33 49.36 150.40 15.00 1.43 T6 6.1 0.214 0.497 35.34 40.66 51.40 8.45 3.70 3.34 42.00 152.00 17.30 1.85 T7 7.0 0.082 0.530 33.67 39.45 50.08 7.45 3.45 3.32 42.40 151.00 16.17 1.75

CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS 1.46 1.54 1.04 0.96 0.30 0.46 1.44 NS 1.12 0.27 Table No. 3.1.2f: Effect of potting media composition on miniature rose cv. Cri Cri. (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Treatment pH EC Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm) No. of branches/

plant

Day to flowering

Duration of

flowering

No. of flowers/

plant

Flower diam. (cm)

Bud length (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant N X S E X W T1 6.83 0.77 32.98 20.85 17.53 3.08 39.75 7.25 1.69 3.48 2.03 20.25 T2 6.94 0.62 19.80 15.85 13.75 2.42 41.00 7.50 1.48 3.58 1.98 17.75 T3 6.14 0.92 18.38 14.18 13.25 3.17 40.25 7.75 1.52 3.41 2.08 18.25 T4 7.36 0.71 39.45 23.78 22.73 3.67 38.75 7.25 1.77 3.59 2.25 21.25 T5 7.10 0.55 42.23 25.85 25.40 3.92 39.50 7.50 1.81 3.51 2.13 21.75 T6 7.20 0.73 36.13 21.08 20.95 3.25 39.25 7.75 1.79 3.52 2.18 21.50 T7 7.64 0.68 31.80 14.51 16.63 3.33 39.75 7.25 1.71 3.66 2.13 20.50

CD (P=0.05) NS NS 3.85 2.88 2.87 0.74 NS NS NS NS NS NS

388

Table No. 3.1.2g: Effect of potting media composition on floribunda rose cv. Ice Berg. (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Treatment pH EC Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches

/ plant

Day to flowering

Duration of

flowering (day)

No. of flowers

per plant

Flower diam. (cm)

Bud length (cm)

No. of flowers/ plant N X S E X W

T1 6.83 0.77 47.90 20.80 20.45 3.75 40.50 13.25 1.33 4.54 2.33 16.00 T2 6.94 0.62 36.48 16.70 16.28 3.42 40.75 13.50 0.98 4.63 2.10 11.75 T3 6.14 0.92 34.45 15.95 15.38 3.50 40.25 13.25 0.98 4.56 2.30 11.75 T4 7.36 0.71 54.80 27.53 23.63 5.50 38.50 13.00 1.27 4.49 2.33 15.25 T5 7.10 0.55 59.18 41.70 36.25 6.25 40.25 14.50 1.46 4.65 2.35 17.50 T6 7.20 0.73 51.83 23.35 20.98 4.33 39.25 14.25 1.31 4.46 2.25 15.75 T7 7.64 0.68 45.38 19.65 17.85 3.42 39.50 13.50 1.31 4.49 2.35 15.75

CD (P=0.05) 3.90 2.95 2.52 0.68 NS NS 0.25 NS NS 3.05 Table No. 3.1.2h: Effect of potting media composition on polyantha rose cv. Echo. (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Treatment pH EC Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches/

plant

Day to flowering

Duration of flowering

(day)

No. of flowers/

plant

Flower diam. (cm)

Bud length (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant N X S E X W T1 6.83 0.77 40.95 22.88 21.53 3.50 39.50 14.75 1.73 2.46 1.83 20.75 T2 6.94 0.62 26.58 18.70 15.80 3.08 39.75 15.25 1.46 2.61 1.75 17.50 T3 6.14 0.92 24.40 17.20 14.78 3.17 39.25 15.50 1.44 2.53 1.83 17.25 T4 7.36 0.71 50.98 30.63 26.63 5.17 37.75 14.25 1.77 2.60 1.80 21.25 T5 7.10 0.55 54.13 45.85 39.25 6.17 39.25 15.00 2.02 2.67 1.85 24.25 T6 7.20 0.73 46.05 26.48 22.98 4.25 38.75 15.75 1.77 2.53 1.78 21.25 T7 7.64 0.68 39.40 21.50 18.68 3.33 39.25 14.50 1.73 2.58 1.80 20.75

CD (P=0.05) NS NS 3.83 2.86 2.55 0.57 NS NS 0.25 NS NS 3.03

2. GLADIOLUS Table No. 3.2.1a Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Date of planting Plant height (cm) Spike emergence (day) Time taken for flowering (day)

Novalux Priscilla White Prosperity Mean Novalux Priscilla White

Prosperity Mean Novalux Priscilla White Prosperity Mean

15th October 92.99 88.67 101.23 94.30 92.20 68.56 63.93 74.90 113.93 101.99 101.39 105.77 1st November 91.23 85.46 100.89 92.53 96.40 69.00 64.93 76.78 115.60 97.00 94.93 102.51

389

15th November 83.56 74.78 90.56 82.97 93.43 61.30 70.40 75.04 109.29 81.70 95.62 95.54 1st December 78.67 71.34 86.47 78.83 101.56 60.00 68.00 76.52 111.92 76.89 87.24 92.02 15th December 77.98 70.99 84.78 77.92 93.91 63.50 68.00 75.14 105.38 79.03 83.43 89.28 Mean 84.88 78.24 92.78 95.50 64.47 67.05 111.22 87.32 92.52 CD (P=0.05)

Genotype 4.42 3.27 3.49 Environment 2.85 2.11 3.56

G x E interaction 9.89 7.32 6.45 Table No. 3.2.1a Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) cont.….

Date of planting Spike length (cm) No. of florets per spike Flowering duration (day)

Novalux Priscilla White Prosperity Mean Novalux Priscilla White

Prosperity Mean Novalux Priscilla White Prosperity Mean

15th October 75.64 74.99 83.45 78.03 8.00 12.45 11.51 10.65 7.26 12.30 9.40 9.65 1st November 75.02 73.23 82.88 77.04 11.26 13.26 11.96 12.16 8.80 12.90 11.10 10.93 15th November 66.56 63.44 72.98 67.66 12.06 14.33 14.63 13.67 9.26 13.36 12.30 11.64 1st December 63.98 60.49 68.78 64.42 7.07 11.20 12.23 10.17 5.05 11.70 10.98 9.24 15th December 62.35 59.34 67.66 63.12 8.22 11.88 11.90 10.67 5.26 10.20 10.42 8.63 Mean 68.71 66.30 75.15 9.32 12.62 12.44 7.13 12.09 10.84 CD (P=0.05)

Genotype 4.49 0.88 0.91 Environment 2.90 0.57 0.59

G x E interaction 10.05 1.97 2.04 Table No. 3.2.1a Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) cont.….

Date of planting Weight of spike (g) Vase life (day)

Novalux Priscilla White Prosperity Mean Novalux Priscilla White

Prosperity Mean

15th October 26.89 60.25 61.06 49.40 10.86 10.41 6.36 9.21 1st November 29.31 55.42 63.34 49.36 10.77 13.40 9.28 11.15 15th November 30.92 58.20 61.49 50.20 8.16 15.33 14.33 12.61 1st December 21.49 45.92 52.44 39.95 9.66 16.10 14.90 13.55 15th December 19.03 43.22 48.45 36.90 7.24 16.48 14.66 12.79 CD (P=0.05)

Genotype 6.74 0.75 Environment 4.35 0.48

G x E interaction 15.08 1.67

390

Table No. 3.2.1b: Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Date of planting

Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ branch

Leaf width (cm)

Leaf length (cm)

Day to spike

emergence

Day to flowering

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of florets/ spike

Diam. of floret (cm)

Wt. of spike (gm)

Flowering duration

(day)

Vase life

(day) 1st September 58.87 7.47 2.71 32.79 58.87 70.47 79.37 36.13 14.07 8.67 52.47 14.73 7.47 15th September 59.83 7.33 2.67 32.91 67.53 78.13 79.13 36.67 15.13 8.94 35.40 18.27 6.93 1st October 59.48 7.93 2.77 34.12 65.60 76.93 91.84 41.99 15.20 9.26 46.40 19.13 8.67 15th October 57.23 7.87 2.80 30.41 68.27 79.80 90.07 39.79 14.60 8.82 38.47 15.40 7.87 1st November 58.44 7.60 2.79 33.25 68.27 78.80 90.64 39.53 14.87 9.09 44.00 17.20 5.73 15th November 64.07 8.07 2.88 35.26 71.67 81.20 84.45 42.03 14.93 9.13 40.20 16.13 5.73 1st December 63.99 7.87 2.83 33.15 66.13 75.27 76.91 36.06 14.20 8.51 32.87 14.53 4.40 15th December 56.11 6.53 2.34 27.72 78.40 87.33 50.01 23.13 9.13 6.16 27.80 9.13 3.73

CD (P=0.05) 3.61 0.63 0.28 4.18 5.56 4.86 5.21 5.16 1.62 0.56 4.39 2.25 1.45 CV 3.5 4.7 5.9 7.5 4.7 3.5 3.7 8 6.6 3.7 6.3 8.2 13.1

Table No. 3.2.1c: Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Pusa Bihar center 2014 – 15)

Date of planting

Plant height (cm) Day taken to spike emergence Day taken to flowering (day) Duration of flowering (day) V1 V2 Mean V1 V2 Mean V1 V2 Mean V1 V2 Mean

1st September 62.70 84.50 73.60 65.15 76.85 71.00 76.25 83.95 80.10 9.50 13.20 11.35 15th September 60.48 76.15 68.32 62.70 74.95 68.83 74.15 80.20 77.18 10.15 12.15 11.15 1st October 72.70 78.25 75.48 66.40 72.65 69.53 77.25 78.50 77.88 13.72 11.70 12.71 15th October 80.20 89.10 84.65 64.15 70.15 67.15 75.13 81.15 78.14 11.65 10.15 10.90 1st November 60.70 60.15 60.43 71.15 64.15 67.65 79.15 77.95 78.55 9.95 12.30 11.13 15th November 65.40 58.10 61.75 66.70 63.05 64.88 72.95 82.15 77.55 16.95 10.94 13.95 1st December 65.25 55.50 60.37 71.50 62.10 66.80 80.20 74.90 77.55 14.25 7.85 11.05 15th December 75.15 42.15 58.65 71.50 60.13 65.82 78.50 72.65 75.58 15.15 8.90 12.03

Main (M) Sub (S) M x S Main (M) Sub (S) M x S Main (M) Sub (S) M x S Main (M) Sub (S) M x S CD (P=0.05) 4.92 9.85 13.93 4.34 8.68 12.27 4.72 9.45 13.37 0.65 1.30 1.84

CV 12.82 - - 10.87 - - 10.73 - - 9.76 - -

391

Table No. 3.2.1c: Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Pusa Bihar center 2014 – 15) cont…..

Date of planting Spike length (cm) Diam. of second florets (cm) Number of florets / spike V1 V2 Mean V1 V2 Mean V1 V2 Mean

1st September 76.20 65.90 71.05 8.90 9.80 9.35 11.15 14.80 12.98 15th September 86.65 82.15 78.15 7.94 11.00 9.47 17.15 14.05 15.60 1st October 88.15 85.10 86.63 12.80 11.15 11.98 17.95 16.90 17.43 15th October 90.25 86.50 88.38 14.10 12.50 13.30 19.90 18.20 19.05 1st November 84.00 78.15 81.08 10.80 7.80 9.30 15.25 16.14 15.70 15th November 70.60 61.15 65.88 9.00 7.10 8.05 13.62 12.10 12.86 1st December 66.15 56.30 61.23 10.00 7.25 8.63 10.20 10.00 10.10 15th December 70.60 53.50 62.05 8.65 7.00 7.83 11.60 8.95 10.28

Mean 79.07 71.09 - 10.27 9.20 - 14.60 13.89 - Main (M) Sub (S) M x S Main (M) Sub (S) M x S Main (M) Sub (S) M x S

CD (P=0.05) 4.29 8.59 12.14 0.49 0.97 1.38 0.71 1.43 2.02 CV 10.11 - - 8.84 - - 8.86 - -

Table No. 3.2.1c: Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Pusa Bihar center 2014 – 15) cont…

Date of planting

Fresh weight of spike (g) Vase life (day) No. of spikes/m2 V1 V2 Mean V1 V2 Mean V1 V2 Mean

1st September 28.20 34.80 31.50 4.80 5.00 4.90 24.25 33.20 28.73 15th September 38.15 35.10 36.25 4.10 5.40 4.75 20.15 34.10 27.13 1st October 40.40 37.15 38.78 6.10 5.80 5.95 39.50 35.17 34.34 15th October 42.15 39.60 40.88 7.35 6.50 6.93 45.53 42.07 43.80 1st November 36.20 29.65 32.93 5.55 4.60 5.08 37.70 22.82 30.26 15th November 30.25 24.90 27.58 5.00 4.10 4.55 37.15 21.15 29.15 1st December 32.30 26.20 29.25 4.00 5.10 4.55 33.15 18.20 25.68 15th December 24.15 23.10 23.63 5.30 4.00 4.65 30.20 16.50 23.25

Mean 33.94 31.31 - 5.27 5.06 - 33.45 27.90 - Main (M) Sub (S) M x S Main (M) Sub (S) M x S Main (M) Sub (S) M x S

CD (P=0.05) 1.81 3.62 5.12 0.25 0.50 0.71 4.13 8.25 11.67 CV 9.79 - - 8.59 - - 23.78 - -

Table No. 3.2.1d: Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Udaipur center 2014 – 15)

Planting date ↓ Plant height (cm) Day taken to spike

emergence Day taken to flowering Flowering duration (day) Spike length (cm)

Varieties → a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d 1 Sept. 68.1 95.9 73.7 104.6 106.3 111.7 109.3 107.0 116.2 125.2 119.8 120.9 24.5 26.0 20.7 28.2 55.0 74.5 57.3 83.6

392

15 Sept. 70.0 99.8 75.1 106.0 104.0 109.5 106.0 105.3 114.0 123.4 118.7 118.4 24.3 25.0 21.1 28.7 56.9 78.3 58.7 85.1 1 Oct 72.3 102.0 76.1 108.2 101.6 105.8 103.2 100.1 111.4 119.4 116.0 113.5 25.7 27.0 21.5 29.9 59.2 80.5 59.7 87.2

15 Oct 74.3 103.3 78.2 109.7 94.7 102.7 99.0 96.2 104.7 116.6 112.4 108.5 26.1 26.6 21.9 29.3 61.2 81.9 61.8 88.7 1 Nov 67.3 96.0 73.2 103.4 88.7 95.1 94.3 92.2 98.5 108.7 107.1 103.8 20.5 22.7 16.6 26.9 54.2 74.6 56.8 82.4

15 Nov 66.0 94.4 70.3 101.1 81.3 90.8 90.3 84.1 91.3 104.7 103.7 96.5 17.7 19.1 13.8 24.5 52.9 73.0 53.9 80.2 1 Dec 54.3 65.3 45.3 70.1 72.7 78.5 77.8 76.3 82.5 92.1 90.6 87.9 14.8 15.2 11.6 16.8 41.2 43.9 28.9 53.8 15 Dec 40.6 45.5 35.0 55.3 66.8 74.0 73.7 71.0 76.8 87.9 87.0 83.3 11.2 12.4 8.8 13.3 28.4 28.2 19.3 36.4

CD (P=0.05) 2.60 2.13 2.37 NS 5.68 Table No. 3.2.1d: Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Udaipur center 2014 – 15) cont…………

Planting date ↓ Floret diam. (cm) Fresh weight of spike

(g) Vase life (day) No. of spike / plant No. of florets / spike No. of spike / m2

Varieties → a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d 1 Sept. 7.60 9.33 7.17 9.67 74.1 79.9 50.1 82.8 6.1 6.9 6.2 7.0 1.5 1.6 2.3 2.5 12.2 13.7 14.5 16.6 22.5 24.5 34.5 37.5

15 Sept. 7.80 9.57 7.33 9.67 76.7 81.5 52.5 86.0 6.5 7.4 6.6 7.5 1.7 1.8 2.4 2.6 12.3 13.8 14.5 16.7 25.5 26.5 35.5 38.5 1 Oct 7.93 9.70 7.47 9.80 77.9 84.1 53.7 87.6 7.0 7.9 7.1 8.4 1.8 1.9 2.5 2.7 12.9 14.0 14.9 16.9 26.5 28.0 37.0 41.0 15 Oct 8.07 9.83 7.63 9.97 78.8 85.4 54.5 88.7 7.4 8.0 7.5 8.4 2.0 2.0 2.6 2.7 13.0 14.1 15.0 17.1 30.0 29.5 39.0 40.0 1 Nov 7.73 9.47 7.37 9.60 73.5 77.9 49.5 82.2 5.8 6.4 5.9 6.5 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.4 11.8 13.5 14.2 15.5 25.5 27.0 32.5 35.5 15 Nov 5.80 7.90 5.47 7.87 63.2 65.0 41.5 71.7 5.3 5.9 5.5 6.0 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.2 12.1 13.5 14.0 15.2 22.5 24.0 31.5 33.0 1 Dec 4.80 7.13 4.50 7.00 60.0 62.5 39.2 68.5 4.8 5.3 5.2 5.4 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.8 9.9 11.8 12.2 14.9 19.5 20.5 25.0 27.0 15 Dec 4.27 6.77 4.00 6.57 39.4 45.6 33.9 47.6 4.3 4.9 4.8 5.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 9.4 11.2 12.5 13.4 16.5 18.0 20.5 22.5

CD (P=0.05) NS 3.915 NS NS NS NS Note: Cultivar: a=Anglia, b=Pricella, c=Punjab Dawn, d=Sencere Table No. 3.2.1e: Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Udaipur center 2014 – 15)

Planting date ↓

Plant height (cm)

Day taken to spike

emergence

Day taken to

flowering

Flowering duration

(day)

Spike length (cm)

Floret diam. (cm)

Fresh weight of spike (g)

Vase life

(day)

No. of spikes / plant

No. of florets /

spike

No. of spikes /

m2

1 Sept. 85.6 108.6 120.5 24.8 67.6 8.44 71.7 6.6 2.0 14.2 29.8 15 Sept. 87.7 106.2 118.6 24.8 69.8 8.59 74.2 7.0 2.1 14.3 31.5

1 Oct 89.6 102.7 115.1 26.0 71.7 8.73 75.8 7.6 2.2 14.7 33.1 15 Oct 91.4 98.1 110.5 26.0 73.4 8.88 76.8 7.8 2.3 14.8 34.6 1 Nov 85.0 92.6 104.5 21.7 67.0 8.54 70.8 6.1 2.0 13.8 30.1 15 Nov 83.0 86.6 99.1 18.8 65.0 6.76 60.4 5.7 1.9 13.7 27.8 1 Dec 58.8 76.3 88.3 14.6 42.0 5.86 57.5 5.2 1.5 12.2 23.0

15 Dec 44.1 71.4 83.8 11.4 28.1 5.40 41.6 4.8 1.3 11.6 19.4

393

CD (P=0.05) 1.30 1.06 1.19 1.29 2.84 0.47 1.96 1.20 0.19 0.36 2.91 Table No. 3.2.1f: Staggered planting for extending flower availability in gladiolus (Udaipur center 2014 – 15)

Cultivar ↓

Plant height (cm)

Days taken to spike

emergence

Days taken to

flowering

Flowering duration

(day)

Spike length (cm)

Floret diam. (cm)

Fresh weight of spike

(g)

Vase life

(Day)

No. of spikes / plant

No. of florets / spike

No. of spikes /

m2

Anglia 64.13 89.51 99.43 20.93 51.13 6.75 67.94 5.89 1.57 11.70 23.56 Pricella 87.78 96.01 109.76 21.76 66.86 8.71 72.73 6.59 1.65 13.19 24.75

Punjab Dawn 65.85 94.21 106.90 16.99 49.54 6.37 46.86 6.10 2.13 13.97 31.94 Sencere 94.80 91.00 104.11 24.69 74.67 8.77 76.89 6.78 2.29 15.77 34.37

CD (P=0.05) 0.92 0.75 0.84 0.91 2.01 0.33 1.38 0.14 0.13 0.25 2.06 Table No. 3.2.2a: Effect of planting density on growth, flowering and corn production in gladiolus (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Spacing Plant ht. (cm) Leaves/ plant Days to spike

emergence

Flowering duration

(day)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

Diam. of floret (cm)

15x15 cm 105.81 9.33 66.50 13.50 83.09 17.00 8.58 15x20 cm 105.91 9.00 65.00 14.00 83.13 19.00 8.50 20x20 cm 107.71 8.33 67.00 14.00 84.14 18.50 8.56 30x20 cm 104.56 8.67 67.50 14.50 83.18 18.00 8.45

CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Table No. 3.2.2a: Effect of planting density on growth, flowering and corn production in gladiolus (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) cont…

Spacing No. of florets/ spike

Spike weight (g)

Vase life (day)

Incidence of disease

Incidence of insect pest

No. of corms/ corm

Diam. of corm (cm)

No. of cormels/ plant

15x15 cm 11.95 32.72 14.00 Moderate Moderate 2.16 4.84 28.58 15x20 cm 13.87 29.28 15.00 Moderate Moderate 1.91 4.97 20.08 20x20 cm 11.95 32.10 15.00 Moderate Moderate 2.25 5.00 26.75 30x20 cm 13.66 33.96 15.00 Moderate Moderate 2.00 4.86 26.91

CD (P=0.05) 1.02 0.24 NS - - 0.32 NS NS Table No. 3.2.2b: Effect of planting density on growth, flowering and corm production in gladiolus (Pusa Bihar 2014 – 15)

Spacing Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves / plant

Day taken to spike emergences

Flowering duration

(Day)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

Number of floret / spike

Weight of spike (g)

Vase life

(day)

No. of spikes /

M2

15 x 15 cm 72.20 6.70 90.15 17.20 53.15 40.10 15.10 38.60 4.35 26.15

394

15 x 20 cm 74.50 8.15 84.10 17.20 57.30 38.50 14.00 40.20 5.40 29.95 20 x 20 cm 85.40 7.75 85.88 19.70 55.20 44.10 17.20 42.50 4.90 31.25 30 x 20 cm 102.60 12.25 76.90 24.60 70.60 55.20 21.15 62.10 6.90 39.50 30 x 30 cm 96.15 9.80 79.80 22.10 65.10 52.15 18.60 54.15 5.70 36.70

CD (P=0.05) 7.209 1.117 NS 1.708 1.771 4.669 0.607 1.718 0.380 2.716 CV 4.443 6.648 4.499 1.561 5.390 1.873 1.921 3.703 4.410

Table No. 3.2.3a: Effect of pre and post emergence herbicides in gladiolus (Ludhiana center 2014-15)

Treatment Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ plant

No. of tillers/ plant

Days to flowering

Flowering duration (day)

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

T1 76.00 8.00 0.30 108.00 15.00 70.00 33.50 T2 87.00 8.00 0.30 109.00 14.00 68.66 33.00 T3 90.50 8.50 0.25 110.00 13.00 65.00 34.00 T4 88.50 8.50 0.23 110.50 13.50 62.00 30.00 T5 86.00 9.00 0.25 110.00 12.67 60.00 31.33 T6 91.00 8.50 0.39 108.50 15.00 76.85 35.50 T7 85.40 7.90 0.40 109.50 14.00 59.50 34.00 T8 88.33 9.00 0.50 108.50 15.00 74.00 36.00

CD (P =0.05) 6.53 NS NS NS NS 6.78 NS Table No. 3.2.3a: Effect of pre and post emergence herbicides in gladiolus (Ludhiana center 2014-15) cont………

Treatment No. of florets/ spike

Floret diam. (cm)

No. of corms/ plant

Corm diam. (cm) Weed count/m2 Weed fresh matter

(g) Weed dry matter

(g) T1 11.00 6.50 1.32 5.00 170.00 250.50 25.00 T2 11.00 6.75 1.50 4.95 200.00 100.00 33.00 T3 11.00 7.00 1.45 4.80 115.00 195.00 61.50 T4 9.50 7.00 1.50 4.80 118.50 250.00 90.00 T5 10.90 7.50 1.30 5.00 111.33 234.33 68.00 T6 11.00 7.00 1.50 5.00 101.93 200.80 72.00 T7 10.00 7.15 1.60 5.04 319.00 400.00 158.70 T8 11.00 7.56 1.62 5.41 0.00 0.00 0.00

CD (P =0.05) 2.34 NS NS NS NS 131.92 15.70

395

Table No. 3.2.3b: Effect of pre and post emergence herbicides in gladiolus (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ plant

Leaf breadth

(cm)

Days of spike emergence

Days to flowering

Spike length (cm)

Rachis length (cm)

No. of flowers/

spike

Diam. of floret (cm)

Flowering duration

(day)

Wt. of spike (g)

Diam. of spike (cm)

Vase life

(day)

T1 55.80 7.53 2.49 68.66 79.60 83.35 41.34 14.67 9.02 16.07 32.33 6.97 12.13 T2 54.30 7.66 2.68 67.40 78.00 87.72 43.00 14.73 9.29 16.06 30.13 6.81 12.53 T3 54.40 7.47 2.42 66.06 77.53 80.41 39.22 14.33 9.23 16.33 29.27 6.30 12.13 T4 53.60 7.33 2.35 67.80 78.20 82.32 28.33 14.93 8.86 16.27 31.07 6.57 12.33 T5 53.60 7.33 2.54 66.33 77.73 80.21 38.85 14.00 8.95 15.53 27.87 5.92 11.93 T6 55.50 7.73 2.38 65.27 76.80 86.59 41.77 15.13 9.26 16.93 31.68 6.51 12.00

CD (P=0.05) 3.83 0.61 0.81 5.27 NS 4.77 12.36 3.99 2.63 3.48 4.60 NS NS Table No. 3.2.3b: Effect of pre and post emergence herbicides in gladiolus (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15) cont….

Treatment 25 Days 50 Day

No. of weeds/m2 Fresh wt. of weeds(g) Dry wt. of weeds(g) No. of weeds/m2 Fresh wt. of

weeds(g) Dry wt. of weeds(g)

T1 12.00 20.67 4.00 28.67 47.67 12.33 T2 9.67 11.00 3.67 39.67 177.00 38.00 T3 66.00 124.00 25.67 143.00 816.00 249.00 T4 94.00 280.00 51.33 70.33 276.00 53.67 T5 59.33 115.33 20.00 96.67 735.33 192.00 T6 89.33 183.33 30.67 64.67 212.00 35.67

CD (P=0.05) 30.16 84.82 12.81 NS 666.92 183.13

3. CHRYSANTHEMUM Table No. 3.3.1a: Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicide in chrysanthemum (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Herbicide Cyperus rotendus (motha) (per m2)

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (makra)

(per m2)

Eleusine indica (madana) (per m2)

Paspalum distichum (nadi ghas) (per m2)

Phyllanthus niruri (hazardani) (per m2)

Weed count/m2

25 DAT 50 DAT 25 DAT 50 DAT 25 DAT 50 DAT 25 DAT 50 DAT 25 DAT 50 DAT 25 DAT 50 DAT Atrazine pre-transplanting pre-emergence @0.75 kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding 30 & 60 DAP (T1)

87.33 (9.344)*

108.67 (10.43)

8.00 (2.30)*

20.00 (4.56)

8.33 (3.04)*

16.00 (4.09)

4.67 (2.34)*

13.33 (3.77)

5.33 (2.49)*

16.00 (4.10)

109.33 (10.45)*

126.33 (11.23)

396

Pendimethalin pre-transplanting pre-emergence @1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding 30 & 60 DAP (T2)

68.67 (8.31)

76.67 (8.79)

6.00 (2.64)

16.00 (4.09)

7.00 (2.80)

12.00 (3.56)

2.67 (1.79)

8.00 (2.98)

4.00 (2.07)

11.67 (3.55)

70.67 (8.45)

87.83 (9.36)

Isoproturon post-emergence @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha 20 DAP followed by hand-weeding 60 DAP (T3)

97.33 (9.89)

106.67 (10.35)

11.00 (3.46)

25.33 (5.11)

12.00 (3.59)

20.00 (4.56)

8.67 (3.05)

19.33 (4.46)

10.67 (3.37)

20.00 (4.52)

79.33 (8.86)

102.00 (10.08)

Oxyflurofen pre-transplanting pre-emergence @0.2 kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding 30 & 60 DAP (T4)

80 (8.97)

100 (10.02)

7.00 (2.82)

17.33 (4.25)

8.00 (2.99)

12.00 (3.56)

6.00 (2.62)

10.67 (3.40)

6.67 (2.75)

12.67 (3.69)

102 (10.12)

124.67 (11.19)

3 hand-weeding 30, 60, 90 DAP (T5)

101.33 (10.06)

110.67 (10.51)

12.00 (3.60)

22.00 (4.78)

13.00 (3.73)

18.00 (4.33)

10.67 (3.37)

26.67 (5.23)

9.33 (3.11)

22.00 (4.77)

81.33 (9.04)

100.00 (10.01)

weed check (T6) 132.67 (11.51)

166 (12.86)

15.00 (4.00)

28.00 (5.37)

16.00 (4.11)

24.00 (4.98)

12.67 (3.68)

40.67 (6.42)

13.33 (3.73)

39.33 (6.32)

184.67 (13.60)

236.00 (15.37)

weed free check (T7) 0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

CD (P=0.05) 1.93 1.98 0.11 0.41 0.33 0.43 0.99 1.02 0.99 0.94 1.89 6.78

* Figures in parenthesis are the means of square root transformation. Table No. 3.3.1a: Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicide in chrysanthemum (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) cont……….

Treatment

Fresh weight (g) Dry weight (g) Plant

height (cm)

No. of branche/

plant

Plant spread (cm)

Day to colour break

Day to full

bloom stage

No. of flowers/

plant

Flower diam. (cm)

Duration of flowering (day) 25

DAT 50

DAT 25

DAT 50

DAT Atrazine pre-transplanting pre-emergence @0.75 kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding 30 & 60 DAP (T1)

50.43 (7.16)*

62.47 (7.96)

38.47 (6.27)*

49.13 (7.07)

44.53

4.60 31.53 97.93 116.30 61.23 7.57 19.47

Pendimethalin pre-transplanting pre-emergence @1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by hand weeding 30 & 60 DAP (T2)

44.73 (6.75)

55.17 (7.48)

33.47 (5.85)

44.33 (6.72)

47.53

4.93 32.40 98.37 116.60 63.90 8.33 20.87

Isoproturon post-emergence @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha 20 DAP followed by hand-weeding 60 DAP (T3)

54.83 (7.46)

65.63 (8.16)

43.07 (6.62)

53.43 (7.37)

40.40

4.10 28.40 100.30 118.10 58.07 6.40 18.07

Oxyflurofen pre-transplanting pre-emergence @0.2 kg a.i./ha followed by

30.67 (4.90)

53.26 (7.36)

37.67 (6.21)

47.53 (6.96)

42.53

4.30 28.93 99.37 114.70 56.87 6.60 19.57

397

hand weeding 30 & 60 DAP (T4) 3 hand-weeding 30, 60, 90 DAP (T5) 53.17

(7.35) 63.43 (8.02)

46.77 (6.90)

57.06 (7.61)

44.67

4.40 31.47 99.17 116.40 65.40 8.33 18.43

Weed check (T6) 60.27 (7.82)

79.67 (8.98)

51.13 (7.20)

71.47 (8.51)

37.47

4.17 23.27 103.10 117.40 43.10 5.53 14.17

Weed free check (T7) 0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

0.00 (1.00)

52.40

7.50 35.40 95.33 113.80 71.93 9.47 24.77

CD (P=0.05) 2.51 0.56 0.64 0.46 3.76 0.36 0.97 NS NS 11.13 0.60 1.02

* Figures in parenthesis are the means of square root transformation.

Table No. 3.3.1b: Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicide in chrysanthemum (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Number of weeds/m2 Fresh weight of weeds/m2 (g) Dry weight of weeds/m2 (g) Plant height at

first flower bud appearance

(cm)

Number of branches/ plant 25 DAP 50 DAP 75 DAP 25 DAP 50 DAP 75 DAP 25 DAP 50 DAP 75 DAP

T1 16.90 30.60 40.76 10.81 19.44 26.09 3.68 6.39 15.10 31.33 6.46 T2 20.10 38.60 48.00 12.86 24.71 30.65 4.25 8.27 10.11 33.53 7.00 T3 13.40 27.83 35.50 8.57 17.81 22.78 2.83 5.92 7.51 36.53 8.40 T4 20.13 34.50 45.56 12.98 22.20 29.11 4.28 7.41 9.62 33.80 7.46 T5 66.73 95.00 117.66 42.70 60.58 75.30 14.91 19.98 24.84 29.46 5.93 T6 - - - - - - - - - 27.86 5.80 T7 78.63 115.93 143.03 50.32 74.06 91.56 16.05 24.65 30.20 26.26 4.80

CD (P=0.05) 6.26 16.13 11.18 4.02 10.46 7.11 2.11 3.34 8.94 0.979 1.87 Table No. 3.3.1b: Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicide in chrysanthemum (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15) cont...

Treatment Plant spread (cm) Days taken

to colour break stage

Days taken to full

bloom stage

Duration of

flowering (day)

No. of flowers /plant

Weight of loose flowers/plant

(g)

Yield of flowers/ha (q)

Flower diam. (cm)

Vase life (day) N-S E-W

T1 31.20 27.46 50.13 75.86 30.11 21.40 29.75 21.33 8.25 15.89 T2 30.87 29.86 54.27 80.93 31.55 26.67 37.07 26.67 8.65 16.89 T3 34.26 31.86 58.60 82.20 28.44 22.27 31.02 22.13 8.00 14.10 T4 31.67 31.00 57.53 80.00 28.22 24.60 34.27 24.53 7.91 12.99 T5 28.93 25.13 68.33 84.13 23.88 13.33 18.52 13.07 7.41 11.22 T6 29.53 27.86 63.30 84.66 22.78 18.13 25.20 18.13 7.70 11.99 T7 27.00 24.73 71.70 87.40 19.89 12.13 16.90 12.00 6.92 8.55

398

CD (P=0.05) NS 4.09 6.85 3.91 2.05 5.54 7.68 5.34 NS 0.96

Table No. 3.3.1c: Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicide in chrysanthemum (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of branches

/plant

Days to bud appearance

Days to flowering

Flower diam. (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant T1 50.20 49.62 15.13 95.73 126.87 5.57 43.60 T2 50.44 45.95 17.13 90.00 118.87 5.55 54.73 T3 48.22 46.98 14.20 90.33 122.40 5.54 41.47 T4 41.09 36.29 12.67 87.67 117.60 5.53 42.47 T5 42.61 35.16 12.87 94.33 126.00 5.53 44.60 T6 34.01 23.68 7.33 91.33 129.07 5.13 22.93 T7 37.71 35.83 15.60 91.33 122.40 5.62 46.27

CD (P=0.05) 5.321 14.005 4.853 7.85 3.576 10.987 NS Table No. 3.3.1c: Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicide in chrysanthemum (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15) cont…

25 Day 50 Day

Treatment No. of weeds/ m2 Fresh wt. of weeds (g)

Dry wt. of weeds (g) No. of weeds/ m2 Fresh wt. of

weeds (g) Dry wt. of weeds

(g) T1 98.67 273.67 86.67 66.67 283.33 120.00 T2 97.00 143.33 53.33 65.00 190.00 60.00 T3 283.00 235.00 88.33 56.67 323.00 86.67 T4 257.00 293.33 85.00 1017.00 2629.33 1106.67 T5 383.33 1531.00 425.00 108.33 396.67 140.00 T6 215.00 1099.33 400.00 313.66 552.00 276.67 T7 299.00 396.67 127.00 93.33 383.33 160.00

CD (P=0.05) 73.778 375.712 90.724 355.186 1441.138 271.134

399

4. MARIGOLD Table No. 3.5.1a: Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in marigold (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Plant height

(cm) Plant spread

(cm) No. of branches/

plant Days to

flowering Duration of

flowering (day) No. of flowers/

plant Days to full

bloom Wt. of flowers/

plant T1 22.94 17.97 9.05 62.33 114.67 49.09 15.67 50.43 T2 26.22 23.46 13.72 61.33 116.33 64.30 13.33 94.08 T3 25.36 26.95 10.22 64.67 120.33 56.00 17.00 79.11 T4 23.67 19.67 11.33 65.33 122.33 31.38 13.00 33.32 T5 19.92 15.03 7.06 69.33 113.33 25.31 15.33 28.88 T6 25.16 23.14 12.94 63.33 116.33 52.06 11.00 83.63 T7 24.92 24.66 6.93 63.33 118.33 72.89 14.00 106.63 T8 23.61 23.81 6.83 69.00 110.67 15.44 16.00 22.27

CD (P=0.05) 3.27 6.27 NS 3.07 6.20 27.79 3.15 42.16 Table No. 3.5.1a: Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in marigold (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) cont….

Treatment Weed count Fresh weight (g) Dry weight (g)

Day Day Day 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100

T1 19.67 15.33 4.67 6.00 0.57 0 0.13 7.20 0 0 0 0.93 T2 8.00 0.00 1.33 13.33 2.27 9.37 1.3 4.07 0.27 1.93 0.23 0.93 T3 7.00 1.66 2.00 12.67 0.73 0.10 0.13 2.80 0.13 0 0 0.97 T4 14.00 2.00 2.00 10.67 1.83 0.37 0.13 2.50 0.23 0 0 0.43 T5 14.00 18.67 6.33 14.00 0.9 10.27 2.33 16.17 0 2.47 0.43 4.53 T6 32.00 0.33 3.33 9.00 4.57 0.83 0.33 1.43 0.60 0.17 0 0.30 T7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 T8 26.00 28.33 14.33 12.00 1.83 38.73 68.47 120.93 0.13 9.20 16.20 17.70

CD (P=0.05) 16.41 8.97 3.10 NS NS 15.57 14.12 8.91 NS 3.63 3.56 2.66 T1- Atrazine @0.75 kg a.i./ha +2 hand weeding T2- Pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i./ha +2 hand weeding T3 -Oxyfluorfen @0.2 kg a.i./ha+ 2 hand weeding T4- Isoproturon @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha +1 hand-weeding T5- Bispyribac –Na @ 25 g/ha +1 hand-weeding T6 -3 hand-weeding T7- Weedy Check T8-Weed free check

Table No. 3.5.1b: Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in marigold (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Weed

count/m2

@ 25 Day

Weed Fresh Wt(g)

Weed Dry wt

(g)

Weed count/m

2

@ 50 Day

Weed Fresh wt

(g)

Weed Dry

wt(g)

Plant height (cm)

Plant Spread

(cm)

No. of branches/

plant

Day to 50%

flowering

No. of flowers/

plant

flower diam. (cm)

Avg. flower wt (g)

T1 56.33 62.63 16.36 46.88 50.24 13.54 60.01 44.47 8.40 60.00 31.67 3.80 4.33 T2 31.33 46.59 5.37 22.07 35.88 3.77 68.95 49.11 9.80 57.07 66.87 4.33 6.13

400

T3 49.67 53.56 14.20 40.13 41.80 11.59 64.55 42.74 7.20 51.00 30.93 3.83 4.53 T4 68.33 80.55 18.47 57.10 69.54 16.57 47.93 26.62 5.53 37.33 25.87 3.43 4.60 T5 64.33 76.65 12.66 55.17 64.89 9.89 67.11 39.05 8.47 56.33 37.00 3.68 4.53 T6 98.67 119.42 32.60 89.20 105.19 27.69 68.99 38.37 8.60 57.00 42.33 3.79 5.13 T7 125.33 143.71 48.60 104.00 125.99 44.64 53.42 33.04 4.13 60.00 23.27 2.97 3.00 T8 70.33 85.49 21.54 53.96 73.68 18.53 66.60 50.35 10.20 59.00 69.07 4.61 6.93

CD (P=0.05) 0.36 0.29 3.26 0.30 1.58 0.29 8.58 3.43 1.49 4.46 12.38 0.48 2.59 T1- Atrazine @0.75 kg a.i./ha +2 hand weeding T2- Pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i./ha +2 hand weeding T3 -Oxyfluorfen @0.2 kg a.i./ha+ 2 hand weeding T4- Isoproturon @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha +1 hand-weeding T5- Bispyribac –Na @ 25 g/ha +1 hand-weeding T6 -3 hand-weeding T7- Weedy Check T8-Weed free check

Table No. 3.5.1c: Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in marigold (Pantnagar center, 2014 – 15)

Treatment Weed count/m2 Fresh wt. of weeds (g/m2)

Dry wt. of weeds (g/m2) Plant height

(cm) 25 days 50 days 75 days 25 days 50 days 75 days 25 days 50 days 75 days T1 0.00 20.66 30.00 0.00 8.21 23.33 0.00 3.83 5.30 58.10 T2 0.00 24.00 35.17 0.00 9.46 27.33 0.00 4.60 6.64 57.73 T3 0.00 15.00 20.33 0.00 3.05 14.67 0.00 2.20 3.87 59.30 T4 0.00 17.33 21.67 0.00 3.23 15.33 0.00 2.45 4.31 58.33 T5 0.00 39.33 41.40 0.00 35.11 39.33 0.00 9.96 11.24 57.30 T6 0.00 61.33 69.33 0.00 53.33 54.23 0.00 9.96 14.56 57.60 T7 0.00 89.33 99.00 0.00 73.33 86.92 0.00 24.39 28.00 56.40 T8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 57.20

CD (P=0.05) - 8.50 10.23 - 5.5 7.5 - 3.35 2.85 NS Table No. 3.5.1c: Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in marigold (Pantnagar center, 2014 – 15) cont….

Treatment Plant spread

(N x S) (cm)

Plant spread (E x S) (cm)

No. of side shoots /plant

Days to first bud

appearance

Days to full

bloom

Days to flower

withering

No. of flowers / plant

Wt. of flowers /plant

(g)

Wt. of flowers / plot (Kg)

Wt. of flowers /

ha (q)

T1 49.40 50.12 9.80 38.00 63.00 15.15 35.13 188.80 5.66 118.00 T2 47.24 47.23 9.60 37.75 62.75 15.14 34.80 160.36 4.81 100.22 T3 50.20 54.52 11.40 38.75 63.75 15.18 38.46 261.04 7.83 163.15 T4 49.90 51.15 10.40 38.50 63.50 15.16 37.26 210.76 6.32 131.72 T5 47.16 46.91 9.20 37.25 62.25 15.07 30.20 160.00 4.80 100.00 T6 46.65 46.47 8.80 37.15 62.15 15.00 30.06 159.16 4.77 99.47 T7 39.50 38.09 8.14 36.15 61.50 14.86 20.93 105.58 3.16 65.98 T8 46.39 45.96 8.20 36.50 61.00 14.98 27.53 145.18 4.35 90.73

401

CD (P=0.05) 2.52 1.99 0.63 NS NS NS 0.58 2.71 0.96 0.30

T1- Atrazine @0.75 kg a.i./ha +2 hand weeding; T2- Pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i./ha +2 hand weeding; T3 -Oxyfluorfen @0.2 kg a.i./ha+ 2 hand weeding; T4- Isoproturon @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha +1 hand-weeding; T5- Bispyribac –Na @ 25 g/ha +1 hand-weeding; T6 -3 hand-weeding; T7- Weedy check; T8-Weed free check

Table No. 3.5.1d: Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in marigold (Pusa, Bihar center 2014 – 15)

Treatment

Weed count/ m2

at 25 days interval

Fresh weight

(g)

Dry weight

(g)

Plant height at

first flower bud (cm)

Plant spread N x S and

E x W (cm)

No. of side

shoots / plant

Days to first bud

appearance

Days to full

bloom stage

Days to flower

withering

No. of flower

per plant

Wt. of flowers / plant (g)

Wt. of flowers / plot (g)

T1 39.60 49.50 6.80 68.40 59.15 26.15 49.80 64.70 36.15 52.30 271.90 815.70 T2 25.25 33.70 4.60 65.15 91.50 31.90 46.50 61.20 42.35 65.70 367.90 1098.50 T3 56.15 43.20 10.21 55.20 66.30 26.50 60.15 75.15 27.15 60.15 282.77 848.10 T4 47.30 49.50 14.50 61.15 45.80 23.20 50.60 65.40 30.20 46.50 204.60 613.80 T5 62.20 60.17 20.90 46.10 65.15 21.15 62.15 77.25 32.60 38.15 160.20 480.60 T6 42.15 70.82 18.20 50.50 60.20 18.40 54.20 68.50 27.30 54.10 227.20 681.60 T7 115.20 210.50 56.70 32.15 30.15 9.70 65.40 79.40 21.50 23.70 85.26 255.90 T8 30.40 36.10 6.15 60.40 72.50 27.20 51.30 60.10 38.10 58.15 284.90 854.70

CD (P=0.05) 6.904 11.359 3.157 9.701 7.663 1.487 4.088 3.454 4.654 7.781 31.086 89.203

T1- Atrazine @0.75 kg a.i./ha +2 hand weeding; T2- Pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i./ha +2 hand weeding; T3 -Oxyfluorfen @0.2 kg a.i./ha+ 2 hand weeding; T4- Isoproturon @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha +1 hand-weeding; T5- Bispyribac –Na @ 25 g/ha +1 hand-weeding; T6 -3 hand-weeding; T7- Weedy check; T8-Weed free check

402

Table No. 3.5.1e: Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in marigold (Kahikuchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Weed count/m2 Fresh wt. of weeds (g/m2) Dry wt. of weeds (g/m2) Plant height (cm) 25 days 50 days 75 days 25 days 50 days 75 days 25 days 50 days 75 days

T1 Atra 0.75kg + 2HW (24.45) 5.01

(35.36) 6.03

(38.34) 6.27

(7.23) 2.85

(25.57) 5.13

(5.61) 2.56

(1.58) 1.67

(6.03) 2.64

(2.23) 1.80 77.16

T2 Pendi 1.0kg + 2HW (12.27) 3.63

(20.31) 4.61

(35.75) 6.06

(4.65) 2.36

(17.32) 4.28

(6.73) 2.77

(2.23) 1.79

(5.84) 2.61

(3.02) 2.01 70.14

T2 Pendi 1.0kg + 2HW (12.27) 3.63

(20.31) 4.61

(35.75) 6.06

(4.65) 2.36

(17.32) 4.28

(6.73) 2.77

(2.23) 1.79

(5.84) 2.61

(3.02) 2.01 70.14

T3 Oxyf 0.2kg + 2HW (12.73) 3.70

(23.33) 4.92

(25.37) 5.12

(6.34) 2.68

(22.45) 4.82

(7.03) 2.82

(2.21) 1.79

(3.25) 2.05

(2.03) 1.74 77.73

T4 Bispy-Na 25g + 1HW (15.78) 4.09

(26.73) 5.26

(37.73) 6.21

(11.77) 3.57

(28.47) 5.41

(3.57) 2.12

(3.87) 2.20

(8.94) 3.15

(2.56) 1.88 65.70

T5 Pyrazo 20g + 1HW (36.14) 6.08

(46.50) 6.88

(47.33) 6.93

(9.23) 3.16

(16.04) 4.12

(8.43) 3.06

(4.13) 2.26

(4.33) 2.31

(2.83) 1.96 69.79

T6 Buta 1.0 kg + 2HW (25.67) 5.15

(26.25) 5.20

(37.33) 6.17

(12.04) 3.57

(29.14) 5.49

(5.56) 2.53

(4.03) 2.24

(14.44) 3.92

(2.27) 1.80 70.90

T7 Hand weeding (16.00) 4.10

(21.23) 4.71

(27.90) 5.36

(2.38) 1.82

(4.73) 2.38

(3.31) 2.07

(1.78) 1.65

(3.02) 2.00

(1.54) 1.59 75.03

T8 Weedy Check (26.85) 5.27

(47.12) 6.93

(56.78) 7.59

(17.07) 4.25

(37.07) 6.16

(105.82) 10.32

(4.57) 2.35

(14.03) 3.85

(45.76) 6.84 65.14

T9 Weed free check (0.00) 1.00

(0.00) 1.00

(0.00) 1.00

(0.00) 1.00

(0.00) 1.00

(0.00) 1.00

(0.00) 1.00

(0.00) 1.00

(0.00) 1.00 79.25

CD (P=0.05) 0.72 0.63 0.65 0.70 0.67 0.46 0.33 0.48 0.18 5.91

403

Table No. 3.5.1e: Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in marigold (Kahikuchi center 2014 – 15) cont….

Treatment Plant spread

(N x S) (cm)

Plant spread (E x S) (cm)

No. of side shoots /plant

Days to first bud

appearance

Das to full

bloom

Flowering duration

(day)

Days to flower

withering

No. of flower/ plant

Avg. flower wt. (g)

Wt. of flower

/plant (g)

T1 Atra 0.75kg + 2HW 77.24 67.09 17.10 40.33 85.32 75.34 115.58 550.10 4.43 2.40 T2 Pendi 1.0kg + 2HW 79.28 65.53 18.33 40.37 83.18 73.67 112.33 645.31 4.45 2.87 T3 Oxyf 0.2kg + 2HW 74.12 71.45 19.45 45.42 82.45 76.17 116.61 662.29 4.42 2.78 T4 Bispy-Na 25g + 1HW 67.67 64.42 16.47 40.53 80.66 70.79 107.70 520.27 4.40 2.18 T5 Pyrazo 20g + 1HW 75.53 66.79 17.12 46.50 85.60 72.18 112.59 547.45 4.43 2.30 T6 Buta 1.0 kg + 2HW 72.50 71.81 17.24 43.67 80.18 74.17 109.10 532.50 4.43 2.24 T7 Hand weeding 76.15 70.63 18.11 46.24 83.25 76.35 110.33 512.80 4.45 2.17 T8 Weedy Check 64.89 66.47 14.50 47.12 84.53 70.08 107.08 424.53 4.43 1.79 T9 Weed free check 80.33 77.48 18.57 44.43 86.67 80.43 117.70 710.50 4.44 2.99

CD (P=0.05) 3.77 5.30 1.56 2.73 3.81 4.57 4.07 65.35 0.04 0.17 Table No. 3.5.1f: Evaluation of herbicides for weed control in marigold (New Delhi center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Weed count per m2

Fresh wt. of weed

(g)

Dry wt. of weed

(g)

Plant height (cm)

Plant spread (cm)

No. of side

shoot/ plant

Days to bud appearance

Days to

bloom

No. of flowers/

plant

Wt. of flowers/ plot (Kg)

T1 6.33 66.00 15.37 56.00 35.00 8.00 58.00 82.00 48.00 14.23 T2 3.33 31.00 7.38 61.00 36.00 9.00 56.00 79.00 50.00 16.42 T3 3.33 24.67 7.08 62.66 37.00 10.00 55.00 80.00 49.00 16.28 T4 14.00 99.00 23.00 58.00 32.00 8.00 59.00 85.00 46.00 12.28 T5 18.00 113.0 28.60 59.00 33.00 8.33 58.00 85.00 45.00 11.49 T6 5.00 58.00 14.53 60.33 34.00 7.00 59.33 84.00 42.00 12.46 T7 25.00 310.0 66.50 50.33 30.00 6.00 65.00 89.00 25.00 5.39 T8 2.67 25.00 7.43 64.00 35.00 9.00 58.00 83.00 43.00 14.26

CD (P=0.05) 1.371 2.67 0.85 2.14 3.09 NS 3.73 3.26 2.95 0.53

T1- Atrazine @0.75 kg a.i./ha +2 hand weeding T2- Pendimethalin @1.0 kg a.i./ha +2 hand weeding T3 -Oxyfluorfen @0.2 kg a.i./ha+ 2 hand weeding T4- Isoproturon @ 0.75 kg a.i./ ha +1 hand-weeding T5- Bispyribac –Na @ 25 g/ha +1 hand-weeding T6 -3 hand-weeding T7- Weedy Check T8-Weed free check

404

5. LILIUM Table No. 3.6.1.1. Effect of media on days to sprouting of bulblets in lilium cultivars (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Media

Cultivars Cocopeat Perlite +

Vermiculite (1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Mean NAA (500

ppm) IBA (500

ppm) NAA (500 ppm) +

IBA (500 ppm)

Pavia 111.9 112.9 112.0 112.3 107.2 108.9 120.7 Mother Choice 115.9 117.0 119.9 117.6 115.4 115.8 121.6

Courier 112.4 110.4 111.2 111.4 111.7 109.8 112.7 Mean (Media) 113.4 113.4 114.4 111.4 111.5 118.3

CD (P=5%) Cultivars= 1.602 Media = NS Cultivars x Media = NS

CD (P=5%) GR’s = 1.602 Cultivars x GR’s = 2.775

Table No. 3.6.1.2. Interaction effect of cultivars, growth regulators and propagation media on days to sprout (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Cultivar Pavia Mother Choice Courier Media

GR’s

Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1)

Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1)

Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1)

Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1)

Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1)

Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1)

NAA (500 ppm) 105.0 102.3 114.3 114.3 116.3 115.7 112.0 113.7 109.3 IBA (500 ppm) 109.3 113.3 104.0 113.7 115.7 118.0 110.3 107.7 111.3

NAA (500 ppm) + IBA (500 ppm) 121.3 123.0 117.7 119.7 119.0 126.0 115.0 110.0 113.0

CD (P=5%) Cultivars x GR’s x Media = 4.806 Table No. 3.6.1.3. Effect of propagation media on average weight of bulblets in lilium cultivars (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Media

Cultivars Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite

(1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Mean NAA (500 ppm) IBA (500 ppm) NAA (500 ppm) +

IBA (500 ppm)

Pavia 8.7 6.7 5.1 6.8 12.122 5.667 2.567 Mother Choice 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.767 0.689 0.978

Courier 7.5 7.7 5.6 6.9 13.000 5.944 1.944 Mean 5.7 5.0 3.9 8.630 4.100 1.830

CD (P=5%) Cultivars = 0.852 Media = 0.852 Cultivars x media = 1.475

CD (P=5%) GR’s = 0.852 Cultivars x GR’s = 1.475

405

Table No. 3.6.1.4. Effect of propagation media and growth regulators on average weight of lilium cultivars (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

GR’s Media NAA (500 ppm) IBA (500 ppm) NAA (500 ppm) + IBA (500 ppm)

Cocopeat 8.7 5.1 3.2 Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1) 9.9 3.5 1.7 Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) 7.2 3.7 0.6

CD (P=5%) GR’s x Media = 1.475

Table No. 3.6.1.5. Interaction effect of cultivar x growth regulators x propagation media on avg. weight of bulblets in lilium (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Cultivars Pavia Mother Choice Courier Media

GR’s

Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1)

Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Cocopeat Perlite +

Vermiculite (1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Cocopeat Perlite +

Vermiculite (1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1)

NAA (500 ppm) 15.9 11.4 9.0 0.7 0.9 0.8 9.7 17.5 11.8 IBA (500 ppm) 6.8 4.5 5.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 7.7 5.4 4.7

NAA (500 ppm) + IBA (500 ppm) 3.3 3.7 0.7 1.1 1.0 0.8 5.2 0.3 0.3

CD (P=5%) Cultivars x GR’s x media = 2.555

Table No. 3.6.1.6. Effect of media on the circumference of bulblets in lilium cultivars (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Media

Cultivars Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite

(1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM

(1:1:1) Mean NAA (500 ppm) IBA (500 ppm) NAA (500 ppm) + IBA (500 ppm)

Pavia 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.6 3.6 2.9 1.4 Mother Choice 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.2

Courier 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.3 3.1 2.1 Mean 2. 8 2.6 2.5 3. 3 2.8 1.9

CD (P=5%) Cultivars = 0.146 Media = 0.146 Varieties x media = NS

CD (P=5%) GR’s = 0.146 Cultivars = 0.146 Cultivars x GR’s = 0.252

406

Table No. 3.6.1.7. Effect of propagation media and growth regulators on circumference of lilium cultivars (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

GR’s

Media NAA (500 ppm) IBA (500 ppm) NAA (500 ppm) +

IBA (500 ppm)

Cocopeat 3.1 2.9 2.2 Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1) 3.3 2.8 1.7 Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) 3.3 2.6 1.7

CD (P=5%) GR’s x Media = 0.252

Table No. 3.6.1.8. Interaction effect of cultivars x growth regulators x propagation media on the circumference of bulblets in lilium (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Cultivars Pavia Mother Choice Courier Media

GR’s

Cocopeat Perlite +

Vermiculite (1:1)

Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Cocopeat

Perlite + Vermiculite

(1:1)

Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Cocopeat Perlite +

Vermiculite (1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1)

NAA (500 ppm) 3. 8 3.4 3.3 2.4 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.4 IBA (500 ppm) 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.1 3.2 3.3 2.9

NAA (500 ppm) + IBA (500 ppm) 1.4 1.6 1.3 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.9 1. 7 1. 6

CD (P=5%) Cultivars x GR’s x Media = 0.437

Table No. 3.6.1.9. Effect of propagation media on the propagation index in lilium cultivars (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Media

Cultivars Cocopeat

Perlite + Vermiculite

(1:1)

Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Mean NAA (500 ppm) IBA (500 ppm) NAA (500 ppm) +

IBA (500 ppm)

Pavia 78.4 54.6 46.9 59.9 104.1 55.7 19.9 Mother Choice 5.9 7.0 5.4 6.1 4.8 7.4 6.1

Courier 55.4 54.4 33.3 47.7 83.7 41.0 18.4 Mean 46.6 38.6 28.5 64.2 34.7 14.8

CD (P=5%) Cultivars= 6.785 Media= 6.785 Cultivars x Media = 11.751

CD (P=5%) GR’s = 6.785 GR’s x Cultivars = 11.751

407

Table No. 3.6.1.10. Interaction effect of cultivars x growth regulators x propagation media on the propagation index in lilium (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Cultivars Pavia Mother Choice Courier Media

GR’s

Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1)

Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Cocopeat Perlite +

Vermiculite (1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Cocopeat Perlite +

Vermiculite (1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1)

NAA (500 ppm) 141.8 89.2 81.3 3.9 6.6 3.9 66.3 111.8 73.0 IBA (500 ppm) 63.6 49.5 53.9 7.2 8.4 6.5 58.9 40.3 23.9

NAA (500 ppm) + IBA (500 ppm) 29.8 24.4 5.5 6.5 6.1 5.7 40.9 11.2 3.1

CD (P=5%) Cultivars x GR’s x media = 20.354

Table No. 3.6.1.11. Effect of growth regulators on per cent response in lilium cultivars (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

GR’s

Cultivars NAA (500 ppm) IBA (500 ppm) NAA (500 ppm) + IBA

(500 ppm) Mean

Pavia 86.1 78.3 22.8 62.4 Mother Choice 26.1 31.7 17.8 25.2

Courier 73.3 59.4 25.0 52.6 Mean 61.9 56.5 21.9 CD (P=5%)

Cultivars = 5.190 GR’s =5.190 Cultivars x GR’s = 8.990 Table No. 3.6.1.12. Effect of propagation media and growth regulators on percent response in lilium cultivars (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

GR’s

Media NAA (500 ppm) IBA (500 ppm) NAA (500 ppm) + IBA

(500 ppm) Mean

Cocopeat 57.2 57.2 31.7 48.7 Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1) 65.0 51.7 19.4 45.4 Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) 63.3 60.6 14.4 46.1

CD (P=5%) Media = NS GR’s x Media = 8.990

408

Table No. 3.6.1.13. Interaction effect of cultivars x growth regulators x propagation media on the per cent response in lilium cultivars (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Cultivars Pavia Mother Choice Courier Media

GR’s

Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1)

Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Cocopeat Perlite +

Vermiculite (1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite

(1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1)

NAA (500 ppm) 85.0 85.0 88.3 25.0 21.7 31.7 61.7 88.3 70.0 IBA (500 ppm) 95.0 61.7 78.3 28.3 31.7 35.0 48.3 61.7 68.3

NAA (500 ppm) + IBA (500 ppm) 25.0 28.3 15.0 25.0 15.0 13.3 45.0 15.0 15.0

CD (P=5%) Cultivars x GR’s x Media = 15.570

Table No. 3.6.1.14. Effect of media on total number of bulblets produced in lilium cultivars during scaling (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Media

GR’s Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite

(1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM

(1:1:1) Mean NAA (500 ppm)

IBA (500 ppm)

NAA (500 ppm) + IBA (500 ppm)

Pavia 12.4 8.0 9.8 10.1 15.0 11.9 3.3 Mother Choice 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.0 3.3 2.3

Courier 8.8 15.3 12.1 12.1 21.0 12.4 2.8 Mean 7.9 8.7 8.2 12.7 9.2 2.8

CD (P=5%) Cultivars= 1.298 Media= NS Cultivars x Media= 2.248

CD (P=5%) GR’s= 1.298 Cultivars x GR’s= 2.248

Table No. 3.6.1. 15. Interaction effect of growth regulators and propagation media on total number of bulblets produced in lilium cultivars during scaling (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

GR’s

Media NAA (500 ppm) IBA (500 ppm) NAA (500 ppm) + IBA (500

ppm)

Cocopeat 11.7 8.4 3.6 Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1) 14.9 8.6 2.6 Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) 11.4 10.7 2.3

CD(P=5%) GR’s x media= 2.248

409

Table No. 3.6.1.16. Interaction effect of propagation media x growth regulators x cultivars on total number of bulblets produced in lilium during scaling (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Cultivars Pavia Mother Choice Courier Media

GR’s

Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite (1:1)

Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Cocopeat Perlite +

Vermiculite (1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1) Cocopeat Perlite + Vermiculite

(1:1) Sand+ Soil + FYM (1:1:1)

NAA (500 ppm) 19.0 14.0 12.0 2.3 2.3 1.3 13.7 28.3 21.0 IBA (500 ppm) 14.7 6.3 14.7 2.7 3.7 3.7 8.0 15.7 13.7

NAA (500 ppm) + IBA (500 ppm) 3.7 3.7 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.7 4.7 2.0 1.7

CD (P=5%) Cultivars x GR’s x Media=3.893

Table No. 3.6.2a Effect of growing media on growth and development of lilium cultivars (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Cultivars

Growing Media

Days to 50% sprouting Plant height (cm) Spike length (cm) Number of Day taken for the

lower most bud to show colour (day)

Courier (Asiatic )

Cilesta (LA) Mean Courier

(Asiatic ) Cilesta (LA) Mean Courier

(Asiatic ) Cilesta (LA) Mean Courier

(Asiatic ) Cilesta (LA) Mean

Sand + Soil + FYM (1: 1: 1; v/v) 107.7 107.0 107.3 56.1 106.0 81.1 33.7 90.6 62.2 175.7 159.0 178.3 Sand + Soil + FYM (2: 1: 1; v/v) 89.7 93.0 91.3 75.2 102.7 88.9 49.7 86.7 68.2 169.0 166.7 174.4 Cocopeat + FYM (1: 1; v/v) 78.7 63.0 70.8 75.3 129.3 102.8 47.4 116.6 82.0 162.0 147.0 167.2 Cocopeat + Soil + FYM (1:1:1; v/v) 85.0 90.3 87.7 83.0 126.3 104.7 70.5 112.9 91.7 168.4 172.0 171.3 (Sand + Soil + FYM) + cocopeat (1: 1; v/v)

92.0 89.7 90.8 83.9 105.9 94.9 67.4 88.5 77.9 169.3 167.5 171.0

(Sand + Soil + FYM) + vermicompost (2: 1; v/v)

92.3 91.0 91.7 68.9 124.5 96.7 54.9 113.5 84.2 169.2 172.5 171.3

(Sand + Soil + FYM) + Vermicompost + cocopeat (2: 1: 1; v/v)

94.3 104.3 99.3 67.6 97.3 84.4 46.4 82.0 64.2 171.5 172.0 173.1

Mean 91.2 91.2 73.0 113.1 52.9 98.7 169.3 165.3 CD (P=5%)

Cultivars = NS Growing Media = 2.356

Cultivars x Growing Media = 3.332

CD (P=5%) Cultivars = 2.402

Growing media= 4.494 Cultivars x Growing Media = 6.356

CD (P=5%) Cultivars = 1.551

Growing Media = 2.901 Cultivars x Growing Media = 4.103

CD (P=5%) Cultivars = 1.260

Growing media= 2.357 Cultivars x Growing Media = 3.33

410

Table No. 3.6.2a Effect of growing media on growth and development of lilium cultivars (IARI RS Katrain center 2014 – 15) cont…..

Cultivars

Growing Media

Day to flowering (day) Number of flowers per spike Bud length (cm) Courier (Asiatic )

Cilesta (LA) Mean Courier

(Asiatic ) Cilesta (LA) Mean Courier

(Asiatic ) Cilesta (LA) Mean

Sand + Soil + FYM (1: 1: 1; v/v) 178.3 161.3 169.8 3.0 4.7 3.8 9.3 11.7 10.5 Sand + Soil + FYM (2: 1: 1; v/v) 174..4 168.7 171.5 4.3 5.0 4.6 8.9 10.3 9.6 Cocopeat + FYM (1: 1; v/v) 167.2 150.0 158.6 4.1 5.9 4.9 9.3 11.6 10.5 Cocopeat + Soil + FYM (1:1:1; v/v) 171.3 173.3 172.3 3.6 5.4 4.5 9.4 12.3 10.9 (Sand + Soil + FYM) + cocopeat (1: 1; v/v)

171.0 169.5 170.3 3.5 4.1 3.8 9.4 11.7 10.6

(Sand + Soil + FYM) + vermicompost (2: 1; v/v)

171.3 174.8 173.0 3.2 5.5 4.4 9.2 12.1 10.7

(Sand + Soil + FYM) + vermicompost + cocopeat (2: 1: 1; v/v)

173.1 173.5 173.3 2.8 6.4 4.6 9.2 9.2 9.2

Mean 172.4 167.3 3.5 5.3 9.3 11.3 CD (P=5%)

Cultivars = 1.043 Growing Media = 1.951

Cultivars x Growing Media = 2.759

CD (P=5%) Cultivars = 0.412

Growing media= 0.772 Cultivars x Growing Media = 1.091

CD (P=5%) Cultivars = 0.199

Growing Media = 0.372 Cultivars x Growing Media = 0.526

6. ALSTROEMERIA Table No. 3.7.1a: Effect of different growing media on performance of Alstroemeria cv. Pluto. (Kalimpong center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Plant height (cm)

Stem length (cm)

No. of flowering

shoots/ plant

No. of days for

flowering

No. of florets/ stem

Size of florets (cm)

Duration of flowering

(day)

No. of rhizome/

plant

Diam. of rhizome

(cm)

Wt. of rhizome

(g)

Vase life

(day) T1 65.10 64.45 5.63 119.90 5.83 4.73 16.80 6.11 3.41 9.25 7.44 T2 55.62 58.15 5.87 123.87 5.77 4.63 17.82 5.52 2.88 8.83 7.98 T3 70.38 70.10 11.35 96.17 6.74 5.06 19.55 9.30 3.95 10.69 9.04 T4 67.59 64.45 9.18 112.29 5.88 4.80 20.14 8.57 4.83 12.41 9.48 T5 76.15 78.30 15.44 99.13 7.02 5.31 23.51 11.29 6.09 14.05 12.95 T6 71.16 69.23 11.81 89.47 6.93 5.10 20.95 11.69 4.45 11.76 9.63 T7 80.90 74.83 16.85 107.14 7.27 5.45 25.29 13.58 5.61 13.83 12.44

C.D (P=0.05) 2.11 2.75 0.94 0.99 0.55 N.S 0.97 1.09 0.56 1.08 0.65

411

7. FOLIAGE PLANTS Table No. 3.8.1a Effect of colored shade nets on cut foliage plants (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Sr. No. Character White (50%) Green (50%) Red (50%) Control LSD (0.05) Fern Asparagus Fern Asparagus Fern Asparagus Fern Asparagus

1 Plant height (cm) 34.58 69.12 27.73 89.62 34.52 87.59 21.53 56.23 5.12 2 Plant spread (cm) 22.54 41.25 23.44 54.62 21.41 55.64 19.37 41.52 6.23 3 Leaf length (cm) 28.12 24.71 29.03 25.23 27.51 26.41 24.61 23.12 4.05 4 Leaf breadth (cm) 2.53 12.01 2.74 11.80 2.62 12.02 2.32 10.98 3.54 5 No of leaves/plant 35.85 9.68 38.37 10.52 32.54 11.52 5.27 11.25 2.01 6 Leaf longevity (Day) 14.12 18.62 16.23 19.68 14.25 18.63 9.32 13.02 5.26 7 Petiole girth (cm) 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.32 NS 8 Vase life 12.12 13.75 13.11 15.26 13.95 13.52 12.32 11.25 NS 9 Leaf production 22.32 25.41 25.12 27.23 23.42 26.42 23.14 24.56 NS

10 Chlorophyll spad value 26.52 27.012 25.7 26.12 24.15 26.42 27.5 26.41 NS Table No. 3.8.2a: Effect of media incorporated with Pusa Hydrogel on the growth of Aglaonema commutatum (Coimbatore center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Plant height (cm)

Stem girth (cm)

No. of leaves/

plant

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf width (cm)

Petiole girth (cm)

Root length (cm)

No. of primary

roots/ plant

Plant spread (cm)

Media moisture content (%) 5 Day

after watering T1 20.30 3.55 3.40 22.00 3.75 1.25 0.39 11.00 7.90 1.0 T2 22.40 3.60 4.20 23.30 4.25 1.42 5.80 15.00 12.17 2.0 T3 24.00 4.47 4.60 24.25 4.63 1.43 6.60 14.50 13.60 10.0 T4 34.50 5.80 5.90 26.55 5.62 1.85 7.39 20.05 18.35 11.0 T5 36.30 6.15 7.10 27.10 5.88 2.00 7.83 21.00 21.22 18.0

S.Ed 1.13 0.19 0.20 1.05 0.20 0.06 0.24 0.69 0.60 0.35 CD (P=0.05) 2.62 0.44 0.48 2.43 0.46 0.15 0.57 1.59 1.40 0.82

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8. ORCHIDS Table No. 3.9.3a: Effect of inorganic nutrient mixtures on vegetative parameters of Dendrobium Orchid hybrid Emma White (Coimbatore center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Plant height (cm)

Stem girth (mm)

Leaf area (cm2)

No of leaves/ plant

Internode length (cm)

Days to flower bud initiation

Spike length (cm)

No. of florets/ spike

No. of spikes/ plant

Floret size (L*B cm)

Pedicel length (cm)

Flowering duration

(day)

Vase life

(day) T1 (10:5:5 – 0.2%) 30.27 10.11 32.48 8.67 4.06 166.42 47.03 13.04 1.00 5.67*5.44 4.07 71.66 20.33 T2 (10:5:5 – 0.3%) 31.48 10.28 35.74 9.34 4.03 157.67 52.15 14.51 1.00 5.65*5.85 3.65 58.66 17.5 T3 (10:10:10 – 0.2%) 30.59 10.63 35.14 9.67 4.10 140.34 48.72 12.54 1.00 6.34*5.15 3.67 59.33 17.74 T4 (10:10:10 – 0.3%) 32.75 11.06 38.45 10.03 4.23 132.34 49.75 15.55 1.33 5.65*5.15 4.45 88.66 23.33 T5 (10:15:10 - 0.2%) 30.20 10.15 28.79 8.34 3.83 146.34 42.51 8.06 1.00 5.96*5.45 3.56 59.66 20.50 T6 (10:15:10 - 0.3%) 31.24 10.03 33.83 9.34 3.86 141.67 45.65 10.52 1.00 5.54*5.54 3.81 65.33 19.33 T7 (15:10:10 – 0.2%) 30.46 9.86 32.01 9.34 4.10 142.67 38.21 11.67 1.33 5.84*5.64 3.97 68.33 19.76 T8 (15:10:10 – 0.3%) 31.74 10.69 35.69 9.67 4.23 138.75 47.11 12.01 1.66 6.02*5.75 3.84 72.66 21.81 T9 (20:10:10 – 0.2%) 31.09 10.1 35.23 10.09 4.33 133.67 48.17 12.34 1.00 5.84*5.51 4.24 72.33 18.28 T10 (20:10:10 – 0.3%) 33.60 11.43 42.32 11.34 4.56 121.67 59.53 16.67 1.83 6.57*6.12 5.09 95.33 25.30 T11 (10:20:10 – 0.2%) 30.38 9.63 20.95 7.67 3.80 166.42 44.07 9.34 1.00 5.43*3.31 3.45 62.67 16.28 T12 (10:20:10 – 0.3% 30.99 9.64 24.22 8.34 3.83 146.98 46.91 11.51 1.00 5.77*4.23 4.22 69 18.71 T13 (Control) 29.50 9.31 19.17 7.24 3.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mean 31.11 10.22 31.84 9.16 4.03 144.57 47.48 12.31 1.18 5.85*5.26 4.01 70.30 19.90 CD (P=0.05) 0.616 0.246 0.308 0.338 0.029 6.225 0.155 0.093 0.006 0.226 0.021 12.450 1.634

Table No. 3.9.4a: Effect of micronutrients on vegetative and floral parameters of Dendrobium Orchid cv. Sonia 17 (Coimbatore center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Plant height (cm)

No. of leaves/ plant

Internodal length (cm)

No. of roots/ plant

Root length (cm)

No. of pseudobulbs/

plant

No. of spikes/ plant

No. of florets/ spike

Spike length (cm)

Flower pedicel length (cm)

Flower longevity in field (day)

Vase life

(day)

T1 - Control RDF 24.11 4.75 3.31 14.81 14.11 5.30 4.17 7.21 23.11 3.11 26.41 11.75 T2 - NPK + Cu 200 ppm 32.11 5.51 3.11 16.77 15.12 4.83 4.72 8.36 29.66 2.78 27.46 11.68 T3 - NPK + Cu 400 ppm 31.41 4.91 4.11 15.31 15.51 15.62 4.87 3.97 27.63 2.96 3.83 11.51 T4 - NPK + Fe 300 ppm 29.11 5.81 4.12 16.75 15.81 6.11 5.11 6.94 31.11 2.98 27.11 11.13 T5 - NPK + Fe 600 ppm 39.31 7.51 4.17 23.41 16.21 7.12 6.73 9.21 35.24 4.91 29.67 16.72 T6 - NPK + Zn 300 ppm 29.11 6.11 3.17 16.81 15.41 6.13 4.81 7.37 29.11 3.11 31.17 12.85 T7 - NPK + Zn 600 ppm 39.17 6.51 4.83 21.54 16.81 3.69 6.47 9.17 34.14 4.12 34.14 16.11 T8 - NPK + Mn 200 ppm 29.31 6.71 3.11 16.17 14.91 6.24 3.24 8.23 31.61 3.14 29.21 13.51

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T9 - NPK + Mn 400 ppm 24.61 5.11 3.82 15.94 15.12 6.21 4.17 8.11 25.11 3.17 24.74 12.14 T10 - NPK + B 100 ppm 24.11 6.07 3.09 15.98 13.11 4.95 4.11 7.12 26.12 3.14 28.31 13.11 T11 - NPK + B 200 ppm 26.81 6.91 3.18 14.81 14.54 5.91 4.25 6.35 21.41 3.16 29.41 12.91 T12 - NPK + Mo 100 ppm 25.11 6.31 3.13 15.31 13.19 6.75 5.38 8.92 23.12 3.11 27.48 12.12 T13 - NPK + Mo 200 ppm 26.11 6.85 3.46 17.51 14.11 6.02 6.17 6.85 24.11 3.17 27.10 13.15

Mean 29.26 6.08 3.59 17.01 14.92 6.53 4.94 7.52 27.81 3.30 26.62 12.98 CD (P=0.05) 6.79 1.39 0.83 3.91 3.42 1.64 1.15 1.73 6.41 0.76 6.16 2.97

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4. CROP PROTECTION 1. OPEN AND PROTECTED CULTIVATED ORNAMENTALS

Project No. 4.1.1: Disease diagnostics in major ornamental crops of the region. Duration : Three years (ongoing) Crops : Major crops of the region Centres : (A) For viruses, viroids and phytoplasmas – Hessaraghatta

: (B) For fungi and bacteria: Pune (Ganeshkhind), Ludhiana, Kahikuchi and Kalyani.

Technical programme : 1. Development of ELISA and PCR – based diagnostics. 2. Documentation supported with disease photographs of occurrence and geographical distribution of various pathogens associated.

REPORT CENTRE (A) For viruses, viroides and phytoplamas Hessaraghatta Diagnosis of viruses infecting bulbous ornamental crops: A. Survey of incidence of viruses in bulbous ornamental crops: Survey for incidence of viruses in ornamental bulbous crops in Karnataka has indicated incidence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 22.5% and Canna yellow mottle virus (CYMV) 10.5% on Canna, Lilly mottle virus (LMoV) 14.5% on Lilly, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 7.8%, Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) 13.5%, Tobacco streak virus (TSV) 2.7% and Phytoplasma 1.5% on Gladiolus. Where as tuberose mild mottle virus (TuMMV) incidence up to 41.5 to 90.5% was noticed in different places on tuberose. B. PCR based diagnosis of lilly mottle virus (LMoV) in lily: Lily plants showing symptoms of virus infection were collected in around Bengaluru and were tested for presence of viruses. Of the 12 samples collected, 10 samples of lily when observed under electron microscope revealed the presence of flexuous filamentous particles. Total RNA isolated from infected samples was used for PCR amplification by reverse transcribing with RT enzyme. PCR amplification using Potyvirus specific primer has amplified DNA fragment of 0.8kb in infected sample but not from the healthy control plants. PCR based detection was developed using primers specific to Coat protein gene of Lilly mottle virus. DNA fragment of 0.7kb was amplified from infected lily samples but not from healthy control plants. The method is quick and detection even in symptom less plants and in dormant corms and tissue culture Plant of Lily.

M: λ DNA marker, H: Helathy control , L1, L2 L3: LMoV infected corm, leaf, tissue culture plant and amplification of 0.7kb DNA in infected samples

(B) For fungus and bacteria

M H M H

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Pune (Ganeshkhind) The survey was conducted during kharif season of 2014. In kharif season of 2014-15 at

Markal, District Pune the tuberose showed 7.50% incidence of stem rot with 10.15.0 % leaf blight intensity., while in marigold showed 8.75% leaf blight intensity and golden rod showed 21.50% rust intensity. At Induri Taluk Rajgurunagar in district Pune the marigold showed 9.75% leaf blight intensity and gladiolus showed 10.50% wilt incidence. At Dehu Taluk Haveli, District Pune the tuberose showed 8.75% stem rot incidence and 9.75 % leaf blight intensity (Table 4.1.1.1).

Ludhiana

Botrytis blight of gladiolus appeared late in the month of February 2015 at the farmer’s fields and its incidence was found to be lower (10-30 per cent) as compared to the previous year (10-50 percent). The incidence of wilt of gladiolus caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli was also on the lower side (5-10 per cent). Curvularia blight was also not found to be a serious disease during the crop season with its incidence ranging from 0-5 per cent in different fields.

Collar rot of marigold caused by Rhizoctonia solani was recorded in a nursery at Ludhiana. Rotting of stems at the collar region and shredding of stems higher up the plant was a common symptom of the disease. Incidence of the disease was about 5 per cent. Kahikuchi

Spot survey was conducted to assess the intensity of fungal and bacterial diseases of bulbous ornamentals during the year 2013-14 in the districts of Kamrup, Chirang, Jorhat,Barpeta and Nalbari of Assam. In all the districts, the incidences of sclerotial wilt (Sclerotium rolfsii) in tuberose in the range of 11-27% have been recorded. The incidence of leaf blight caused by Alternaria polyanthis in tuberose cv. Prajwal and Phoma polyanthis in tuberose cv. Local Single have been recorded (13-22%). Leaf blight caused by Curvularia spp has also been found in on station cultivation in tuberose.

During rabi, the incidence of Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp gladioli) in gladiolus is very common in Assam. It has been recorded in almost all the growers of gladiolus flower. Apart from this, the occurrence of botrytis blight (Botrytis gladiolorum) and storage rot (Penicillium gladioli) are also found in mild form. Kalyani No Report

2. ROSE Project No. 4.2.1: Control of black spot of rose under open field condition. Duration : Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres : Pune (Ganeshkhind), Ludhiana and Hessaraghatta Technical programme : Design of experiment : RBD

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Number of treatments : Seven Number of replications : Three Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Treatment details:

i. Mancozeb 0.2% ii. Carbendazim 0.1%

iii. Propiconazole 0.1% iv. Azoxystrobin 0.1% v. Kresoxim – methyl 0.1%

vi. Trifloxystrobin 0.1% vii. Untreated control Note: First spray at disease appearance and subsequent sprays at 15 days interval. Observations recorded: 1. Per cent disease intensity 2. Yield (flower/plant/plot) 3. Phytotoxicity, if any

REPORT CENTRE Pune

The trial was conducted in existing rose cv. Gladiator under open field condition. Amongst the six fungicides tested the fungicides propiconazole 0.1% and azoxystrobin 0.1% showed the least disease intensity (7.60% respectively) of black leaf spot disease and were found most effective as compared to other fungicides tested (Table 4.2.1.1).

Ludhiana

The effect of seven different treatments was determined in a field trial on black spot of rose caused by Diplocarpon rosea. None of the fungicides reduced the severity of the disease in a significant manner over the control (Table 4.2.1.2). However, three fungicides namely, carbendazim (0.1%), kresoxim-methyl (0.1%) and tryfloxystrobin (0.1%) appeared to be better than others as they were more effective in reducing the disease. Effect of fungicidal sprays on yield was also non-significant. Phytotoxicity was not recorded in any of the fungicides tested.

Hessaraghatta

A field trial under open conditions to test the efficacy of six fungicides namely mancozeb (0.2%), carbendazim (0.1%), propiconazole (0.1%), azoxystrobin (0.1%), Kresoxin-methy (0.1%) and trifloxystrobin (0.1%) on the management of black leaf spot of rose caused by Diplocarpon rosae was taken up at IIHR, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru. Local Yellow spreading variety of rose was used. First spray was given at disease appearance and subsequent sprays were given at 15 days interval. The planting was done in August and first disease appearance was noticed in October. The per cent disease index as per the observations recorded in

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November is presented in the table (4.2.1.3). Trifloxistrobin and propiconazole were found effective with PDI of 2.67 and 6.22 compared to control where PDI was 69.33.

3. GLADIOLUS

Project No. 4.3.1: Management of Fusarium wilt in gladiolus. Duration : Three years (ongoing) Centres : Pune (Ganeshkhind), Ludhiana, Hessaraghatta and Kahicuchi. Technical programme : Number of replications : Three Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Number of treatments : Seven Treatment details :

i. Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% for 30 min.

ii. Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106cfu), 10g/l. for 30 min.

iii. Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% for 30 min.+ Soil application of Trichoderma harzianum @ 10 g in 1 kg FYM for 10m2

iv. Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106

cfu),10g/l for 30 min .+ Soil application of Trichoderma harzianum @ 10 gm in1 kg FYM for 10 m2

v. Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms with captan 0.2% +carbendazim 0.2% for 30 min.+ drenching with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval

vi. Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106cfu),10g/l for 30 min. + drenching with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval

vii. Untreated control Note: Carbendazim tolerant Trichoderma harzianum culture to be supplied by IIHR to other centers.

REPORT CENTRE Pune

During 2014-15, pre storage and pre planting of corms with captan 0.2% + carbendazin 0.2% for 30 min. +Soil drenching either with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% or T. harzianum @ 10 g in 1 kg FYM for 10 m2 showed least disease incidence (3.33% each) with maximum flower stalk per plot (11.33 and 10, respectively) Table 4.3.1.1a.

The three years pooled results (2011-12 to 2013-14) presented in Table 4.3.1.1b and 4.3.1.1c indicated that the treatment differences in wilt incidence, yield and quality parameters of flower stalks, corms and cormels were statistically significant.

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Fusarium wilt: The pooled results over three years revealed that the least disease incidence (3.58, 5.55 and 7.22 PDI) and maximum disease reduction (94.67%, 91.74% and 89.26 %) was recorded in pre storage hot water treatment of corm (50o for 30 min.) followed by pre planting corm treatment with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% followed by corm treatment with T. harzianum 10g/l for 30 min. Pre storage hot water treatment of corm (50o for 30 min.) followed by pre planting corm treatment with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% and pre storage and pre planting corm treatment with captan 0.3% respectively and were found at par with each other. Yield of flower stalk and healthy corms and cormels: As the pre storage hot water treatment of corm (50º for 30 min.) followed by pre planting corm treatment with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% followed by corm treatment with T. harzianum 10g/l for 30 min. and pre storage and pre planting corm treatment with captan 0.3% reduced disease to greator extends, it gave significantly the highest yield of flower stalks (139920 and 130920 fls/ha. respectively) and healthy corms (117660 and 110064/ha., respectively) and found at par with each other. Economics of treatments (ha.1): The data presented in Table 4.3.1.1c revealed that the different treatments gave monetary returns ranging from Rs. 9.7 lakh to Rs. 14.15 lakh as against 6.31 lakh in control. The highest benefit cost ratio 1.90 and maximum monetary returns of Rs. 13.21 lakh/ha. were obtained in pre storage and pre planting treatment of corm with captan 0.3 %. Though the pre storage hot water treatment of corm (50o for 30 min.) followed by pre planting corm treatment with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% followed by corm treatment with T. harzianum 10g/l for 30 min. and pre storage hot water treatment of corm (50o for 30 min.) followed by pre planting corm treatment with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% were effective in managing the disease and increase in yield and monetary returns, it failed to give good benefit cost ratio due to the higher cost of fungicides. Conclusion: The pre storage and pre planting corm treatment with captan 0.3% was found cost effective for better management of Fusarium wilt of gladiolus and increasing yield and monetary returns in gladiolus.The findings confirms the earlier recommendation. Ludhiana

Corms of gladiolus cv. Oscar were given different treatments as per the technical programme. The data on per cent mortality of the disease were recorded two months after planting of the crop, whereas, on plant height after three and a half months of planting of corms. Data on corm and cormel yield, in terms of their number and weight, were recorded at harvest of the crop.

None of the treatments significantly reduced the disease (Table 4.3.1.2). The yield was also not enhanced by any of the treatments. Some of the treatments rather were found to have negative effect. Pre-storage and pre-planting dip-treatments of corms with captan (02%) + carbandazim (.02%) alone or coupled with soil application of the same fungicides did not have any adverse effect.

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Kahikuchi Three years pooled data (Tables 4.3.1.3a, 4.3.1.3b, 4.3.1.3c and 4.3.1.3d) with economic

analysis revealed the effectivity of pre-storage treatment of corms in hot water at 50 0C for 30 min followed by dipping of corms in the fungicidal solution of captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) which registered less disease incidence of 17.80 per cent with the highest per cent disease control (69.79 %) and benefit cost ratio (3.28).Maximum flower spike per sq. metre (18.59/m2) and number of corms per plot (32.80) were also registered by this treatment. Recommendation: Pre-storage treatment of corms in hot water at 50 0C for 30 min followed by dipping of corms in the fungicidal solution of captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) for 30 minutes may be recommended for the management of Fusarium wilt of gladiolus.

First year’s (2014-15) data presented in the Table (4.3.1.3d) revealed the effectivity of Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corm with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% for 30 min followed by soil application of T. harzianum (10 g in 1 kg FYM for 10 m2) which registered less disease incidence of 13.83 per cent with the highest per cent disease control (70.93%) . Maximum flower spike length (68.33) and number of corms per plot (33.00) were also registered by this treatment. Hessaraghatta

A field trial to test the efficacy of selected bioagents along with other integrated management practices for the management of Fusarium wilt in gladiolus cv, White Prosperity caused by Fusarium oxysproum f. sp. gladioli was taken up. The treatments tested and disease incidence recorded are given in the Table (4.3.1.4)

For this experiment Trichoderma harzianum culture GJ16B developed at NBAIR was obtained and mass multiplied and formulated at IIHR and supplied to Pune, Ludhiana and Kahikuchi centres also. The treatment-wise wilt incidence and flower yield at the end of the trial were recorded. Pre-storage and pre planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106 CFU per litre) for 30 min followed by drenching with captan 0.2% and carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval resulted in the least wilt incidence of 12.8% compared to 32.1% in control. Among the treatments tested, the flower yield was on par among the treatments (63.7 to 69 flowers per 10m2) except control (45.2) which was due to more wilted plants.

Project No. 4.3.2: Protocol for evaluation of bio-efficacy of Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P. in the management of root knot nematode, M. incognita infesting gladiolus. Duration : Three years (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Pune (Ganeshkhind), Ludhiana, Hessaraghatta and Kahicuchi. Technical programme : Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Plot size : 4 x 2.5 m Design of experiment : RBD Number of replications : Five

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Number of treatments : Six Treatment details : T1: Corm treatment with Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P. @ 10g/lit. T2: T1+ Application of 2.5 tons of FYM/ 1 tons of vermicompost enriched with 2.5kg ofBacillus subtilis/ ha T3: T1+ Application of 5 tons of FYM/ 2 tons of vermicompost enriched with 5 kg of Bacillus subtilis/ ha T4: Application of 5 tons of FYM/ 2 tons of vermicompost enriched T5: Chemical treatment T6: Control Observations recorded: Observations are made following the standard methods. i. Initial population density of M. incognita in 100cc soil. ii. Final population density of M. incognita in 100cc soil. iii. Root-knot galling index on 1-5 scale at 75 days after transplanting. iv. Root-knot galling index on 1-5 scale after termination of the experiment. v. Disease incidence in % at 75 days after transplanting. vi. Disease incidence in % after termination of the experiment. vii. Yield per plot (Kg) viii. Number of M. incognita in 10g roots after termination of experiment. ix. Increase in the yield (%)

REPORT CENTRE Pune:No Report Ludhiana: No Report Hessaraghatta: No Report Kahikuchi: No Report

4. CARNATION Project No. 4.4.1: Management of collar rot and wilt of carnation. Centres : Pune (Ganeshkhind) and Hessaraghatta Duration : Three years (2014-15 onwards) Technical programme : Number of replications : Three Number of treatments : Seven (soil applications) Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Treatment details :

i. Root dip + Soil drenching + foliar spray after one month of planting with Captan 0.3%.

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ii. Root dip + Soil drenching + foliar spray after one month of planting withmetalaxyl-mancozeb 0.25%

iii. Root dip + Soil drenching + foliar spray after one month of planting with copper oxychloride 0.3%,

iv. Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray after one month of planting with Captan 0.3%.

v. Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray after one month of planting with metalaxyl-mancozeb 0.25%

vi. Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray after one month of planting with copper oxychloride 0.3%,

vii. Untreated control REPORT

CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind)

The root dip in Carbendazim 0.1% with alternate drenching of Captaf 0.3% and Carbendazim 0.1% ( 3.33 and 10.0 PDI) and root dip in Captaf 0.3% with alternate drenching of Carbendazim 0.1% and Captaf 0.3% (5.00 and 11.66 PDI) showed significantly the least disease incidence of wilt at both the stages and found at par with each other ( (Table 4.4.1.1). Hessaraghatta The experiment has been started under polyhouse condition with the commercial cv. Happy. The treatments have been imposed for the root dip and soil drenching. The experiment is yet to be completed. Project No. 4.4.2: Protocol for evaluation of bio-efficacy of Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P. in the management of root knot nematode, M. incognita infecting carnations. Centres : Pune (Ganeshkhind) and Hessaraghatta Duration : Three years (2014-15 onwards) Technical programme : Design of experiment : RBD Plot size : 4 x 2.5m Number of replications : Five Number of treatments : Six Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Treatment details: T1: Raised nursery bed treatment with Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P. @ 50g/m2 (if the seedlings are grown in portrays using coco peat or any other substrate, please treat 1 kg of substrate with 5g of Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P.) T2: T1 + application of 2.5 tons of FYM / 1 ton of vermicompost enriched with 2.5 kg of Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P/ ha.

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T3: T1 + application of 5 tons of FYM /2 ton of vermicompost enriched with 5 kg of Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P/ ha. T4: Application of 5 tons of FYM / 2 ton of vermicompost. T5: Chemical treatment T6: Control Observations recorded: Observations are made following the standard methods. i. Initial population density of M. incognita in 100cc soil. ii. Final population density of M. incognita in 100cc soil. iii. Root-knot galling index on 1-5 scale at 75 days after transplantation iv. Root-knot galling index on 1-5 scale after termination of the experiment. v. Disease incidence % at 75 days after transplantation vi. Disease incidence % after termination of the experiment. vii. Number of M. incognita in 10g roots after termination of experiment. viii. Yield per plot (Kg) ix. Increase in the yield (%)

REPORT CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind): No Report Hessaraghatta : No Report

5. TUBEROSE Project No. 4.5.1: Management of tuberose leaf blight. Duration : Three Years (ongoing) Centres : Pune (Ganeshkhind), Ludhiana, Kahikuchi and Kalyani Technical programme : Number of treatments : Seven Number of replications : Four Cultivar : Any Single petalled, susceptible cultivar Design of experiment : RBD Plot size : 1.80m × 1.5m (flat bed) Spacing : 30 cm × 30 cm Treatment details :

i. Mancozeb 0.2% ii. Chlorothalonil 0.2%

iii. Tricyclazole 0.1% iv. Iprodine + Carbendazim 0.1% v. Difenoconazole 0.1%

vi. Azoxystrobin 0.1% vii. Untreated control.

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Observations recorded: i. Per cent disease incidence – initial and 7 and 15 days after treatment.

ii. Spike yield (kg/plot). iii. Bulb and bullet yield (kg/plot). iv. ICBR (incremental cost benefit ratio).

REPORT CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind)

Pooled results (2012-13 to 2014-15) : The three years pooled results presented in Table 4.5.1.1a indicated that the treatment differences in leaf blight intensity, yield and quality parameters of flower stalks and bulbs were statistically significant. Leaf blight of tuberose: The three years pooled results revealed that the treatment with azoxystrobin 0.1% showed the least disease intensity (2.64 PDI) with maximum disease reduction (87.0%) but it was at par with difenoconazole 0.1% (3.96 PDI and 80.50% PDR) and iprodine + carbendazim 0.1% (4.21 PDI and 79.3 PDR) and were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Yield of flower stalks and salable bulbs: The maximum yield of flower stalks and salable bulbs were obtained in azoxystrobin 0.1% (8.40 lakh fls/ha. and 23.6 lakh bulbs/ha.), iprodine + carbendazim 0.1% (8.37 lakh fls/ha. and 24.47 lakh bulbs/ha.) and difenoconazole 0.1% (8.28 lakh fls/ha. and 23.55 bulbs/ha.). Economics of treatments (ha.1): The data presented in Table-4.5.1.1b revealed that different treatments gave monetary returns ranging from Rs. 18.44 lakh/ha. to 20.60 lakh/ha. as against Rs. 15.83 lakh/ha. in control. The highest monetary returns of Rs. 20.60 lakh/ha. with maximum benefit cost ratio 3.47 was obtained in sprays with iprodine + carbendazim 0.1%. The effective fungicides i.e. azoxystrobin 0.1% and difenoconazole 0.1% fails to give good benefit cost ratio due to higher cost of fungicides. Conclusion: Six sprays of iprodine +carbendazim 0.1% starting the first spray at disease appearance was found effective for better management of leaf blight and increasing monetary returns in tuberose. The iprodine + carbendazim is not a label claim fungicide in tuberose. Ludhiana

The severity of leaf blight of tuberose was significantly reduced by four fungicidal treatments, namely, difenoconazole (Score, 0.1%), chlorothalonil (Kavach, 0.2%), azoxystrobin (Amistar, 0.1%) and mancozeb (Dithane M-45, 0.2%) over the control (Table 4.5.1.2). Since the severity of the disease was found to be low, flower yield was not significantly affected by the treatments. In the previous year, azoxystrobin and mancozeb were also found promising to some extent.

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Kahikuchi Three years (2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15) pooled data presented in the Tables

(4.5.1.3a, 4.5.1.3b and 4.5.1.3c) indicated that the spraying of Azoxystrobin (Amister) (0.1%) or Difenoconazole (Score) (0.1%) or Iprodione + carbendazim (Quintal) (0.1%) were found effective in managing the leaf spot disease of tuberose, which recorded significantly lowest disease incidence of 8.21, 9.43 and 10.37 per cent with highest per cent disease control of 75.49 , 71.32 and 69.83, respectively. Maximum number of flower stalks per meter square of bed area (43.00, 39.40 and 37.36 / m2), maximum weight of fresh flower stalk (74.75 74.38 and 74.25 g) and length of the flower stalk (89.90, 88.01 and 87.54 cm) were also rerecorded by these treatments. But the economic analyses revealed about the superiority of Difenconazole (0.1%) which recorded highest BCR (5.99) ( Benefit Cost Ratio) followed by Iprodione + carbendazim (5.91) and Azoxysrtbin (5.88) (Table 4). Remark: The experiment is proposed for conclusion and recommendation. Recommendation: Spraying of Difenoconazole (1 ml/l) or Iprodion + Carbendazim (1 g/l) or Azoxystrobin (1 ml/l) at 7-10 days interval may be recommended for the management of leaf spot of tuberose caused by Alternaria polyanthi. Kalyani: No Report Project No. 4.5.2: Control of root knot nematodes in tuberose. Duration : Three years (ongoing) Centres : Hessaraghatta and Kalyani Technical programme : Number of treatments : Eight (soil application) Number of replication s : Three Cultivar : One Single petalled and one Double petalled. Design of experiment : RBD Plot size: 1.5m × 1.2m Spacing: 30 cm × 30 cm Treatment details :

i. Neem cake @ 1.0 t/ha (soil application atleast 15 days prior to planting). ii. Neem seed powder – 5 g/plant (soil application).

iii. Carbofuran – 1 kg a.i./ha (standard check). iv. Paecilomyceslilacinus(2 x106/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application). v. Trichoderma harzianum (2 x106/g) @ 5 kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application).

vi. Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5 kg mixed with FYM 5 t/ha (soil application). vii. Pochonia chlamydosporia@ 5 kg mixed with FYM 5 t/ha (soil application).

viii. Untreated control. NB: All treatments are to be applied in second year crop and supplies of bioformulations are to be ensured from IIHR/NBAII/TNAU (Coimbatore). All centres should utilize bioformulations

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from same sources. Neem cake should be procured from reliable sources of similar brand (may be Godrej/PCI etc.). Observations recorded:

i. Initial nematode population (INP) in soil per 200 cc soil (at least 200J2 per 200cc soil should be present in the experimental plot).

ii. Root Knot Index (1-5 Scale: 1=Healthy, 2=1-10 galls, 3=11-30 galls, 4=31-100 galls and 5=>100 galls in a root system).

iii. Final nematode population per 200cc soil. iv. Spike yield (kg/plot). v. Flower stalk length (cm) (measure at least 10 stalks from each plot).

vi. Rachis length (cm) (measure at least 10 rachis from each plot). vii. Bulb and bullet yield (kg/plot).

viii. ICBR (incremental cost benefit ratio). REPORT

CENTRE Kahikuchi

Data presented in Table (4.5.2.1) showed that there was no incidence of root knot nematode in the experimental plots since gall formation in the root system was not observed during 2012-13. The second year’s experiment is in progress with the same treatments and tuberose cv. Prajwal in ratoon crop. Growth characteristics such as number, length (cm) and weight (g) of the flower stalk recorded during 2013-14 have shown in Table. Hessaraghatta

Of all the treatments, application of 5 tons of FYM enriched with 1 kg of Pseudomonas fluorescens recorded the maximum increase in flower yield (46.91%). Application of 5 tons of FYM enriched with 1 kg of Pochonia chlamydosporia (2 x 108cfu/g)/ ha resulted in the maximum reduction in final population of M. incognita (35.78%) and was on par with other treatments with biocontrol agents (Table 4.5.2.2 and Fig. 4.5.2.2). Kalyani: No Report Project No. 4.5.3: Management of foliar nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi) in tuberose. Objective: Validation of technologies for foliar nematode management under field conditions to produce quality flowers of tuberose. Duration : Three years (ongoing) Centres : Kalyani and Kahikuchi Technical programme : Cultivar : Single type cultivar Number of treatments : Six Number of replications : Four

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Design of experiment : RBD Plot Size : 1.8m × 1.2 (at least) Spacing : 30cm × 30 cm Treatment details :

i. Pre-planting overnight soaking of bulbs in monocrotophos 36SL @ 2 ml/L of water followed by three consecutive spraying with monocrotophos 36SL @ 2 ml/L of water at 15 days interval (repeat the spraying in second year from March onwards).

ii. Pre planting overnight soaking of bulb in carbosulfan 25EC @ 1.5 ml/L of water followed by three consecutive spraying with carbosulfan 25EC @ 1.5 ml/L of water at 15 days interval (repeat the spraying in second year from March onwards).

iii. Pre planting overnight soaking of bulb in cartap hydrochloride 50WP @ 2g/L of water followed by three consecutive spraying with cartap hydrochloride 50WP @ 1 g/L of water at 15 days interval (repeat the spraying in second year from March onwards).

iv. Pre planting overnight soaking of bulb in NSKE 5% followed by three consecutive spraying with NSKE 5% at 15 days interval (repeat the spraying in second year from March onwards).

v. No bulb treatment and only three consecutive spraying with monocrotophos 36 SL @ 2 ml/L of water at 15 days interval (repeat the spraying in second year from March onwards).

vi. Untreated control. (NB: Apply sticker while spraying solution) Observations recorded:

i. Percent infestation (PI) of flower / plot ii. Percent disease index (*0-4 Scale)

iii. Spike length (cm) iv. Rachis length (cm) v. Nematode population / flower spike

vi. No. of spike / plot vii. Flower yield (loose) / plot (kg)

viii. ICBR (Incremental Cost benefit Ratio) *Disease rating chart (0 – 5 scale) for tuberose cultivar Calcutta single:

1. No malady symptoms on flower stalk. 2. Distortions at basal part of flower stalk but exhibit flower bloom. 3. Entire flower stalk exhibit distortions but few flowers bloom at the tip. 4. Entire flower stalk distorted but no flower bloom. 5. Complete sterility of flower stalk or blind head.

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REPORT CENTRE Kahikuchi

Result presented in Table (4.5.3.1) showed that there was no incidence of foliar nematode in the experimental plots. The experiment was conducted with the tuberose cv. Vaibhav. Other growth characters such as number, length (cm) and weight (g) of the flower spikes were recorded. The treatment, pre-planting over night soaking of bulbs in carbosulfan 25 EC @ 1.5 ml/l followed by three consecutive spraying with carbosulfan 25 EC @ 1.5 ml/l at 15 days interval recorded maximum flower spikes (41.80/m2), though treatments were non-significant. Kalyani: No Report Project No. 4.5.3: Protocol for evaluation of bio-efficacy of Bacillus subtilis– 1 % W.P. in the management of root knot nematode, M. incognita infesting tuberose. Duration : Three Years (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Hessaraghatta and Kalyani Technical programme : Number of treatments : Eight (soil application) Number of replications : Three Cultivar : One Single petalled and one Double petalled. Design of experiment : RBD Plot size : 1.5m × 1.2m Spacing : 30 cm × 30 cm Treatment details : T1:Bulb treatment with Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P. @ 10g/lit. T2: T1+ Application of 2.5 tons of FYM/ 1 tons of vermicompost enriched with 2.5kg of Bacillus subtilis/ ha T3: T1+ Application of 5 tons of FYM/ 2 tons of vermicompost enriched with 5 kg of Bacillus subtilis/ ha T4: Application of 5 tons of FYM/ 2 tons of vermicompost enriched T5: Chemical Treatment T6: Control Observations recorded: Observations are made following the standard methods.

i. Initial population density of M. incognita in 100cc soil. ii. Final population density of M. incognita in 100cc soil. iii. Root-knot galling index on 1-5 scale at 75 days after transplanting. iv. Root-knot galling index on 1-5 scale after termination of the experiment. v. Disease incidence % at 75 days after transplanting. vi. Disease incidence % after termination of the experiment. vii. Yield per plot (Kg)

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viii. Number of M. incognita in 10g roots after termination of experiment. ix. Increase in the yield (%)

REPORT CENTRE Hessaraghatta: No Report Kalyani: No Report

6. GERBERA Project No 4.6.1: Management of foot and root rot disease in gerbera. Duration : Three years (ongoing) Centres : Pune (Ganeshkhind), Kahikuchi, Ludhiana and Hessaraghatta Technical programme : Number of treatments : Seven (soil applications) Number of replications : Three (10 plants/replication) Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Treatment details:

i. Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray with Captan 0.3%.

ii. Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching with Kresoxim methyl 0.1 % (Ergon) after one month.

iii. Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching with copper oxychloride 0.3%, after one month.

iv. Soil drenching with Captan, 0.3%.+ Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 v. Soil drenching with Kresoxim methyl 0.1 % (Ergon) + Trichoderma harzianum @ 500

g/m2 vi. Soil drenching with carbendazim, 0.2% + Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2

vii. Soil drenching with metalixyl + mancozeb(0.2%) + Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 viii. Untreated control Observations recorded: 1. Per cent disease incidence, pre-count and after each spray 7 and 14 days after treatment. 2. Floral parameters and healthy flower yield

REPORT CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind)

The results presented in Table 4.6.1.1a revealed that the neem cake colonized with T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray either with captan 0.3% or metalaxyl MZ 72 WP 0.3% after one month of planting showed significantly the least disease incidence (8.16 and 8.58 % respectively) with maximum disease reduction (77.40 and 76.23%

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respectively). These treatments also gave significantly more number of flowers per plant (15.63 and 15.03 respectively) with more flower diameter (9.15 and 8.91 cm respectively). Pooled results (2011-12 to 2013-14): The pooled results presented in Table 4.6.1.1b over three years revealed that the neem cake colonized with T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray either with captan 0.3% or metalaxyl MZ 72 WP 0.3% after one month of planting showed significantly the least disease incidence (8.95 and 9.36% respectively) with maximum disease reduction (78.2 and 77.2% respectively). These treatments also gave significantly more number of flowers per plant (19.06 and 18.42 respectively) with more flower diameter (9.93 and 9.60 cm respectively) having maximum flower stalk length (57.33 and 55.33 cm respectively) with higher cost benefit ratio of 1.14 and 1.08 respectively (4.6.1.1c). Hence, these treatments are recommended for better management of foot rot/root rot of gerbera. Ludhiana

None of the soil treatments comprising of bio-control agent Trichoderma harzianum and chemical fungicides reduced the incidence of foot and root rot of gerbera in a significant manner over the control (Table 4.6.1.2). The effect on the floral parameters was also not marked. Kahikuchi

Integrated management of root rot (Phytophthora spp) of gerbera (2011-14): Three years pooled data and economic analysis presented in the Tables (4.6.1.3a, 4.6.1.3b and 4.6.1.3c) revealed that the application of Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500 g/m2 at the time of planting followed by soil drenching with metalaxyl + mancozeb @ 0.25% after one month of transplanting recorded lowest foot rot disease incidence of 15.49 per cent with high per cent disease control of 67.86 over the check and also highest production of flower stalk (92.52/m2). This treatment also registered highest benefit cost ratio of 4.38. Recommendation: Basal application of T. harzianum @ 500 g/m2 at the time of planting followed by soil drenching with fungicidal solution of Metalaxyl (8%) + Mancozeb (64%) @ 0.25% one month after planting may be recommended for the management of foot rot of gerbera.

Management of root rot and foot rot (Phytophthora spp) in gerbera (2014-15): Data presented in the Table (4.6.1.3d) revealed that soil drenching with metalaxyl + mancozeb @ 0.2% followed by application of Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500 g/m2 one month after the last soil drenching recorded lowest foot rot disease incidence of 16.37 per cent with high per cent disease control of 62.30 and highest production of flower stalk (69.60/m2) as well as highest flower stalk length (50.11 cm). Hessaraghatta: No Report Project No 4.6.2: Management of leaf spot/blight disease in gerbera. Duration : Three years (ongoing)

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Centres : Pune (Ganeshkhind), Kahikuchi, Ludhiana and Hessaraghatta Technical programme : Number of treatments : Seven Number of replications : Four Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Treatment details :

i. Mancozeb 0.2% ii. Propineb 0.2%

iii. Carbendazim 0.2% iv. Iprodione + Carbendazim 0.2% v. Difenoconazole 0.05%

vi. Azoxystrobin 0.1% vii. Untreated control Observations recorded:

i. Per cent disease incidence, pre-count and after each spray 7 and 14 days after treatment. ii. Floral parameters and healthy flower yield

REPORT CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind)

Pooled results (2012-13 to2014-15): The three years pooled results presented in Table 4.6.2.1a and 4.6.2.1b indicated that the treatment differences in leaf blight intensity, yield and quality parameters of flower stalks were statistically significant. Leaf blight: The pooled results over three years revealed that the maximum disease reduction 74.16% was recorded in iprodine+carbendazim 0.2%, 72.58% in azoxystrobin 0.1% and 68.29% in difenoconazole 0.05%, with 8.18, 8.68 and 10.03 percent disease intensity. Yield of flower stalk: The maximum yield of flower stalk 1.33 lakh/10R was recorded in azoxystrobin 0.1% and 1.31 lakh/10R in iprodine + carbendazim 0.2% and difenoconazole 0.05%respectively. Economics of treatments (10R): The maximum monetary returns with higher benefit cost ratio was obtained in treatment with azoxystrobin 0.1% (Rs. 2.993 lakh/10R) and difenoconazole 0.05% (Rs. 2.948lakh/10R) with each having 1.19 benefit cost ratio. Conclusion: The six sprays at 8 days interval starting the first spray at disease appearance either with azoxystrobin 0.1% or difenoconazole 0.05% were found effective for better management of leaf blight and increasing monetary returns in gerbera. The fungicides azoxystrobin and difenoconazole are not label claim fungicides in gerbera. Ludhiana

Efficacy of seven different treatments was studied on leaf spot of gerbera cv. Amlit. Per cent incidence and severity of the disease was not significantly influenced by any of the treatments (Table 4.6.2.2). The yield parameters were also not significantly affected.

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Kahikuchi Integrated management of leaf spot (Phoma gerberae) of gerbera: The result of three

years (2012-13,2013-14 and 20014-15) pooled data presented in the Tables (4.6.2.3a, 4.6.2.3b and 4.6.2.3c) revealed that the spraying of difenoconazole (0.05%) or iprodion + carbendazim (0.2%) or azoxystrobin (0.1%) were found effective for managing the leaf spot/blight disease of gerbera which recorded significantly lowest disease incidence of 16.50, 20.30 and 21.07 per cent with maximum per cent disease control of 68.27, 61.70 and 58.96 and also highest benefit cost ratio (B:C) of 4.50, 4.41, 4.20, respectively over the check. These treatments also recorded highest flower yield of 71.11, 70.40 and 68.38 number of flower stalk from one squar metre area, respectively. Recommendation: Spraying of difenoconazole (0.05%) or iprodion + carbendazim (0.2%) or Azoxystrobin (0.1%) may be recommended for the management of gerbera leaf spot. Hessaraghatta: No Report Project No. 4.6.3: Management of root knot nematodes in gerbera. Duration : Three years (ongoing) Centres : Hessaraghatta, Pune (Ganeshkhind) and Kalyani Technical programme : Number of treatments : Seven Number of replications : Three (30 plants/replication) Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar, Design of experiment : RBD Bed size : 12m × 30cm×30cm (at least 30 plants should be maintained) Spacing : 30cm×30cm Treatment details:

i. Neem cake @ 1.0 t/ha (applying to soil at least 15 days prior to planting) ii. Paceilomyceslilacinus@ 5 kg mixed with FYM 5 t/ha (soil application)

iii. Trichoderma harzianum @ 5 kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application) iv. Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5 kg mixed with FYM 5g/ha (soil application) v. Pochoniachlamydosporia@ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application)

vi. Carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha (standard check) vii. Untreated control NB: All treatments have to be applied in second year crop and supply of bioformulations has also to be ensured by IIHR/NBAII/TNAU (Coimbatore). All Centres should utilize bioformulations from same sources. Neem cake should be procured from reliable sources of similar brand (may be godrej/PCI etc.). Observations recorded:

i. Initial nematode population (INP) in soil per 20 cc soil (at least 200J2 per 200 cc soil should be present in the experimental plot)

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ii. Root Knot Index ( 1-5 Scale: 1=Healthy, 2=1-10 galls, 3=11-30 galls, 4=31-100 galls and 5=> 100 galls in a root system)

iii. Final nematode population per 200cc soil iv. No. of flowers / plot v. Flower stalk length (cm) (measure at least 10 stalks from each plot)

vi. Flower size (diameter in cm) (measure at least 10 flowers from each plot) vii. ICBR (incremental cost benefit ratio)

REPORT CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind): No Report Hessaraghatta

Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha significantly increased the flower yield by 41.67% and reduced the nematode population by 21.96%. This treatment was on par with application of chemical nematicide, carbofuran in reducing the nematode population (Table 4.6.3.1; Fig 4.6.3.1). Kalyani: No Report Project No 4.6.4: Evaluation of entomopathogen formulations against whitefly, Bemisiatabaci on gerbera under polyhouse conditions. Duration : Three years (2014 – 15onwards) Centres : Hessaraghatta, Pune (Ganeshkhind), Kahikuchi and Ludhiana. Technical programme : Design of experiment : RBD Number of treatments : Nine Number of replications : Three (30 plants/replication) Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Treatment details:

i. Metarhizium anisopliae water formulation, 1 X 107 spores/ml ii. Metarhiziumanisopliaeoil formulation, 1 X 107 spores/ml

iii. Metarhiziumanisopliae talc formulation, 1 X 107 spores/ml iv. Beauveria bassiana water formulation, 1 x 107 spores/ml v. Beauveria bassiana oil formulation, 1 x 107 spores/ml

vi. Beauveria bassiana talc formulation, 1 x 107 spores/ml vii. Spiromesifen @ 0.005 %

viii. Imidacloprid @ 0.005 % ix. Untreated control

Note: All treatment sprays are to be initiated when 2 – 4whiteflies are noticed per yellow sticky trap. Treatments 1 – 6to be applied at weekly intervals and 7 – 8at 2 weeks interval.

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Observations recorded: i. No. of nymphs/adults/plant (pre-count) and after each spray 3, 7 and 14 days after treatment.

ii. Floral parameters and healthy flower yield iii. Any phytotoxic effect

REPORT CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind): No Report Hessaraghatta: No Report Kahikuchi: No Report Ludhiana: No Report Project No 4.6.5: Integrated management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci on gerbera Duration : Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres : Hessaraghatta, Pune (Ganeshkhind), Kahikuchi and Ludhiana Technical programme: Design of experiment : RBD Number of modules : Four Number of replications : Five (Thirty plants/replication) Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Treatment details: Module I:

i. Neem oil 1 % ii. Dichlorvos 0.076 %

iii. Profenofos 0.075 % iv. Beauveria bassiana 1 ml/l

Module II: i. Dichlorvos 0.076 %

ii. Metarhiziumanisopliae1 g/l iii. Neem oil 1 % iv. Buprofezin 0.005 % v. Methomyl 0.08 %

Module III i. Dichlorvos 0.076 %

ii. Acephate 1.0 % iii. Diafenthiuron 0.05 % iv. Spiromesifen 0.005 % v. Imidacloprid 0.005 %

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Module IV i. Control

Note: *Yellow sticky traps in all the modules except in control ** Entomopathogens and botanicals at weekly interval and synthetic chemicals at two weeks interval, all sprays in the sequence to be applied Observations recorded:

i. No. of nymphs/adults per plant (pre-count) and after each spray 3, 7 and 14 days after treatment.

ii. Floral parameters and healthy flower yield iii. Any phytotoxic effect

CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind): No Report Hessaraghatta: No Report Kahikuchi: No Report Ludhiana: No Report Project No 4.6.6: Management of two spotted spider mite on gerbera under greenhouse

condition. Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Pune (Ganeshkhind), Kahikuchi and Ludhiana Technical programme : Design of experiment : RBD Number of treatments : Twelve Number of replications : Three (Thirty plants/replication) Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Treatment details:

i. Fenazaquin (0.01%) ii. Diafenthiuron (0.05%)

iii. Propargite (0.057%) iv. Flufenoxuron (0.01%) v. Milbemectin (0.001%)

vi. Pongamia oil (10.0 ml/l) vii. Neem oil (10.0 ml/l)

viii. Paecilomycesfumosoroseus (4.0 ml/l) ix. Lecanicillium lecanii 3(.0 g/l) x. Dicofol 0.046% (standard check)

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xi. Abamectin 0.009% (standard check) xii. Untreated control Note: First spray should be done immediately at initial incidence of the pest, subsequent sprays for botanicals and bioagents (treatments 6 to 9) at weekly intervals and synthetic pesticides at two weeks interval. Observations recorded:

i. Pre-count mites per 5 leaves (per replication) ii. Mite counts at 3, 7 and 14 days after spray

iii. Floral parameters and healthy flower yield iv. Assessment of cost-benefit ratio.

REPORT CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind): No Report Hessaraghatta: No Report Kahikuchi: No Report Ludhiana: No Report Project No 4.6.7: Protocol for evaluation of bio-efficacy of Bacillus subtilis– 1 % W.P. in the management of root knot nematode, M. incognitainfecting gerbera. Duration : Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres : Hessaraghatta, Pune (Ganeshkhind), Kahikuchi and Kalyani Technical programme: Design of experiment : RBD Plot size : 4 x 2.5m Number of treatments : Six Number of replications : Five Cultivar : Any susceptible cultivar Treatment details:

i. T1: Raised nursery bed treatment with Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P. @ 50g/m2(if the seedlings are grown in portrays using coco peat or any other substrate, please treat 1 kg of substrate with 5g of Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P.)

ii. T2: T1 + application of 2.5 tons of FYM / 1 ton of vermicompost enriched with 2.5 kg of Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P/ ha.

iii. T3:T1 + application of 5 tons of FYM /2 ton of vermicompost enriched with 5 kg of Bacillus subtilis – 1 % W.P/ ha.

iv. T4: Application of 5 tons of FYM / 2 ton of vermicompost. v. T5: Chemical treatment

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vi. T6: Control Observations recorded: Observations are made following the standard methods.

i. Initial population density of M. incognita in 100cc soil. ii. Final population density of M. incognita in 100cc soil. iii. Root-knot galling index on 1-5 scale at 75 days after transplantation iv. Root-knot galling index on 1-5 scale after termination of the experiment. v. Disease incidence % at 75 days after transplantation vi. Disease incidence % after termination of the experiment. vii. Number of M. incognita in 10g roots after termination of experiment. viii. Yield per plot (Kg) ix. Increase in the yield (%)

REPORT CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind): No Report Hessaraghatta: No Report Kahikuchi : No Report Kalyani: No Report

7. ORCHIDS Project No. 4.7.1: Cataloguing and management of major diseases of orchids. Duration : Three years (ongoing) Centres : Vellanikkara, Pakyong, Kahikuchi and Kalyani Symptomatology and etiology of various diseases of monopodial orchids and management of the pathogens are to be studied. Technical programme: 1. Survey and collection of diseased samples of orchids. A purposive sampling survey

should be conducted in orchidarium and selected orchid growers for collection of disease samples.

2. Isolation of pathogens.The pathogens associated with different diseases of selected orchids will be isolated and pathogenicity will be proved in their respective host.

3. Characterisation of pathogens.The pathogens isolated from different hosts will be characterised by studying its cultural and morphological characters.

4. Symptomatology of diseases. Various symptoms developed by pathogens on their respective host will be studied in detail under natural and artificial conditions.

5. Seasonal occurrence of diseases. The orchid plants maintained in the orchidarium should be observed regularly for one year to study the incidence and severity of various diseases.

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6. Disease management In vitro evaluation of fungicides, antibiotic and bioagent will be carried out against the isolated pathogens by standard procedure.

Observations recorded: Symptomatology of disease

i. Per cent disease incidence ii. Per cent disease severity

iii. Morphological and cultural characters of pathogens iv. Meteorological data v. Per cent inhibition of pathogen

REPORT CENTRE Vellanikkara

The study was undertaken for determining the symptomatology and etiology of various diseases of monopodial orchids and management of the pathogens. The orchid plants maintained in the orchidarium were observed for one year to study the seasonal influence on the occurrence of various diseases. Major diseases in orchids observed at Vellanikkara are given in table 4.7.1.1 Basket Vanda plants were affected by leaf spot disease caused by Botryodiplodia sp. characterized by greyish white coloured spot with thick black margin. The lesion enlarged in size resulting in blighting of a large area. Pycnidia were seen at the centre. Symptoms were also seen on the pseudostem.

In Mokara, incidence of leaf spot caused by Alternaria sp. was high. Round to spindle shaped spot with brown margin and off white centre with a vertical splitting was the characteristic symptom.

Arachnis plants were affected by Fusarium leaf spot characterized by oval to spindle shaped grey coloured spot with a black margin. On the corresponding lower surface, a brown colour was observed. Occasionally shredding of infected tissues was also noticed.

Symptomatology of various diseases of Phalaenopsis orchids was studied. The important symptoms associated with Fusarium wilt of Phalaenopsis orchids were chlorosis, stunting and wilting of plants. Symptoms initiated as yellowing of leaves. Later the leaf base showed a black discolouration and the leaves got detached from the plant. The leaves appeared shrivelled and ultimately the whole plant wilted and died.

In collar rot of Phalaenopsis, first symptom observed was yellowing of leaves. Later white mycelial growth appeared and rotting of infected area took place. In the advanced stage, numerous light brown sclerotia were formed on the infected area and infected leaf got detached from the plant.

Soft rot of Phalaenopsis is a bacterial disease which initiated as greenish water soaked spot on the leaves. Later the spot spread to entire leaf within two days and resulted in liquefaction of leaf tissues, with a characteristic foul smell associated with rotting.

Flower spot caused by Phoma sp. was also observed. The important symptoms associated with flower spot are the appearance of minute, brown coloured sunken spots on flower petals.

438

Symptoms were prominent in white coloured flowers than in flowers of other colours. In advanced stage, these spots coalesced to form moderate sized brown lesion. At the centre of the lesion, pycnidia appeared as black dots.

Pakyong: No Report Kahikuchi: No Report Kalyani: No Report Project No. 4.7.2: Pest complex in orchids under protected condition and their management. Duration : Three years (ongoing) Centre : Vellanikkara, Pakyong, Kahikuchi and Kalyani Technical programme: 1. Monitoring the development and build up of the pest complex viz., insects, acarines and molluscs in orchids under two protected systems viz., rain shelter and fan and pad systems. 2. Recording the weather parameters influencing the pest complex development under the protected systems. 3. Identification of the key pest species affecting the production and quality of the monopodial orchids and their relative susceptibility/tolerance in the protected systems. 4. Evaluation of safer approaches for managing the key pests species in most susceptible and commercially important genera of orchids. Experiment I- Acarine management 1. Application of EPF Paecilomycesfumosoroseus(108spores/ml) 2. Application of green acaricidehexithiozox 5.4EC (0.005%) 3. Application of abamectin (0.0025%) Experiment II - Insect pest management 1. Preventive spray application with NSKE (5%) 2. Application of EPF formulations on need basis ( @ 108spores/ml) a. Beauveria bassiana against Coleopterans b. Verticillium lecanii against Homopterans c. Metarrhiziumanisopliaeagainst Isopterans and Thysanopterans 3. Application of safer insecticides a. Flubendiamide against tissue borers b. Thiomethoxam against sucking insects c. Chitin synthesis inhibitors against defoliators Experiment III - Molluscs management 1. Trapping and removal using organic food baits. 2. Antifeedant spray with (NSKE 5%)

439

3. Repellant spray with caffeine solution (2%) 4. Carbaryl spray with 50WP @ 0.2% (standard) Observations recorded:

i. Weekly observation of pest build up in 10 plants under each genera representing the three groups of the monopodial orchids in two protected systems.

ii. Relative performance of each genera under different pest loads will be assessed with respect to the production and quality of flower stalks.

iii. Mean umber of grubs, pupae and adults of Lemabeetle/plant basis. iv. Mean number of floral and leaf thrips by floral dip method. v. Mean number of whitefly puparia and acarine population per sq.cm of leaf area

(window method). vi. Number of scale insects per unit length of shoot or leaf.

vii. Number of snails and slugs per plant and damaged unit plant parts. viii. Marketable yield of cut flower stalks per plant.

REPORT CENTRE Vellanikkara

The objective of the study is to monitor the development and build up of the pest complex in orchids under two protected systems viz., rain shelter and fan and pad systems, to record the weather parameters influencing the pest complex development under the protected systems, to identify the key pest species affecting the production and quality of the monopodial orchids and their relative susceptibility/ tolerance in the protected systems and to evaluate the safer approaches for managing the key pest species in most susceptible and commercially important genera of orchids.

Per cent incidence (PDI) and severity (PDS) of leaf spot diseases of monopodial orchids and pest complex in orchids under protected conditions and their management at Vellanikkara centre is given in the Tables 4.7.2.1a and 4.7.2.1b.

Pakyong: No Report Kahikuchi: No Report Kalyani: No Report

8. Marigold Project No. 4.8.1: Management of leaf and flower blight (Alternaria spp.) disease of

marigold Duration: Three years (on going) Centres: Ludhiana, Pune (Ganeshkhind), Kahikuchi, Coimbatore and Hessaraghatta Technical programme :

440

Design of experiment : RBD Number of treatments : Seven Number of replications : Four Treatment details :

i. Mancozeb (0.2%) ii. Iprodione (0.2%) + Carbendazim (0.2%)

iii. Difenconazole (0.1%) iv. Tricyclazole (0.1%) v. Copper oxychloride (0.25%)

vi. Carbendazim (0.25%) vii. Untreated control

Observations recorded: i. Percent disease intensity, pre-treatment and 7 & 14 days after treatment.

ii. No. of flower stalk per plant/per plot. iii. ICBR (incremental cost benefit ratio)

REPORT CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind)

Pooled Results (2012-13 to 2014-15): The three years pooled results presented in Table 4.8.1.1a indicated that the treatment differences in leaf and bud blight intensity, yield and quality parameters of flower were statistically significant. Leaf and bud blight of marigold: The fungicide iprodine +carbendazim 0.2% showed significantly the least disease intensity of leaf blight (4.41%) and bud blight (1.33%) and found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Yield of flowers: The highest yield of 8120kg/ha. was obtained in iprodine + carbendazim 0.2% as against 3309 kg/ha. in control. Economics of treatments (ha.1): The data presented in Table 4.8.1.1b revealed that the fungicide iprodine + carbendazim 0.2% gave maximum monetary returns of Rs. 2.03. lakh/ha. with highest benefit cost ratio 1.66 as compared to other treatments. Conclusion: Four sprays of iprodine + carbendazim 0.2% starting the first spray at disease appearance were found cost effective in reducing the leaf and bud blight disease intensity and increasing yield and monetary returns in marigold. The fungicide iprodine + carbendazim is not a label claim fungicide in marigold Ludhiana

Per cent incidence and severity of leaf and flower blight of marigold was significantly reduced by difenoconazole (0.1%) and iprodione + carbendazim (0.2%). The fungicide difenconazole gave the highest cost: benefit ratio of 1: 6.937 (Table 4.8.1.2).

441

Coimbatore TNAU Coimbatore centre concluded this experiment during 2013-14. The pooled data of

experiment are not given in annual report of 2013-14. Hence pooled data need to be included in this annual report. Kahikuchi

The result of three years (2012-13, 2013-14 and 20014-15) pooled data presented in the Tables (4.8.1.3a and 4.8.1.3b) revealed that the spraying of difenconazole (0.1%) and iprodion + carbendazim (0.2%) were found effective for managing the leaf and blight of marigold which recorded significantly lowest disease incidence of 9.41 and 12.24 per cent with maximum per cent disease control of 75.90 and 68.65, respectively . Plants sprayed difenconazole (0.1%) and iprodion + carbendazim (0.1%) also recorded maximum number of flowers per plant of 324.41 and 324.33, respectively.

Hessaraghatta: No Report

9. FOLIAGE PLANT Solidago (Daisy/Golden rod)

Project No. 4.9.1: Management of Solidago (Daisy/Golden rod) rust Duration : Three years (2014-15 onwards) Centres : Pune (Ganeshkhind) and Coimbatore Technical programme : Design of experiment : RBD Number of treatments : Seven Number of replications : Three Treatment details :

i. Hexaconazole 0.1% ii. Tebuconazole 0.1%

iii. Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin 0.05% iv. Propiconazole 0.1% v. Difenoconazole 0.1%

vi. Dithane M-45 0.25% vii. Untreated control

Spray schedule: First spray at disease appearance and subsequent 5 sprays at 10 day’s intervals Observations recorded:

i. Percent disease intensity ii. Flower stalk length (cm)

iii. Rachis length (cm) iv. No. of flower stalk per plant/per plot

Note: Planting materials will be provided by MPKV, Pune center for conducting the experiment.

442

REPORT CENTRE Pune (Ganeshkhind)

Amongst seven fungicides tested the treatment with tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin 0.05% showed significantly the least disease intensity (4.91%) and found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. This treatment also gave more number (12.37) of flower stalk per plant (Table 4.9.1.1).

Coimbatore: No Report

443

Table 4.1.1.1: Percent disease incidence/intensity of different diseases reported at Pune centre (2014-15)

Area Season Crop Disease Polyhouse Open field Name Incidence/intensity

(%) Range

Markal, Taluk: Haveli, District: Pune

Kharif ─

Tuberose Stem rot 7.50 5.0 – 15 Leaf Blight 10.15.0 5.0 – 30

Marigold Leaf blight 8.75 5.0 – 20.0 Golden rod Rust 21.50 5.0 – 35

Induri Taluk: R,nagar District: Pune

Kharif ─

Marigold Leaf blight 9.75 5.0 – 20 Gladiolus Wilt 10.50 5.0 – 20.0

Dehu Taluk: Haveli District: Pune

Kharif ─

Tuberose Stem rot 8.75 5.0-15 Leaf blight 9.75 5.0-15

Table 4.2.1.1: Percent disease intensity of black leaf spot disease of rose under open field condition at Pune centre (2014-15)

Treatment Percent disease intensity PDR Phyto-toxicity Mancozeb 0.2% 11.80 (20.08) 69.61 Nil Carbendazim 0.1% 19.83 (26.43) 48.93 Nil Propiconazole 0.1% 7.60 (15.98) 80.43 Nil Azoxystrobin 0.1% 7.60 (15.98) 80.43 Nil Kresoxim- methyl 0.1% 10.22 (18.63) 73.68 Nil Trifloxystrobin 0.1% 13.67 (21.67) 64.80 Nil Untreated control 38.83 (38.52) ─ Nil

C.D. (P = 0.05) 2.77 ─ ─

444

Table 4.2.1.2: Efficacy of fungicides on severity of black spot disease of rose at Ludhiana centre

Treatment Rate of application (%)

Disease severity (%)

Number of flowers/ plant

Weight of flowers/plant

Dithane M-45 (mancozeb) 0.2 50.00 (44.98) 97.67 170.00 Bavistin (carbendazim) 0.1 33.33 (34.99) 113.00 195.00 Tilt (propiconazole) 0.1 41.67 (39.98) 107.00 191.00 Amistar (azoxystrobin) 0.1 50.00 (44.98) 100.67 190.00 Stroby (kresoxim-methyl) 0.1 33.33 (34.99) 105.00 200.00 Flint (trifloxystrobin) 0.1 33.33 (34.99) 107.33 194.00 Untreated control ─ 58.33 (49.99) 97.33 165.00

C.D. (P = 0.05) ─ NS NS NS

Table 4.2.1.3: Fungicide evaluation for rose black spot disease under open field condition at Hessaraghatta centre

Treatment PDI for leaf spot incidence in Nov’14 Mancozeb 0.2% 14.67

Carbendazim 0.1% 19.11 Propiconazole 0.1% 6.22 Azoxistrobin 0.1% 8.00

Kresoxin-methyl 0.1% 6.44 Trifloxystrobin 0.1% 2.67

Control 69.33 C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.11

445

Table 4.3.1.1a: Management of Fusarium wilt disease of gladiolus cv. Sancerre at Pune centre (2014-15)

Treatment Sprouting (%)

PDI PDR Flowers /plot

Plant height (cm)

Length of spike

(cm)

Healthy no. of

corms/ plant

Healthy no. of

cormels

Pre storage and pre planting of corms with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% for 30 min.

98.33 (85.68)

11.67 (19.88)

82.49 8.67 126.67 105.67 1.67 75.00

Pre storage and pre planting of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106 cfu), 10g/l. for 30 min.

90.00 (71.54)

18.33 (25.30)

72.51 7.33 123.00 96.67 1.00 71.67

Pre storage and pre planting of corms with captan 0.2% + carbendazin 0.2% for 30 min. +Soil application of T. harzianum @ 10 gm in 1 kg FYM for 10 m2

95.00 (79.53)

3.33 (6.14)

95.00 10.00 130.00 110.67 2.00 81.67

Pre storage and pre planting of corms in T. harzianum (106 cfu), 10g/l. for 30 min+ Soil application of T. harzianum @ 10 gm in 1 kg FYM for 10 m2

96.67 (81.37)

6.67 (12.29)

89.99 9.33 127.67 103.33 1.33 80.00

Pre storage and pre planting of corms with captan 0.2% + carbendazin 0.2% for 30 m + drenching with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval

98.33 (85.68)

3.33 (6.14)

95.00 11.33 132.33 113.67 2.67 83.33

Pre storage and pre planting of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106 cfu), 10g/l. for 30 min+ drenching with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval

96.67 (83.85)

11.67 (19.88)

82.49 9.00 128.00 106.00 1.67 76.67

Control 70.00 (56.82)

66.67 (54.81)

─ 4.00 113.33 93.33 0.67 37.67

C.D. (P = 0.05) 12.66 14.19 ─ 1.5 3.58 4.00 0.91 6.91

Note: Figures in parenthesis are arc sin values. PDI= Percent disease incidence. PDR= Percent disease control

446

Table 4.3.1.1b: Management of Fusarium wilt disease of gladiolus cv. Sancerre at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2011-12 to 2013-14)

Treatment Sprouting (%) Disease incidence (%)

2011-12

2012-13 2013-14 Pooled mean

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled mean

PDR

T1. Pre storage hot water treatment of corms (50o c for 30 min.)

86.67 (68.64)

85.00 (67.38)

80.00 (63.90)

83.89 (66.36)

13.33 (21.14)

16.67 (24.04)

23.33 (28.76)

17.77 (24.78)

73.56

T1 + captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2%

100.00 (90.00)

100.00 (90.00)

100.00 (90.00)

100.00 (90.0)

3.33 (6.14)

6.67 (14.75)

6.67 (12.28)

5.55 (13.47)

91.74

T1 + Pre planting treatment of corms with T. harzianum 10g/l for 30 min.

90.00 (71.93)

86.67 (68.64)

83.33 (66.11)

86.66 (68.66)

6.67 (12.29)

10.00 (18.43)

13.33 (21.14)

10.00 (18.27)

85.12

T1 + Pre planting treatment of corms with P. flurescence 10g/l for 30 min.

88.33 (70.09)

88.33 (70.09)

86.66 (68.82)

87.77 (69.51)

10.00 (18.43)

13.33 (21.33)

16.67 (23.84)

13.33 (21.30)

80.17

Combination of treatment 2 and 3

100.00 (90.00)

100.00 (90.00)

100.00 (90.00)

100.00 (90.00)

0.00 (0.00)

5.00 (12.91)

5.75 (13.80)

3.58 (11.10)

94.67

Pre storage+ Pre planting bulb dip in captan 0.3%

100.00 (90.00)

98.33 (85.68)

100.00 (90.00)

99.44 (87.51)

3.33 (6.14)

8.33 (16.59)

10.00 (18.42)

7.22 (15.23)

89.26

Pre storage treatment of corm with captan 0.2%

88.33 (70.09)

91.67 (73.37)

96.66 (83.84)

92.22 (74.23)

13.33 (21.14)

15.00 (22.78)

16.67 (23.85)

15.00 (22.16)

77.68

Control 68.33 (55.75)

75.00 (60.05)

63.33 (52.75)

68.88 (56.13)

73.33 (58.98)

68.33 (55.75)

60.0 (50.83)

67.22 (55.12)

─

C.D. (P = 0.05) 4.42 6.64 9.84 5.55 9.60 3.85 9.62 6.49 ─

Note: Figures in parenthesis are arc sin values. PDI= Percent disease incidence. PDR= Percent Disease Control

447

Table 4.3.1.1b Contd: Management of Fusarium wilt of gladiolus cv. Sancerre at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2011-12 to 2013-14)

Treatment No. of flowers/plot Plant height (cm)

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

Pooled mean

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled mean

T1-Pre storage hot water treatment of corms (50o c for 30 min.)

7.0 7.67 8.41 7.69 117.67 118.67 119.00 118.44

T1 + captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2%

10.0 10.67 10.83 10.50 120.67 121.33 123.33 121.77

T1 + Pre planting treatment of corms with T. harzianum 10g/l for 30 min.

8.0 9.67 10.33 9.33 119.00 119.00 124.00 120.66

T1 + Pre planting treatment of corms with P. flurescence 10g/l for 30 min.

7.33 8.00 9.33 8.22 117.67 118.33 119.67 118.55

Combination of treatment 2 and 3

11.33 11.67 12.00 11.66 125.50 126.33 132.33 128.05

Pre storage + Pre planting bulb dip in captan 0.3%

10.33 11.00 11.42 10.91 124.33 125.00 128.67 126.00

Pre storage treatment of corm with captan 0.2%

7.67 8.67 8.50 8.28 116.33 118.33 120.00 118.22

Control 5.33 4.67 4.83 4.94 106.33 108.33 111.00 108.55 C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.36 1.65 0.70 0.85 2.06 1.83 4.94 1.96

448

Table 4.3.1.1bContd: Management of Fusarium wilt disease of gladiolus cv. Sancerre at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2011-12 to 2013-14)

Treatment Length of spike (cm) No. of corms/plant

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

Pooled mean

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled mean

T1. Pre storage hot water treatment of corms (50o c for 30 min.)

99.33 95.00 96.33 97.05 1.75 1.76 1.50 1.67

T1 + captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2%

103.67 104.67 107.67 105.33 1.90 1.93 1.75 1.86

T1 + Pre planting treatment of corms with T. harzianum 10g/l for 30 min.

102.67 103.00 103.33 103.00 1.75 1.78 1.95 1.82

T1 + Pre planting treatment of corms with P. flurescence 10g/l for 30 min.

98.67 97.67 99.00 98.44 1.75 1.78 1.98 1.837

Combination of treatment 2 and 3

109.00 110.33 113.00 110.77 2.5 2.15 2.33 2.32

Pre storage + Pre planting bulb dip in captan 0.3%

106.00 109.00 111.00 108.66 1.90 1.95 1.82 1.89

Pre storage treatment of corm with captan 0.2%

97.67 98.67 98.67 98.33 1.65 1.67 1.71 1.68

Control 90.00 91.00 92.67 91.22 0.70 0.72 0.67 0.69 C.D. (P = 0.05) 3.22 3.73 3.06 2.49 0.82 0.04 0.55 0.20

449

Table 4.3.1.1b Contd: Management of Fusarium wilt disease of gladiolus cv. Sancerre at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2011-12 to 2013-14)

Treatment Weight of healthy corms (gm) Healthy corms (%)

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

Pooled mean

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled mean

T1. Pre storage hot water treatment of corms (50o c for 30 min.)

32.00 33.00 34.33 33.11 71.00 77.19 77.50

75.23

T1 + captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2%

37.00 35.00 37.33 36.44 90.20 91.00 91.67

90.95

T1 + Pre planting treatment of corms with T. harzianum 10g/l for 30 min.

31.00 30.67 33.00 31.55 86.25 87.00 83.33

85.52

T1 + Pre planting treatment of corms with P. flurescence 10g/l for 30 min.

31.00 31.33 35.00 32.44 74.00 79.00 76.00

75.33

Combination of treatment 2 and 3

41.00 40.00 38.33 39.77 98.50 99.00 96.67

98.05

Pre storage+ Pre planting bulb dip in captan 0.3%

37.50 36.33 36.00 36.61 92.50 91.00 90.67

91.72

Pre storage treatment of corm with captan 0.2%

28.50 29.00 28.33 28.61 80.50 79.00 81.67

80.39

Control 15.25 17.67 18.33 17.08 39.50 39.33 16.67

31.83

C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.95 2.54 5.19 2.34 2.85 1.79 18.71 8.55

450

Table 4.3.1.1c: Comparative assessment of treatments on monetary returns of gladiolus at Pune centre (2011-12 to 2013-14)

Treatment Yield/ha Total

monetary returns

(Rs. lakh/ha)

Cost of production

(Rs. lakh/ha)

Net profit (Rs.

lakh/ha)

B:C ratio

No. of spikes

No. of healthy corms

Weight of cormels (kg)

T1. Pre storage hot water treatment of corms (50o c for 30 min.)

92280 90280 1980 10.49 6.65 3.84 1.58

T1 + captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2%

126000 109140 2579 13.53 7.25 6.28 1.86

T1 + Pre planting treatment of corms with T. harzianum 10g/l for 30 min.

111960 102624 2233 12.02 6.96 5.06 1.73

T1 + Pre planting treatment of corms with P. flurescence 10g/l for 30 min.

98640 90396 1676 9.71 6.96 2.75 1.40

Combination of treatment 2 and 3

139920 117660 2606 14.15 7.61 6.54 1.86

Pre storage + Pre planting bulb dip in captan 0.3%

130920 110064 2430 13.21 6.97 6.24 1.90

Pre storage treatment of corm with captan 0.2%

99360 96468 1796 10.27 6.85 3.42 1.50

Control 59280 38196 1322 6.31 6.60 - 0.29 0.96

451

Table 4.3.1.2: Management of Fusarium wilt disease of gladiolus cv. Oscar at Ludhiana centre

Treatment Mortality

(%)

Disease severity

(%)

Plant height (cm)

No. of spikes formed

No. of corms

Wt. of corms

(g)

No. of cormels

Wt. of cormels

(g)

Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms with captan 0.2%+ carbendazim 0.2% for 30 min

11.67 (19.30)

0.00 (0.00)

117.27 17.67 13.67 533.33 70.00 20.67

Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106 cfu), 10g/l for 30 min

38.33 (37.85)

2.08 (4.82)

102.42 12.33 11.33 343.33 21.33 5.67

Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms with captan 0.2%+ carbendazim 0.2% for 30 min+ Soil application of T. harzianum @ 10g in 1 kg FYM for 10m2

28.33 (30.94)

0.00 (0.00)

113.65 14.33 10.00 416.67 28.33 12.33

Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106 cfu) ,10g/l for 30 min + Soil application of of T. harzianum @ 10g in 1 kg FYM for 10m2

40.00 (39.10)

4.76 (7.40)

108.35 12.00 7.67 246.67 13.00 3.00

Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms with captan 0.2%+ carbendazim 0.2% for 30 min+ drenching with captan 0.2%+ carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval

30.00 (34.20)

0.00 (0.00)

114.59 14.00 15.67 590.00 66.33 21.33

Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106 cfu), 10g/l for 30 min + drenching with captan 0.2%+carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval

25.00 (29.79)

0.00 (0.00)

106.31 15.00 11.33 350.00 35.00 6.00

Untreated control 18.33 (24.99)

0.00 (0.00)

114.99 15.33 12.33 493.33 66.67 22.33

C.D. (P = 0.05) NS NS 8.15 NS NS NS 24.64 5.83

452

Tables 4.3.1.3a: Effect of treatments on Fusarium wilt disease of gladiolus cv. White Prosperity at Kahikuchi centre (Pooled results of 2011-12 to 2013-14)

Treatment Per cent disease incidence

Per cent disease control over check

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 pooled 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Mean T1: Control 57.15

(49.13) 58.60

(49.95) 61.64

(51.74) 59.13

(50.27) ─ ─ ─ ─

T2:Pre-storage treatment of corms in hot water (50 0C, 30 min)

34.16 (35.78)*

34.44 (35.89)*

35.60 (36.62)*

34.73 (36.09) 40.22 41.22 42.24 41.22

T3:Pre-storage treatment of corms in hot water (50 0C , 30 min) + captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) (for 30 min)

18.60 (25.50)

18.61 (25.53)

16.21 (25.51)

17.80 (25.52) 67.45 68.24 73.70 69.79

T4: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (30 g/l, 30 min)

21.35 (27.51)

19.08 (25.90)

19.78 (26.40)

19.70 (26.60) 62.64 67.44 67.90 66.00

T5: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Pseudomonus florescence (30 g/l, 30 min)

25.22 (30.06)

24.37 (29.54)

25.32 (30.21)

24.97 (29.94) 55.88 58.41 58.92 57.73

T6:Combination of treatment number 4 and 5

21.42 (27.52)

18.96 (25.88)

16.07 (26.66)

19.37 (26.69) 62.51 67.64 71.26 67.13

T7: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in hot water + captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) (50 0C, 30 min)

16.13 (23.32)

18.50 (24.25)

24.71 (29.06)

19.44 (27.13) 69.77 68.43 59.91 66.03

C.D. (P = 0.05) 7.21 2.87 3.29 2.05 ─ ─ ─ ─ *Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed value

453

Table 4.3.1.3b: Effect of treatments on Fusarium wilt disease of gladiolus cv. White Prosperity at Kahikuchi centre (Pooled results of 2011-12 to 2013-14)

Treatment Plant height (cm)

Spike length (cm)

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled T1: Control 85.93 82.66 71.20 81.06 58.90 57.80 59.39 46.73 T2:Pre-storage treatment of corms in

hot water (50 0C, 30 min) 93.67 92.72 80.50 86.24 62.50 61.50 62.50 65.73

T3:Pre-storage treatment of corms in hot water (50 0C , 30 min) + captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) (for 30 min)

91.39 92.67 82.5 84.58 64.10 60.25 68.87 64.84

T4: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (30 g/l, 30 min)

90.00 91.02 80.05 85.11 64.25 59.02 64.38 64.65

T5: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Pseudomonus florescence (30 g/l, 30 min)

92.48 92.94 79.75 86.12 63.38 60.91 64.00 64.11

T6:Combination of treatment number 4 and 5 92.06 93.11 79.42 85.89 64.00 61.83 58.38 64.69

T7: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in hot water + captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) (50 0C, 30 min)

94.19 93.02 78.97 86.08 64.95 61.91 58.75 63.37

C.D. (P = 0.05) 34.00 3.14 5.47 2.48 NS NS NS NS

454

Table 4.3.1.3c: Effect of treatments on flower yield of gladiolus cv. White Prosperity at Kahikuchi centre (Pooled results of 2011-12 to 2013-14)

Treatment No. of flower spikes/ m2 Corms yield/plot

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled

T1: Control 7.5 6.90 7.20 7.56 20.75 19.18 19.86 19.88

T2:Pre-storage treatment of corms in hot water (50 0C, 30 min) 14.50 15.33 14.00 14.91 28.50 28.9 27.5 28.85

T3:Pre-storage treatment of corms in hot water (50 0C , 30 min) + captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) (for 30 min)

17.33 19.30 18.33 18.59 31.00 28.5 32.6 31.46

T4:Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (30 g/l, 30 min)

18.00 16.02 19.11 17.44 30.2 29.5 32.5 32.80

T5:Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Pseudomonus florescence (30 g/l, 30 min)

16.67 17.5 16.75 16.25 32.5 30.00 33.10 30.18

T6:Combination of treatment number 4 and 5 16.06 18.11 18.42 17.23 32.00 31.83 30.33 31.66

T7:Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in hot water + captan (0.2%) + carbendazim ( 0.2%) (50 0C, 30 min)

14.19 15.02 13.97 14.60 29.95 30.91 28.75 29.45

C.D. (P = 0.05) 34.00 3.14 5.47 1.00 NS NS NS 2.40

455

Table 4.3.1.3d: Economics of gladiolus cultivation in 1 ha at Kahikuchi centre

Treatment Spike

yield/ha (Rs)

Corm yield/ha

(Rs)

Gross income (Rs)

Cost of cultivation/ha

(Rs)

Net return (Rs) BCR

T1: Control 3,02,400 4,97,000 7,99,400 3,57,475 4,41,925 1.23

T2:Pre-storage treatment of corms in hot water (50 0C, 30 min) 5,96,400 7,21,250 13,17,650 3,57,575 9,60,075 2.67

T3:Pre-storage treatment of corms in

hot water (50 0C, 30 min) + captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) (for 30 min)

7,34,600 7,86,500 15,13,100 3,57,875 11,72,225 3.28

T4: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (30 g/l, 30 min)

6,88,000 8,20,000 15,08,000 3,57,975 11,50,025 3.21

T5: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Pseudomonus florescence (30 g/l, 30 min)

6,50,000 7,54,500 14,04,500 3,57,975 10,46,425 2.92

T6:Combination of treatment number 4 and 5 7,17,200 7,66,500 14,83,700 3,58,075 11,25,625 3.14

T7: Pre-storage and pre-planting

treatment of corms in hot water + captan (0.2%) + carbendazim

( 0.2%) (50 0C, 30 min)

5,80,000 7,36,250 13,16,250 3,58,475 9,57,775 2.77

Sale price: Spike and corms @ Rs. 4 and 5 each, respectively

456

Table 4.3.1.3d: Effect of treatments on management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli in gladiolus at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Treatment Corm

sprouting (%)

Disease incidence

(%)

Disease control

(%)

Plant height (cm)

Spike length

(cm)

No. of corms /plot

T1: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corm with captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) for 30 min 91.67 26.82

(31.04) 43.63 84.00 67.33 21.33

T2: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corm in Trichoderma harzianum (106 cfu), 10 g/l for 30 min 93.33 23.18

(28.79)* 51.29 82.67 65.67 24.17

T3: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corm with captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) for 30 min + soil application of T. harzianum (10 g in 1 kg FYM for 10 m2

96.67 13.83 (21.79) 70.93 85.67 68.33 33.00

T4: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in T. harzianum (106 cfu), 10 g/l for 30 min + soil application of T. harzianum (10 g in 1 kg FYM for 10 m2 )

98.33 18.09 (25.16) 62.90 87.83 65.33 30.00

T5: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corm with captan (0.2%) + carbendazim (0.2%) for 30 min + soil drenching with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval

93.33 16.33 (23.78) 65.68 89.17 64.17 32.67

T6: Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in T. harzianum (106 cfu), 10 g/l for 30 min + soil drenching with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval

95.00 17.65 (24.82) 61.97 82.33 68.67 29.67

T7: Control 86.67 47.58

(44.64) ─ 76.50 59.87 21.33

C.D. (P = 0.05) 5.82 2.83 ─ NS 4.70 3.65 *Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed value

457

Table 4.3.1.4: Management of Fusarium wilt disease in gladiolus at Hessaraghatta centre (2014-15)

Treatment Wilt incidence (%)

Flower yield (No. per 10m2)

T1. Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% for 30 min

17.7 67.8

T2. Pre-storage and pre-planting treatment of corms in Trichoderma harzianum (106cfu) at the rate of 10g per litre for 30 min

13.5 63.7

T1 + Soil application of Trichoderma harzianum at 10g/1kg FYM for 10 m2

13.2 69.0

T2 + Soil application of Trichoderma harzianum at 10g/1kg FYM for 10 m2

14.1 66.2

T1 + drenching with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval

14.7 63.5

T2 + drenching with captan 0.2% + carbendazim 0.2% at 15 days interval

12.8 68.5

Untreated control 32.1 45.2 C.D. (P = 0.05) 3.5 4.8

Table 4.4.1.1: Effect of treatments combinations on Fusarium wilt of carnation cv. Gaudina at Pune centre (2014-15)

Treatment PDI at 30 DAT

PDR PDI at 60 DAT

PDR Plant height (cm)

No. of flowers/

plant Carbendazim 0.1% 8.33

(16.59) 76.20 23.33

(28.76) 57.58 76.33 8.66

Captaf 0.3% 10.66 (19.45)

69.54 16.66 (23.84)

69.71 76.00 9.00

Root dip in carbendazim + alternate drenching of captaf & carbendazim

3.33 (8.61)

90.49 10.00 (18.42)

81.81 79.00 12.00

Root dip captaf + alternate drenching of carbendazin & captaf

5.00 (10.44

85.71 11.66 (19.87)

78.80 80.66 9.50

T. Plus root dip @ 10g/l + soil application@ 10g/ sq.m.

5.00 12.91

85.71 18.33 (25.29)

66.67 77.66 7.66

P. fluorescens root dip @ 10g/l + soil application@ 100g/sq.m.

6.66 14.75

80.97 30.00 (33.14)

45.55 73.66 7.00

Basamid 40 g/sq.m. 6.66 12.28

80.97 23.33 (28.84)

58.18 74.00 7.00

Control 35.00 36.17

─ 55.00 (47.86)

─ 72.33 5.50

C.D. (P = 0.05) 5.70 ─ 5.05 ─ 2.86 1.65

458

Table 4.5.1.1a: Effect of fungicides on leaf blight disease of tuberose cv. Suvasini at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2012-13 to 2014-15)

Treatment Percent disease intensity Flower stalks / plot Flower stalks / plant 2012-

13 2013-

14 2014-

15 Pooled mean

PDR 2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Pooled mean

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Pooled mean

Mancozeb 0.2 %

13.13 (21.24)

4.78 (12.61)

11.92 (20.19)

9.94 (18.01)

51.11 315.33 223.00 318.33 285.55 10.51 7.43 10.61 9.51

Chlorothalonil 0.2 %

9.75 (18.19)

1.41 (5.58)

10.83 (19.19)

7.33 (14.73)

63.94 319.33 237.00 320.33 292.22 10.64 7.84 10.68 9.72

Trycyclazole 0.1%

9.52 (17.96)

2.25 (8.49)

8.53 (16.98)

6.76 (14.52)

66.75 342.00 244.66 339.00 308.55 11.40 8.15 11.30 10.28

Iprodine + Carbendazim

0.1 %

4.97 (12.87)

1.00 (3.32)

6.05 (14.23)

4.00 (10.94)

80.32 347.00 247.66 346.67 313.77 11.56 8.26 11.35 10.39

Difencanozole 0.1 %

4.73 (12.56)

2.16 (8.44)

3.50 (10.76)

3.46 (10.59)

82.98 342.33 245.66 342.00 309.99 11.41 8.18 11.40 10.33

Azoxysrobin 0.1%

3.78 (11.19)

1.16 (5.05)

3.17 (10.22)

2.70 (9.21)

86.72 348.00 250.33 344.00 314.11 11.60 8.34 11.47 10.47

Control 24.92 (29.88) 16.00

(23.55)

20.08 (26.61)

20.33 (26.70)

─ 285.00 180.66 295.00 253.55 9.50 6.02 9.83 8.45

C.D. (P = 0.05) 2.23 6.05 1.12 1.10 ─ 4.87 7.78 3.09 2.93 0.16 0.20 0.10 0.09 PDR= Percent Disease Reduction

459

Table 4.5.1.1a Contd.: Effect of fungicides on leaf blight disease of tuberose cv. Suvasini at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2012-13 to 2014-15)

Treatment Wt. of flower stalk (g) Length of flower stalk (cm) No. of bulbs/plant 2012-

13 2013-

14 2014-

15 Pooled Mean

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Pooled Mean

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Pooled Mean

Mancozeb 0.2 %

74.67 78.33 78.00 77.00 64.00 67.00 64.58 65.19 25.67 28.0 27.67 27.11

Chlorothalonil 0.2 %

76.00 81.00 77.50 78.16 66.00 69.33 64.17 66.50 26.67 27.0 27.39 27.02

Trycyclazole 0.1%

78.33 81.66 78.83 79.60 69.33 71.00 68.67 69.66 28.33 27.5 28.53 28.12

Iprodine + Carbendazim

0.1 %

80.33 84.00 81.92 82.08 71.67 73.66 70.16 71.83 30.00 31.0 30.92 30.64

Difencanozole 0.1 %

80.00 83.66 80.21 81.29 71.33 74.00 69.30 71.54 29.33 30.0 29.00 29.44

Azoxysrobin 0.1%

79.67 82.00 80.56 80.74 69.67 70.00 69.82 69.83 29.00 29.0 29.67 29.22

Control 69.33 71.66 71.75 70.91 61.33 63.00 61.05 61.79 23.33 22.5 22.00 22.61 C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.55 3.26 1.09 0.48 1.81 1.97 2.75 0.52 2.36 2.50 1.57 0.39 Note: Figures in parenthesis are arc sin values. PDR = Percent Disease Reduction , PDI = Percent Disease Intensity

460

Table 4.5.1.1b: Comparative assessment of treatments on monetary returns of tuberose at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2012-13 to 2014-15)

Treatment Yield/ha Total monetary returns

(Rs. lakh/ha.)

Cost of production

(Rs. lakh/ha.)

Net profit (Rs. lakh/ha)

B:C ratio Flower

stalk (lakh /ha)

Bulb (lakh/ha)

Mancozeb 0.2 % 7.60 21.69 18.44 5.82 12.62 3.17 Chlorothalonil 0.2 % 7.78 21.69 18.62 5.85 12.77 3.18

Trycyclazole 0.1% 8.25 22.44 19.47 5.90 13.57 3.30 Iprodine + Carbendazim 0.1 % 8.37 24.47 20.60 5.94 14.66 3.47

Difencanozole 0.1 % 8.28 23.55 20.05 5.89 14.16 3.41 Azoxysrobin 0.1% 8.40 23.64 20.22 6.04 14.18 3.34

Control 6.74 18.18 15.83 5.80 10.03 2.73 Table 4.5.1.2: Effect of fungicidal treatments on leaf blight disease of tuberose cv. “Single Local” at Ludhiana centre

Treatment Rate of applic-ation (%)

% Disease incidence Spike yield

(kg/plot)

Bulb yield

(kg/plot)

Bulblet yield

C:B ratio

Initial After 7 day

After 15 day

(kg/plot)

Mancozeb (Dithane M-45) 0.2 0.00 (0.00) 0.83 (2.63) 10.00 (18.31) 1.349 1.521 1.340 1:13.435 Chlorothalonil (Kavach) 0.2 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 5.00( 10.97) 1.315 1.430 1.378 1:0.037 Tricyclazole (Blast off) 0.1 0.00 (0.00) 2.50 (4.61) 20.83(27.10) 1.332 1.455 1.370 1:2.852

Iprodione+ Carbendazim (Quintal)

0.1 0.00 (0.00) 1.67 (3.74) 20.00 (26.40) 1.331 1.423 1.351 1:2.410

Difenoconazole (Score) 0.1 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 6.67 (12.95) 1.414 1.461 1.377 1:9.095 Azoxystrobin (Amistar) 0.1 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 8.34 (16.69) 1.285 1.498 1.320 1:1.044

Untreated Control ─ 0.00 (0.00) 7.50 (11.25) 21.67(27.32) 1.308 1.438 1.360 ─ C.D. (P = 0.05) ─ NS NS 8.49 NS NS NS ─

461

Tables 4.5.1.3a: Chemical control of leaf blight disease of tuberose cv. Single at Kahikuchi centre (Pooled results of 2012-13 to 2014-15)

Treatment Dose (%)

Per cent disease incidence Per cent disease control over check

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 pooled 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Mean T1: Control ─ 34.81

(36.71)* 33.33

(35.25)* 32.50

(34.75)* 33.38

(35.56) ─ ─ ─ ─

T2 : Mancozeb 0.2 18.17 (25.22)

20.10 (26.28)

19.75 (26.38)

19.33 (25.96) 47.80 39.70 39.23 42.24

T3: Chlorothalonil 0.2 15.83 (23.44)

16.35 (23.86)

16.59 (24.15)

16.25 (23.81) 54.52 50.94 48.95 51.47

T4: Tricyclazole 0.1 16.15

(23.69) 17.44

(24.68) 19.33

(25.52) 17.63

(24.84) 53.60 47.68 40.52 47.27

T5 :Iprodione + carbendazim 0.1 9.96

(18.39) 11.04

(19.40) 10.67

(19.04) 10.37

(18.94) 71.38 68.88 69.23 69.83

T6 : Difenoconazole 0.1 9.97 (17.70)

9.38 (17.82)

9.50 (17.17)

9.43 (17.56) 71.35 71.86 70.77 71.32

T7 : Azoxystrobin 0.1 8.24 (16.68)

8.12 (16.56)

8.28 (16.70)

8.21 (16.64) 76.32 75.63 74.52 75.49

C.D. (P = 0.05) ─ 1.18 0.94 1.17 0.61 ─ ─ ─ ─ *Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed value

462

Table 4.5.1.3b: Effect of fungicidal treatment on flower yield of tuberose at Kahikuchi centre (Pooled results of 2012-13 to 2014-15)

Treatment Dose (%)

No. of flower stalks per m2 Weight of flower stalk (g) Length of flower stalk (cm) 2012-

13 2013-

14 2014-

15 Pooled 2012-

13 2013-

14 2014-

15 Pooled 2012-

13 2013-

14 2014-

15 Pooled

T1: Control ─ 19.35 19.63 26.39 21.71 73.12 72.92 73.84 73.30 82.50 82.62 77.52 81.73

T2 : Mancozeb 0.2 22.95 23.80 29.70 25.39 74.05 73.02 74.07 73.76 84.25 84.32 89.00 84.69

T3: Chlorothalonil 0.2 30.11

29.38

29.35 29.59 73.17 73.80 74.25 73.52 85.40 84.55 84.40 84.79

T4: Tricyclazole

0.1 35.18 33.61 31.67 33.65 73.72 73.98 74.40 74.02 86.28 85.20 85.73 85.88

T5 :Iprodione + carbendazim 0.1 40.31 36.91 40.00 39.05 74.17 73.75 75.35 74.25 87.35 85.75 88.80 87.54

T6 : Difenoconazole 0.1 40.80 39.67 44.06 41.65 74.57 73.78 74.72 74.38 87.42 86.70 90.42 88.01

T7 : Azoxystrobin 0.1 46.56 43.08 46.52 45.28 74.87 74.40 75.78 74.75 88.72 87.75 91.62 89.90

C.D. (P = 0.05) ─ 5.67 5.05 14.71 2.71 NS NS 0.70 0.62 1.50 1.27 1.64 1.34

463

Table 4.5.1.3c: Economics of tuberose cultivation in 1 ha at Kahikuchi centre

Treatment Dose (%)

Spike yield/ha

(Rs)

Bulb yield/ha

(Rs)

Gross income

(Rs)

Cost of cultivation

/ha (Rs)

Net return (Rs)

BCR

T1: Control ─ 2,76,900 7,70,000 10,46,900 1,92,650 8,53,350 4.42

T2 : Mancozeb 0.2 3,93,300 7,70,000 11,63,000 1,94,250 9,68,750 5.02

T3: Chlorothalonil 0.2 4,86,450 7,70,000 12,38,450 1,97,939 10,40,511 5.25 T4: Tricyclazole

0.1 3,83,400 7,70,000 12.61,400 1,98,240 10,63,160 5.30

T5 :Iprodione + carbendazim 0.1 5,85,750 7,70,000 13,55,750

1,95,983 11,59,767 5.91

T6: Difenoconazole 0.1 6,24,750 7,70,000 13,94,750 1,99,444 11,95,306 5.99 T7 : Azoxystrobin 0.1 6,79,200 7,70,000 14,49,200 2,10,409 12,38,791 5.88

NB: Sale price: Each of flower spike and bulb @ Rs. 1.50 and 1, respectively

Table 4.5.2.1: Effect of treatments on root knot nematode of tuberose cv. Prajwal at Kahikuchi

centre (2013-14)

Treatment Root knot index

No. of flower

stalk/m2

Length of flower

stalk(cm)

Weight of

flower stalk (g)

T1= Untreated control 0.00 33.00 77.00 75.84

T2=Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray with captan, 0.3%

0.00 29.08 80.00 74.00

T3=Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching with Metalaxyl + mancozeb, 0.25% after one month

0.00 28.90 81.33 74.25

T4= Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching with Copper ox chloride, 0.3%, after one month

0.00 31.90 80.00 74.40

T5= Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with captan, 0.3% 0.00 34.20 79.78 75.35

T6=Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with metalaxyl + mancozeb, 0.25% 0.00 34.21 77.42 73.33

T7=Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with carbendazim 0.2% 0.00 34.32 80.33 77.88

C.D. (P = 0.05) ─ NS NS NS

464

Table 4.5.2.2: Management of root knot nematodes in tuberose at Hessaraghatta centre (2010-13)

Treatment Final nematode population (200 cc soil)

No. of spikes per plot

(1.5 x 1.2 m)

Flower stalk length of

spike (cm)

Root Knot Index

(1-5 scale) 1. Control 327 72 81 4.4 2. Neem cake @1.0 t/ha (soil application at least 15 days prior to planting)

283 87.5 91 2.9

3. Neem seed powder- 5g/plant (Soil Application)

302 83.5 83 3.15

4. Carbofuran 1 kg a.i./ac (soil application)

238.5 91 105.5 2.6

5. Paecilomyces lilacinus (2 x 106 cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application)

213.5 93.5 107 2.35

6. Trichoderma harzianum (2 x 106 cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application)

222 102.5 116 2.15

7. Pseudomonas fluorescens (2 x 108cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application)

218.5 105.5 119 2.15

8. Pochonia chlamydosporia @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application)

210 90 111.5 2.55

C.D. (P = 0.05) 20.35 8.55 7.51 0.67

Fig. 4.5.2.2: Effect of botanicals and biocontrol agents on nematode population and yield of tuberose at Hessaraghatta centre (2010-13)

[T2: Neem cake @1.0 t/ha; T3: Neem seed powder- 5g/plant; T4 -Carbofuran 1 kg

a.i./ha; T5 – P. lilacinus (2 x 106 cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha; T6: T.

harzianum (2 x 106 cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha; T7:P. fluorescens (2 x 108cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha;

T8: Pochonia chlamydosporia @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha]

*pooled analysis of field experiments conducted for three years from 2010-13

05

101520253035404550

T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

% decrease in nematodepopulation over control%increase in yield overcontrol

465

Table 4.5.3.1: Effect of treatments on foliar nematode of tuberose cv. Vaibhav at Kahikuchi centre (2013-14)

Treatment Per cent infestation /plot

No. of flower

stalk/m2

Length of flower stalk

(cm)

Weight of flower stalk

(g) T1= Pre-planting over night soaking of bulbs in

monocrotophos 36 SL @ 2ml/l +three consecutive spraying with monocrotophos 36 SL @ 2ml/l at 15 days interval

0.00 51.3 80.37 73.62

T2=Pre-planting over night soaking of bulbs in carbosulfan 25 EC @ 1.5 ml/l + three consecutive spraying with carbosulfan 25 EC @ 1.5 ml/l at 15 days interval

0.00 53.12 79.75 71.75

T3= Pre-planting over night soaking of bulbs in cartap hydrochloride 50 WP @ 2 g/l + three consecutive spraying with cartap hydrochloride 50 WP @ 1 g/l at 15 days interval

0.00 52.25 81.90 73.50

T4=Pre-planting over night soaking of bulbs in NSKE 5% @ 2 g/l of water followed by three consecutive spraying with NSKE 5% at 15 days interval (Repeat the spraying in second year from March onward).

0.00 53.15 81.50 73.20

T5 = No bulb treatment only three consecutive spraying with monocrotophos solution @ 2ml/l of water at 15 days interval

0.00 52.12 80.26 73.60

T6 : Untreated control 0.00 53.25 80.00 73.75 C.D. (P = 0.05) ─ NS 1.64 NS

466

Table 4.6.1.1a: Disease management of foot rot/root rot disease of gerbera cv. Alktraz under protected conditions at Pune centre (2014-15)

Sl. No.

Treatment Disease incidence

(%)

PDR No. of flowers /

plot

No. of flowers / plant

Flower diam. (cm)

Flower stalk length (cm)

1 Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray with captan 0.3 % (After 1 month of planting)

13.33 (21.13)

63.64 151.00 15.10 9.17 57.00

2 Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching with kresoxim methyl 0.1% (Ergon)

10.00 (14.99)

72.73 150.00 15.00 9.00 55.67

3 Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching with C.O.C @ 0.3%

16.67 (23.85)

54.54 142.33 14.23 8.57 55.00

4 Soil drenching with captan 0.3% + T. harzianum @ 500g/m2

3.33 (6.14)

90.92 157.67 15.43 9.17 57.97

5 Soil drenching with kresoxim methyl 0.1% +T. harzianum @ 500g/m2

16.67 (23.85)

54.54 146.67 14.67 8.75 55.67

6 Soil drenching with carbendazim 0.2 %+T. harzianum @ 500g/m2

10.00 (18.43)

72.73 152.00 15.20 9.05 56.75

7 Soil drenching with metalaxyl + mancozeb 0.2 %+T. harzianum @ 500g/m2

6.67 (12.29)

81.81 153.66 15.03 9.15 58.25

8 Control 36.67 (37.21)

─ 119.00 11.90 8.03 46.33

C.D. (P = 0.05) 13.49 ─ 2.57 0.56 0.25 1.55

Note: Figures in parenthesis are arcsin values, PDR = Percent disease reduction

467

Table 4.6.1.1b: Management of foot rot/root rot disease of gerbera cv. Alktraz under protected conditions at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2011-12 to 2013-14)

Treatment Per cent disease incidence No. of flowers / plot No. of flowers / plant

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

Pooled mean

PDR 2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

Pooled mean

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

Pooled mean

1. Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray with captan 0.3 % (After 1 month of planting)

9.33 (17.7)

9.38 (17.8)

8.16 (16.4)

8.95 (17.4)

78.2 208.3 207.3 156.3 190.6 20.83 20.73 15.63 19.06

2. Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching with Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP @ 0.3% (After 1 month of planting)

9.67 (18.1)

9.83 (18.2)

8.58 (17.0)

9.36 (17.8)

77.2 201.6 200.6 150.3 184.2 20.17 20.07 15.03 18.42

3. Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching with C.O.C @ 0.3% (After 1 month of planting)

10.00 (18.4)

10.75 (19.1)

10.08 (18.5)

10.2 (18.7)

75.2 198.3 196.3 145.6 180.1 19.83 19.63 14.56 18.00

4. Vermicompost (200 g/m2) + soil drenching with captan 0.3%

16.67 (24.0)

16.75 (24.1)

18.33 (25.3)

17.2 (24.5)

58.2 193.3 194.0 144.0 177.1 19.33 19.40 14.40 17.71

5. Vermicompost (200 g/m2) + soil drenching with Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP @ 0.3%

18.33 (25.3)

19.50 (26.1)

19.25 (26.0)

19.0 (25.9)

53.8 191.6 191.6 146.0 176.4 19.17 19.17 14.60 17.64

6. Vermicompost (200 g/m2) + soil drenching with carbendazim 0.2 %

21.67 (27.7)

19.75 (26.3)

22.33 (28.1)

21.2 (27.4)

48.4 195.0 195.3 142.6 177.6 19.50 19.53 14.26 17.76

7. Control 45.00 (42.1)

42.33 (40.5)

36.11 (36.8)

41.1 (39.9)

─ 133.0 140.3 117.6 130.3 13.33 14.03 11.76 13.04

C.D. (P = 0.05) 3.39 1.33 3.35 3.49 ─ 6.15 3.93 3.09 12.81 0.62 0.39 0.31 1.27

468

Table 4.6.1.1b Contd.: Management of foot rot/root rot disease of gerbera cv. Alktraz under protected conditions at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2011-12 to 2013-14)

Treatment Diameter of flower (cm) Length of flower stalk (cm) 2011-

12 2012-

13 2013-

14 Pooled mean

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

Pooled mean

1. Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray with captan 0.3 % (After 1 month of planting)

10.63 10.02 9.15 9.93 57.33 57.33 57.33 57.33

2. Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching with Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP @ 0.3% (After 1 month of planting)

9.97 9.92 8.91 9.60 55.67 56.00 54.33 55.33

3. Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching with C.O.C @ 0.3% (After 1 month of planting)

10.33 9.88 8.83 9.68 55.33 55.00 55.66 55.33

4. Vermicompost (200 g/m2) + soil drenching with captan 0.3%

10.33 9.98 9.03 9.78 53.33 52.92 51.41 52.55

5. Vermicompost (200 g/m2) + soil drenching with Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP @ 0.3%

10.60 9.67 9.08 9.78 52.67 52.00 53.00 52.55

6. Vermicompost (200 g/m2) + soil drenching with carbendazim 0.2 %

10.42 9.67 8.91 9.66 51.33 52.63 53.66 52.54

7. Control 9.37 9.22 8.30 8.96 49.00 47.75 44.33 47.02

C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.72 0.42 0.16 0.30 2.55 3.35 2.23 2.12

469

Table 4.6.1.1c: Comparative assessment of treatments on monetary returns of gerbera at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2011-12 to 13-14)

Treatment Yield of flower stalk

(lakh/10R)

Total monetary returns

(Rs. lakh/10R)

Cost of production

(Rs. lakh/10R)

Net profit (Rs.

lakh/10R)

B:C ratio

Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray with captan 0.3 % (After 1 month of planting)

1.14 2.85 2.50 0.35 1.14

Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching with Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP @ 0.3% (After 1 month of planting)

1.10 2.75 2.55 0.20 1.08

Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + soil drenching with C.O.C @ 0.3% (After 1 month of planting)

1.08 2.70 2.54 0.16 1.06

Vermicompost (200 g/m2) + soil drenching with captan 0.3%

1.06 2.65 2.53 0.12 1.05

Vermicompost (200 g/m2) + soil drenching with Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP @ 0.3%

1.05 2.63 2.54 0.09 1.04

Vermicompost (200 g/m2) + soil drenching with carbendazim 0.2 %

1.07 2.68 2.52 0.16 1.06

Control 0.78 1.92 2.47 -0.52 0.79

470

Table 4.6.1.2: Efficacy of treatments on foot and root rot disease in gerbera cv. Marinella at Ludhiana centre

Treatment Disease incidence (%)

No. of flower stalks/plot

Length of flower stalk

(cm)

Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + Soil drenching and foliar spray with Captan, 0.3%

0.00 (0.00) 8.00 48.00

Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + Soil drenching with kresoxim-methyl after one month

0.00 (0.00) 10.33 47.01

Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500g/m2 + Soil drenching with Copper oxychloride 0.3% after one month

3.33 (6.14) 9.67 48.06

Soil drenching with Captan 0.3% + T. harzianum @500g/m2

6.67 (12.29) 8.67 43.73

Soil drenching with kresoxim-methyl (0.1%) +T. harzianum @500g/m2

0.00 (0.00) 10.00 44.79

Soil drenching with carbendazim 0.2%%) +T. harzianum @500g/m2

0.00 (0.00) 9.33 45.32

Soil drenching with metalaxyl +mancozeb *(0.2%)+%) +T. harzianum @500g/m2

6.67 (8.85) 2.67

47.16

Control 0.00 (0.00) 5.67 45.40 C.D. (P = 0.05) NS NS NS

471

Table 4.6.1.3a: Efficacy of treatments against foot rot disease of gerbera cv. Red Monarch at Kahikuchi centre (Pooled results of 2011-2014)

Treatment Per cent disease incidence Per cent disease control

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled mean 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled

mean Control

49.58

(44.76) 46.42

(42.94)* 48.67

(44.23)* 48.22

(43.98) ─ ─ ─ ─

Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching

and foliar spray with captan, 0.3%

29.89 (33.00)

29.46 (32.87)

30.59 (33.57)

29.98 (33.14) 39.71 36.53 37.14 37.80

Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching with metalaxyl + mancozeb, 0.25% after one month

13.89 (21.84)

14.96 (22.70)

17.63 (24.70)

15.49 (23.11) 72.02 67.79 63.77 67.86

Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching with copper oxychloride, 0.3% ,after one month

20.08 (26.60)

20.98 (27.21)

28.13 (36.00)

23.03 (30.56) 59.49 54.80 42.20 52.17

Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with captan, 0.3%

31.91 (34.40)

31.69 (34.72)

29.24 (32.72)

30.94 (33.97) 35.63 31.73 39.92 35.76

Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with metalaxyl + mancozeb, 0.25%

17.85 (24.99)

20.53 (25.61)

27.98 (27.17)

22.12 (25.93) 64.00 55.78 42.51 54.09

Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with carbendazim 0.2%

35.04 (36.29)

29.69 (33.46)

33.92 (35.61)

33.89 (35.12) 29.32 36.04 30.30 31.89

C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.39 3.09 3.19 1.59 ─ ─ ─ ─ *Figures in parenthesis are arcsin values

472

Table 4.6.1.3b: Effect of treatments on flower yield of gerbera cv. Red Monarch at Kahikuchi centre (Pooled results of 2011-2014)

Treatment No. of flower stalks/m2 Length of flower stalk (cm)

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Pooled 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Pooled

Control 54.93 59.87 49.06 55.37 42.16 40.22 40.25 30.28

Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray with captan, 0.3%

63.30 80.20 59.90 68.48 44.57 41.02 41.02 41.67

Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenchingwith metalaxyl + mancozeb, 0.25% afterone month

93.93 108.51 69.93 92.52 45.35 43.05 42.25 42.92

Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching with copper oxychloride, 0.3% ,after one month

76.06 81.91 64.20 73.98 41.90 42.10 41.25 42.51

Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with captan, 0.3% 66.93 75.86 61.20 69.20 45.20 41.85 41.75 42.29

Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with metalaxyl + mancozeb,0.25%

76.95 100.19 66.80 82.25 45.21 43.42 41.50 43.02

Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with carbendazim 0.2% 61.46 71.02 59.06 61.67 43.97 42.12 41.12 42.21

C.D. (P = 0.05) 12.06 16.08 6.94 5.72 8.14 0.90 NS NS

473

Table 4.6.1.3c: Economics of cultivation of gerbera in 1 ha at Kahikuchi centre

Treatment Spike yield

/ha (Rs)

Sucker yield /ha (Rs)

Gross income

(Rs)

Cost of cultivation /ha (Rs)

Net income

(Rs)

B:C ratio

Control 5,63,700 9,99,000 15,53,699 3,77,375 11,76,324 3.11

Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenchingand foliar spray with captan, 0.3%

6,84,800 11,82,150 18,669,50 4,02,375 14,64,575 3.63

Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenchingwith metalaxyl + mancozeb, 0.25% after one month

9,25,200 13,07,270 22,32,470 4,14,375 18,18,095 4.38

Neem cake colonized by Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenchingwith copper oxychloride, 0.3% ,after onemonth

7,39,800 12,82,500 20,22,300 4,00,335 16,21,965 4.05

Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with captan, 0.3% 6,92,000 11,70,000 18,,62,000 3,97,375 14,64,625 3.69

Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with metalaxyl + mancozeb,0.25% 8,22,500 13,50,000 21,72,500 4,15,375 17,57,125 4.23

Vermicompost (200g/m2) + soil drenching with carbendazim 0.2% 6,16,700 13,32,500 19,49,200 3,95,335 15,53,865 3.93

Sale price: Spike and sucker @ Rs. 1.0 and 5.00 each, respectively

474

Table 4.6.1.3d: Effect of treatments on foot/root disease of gerbera cv. Red Monarch at Kahikuchi centre (2014-15)

Treatment Disease incidence

(%)

Disease control

(%)

No. of flower stalks/

plot

No. of flower stalks/

m2

Length of flower stalk

(cm)

Neem cake colonized by T.harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching and foliar spray with captan, 0.3%

27.39 (31.56)* 36.91 225.00 60.00 48.27

Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching with Kresoxim methyl (Ergon) 0.1 % after one month

25.90 (30.58) 40.35 232.67 62.04 48.97

Neem cake colonized by T. harzianum @ 500 g/m2 + soil drenching with Copper oxychloride, 0.3%, after one month

20.53 (28.54) 52.71 228.33 60.89 51.43

Soil drenching with captan, 0.3% + T. harzianum @ 500 g/m2

27.38 (31.55) 35.56 221.33 59.02 48.00

Soil drenching with Kresoxim methyl 0.1 % + T. harzianum @ 500 g/m2

19.60 (26.30) 54.85 229.67 61.24 49.33

Soil drenching with Carbendazim 0.2 % + Trichoderma harzianum @ 500 g/m2

34.51 (35.97) 20.30 223.00 59.46 46.33

Soil drenching with metalaxyl + mancozeb, 0.2% + T.harzianum @ 500 g/m2

16.37 (23.83) 62.30 260.67 69.60 50.11

Control 43.42 (41.21) - 163.00

43.47 43.06

C.D. (P = 0.05) 2.28 - 19.59 5.21 1.47

*Figures in parenthesis are arc sin values

475

Table 4.6.2.1a: Chemical management of leaf spot/leaf blight disease of gerbera cv. Alktraz in polyhouse at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2012-2015

Treatment Per cent disease intensity No. of flowers / plot No. of flowers / plant 2012-

13 2013-

14 2014-

15 Pooled mean

PDR 2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Pooled mean

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

Pooled mean

Mancozeb 0.2 %

18.58 (25.52)

*

19.96 (26.53)

15.92 (23.50)

18.15 (25.18)

43.51 218.67 148.00 223.33 196.66 21.87 14.80 22.33 19.66

Propineb 0.2 %

13.13 (21.23)

15.28 (23.00)

11.67 (19.96)

13.36 (21.40)

58.42 221.67 152.00 219.33 197.66 22.17 15.20 21.93 19.76

Carbendazim 0.2 %

19.80 (26.41)

19.88 (26.47)

18.00 (25.09)

19.22 (25.99)

40.18 216.67 145.66 225.00 195.77 21.67 14.56 22.50 19.57

Iprodine + Carbendazim

0.2 %

8.43 (16.84)

9.46 (17.90)

6.58 (14.86)

8.15 (16.54)

74.63 248.00 161.00 247.00 218.66 24.80 16.10 24.70 21.86

Difencanozole 0.05 %

10.50 (18.88)

11.28 (19.61)

7.63 (16.03)

9.80 (18.18)

69.50 248.33 162.00 243.67 218.00 24.83 16.20 24.37 21.80

Azoxystrobin 0.1%

9.72 (18.15)

9.66 (18.10)

6.90 (15.22)

8.70 (17.16)

72.92 250.00 167.66 246.00 221.22 25.00 16.76 24.60 22.12

Control

30.60 (33.57)

32.71 (34.86)

33.08 (35.10)

32.13 (34.51)

─ 204.00 134.33 196.67 178.33 20.40 13.43 19.73 17.85

C.D. (P = 0.05)

1.67 1.53 0.89 0.50 ─ 4.08 5.07 2.67 3.03 0.41 0.48 0.24 0.29

*Figures in parenthesis are arc sin values

476

Table 4.6.2.1a Contd: Chemical management of leaf spot/leaf blight disease of gerbera cv. Alktraz in polyhouse at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2012-2015)

Table 4.6.2.1b: Comparative assessment of treatments on monetary returns of gerbera at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2012-2015)

Treatment Yield of flower stalks

(lakh/10R)

Total monetary returns

(Rs. lakh/10R)

Cost of production

(Rs. lakh/10R)

Net profit (Rs.

lakh/10R)

B:C ratio

Mancozeb 0.2 % 1.18 2.665 2.473 0.192 1.08 Propineb 0.2 % 1.18 2.665 2.490 0.175 1.07

Carbendazim 0.2 % 1.17 2.633 2.474 0.159 1.06 Iprodine + Carbendazim 0.2 % 1.31 2.948 2.520 0.428 1.17

Difencanozole .05 % 1.31 2.948 2.485 0.463 1.19 Azoxystrobin 0.1% 1.33 2.993 2.510 0.483 1.19

Control

1.06 2.385 2.470 -0.085 0.97

Treatment Flower diameter (cm) Length of flower stalk (cm) 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled mean 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled mean

Mancozeb 0.2 % 9.50 9.46 9.55 9.503 50.58 46.00 51.51 49.36 Propineb 0.2 % 9.67 9.48 9.68 9.610 53.05 46.00 52.18 50.41

Carbendazim 0.2 % 9.67 8.41 9.64 9.240 50.05 44.33 51.00 48.46 Iprodine +

Carbendazim 0.2 % 10.05 9.81 9.93 9.930 54.88 49.50 56.72 53.70

Difencanozole .05 % 9.75 9.71 9.92 9.793 54.83 48.50 55.05 52.79 Azoxystrobin 0.1% 9.75 9.63 9.97 9.783 55.17 52.00 53.72 53.63

Control

8.67 8.58 8.92 8.723 49.25 41.33 46.13 45.57

C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.50 NS 0.09 0.14 3.54 1.66 1.14 0.70 Note : Figures in parenthesis are arc sin values, PDR = Percent Disease Reduction

477

Table 4.6.2.2: Efficacy of fungicidal treatments on leaf spot disease of gerbera cv. Amlit at Ludhiana centre

Tables 4.6.2.3a: Efficacy of treatments on leaf spot disease of gerbera cv. Red Monarch at Kahikuchi centre (Pooled results of 2012-2015)

Treatment Rate of application

(%)

Disease incidence (%)

No. of flower stalks/plot

Length of flower stalk

(cm) Pre-count After 1 month

Dithane M-45 (mancozeb)

0.2 0.00 (0.00) 43.75 (41.23) 11.75 36.67

Antracol (propineb) 0.2 0.00 (0.00) 43.75 (41.23) 15.00 41.60 Bavistin (carbendazim) 0.2 0.00 (0.00)

50.00 (44.98) 14.25 40.42

Quintal (iprodione +carbendazim)

0.2 0.00 (0.00) 37.50 (37.48) 14.00 40.85

Score (difenoconazole) 0.05 0.00 (0.00) 37.50 (37.48) 13.75 37.48 Amistar (azoxystrobin) 0.1 0.00 (0.00) 37.50 (37.48) 13.75 39.20

Untreated Control ─ 0.00 (0.00) 56.25 (48.73) 13.75 36.31 C.D. (P = 0.05) ─ NS NS NS NS

Treatment

Disease incidence (%)

Disease control over check (%)

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled 2012-13

2013-14

2014-15 Mean

T1: Mancozeb

34.77 (36.13)

40.23 (33.37)

38.28 (38.22)

29.98 (37.83)

35.49 25.70 20.95 27.38

T2: Propineb 70 WP 28.13 (32.01)

35.10 (35.67)

32.60 (35.42)

31.93 (34.37)

47.81 34.19 32.69 38.23

T3: Carbendazim 23.43 (28.94)

34.00 (35.67)

36.71 (37.30)

31.39 (33.85)

56.53 37.21 24.20 39.31

T4: Iprodione + carbendazim

12.49 (22.37)

23.49 (29.16)

23.04 (28.93)

20.30 (27.12)

76.82 56.62 51.68 61.70

T5: Difenconazole 14.45 (22.32)

19.13 (25.87)

16.01 (23.58)

16.50 (23.88)

73.19 64.67 66.94 68.27

T6: Azoxystrobin 18.35 (25.34)

23.76 (27.61)

21.88 (27.88)

21.07 (27.44)

65.95 56.12 54.82 58.96

T7: Control 53.90 (47.24)*

54.15 (48.83)*

48.43 (44.10)*

53.67 (46.90)

─ ─ ─ ─

C.D. (P = 0.05) 2.28 9.78 1.53 1.42 ─ ─ ─ ─ *Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed value

478

Table 4.6.2.3b: Effect of treatments on flower yield of gerbera Cv. Red Gem at Kahikuchi centre (Pooled results of 2012-2015)

Treatment No. of flower stalks/m2

Length of flower stalk (cm)

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled

Mancozeb 60.43 53.33 52.73 55.41 36.75 39.62 41.93 39.62

: Propineb 70 WP 64.10 62.20 61.63 62.14 36.68 39.38 43.62 40.56

Carbendazim 64.33 62.40 61.67 62.77 37.18 39.29 43.43 40.58

Iprodione + carbendazim 79.58 67.06 64.33 70.40 40.25 40.25 44.69 41.52

Difenconazole 78.53 67.27 67.53 71.11 39.92 40.62 44.38 41.28 Azoxystrobin 72.92 66.12 66.06 68.38 39.68 40.12 45.00 41.51

Control 45.48 41.66 45.00 44.08 35.92 39.38 40.22 38.92

Table 4.6.2.3c: Economics of cultivation of gerbera in 1 ha at Kahikuchi centre

Treatment

Spike yield /ha (Rs)

Sucker yield /ha (Rs)

Gross income

(Rs)

Cost of cultivation /ha (Rs)

Net income

(Rs)

B:C ratio

Mancozeb 5,54,100 14,99,998 20,54,098 3,95,363 16,58,735 4.19

Propineb 70 WP 6,21,400 14,99,998 21,21,398 3,96,550 17,24,848 4.34 Carbendazim 6,27,700 14,99,998 21,27,698 4,00,223 17,27,475 4.31 Iprodione +

carbendazim 7,04,000 14,99,998 22,03,998 4,06,889 17,97,109 4.41

Difenconazole 7,11,100 14,99,998 22,11,098 4,01,554 18,09,544 4.50 Azoxystrobin 6,83,800 14,99,998 21,83,798 4,20,439 17,63,359 4.20

Control 4,40,800 14,99,998 19,40,798 3,89,853 15,50,945 3.98 Sale price: Spike and sucker @ Rs. 1.0 and 5.00 each, respectively

479

Table 4.6.3.1: Management of nematodes in gerbera at Hessaraghatta centre (pooled results of 2010-2013)

Treatment Final nematode population

(200 cc soil)

Root Knot Index

(1-5 scale)

No. of flowers/ plot

(12m x 30cm

x30cm)

Flower stalk

length (cm)

Neem cake @ 1.0t/ha (soil application at least 15 days prior to planting)

321 3.15 549.5 49

Paecilomyces lilacinus (2 x 106 cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application)

259.5 2.5 575.5 51

Trichoderma harzianum (2 x 106 cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application)

260 2.4 560.5 55.5

Pseudomonas fluorescens (2 x 108cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application)

245 2.25 591.5 57.5

Pochonia chlamydosporia @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha (soil application)

275 2.6 575.5 53.5

Carbofuran 1 kg a.i./ac (soil application) 248.5 2.7 553 51 Untreated Control 420 4.55 485 38

C.D. (P = 0.05) 25.90 1.34 39.38 5.68

Fig 4.6.3.1: Effect of botanicals and biocontrol agents on nematode population and yield of gerbera at Hessaraghatta centre (pooled results of 2010-2013)

[T1: Neem cake @ 1.0t/ha; T2: P. lilacinus (2 x 106 cfu/g) @

5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha; T3: T. harzianum (2 x 106 cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha; T4: P. fluorescens (2 x 108cfu/g) @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha; T5:

P. chlamydosporia @ 5kg mixed with FYM 5t/ha; T6:

Carbofuran 1 kg a.i./ha] * pooled analysis of field

experiments conducted for three years from 2010-13

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

%decrease in nematode population over control

%increase in yield over control

480

Table 4.7.1.1: Symptomology and etiology of various diseases of orchids and their

management at Vellanikkara centre

Sl. No. Diseases observed Causal organism Effective control measures adopted

Phalaenopsis 1. Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum Preventing by proper hygienic 2. Collar rot Sclerotium rolfsii 3. Soft rot Erwinia

chrysanthemi Dilhane 2-3 g/l

Basket Vanda 1. Leaf spot Botryodiplodia sp. Kocide 1 g/l

Mokara 1. Leaf spot Alternaria alternata Kocide 1 g/l

Arachnis 1. Leaf spot Fusarium sp. Turban 25 EC 1 g/l

Table 4.7.2.1a: Per cent incidence (PDI) and percent disease severity (PDS) of leaf spot diseases of monopodial orchids at Vellanikkara centre

Period Arachnis Mokara Vanda PDI PDS PDI PDS PDI PDS

January February

March April May June July

August September

October November December

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18.80 21.20 23.00 15.40 19.60 24.10 18.00 16.70 19.60 13.20 22.40 15.60

80.95 84.61 83.33 87.17 87.17 92.30 79.48 82.05 80.00 82.50 82.05 82.05

20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.20 21.20 12.80 14.00 15.60 15.60 18.80 20.00

80.0 76.00 72.00 76.00 84.00 84.00 76.92 76.00 72.00 76.00 64.00 68.00

25.20 25.20 25.60 26.40 26.40 28.00 15.20 20.00 21.20 23.20 24.40 24.40

481

Table 4.7.2.1b: Pests of orchids under protected cultivation observed at Vellanikkara centre

Pests observed Nature of damage Season Effective control measures

Orchid beetle Grubs and adults feed on flowers and flower buds June- Oct Ekalux or

Carbaryl 2 ml/l

Mite Nymph and adult feed on under surface of leaves and flowers and suck sap. Leaves appear yellow

and scraped. Dec-Jan Confidor 0.003%

Snails and

slugs

Adult and young ones feed on roots, leaves flower buds and flowers. Prevalent in night time.

More in monsoon. Prefers wet media

Through- out,

more in rainy season

Hand picking and killing, Attracting with baits (fermented cabbage; beer) during night and

killing sanitation apply snail pellets in the pots

Thrips Nymphs and adults suck sap from tender

portions. Malformation of leaves, flower buds and flowers

Dec-April Confidor 0.003% Neem oil 0.03 EC 5ml/l

Mealy bugs

Adults and young ones suck sap from leaves and petioles Jan-March

Malathion 50 EC or Confidor 0.003% at 10-15 days

interval

482

Table 4.8.1.1a: Chemical management of leaf and bud blight disease of marigold cv. Pusa Nagrangi Gainda at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2012-13 to2014-15)

Treatment Leaf blight intensity (%) Bud blight intensity(%) 2012-13 2013-

14 2014-

15 Pooled mean

PDR 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Pooled mean

PDR

Mancozeb 0.2 %

14.67 (22.51)

11.16 (19.50)

12.98 (21.11)

12.93 (21.04)

69.81 5.77 (13.85)

3.75 (11.10)

6.65 (14.94)

5.39 (13.33)

64.30

Iprodine + Carbendazim 0.2%

4.90 (12.78)

2.66 (9.38)

5.97 (14.13)

4.51 (12.10)

89.47 1.60 (7.21)

0.71 (2.80)

1.67 (7.40)

1.32 (6.50)

91.26

Difenoconazole 0.1% 10.50 (18.90)

6.66 (14.94)

10.72 (19.11)

9.29 (17.65)

78.31 4.97 (12.87)

2.58 (9.22)

5.08 (13.03)

4.21 (11.71)

72.12

Trycyclazole 0.1% 12.80 (20.95)

7.88 (16.29)

13.08 (21.19)

11.25 (19.48)

73.74 8.73 (17.18)

6.58 (14.83)

8.58 (17.03)

7.96 (16.35)

47.28

Copper oxychloride 0.2% 22.38 (28.22)

19.21 (25.98)

22.08 (28.02)

21.22 (27.40)

50.47 10.77 (19.14)

7.96 (16.38)

11.50 (19.81)

10.07 (18.44)

33.31

Carbendazim 0.2% 16.42 (23.89)

14.83 (22.64)

15.83 (23.43)

15.69 (23.32)

63.38 6.97 (15.30)

4.41 (12.11)

6.72 (15.02)

6.03 (14.14)

60.06

Control

44.78 (41.99)

34.00 (35.65)

49.75 (44.84)

42.84 (40.82)

─ 18.47 (25.44)

9.76 (18.19)

17.07 (24.39)

15.10 (22.67)

─

C.D. (P = 0.05) 0.76 1.26 0.37 0.83 ─ 1.30 3.29 0.66 0.53 ─ PDR= Percent Disease Reduction, Note : Figures in parenthesis are arc sin values,

483

Table 4.8.1.1aContd.: Chemical management of leaf and bud blight disease of marigold cv. Pusa Nagrangi Gainda at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2012-13 to2014-15)

Table 4.8.1.1b: Comparative assessment of treatments on monetary returns of marigold at Pune centre (Pooled results of 2012-13 to2014-15)

Treatment Yield of flowers (Kg/ha)

Total monetary returns

(Rs. lakh/ha)

Cost of production

(Rs. lakh/ha)

Net profit (Rs.

lakh/ha)

B:C ratio

Mancozeb 0.2 % 5524 1.381 1.161 0.22 1.19 Iprodine + Carbendazim 0.2% 8120 2.030 1.222 0.810 1.66

Difenoconazole 0.1% 5680 1.420 1.209 0.210 1.17 Trycyclazole 0.1% 5075 1.269 1.214 0.060 1.05

Copper oxychloride 0.2% 4321 1.080 1.168 -0.088 0.92 Carbendazim 0.2% 4845 1.211 1.163 0.048 1.041

Control 3309 0.827 1.150 -0.323 0.72

Treatment No. of flowers/plant Weight of flowers/plant (g) 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled

Mean 2012-

13 2013-

14 2014-15 Pooled

Mean Mancozeb 0.2 % 19.13 23.00 19.67 20.600 146.82 178.33 147.67 157.607

Iprodine + Carbendazim 0.2% 25.83 26.00 25.33 25.720 248.00 208.00 240.67 232.223 Difenoconazole 0.1% 22.50 23.66 21.67 22.610 152.83 189.00 147.00 162.943

Trycyclazole 0.1% 19.75 22.00 20.38 20.710 126.67 178.33 136.00 147.000 Copper oxychloride 0.2% 17.43 20.33 17.33 18.363 104.67 162.33 105.00 124.000

Carbendazim 0.2% 19.38 23.00 18.33 20.237 118.33 183.66 115.00 138.997 Control 14.55 17.33 14.00 15.293 80.00 123.66 80.33 94.663

C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.10 2.08 1.18 0.468 8.65 11.61 3.95 11.386

484

Table 4.8.1.2: Efficacy of various spray fungicides against leaf and flower blight disease of marigold at Ludhiana centre

Treatment Rate of application

(%)

Percent disease

incidence (0-4 scale)

Disease severity

(%)

Flower yield (Kg)

C:B ratio Treatment Rate of application

(%)

Pre-count 14 days after treatment

28 days after treatment

Mancozeb 0.2 0.00 33.33 (35.25) 58.34(49.81) 37.50(37.48) 2.91 1: 1.08

Iprodione + Carbendazim

0.2 0.00 30.55(33.46) 50.00(44.98) 43.75(41.23) 2.99 1:1.26

Difenoconazole 0.1 0.00 22.22(27.73) 47.22(43.35) 31.25(33.74) 3.25 1: 6.93 Tricyclazole 0.1 0.00 33.33(35.10) 55.56(48.22) 56.25(48.73) 2.84 1: 1.14

Copper oxychloride

0.25 0.00 33.33(35.25) 69.89(53.08) 62.50(52.48) 2.88 1: -0.16

Carbendazim 0.1 0.00 33.33(35.10) 69.45(56.50) 56.25(48.73) 2.74 1: -4.07 Control ─ 0.00 52.78(46.58) 72.23(58.81) 75.00(59.97) 2.84 ─

C.D. (P = 0.05) ─ N.S. 6.47 8.42 11.57 0.11 ─

485

Tables 4.8.1.3a: Efficacy of chemicals on leaf and flower blight disease of marigold cv. African marigold at Kahikuchi centre

(Pooled results of 2012-13 to 2014-15)

Treatment

Conc- entration Per cent disease incidence Per cent disease control over check

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled mean 2012-13 2013-

14 2014-15 Pooled mean

Mancozeb 0.20% 19.75

(26.35)* 21.50

(26.08)* 22.50

(28.31) 21.25

(27.27) 43.16 44.87 47.98 45.33

Iprodione + carbendazim 0.20% 9.75 (18.16)

13.25 (21.26)

13.75 (27.74)

12.24 (20.39) 71.74 66.02 68.20 68.65

Difenconazole 0.10% 8.25 (16.94)

9.25 (17.68)

10.75 (19.11)

9.41 (17.72) 76.25 76.28 75.14 75.90

Tricyclazole 0.10% 14.00 (24.48)

25.00 (29.98)

27.00 (31.52)

23.67 (28.60) 59.71 35.90 37.58 44.40

Cupper oxychloride 0.25% 24.00 (29.51)

26.25 (30.81)

32.5 (34.75)

28.67 (31.52) 30.93 32.70 24.85 29.48

Carbendazim 0.20% 30.50 (32.50)

31.00 (35.82)

35.75 (36.71)

31.42 (34.34) 12.25 20.51 17.34 16.70

Control ─ 34.75 (36.62)

39.00 (38.63)

43.25 (41.12)*

38.83 (37.30)

─ ─ ─ ─

C.D. (P = 0.05) ─ 3.20 2.43 1.53 5.44 ─ ─ ─ ─ *Figures in parenthesis are angular transformed values

486

Table 4.8.1.3b: Effect of treatments on flower yield of marigold cv. African marigold at Kahikuchi centre (Pooled results of

2012-13 to 2014-15)

Treatment

Conce-ntration

No. of flower stalks/m2 Flowers yield (kg / plant)

2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pooled

Mancozeb 0.20% 304.25 266.50 220.00 261.50 3.93 3.24 2.35 3.05

Iprodione + carbendazim 0.20% 384.75 326.75 241.00 324.33 4.66 4.04 3.20 3.94

Difenconazole 0.10% 400.25 312.00 259.00 324.41 4.75 4.02 3.21 3.99

Tricyclazole 0.10% 266.50 264.55 253.00 260.99 3.67 2.97 3.01 3.08

Cupper oxychloride 0.25% 222.00 231.50 246.50 243.99 2.66 2.80 2.80 2.88

Carbendazim 0.20% 241.25 217.75 256.00 238.66 2.75 2.61 2.97 2.88

Control ─ 192.75 179.25 239.00 203.83 2.30 2.44 2.32 2.34

C.D. (P = 0.05) ─ 41.11 35.60 47.18 18.53 0.50 0.38 0.47 0.30

487

Table 4.9.1.1: Effect of fungicides on rust of Solidago (Daisy/ golden rod) var. Local type at Pune centre (2014-15)

Treatment Disease intensity

(%)

PDR

Plant height (cm)

Stalk length (cm)

No. of flower stalks / plot

No. of flower stalks /plant

Hexaconazole 0.1% 13.18 (21.27)*

63.00 79.00 75.20 215.00 10.75

Tebuconazole 0.1% 12.25 (20.47)

65.61 82.50 78.41 230.66 11.53

Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin 0.05%

4.91 (12.80)

86.22 87.65 83.83 247.33 12.37

Propiconazole 0.1% 14.50 (22.37)

59.30 81.56 78.33 230.00 11.50

Difenoconazole 0.1% 14.83 (22.63)

58.38 79.16 75.00 226.66 11.33

Dithane M-45 0.25% 18.98 (25.81)

46.73 78.00 74.00 200.00 10.00

Control 35.63 (36.63)

─ 68.00 61.83 148.66 7.43

C.D. (P = 0.05) 1.19 ─ 1.90 1.85 6.65 0.43

* Figures in parenthesis are arc sin values. PDR = Percent disease reduction , PDI = Percent disease intensity

488

5. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY AND VALUE ADDITION

1. ROSE Project No. 5.1.: Standardization of postharvest technology of rose Experiment 5.1.1: Standardization of modified atmosphere storage for cut roses Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Ludhiana, Pune, Ranchi and Chiplima Technical programme Cultivar: First Red/any commercial cultivar of the region Stage of harvest: Commercial stage No. of treatments: Two

1. Water 2. Aluminum sulphate, 300 ppm

Packaging materials for MA storage: 4 i. LDPE - 25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the

polymeric sleeves ii. PP - 25 µ thick without and with perforations

Storage duration: 4 (0, 6, 12 and 18 days) No. of stems / treatment : 10 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : Factorial CRD Flower stems harvested at commercial stage were pre-cooled at 4 OC for 6 h, sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP - 25 µ thick) without and with perforations and stored in open boxes at 2 – 3 OC temperature. Following storage, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Degree of bud opening in vase (based on numerical scale 1 – 4 (1 – Harvesting stage; 2 – Half open; 3 – 3/4th open & 4 – Fully open)

2. Vase life in days (till petals show signs of wilting/ bluing) 3. Final flower diameter (cm) 4. Total water absorbed/stem (ml) 5. Cost of preservative, packaging boxes, packing material/stem 6. Percent weight loss after storage 7. Levels of CO2 and O2 inside the packages after storage (only those centres where

facilities are available)

489

REPORT CENTRE Ludhiana

Flower stems of rose cv. First Red grown under polyhouse condition were harvested at commercial stage and pre-cooled at 4 OC in solution of aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) and water (control) for 6 h. Thereafter, the stems were inserted in LDPE and PP sleeves of 100 gauge thickness (without and with perforations covering an area of 4 per cent of side walls) and stored in a cool chamber for 6, 12 and 18 days. Following storage, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Stems placed in solution of aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) showed slightly better degree of bud opening (3.31) than the control (2.80) and also showed higher vase life (5.25 days) than the control (3.82 days). The stems packed in PP sleeves also showed slight increase in vase life. The perforations in the sleeves did not much affect keeping quality parameters. Aluminium sulphate treatment showed slight improvement in flower diameter over the control. Similarly, water uptake by the stem was higher in aluminium sulphate pre-treated stems than the control. Storage duration decreased degree of bud opening, vase life, flower diameter and water absorbed/stem. The studies thus showed that stems of rose placed in solution of aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) during pre-cooling showed improvement in degree of bud opening as well as vase life. Vase life decreased with increase in storage duration. The stems stored in sleeves of PP (100 gauge thick) showed improvement in vase life. The perforations in the sleeves did not influence keeping quality parameters (Table 5.1.1a). Chiplima Data presented in Table 5.1.1b indicated that packaging materials had significant effect on keeping quality of cut roses over control. The vase life of cut rose stems was maximum (8.50 days) when the stems were pulsed with aluminum sulphate (300 ppm), packed in perforated LDPE sheet (25) and stored for 1 day. The final flower diameter (6.89 cm) and water uptake (42.42 ml) were maximum in the same treatment. The vase life of stems was minimum (1.97 days) when the cut stems were subjected to pulsed with water and stored for 6 days packed in PP 25 with perforation. The buds stored for 12 days and 18 days failed to rehydrate and open. The cut rose stems pulsed with Aluminum sulphate (300 ppm), packed in 25 LDPE sheet (perforated) stored for a day exhibited maximum vase life over other treatments. Ranchi

The final flower diameter of rose cv. First Red was found to be maximum (7.10cm) at 6 days storage duration at 300 ppm Al2(SO4)16H2O solution when packed with 25 micron with PP sleeves with perforation which was at par with Al2(SO4)16H2O solution when packed with 25 micron with PP sleeves with perforation at 12 days storage period.

490

According to this table, the vase life of rose was found to be maximum (7.25 days) at 300 ppm Al2(SO4)16H2O solution when packed with 25 micron with PP sleeves with perforation after 6 days of storage period which was at par with 300 ppm Al2(SO4)16H2O, after 0 day (6.10days) when packed with 25 micron with PP sleeves with perforation. On the basis of data the maximum water absorbed (41.50 ml) at 300ppm of Al2(SO4)16H2O when packed with 25 micron with PP sleeves with perforation when rose bud was kept for 6 days storage period which was significantly superior over all treatments. Hessaraghatta: No report. Pune: No report. Experiment 5.1.2: Standardization of MA packaging for transit of cut rose stems Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Ludhiana, Pune, Ranchi and Chiplima Technical programme Cultivar: First Red Stage of harvest: Tight bud stage No. of treatments:

1. Water 2. Aluminium sulphate (300ppm)

Packaging materials for MA storage: 4 i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the

polymeric sleeves ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations

Time of simulated transit: 16 h in pre-cooled boxes under refrigerated conditions No. of stems/treatment : 10 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : Factorial CRD Flwoer stems harvested at commercial stage were pre-cooled at 4 OC for 6 h. The cut stems were sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP – 25 µ thick) without and with perforations and packed in fibre board boxes. The boxes were pre-cooled and subjected to simulated transit for 16 h. Following transit, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Degree of bud opening in vase (based on numerical scale 1 – 4 (1 – Harvesting stage; 2 – Half open; 3 – 3/4th open & 4 – Fully open)

2. Vase life in days (till petals show signs of wilting/ bluing) 3. Final flower diameter (cm)

491

4. Total water absorbed/stem (ml) 5. Cost of preservative, packaging boxes, packing material/stem 6. Percent weight loss after storage 7. Levels of CO2 and O2 inside the packages after simulated transit (only those centres

where facilities are available)

REPORT CENTRE Ludhiana

The stems were harvested at tight bud stage and pre-cooled at 4 OC for 6 h in solution of aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) and water (control). The stems were sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) without and with perforations and packed in fibre board boxes. The boxes were pre-cooled and subjected to simulated transit for 16 h in pre-cooled boxes. Following transit, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. The results presented in Table 5.1.2a show that aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) showed significant improvement in bud opening score (3.74) over the control (2.91). Treating the stems with solution of aluminium sulphate also improved their vase life (6.33 days) as compared to control (4.73 days). Aluminium sulphate treatment also improved flower diameter and water absorption (Table 5.1.2B). Per cent loss of fresh weight following simulated transit was slightly lower than the control (Table 5.1.2B). The perforations in the sleeves did not influence the keeping quality parameters but increased water loss after simulated transit. The results thus showed that MA packaging of cut rose stems in PP sleeves and pre-treatment with aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) showed significant improvement in opening of the bud as well as vase life. Ranchi

Table 5.1.2b showed that the final flower diameter of rose cv. First Red was found to be maximum (7.30 cm) in the solution of Aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) when packed with 25 micron of PP sleeves with perforation which was at par with the flower kept in Aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) when packed with 25 micron of PP sleeves without perforation ie 6.90 cm. The vase life and water absorption was also found to be maximum (12.80 days) and (42.70 ml) respectively in the solution of Aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) when packed with 25 micron of PP sleeves with perforation which was at par with the solution of Aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) when packed with 25 micron of PP sleeves without perforation i.e., 11.67% and 41.75 micron respectively. The percent weight loss of 10.70 % was observed in the of solution Aluminium sulphate 300 ppm when packed with 25 micron of PP sleeves with perforation. Chiplima

Data presented in Table 5.1.2c indicated that Aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) significantly influences keeping quality of cut roses over control. The vase life of cut rose stems were maximum (8.73 days) when the stems were treated with aluminium sulphate (300

492

ppm) and sealed in LDPE (25, with perforations) and subjected to simulated transit for 16 h. The final flower diameter (6.95 cm) and water uptake (45.15 ml) were maximum in the same treatment. The percentage weight loss was minimum (0.53%) when the stems were sealed in PP (25) without perforations during simulated transit. Cut rose stems of hybrid tea rose cv. Mainu Parle treated with aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) and sealed in LDPE (25, with perforations) and subjected to simulated transit for 16 h exhibited longer vase life over other treatments. Hessaraghatta: No report. Pune: No report. Experiment 5.1.3: Effect of ABA and salicylic acid n post harvest keeping quality of cut

rose stems Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Ludhiana, Pune, Ranchi, Pusa and Chiplima Technical programme Cultivar: First Red Stage of harvest: Tight bud stage No. of treatments: 6

T1 Water (Control) T2 ABA, 5 ppm T3 ABA, 10 ppm T4 Salicylic acid, 25 ppm T5 Salicylic acid, 50 ppm T6 Salicylic acid, 100

Duration of treatment: 20 h (at 4OC) No. of stems/treatment : 5 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : CRD The stems harvested at commercial stage were pulse-treated for 20 h with the chemical treatments mentioned above. Following the treatments, stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Degree of bud opening in vase (based on numerical scale 1 – 4 (1 – Harvesting stage; 2 – Half open; 3 – 3/4th open & 4 – Fully open)

2. Vase life in days (till petals show signs of wilting/ bluing) 3. Final flower diameter (cm) 4. Total water absorbed/stem (ml)

493

REPORT CENTRE Ludhiana

The stems of rose cv. First Red were harvested at tight bud stage were pulse-treated for 20 h at 4 OC with the growth regulators viz. ABA (5 and 10 ppm) and salicylic acid (25, 50 and 100 ppm). Following the treatments, stems were placed in plain water for the evaluation of keeping quality. The results presented in Table 5.1.3a show that ABA at both the concentrations viz., 5 and 10 ppm, decreased the degree of bud opening (2.56 and 2.89) as compared to the control (3.33). On the other hand, salicylic acid at all the concentrations improved opening of the buds. ABA at both the concentrations also decreased vase life, final diameter attained by the bud and water absorption/stem which were significantly improved by salicylic acid at all the concentrations. Salicylic acid at all the concentrations was, however, almost equally effective. The results thus showed that ABA at 5 and 10 ppm concentrations decreased keeping quality whereas salicylic acid improved the same at 25, 50 and 100 ppm concentrations and all the concentrations were more or less equally effective. Pune

The data presented in Table 5.1.3b revealed that the treatment of salicylic acid (50 ppm) recorded maximum vase life (7.50 days), flower diameter (3.70 cm) and total water absorbed (40.80ml). Ranchi

Data revealed (Table 5.1.3c) that the maximum vase life, (7.18 days), flower diameter (7.05 cm) and water absorption (26.75 ml) was recorded in the treatment of Salicylic acid (50 ppm) which was at par with Salicylic acid (25 ppm) of about 7.10 days, 6.80 cm, and 26.00 ml, respectively. Chiplima

Data presented in Table 5.1.3d indicated that pulsing solutions had significant effect on keeping quality of cut roses. The vase life of cut rose stems was maximum (7.33 days) when the stems were pulsed with salicylic acid (50 ppm) for 20 h. The final flower diameter (6.87 cm) and water uptake (32.87 ml) were observed maximum in the same treatment. The vase life of stems was minimum (5.33 days) in case of stems pulsed with water. Pulsing cut flowers of hybrid tea rose cv. Mainu Parle with salicylic acid (50 ppm) for 20 h can increase the vase life by 2 days over control. Pusa Bihar: No report. Hessaraghatta: No report.

494

2. GLADIOLUS Project No. 5.2. : Standardization of postharvest technology for gladiolus Experiment 5.2.1: Standardization of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus

spikes Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Hyderabad, Kahikuchi, Ludhiana, Pantnagar, Pune, Solan, Wadura,

Udaipur and Ranchi Technical programme Cultivar: White Prosperity / any local popular cultivar Stage of harvesting: One (tight bud stage) Packaging materials: Four

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations Pre-storage treatment: Sucrose (20%) + aluminum sulphate, 300 ppm Storage duration: 4 (0, 6, 12 and 18 days) No. of spikes/treatment : 10 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : Factorial CRD The spikes were harvested at tight bud stage and pre-cooled at 4OC for 6 h. After that spikes were sealed in polymeric film sleeves and stored vertically in cold room at 3 – 4 OC temperature. After storage, the flower spikes were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. No. of florets opened in storage for varying durations 2. Days for basal floret to open in vase 3. Vase life (day) 4. Percent opening of florets 5. Diameter of second floret (cm) 6. Percent of loss of weight after storage 7. Levels of CO2 and O2 inside the packages after storage (only those centres where

facilities are available)

REPORT CENTRE Hyderabad

Among different packing materials pp (without perforations) recorded delayed floret opening (2.9 days) and lowest % loss of weight after storage (4.6%). Among different storage treatment 6 days storage resulted in maximum vase life (7.7 days) and lowest weight loss (5.9%). However, maximum % florets opened when spikes stored for 12 days (Table 5.2.1a).

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Kahikuchi Due to lack of cold room facility, the experiment was conducted in a domestic

refrigerator. Also, due to non-availability of materials of 25 micron thickness, LDPE and PP-40 micron were used to make sleeves. Among all the packaging and cold storage duration combinations, gladiolus cv. White Prosperity spikes harvested at tight bud stage wrapped in LDPE – 40 micron thick sleeves without perforations (covering approx. 4% area of the polymeric sleeves) without perforations and stored for 6 days performed best (Table 5.2.1b). LDPE – 40 micron sleeves without perforations + 6 days (P1S1) resulted in minimum No. of florets opened in storage (0.40/spike), earliest (4.42 days) for basal floret to open in vase, longest (19.33 days) vase life, maximum (85.50 %) opening of florets, and minimum weight loss after simulated transit (9.26 %).There was no significant difference between spikes wrapped in between LDPE -40 micron and PP-40 micron sleeves without perforations. Ludhiana

The spikes of gladiolus cv. White Prosperity were harvested at tight bud stage and pre-cooled at 4 OC for 6 h. Then spikes were subjected to pre-storage treatments with sucrose (20%) + aluminum sulphate, 300 ppm for 20 h and sealed in LDPE and PP sleeves of 25 µ thickness without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves) and stored vertically in cold room at 3 – 4 OC temperature for 0, 6, 12 and 18 days. After storage, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. The results presented in Table 5.2.1c showed that the florets did not show opening till 6 days in storage in all the polymeric sleeves. After 12 days of storage, the basal floret was half open whereas after 18 days of storage, 1 – 2 florets exhibited opening in storage. Days to the opening of basal floret was hastened with increase in the duration of storage whereas packaging sleeves did not significantly affect the same. Vase life also showed decrease with increase in the duration of storage and was slightly higher in case of spikes packed in PP sleeves. Similar trends were observed for per cent opening of florets. The perforations in the sleeves did not much affect vase life as well as per cent opening of florets. The floret diameter slightly decreased with increase in the duration of storage though the polymeric sleeves did not affect the same. Per cent weight loss showed increase with increase in the duration of storage and also in perforated sleeves. The results thus showed that days to the opening of basal floret decreased with increase in the duration of storage. The packaging sleeves did not significantly affect the same. Vase life also showed decrease with increase in the duration of storage and was slightly higher in case of spikes packed in PP sleeves. Similar trends were observed for per cent opening of florets. Pantnagar

There is a significant effect of storage duration and packaging material on the number of florets opened during storage. Least number of florets (5.00) open in 6 days storage duration of spike which were covered in perforated PP 25μ with perforation while maximum in control.

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The 18 days stored spikes were spoiled. The earliest basal floret opened (1.44 days) was found in control stored in 6 and 12 days storage duration. The effects of packaging materials are non-significant. Vase life was found maximum (21 days) in the spikes of 12 days storage duration packed in PP 25 μ without perforation followed by 19.11 days in 6 days storage duration of spikes packed in PP 25 μ without perforation. Due to the significant interaction between packaging and storage duration the maximum significant percentage opening (84.29 %) of florets was found in spikes wrapped in LDPE μ with perforation and stored for 12 days. The maximum diameter (12.37 cm) of 2nd floret was found in spike wrapped in LDPE 25 μ with perforation and stored for 12 days. Due to the significant interaction between packaging materials and duration the minimum percentage of weight loss (1.71%) was found in spikes wrapped in LDPE 25 μ without perforation and stored at 6 days. Maximum weight loss (16.77 %) was found in control after 18 days of storage (Table 5.2.1d). Wadura

Perusal of data revealed that shorter storage duration (6 days) proved to be best than longer levels (12 and 18 days) alongwith Sucrose (20%) and LDPE – 25 µ thick with perforations for maintaining the keeping quality of the flower spikes (Table 5.2.1e). Ranchi

The experiment was conducted during 2014 – 15 with gladiolus cv. White Prosperity. The Table 5.2.1f showed that days for basal floret to open in vase was found to be maximum (3.60 days) at 6 days storage period when packed with 25 micron of PP sleeves with perforation which was at par with when packed with 25 micron of PP sleeves without perforation i.e., 3.32 days at 6 days storage period. The vase life, Percent opening of floret and diameter of floret at 6 days storage period was found to be maximum about 14.90 days 99.80 % and 10.20 cm, respectively when packed with 25 micron of PP sleeves with perforation which was at par with when packed with 25 micron of PP sleeves without perforation i.e., 14.68 days, 98.24 % 9.95 cm at 6 days storage period. The percent loss of weight after storage and number of floret opened in storage was found minimum 1.00 % and 2.30 numbers respectively at 6 days storage period when packed with 25 micron of PP sleeves with perforation. Udaipur

The experiment for MA storage in gladiolus cut spikes completed three years and pooled data submitted in annual report 2013 – 14 with the conclusion that polypropylene 100 gauge X 6 days storage duration found effective with ideal level of O2 and CO2 as vase minor reduction in vase life parameters. The polypropylene 100 gauge is equal to 25 µm and 4 per cent perforation on packaging sleeve equal to normal atmosphere in such a condition present technical programme looks like repetitions and no possibility of measuring O2 and CO2 parameters.

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Pune: No report. Solan: No report. Hessaraghatta: No report Experiment 5.2.2: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) packaging for transit of gladiolus cut spikes. Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Hyderabad, Ludhiana, Solan, Wadura and Udaipur. Technical programme Cultivar: White Prosperity / any local popular Cultivar of the region Stages of harvest: When 4-5 florets show colour Packaging films / treatments: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations No. of spikes/ treatment: 10 No. of replications: 3 Duration of simulated transit (in pre-cooled boxes): 16 h Design of experiment: CRD Gladiolus spikes were harvested when 4 – 5 florets show colour and pre-cooled at 4 OC for 6 h. Cut spikes were sealed in polymeric film sleeves, packed in pre-cooled fiber board boxes and subjected to simulated transit for 16 h. at ambient conditions. Following simulated transit, the cut spikes were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Days to opening of basal floret 2. Vase life (day) 3. Percent opening of florets 4. Diameter of second floret (cm) 5. Percent decrease in weight after simulated transit conditions. 6. Level of CO2 and O2 in the package after storage and simulated transit (only those

centres where facilities are available)

REPORT CENTER Hyderabad

It is evident from the results that the treatment T3 (PP packing without perforations) registered significantly maximum values for vase life (7.8 days), days to opening of basal floret

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(3.5 days) and maximum decrease in weight after simulated transit (12 %). Maximum percentage of flower opening was recorded in treatment T4 (PP packing with perforations). Floret diameter was not effected by any of the treatment (Table 5.2.2a). Ludhiana

Gladiolus cv. White Prosperity spikes were harvested when 4 – 5 florets showed colour and pre-cooled at 4 OC for 6 h. The spikes were sealed in LDPE and PP sleeves of 25 µ thickness without and with perforations (covering approx. 4% area of the polymeric sleeves) and packed in pre-cooled fiber board boxes which were subjected to simulated transit for 16 h. at ambient conditions. Following simulated transit, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality.

The results presented in Table 5.2.2b showed that polymeric sleeves slightly improved the degree of bud opening and vase life. No significant effect was observed with respect to the floret diameter. PP sleeves showed lesser decline in per cent decrease in fresh weight of the spikes. Wadura

The results revealed that among two harvesting stages H1 (tight bud stage) and H2 (when 5-6 florets showed colour), stage II i.e. H2 proved superior to H1 in all the postharvest parameters of keeping quality of cut gladiolus spikes. Among four packing materials tested, Cellophane recorded superior for maintaining quality and longevity characters of gladiolus cut spikes for transit. Next best packing material was PP-100 gauge thick then LDPE-100 gauge thick. Udaipur

The experiment for MA storage in gladiolus cut stem completed three years and pooled data submitted in annual report 2013-14 with the conclusion that polypropylene 100 gauge found effective as minor reduction in vase life parameters. The polypropylene 100 gauge is equal to 25 µm and 4 per cent perforation on packaging sleeve equal to normal atmosphere in such a condition present technical programme looks like repetitions. Hessaraghatta: No report Solan:No report

3. CARNATION Project No 5.3: Studies on post- harvest technology of carnation cut flowers Experiment 5.3.1: Effect of ethylene inhibitors for prolonging keeping quality of cut carnation flowers

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Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hyderabad, Pune and Solan Technical programme Cultivar: Any popular commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Commercial stage (paint brush stage) Number of treatments: 8

T1 Control T2 1 – MCP (10 ml/l) T3 1 – MCP (20 ml/l) T4 STS (2 mM ) T5 AOA (25 ppm) T6 AOA (50 ppm) T7 CoCl2 (10 ppm) T8 CoCl2 (20 ppm)

No. of stems/ replication: 10 No. of replications: 3 Statistical design: CRD Flower stems were harvested at paint brush stage and immediately put in water. The leaves from the lower 1/3rd portion of the stem were removed and the stems were pre-cooled at 2-3OC in cool chamber for 6 h. Thereafter, the stems were treated with above-mentioned solutions for 30 min. Following the treatments, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Vase life in days (till the petals show wilting or in rolling) 2. Maximum flower diameter attained in vase (cm) 3. Total water absorbed/stem (ml) 4. Any phytotoxic affect of the chemical on the foliage or the flower bud.

REPORT

CENTER Hyderabad

Among different treatments, silver thiosulphate @ 2mM resulted in maximum vase life (8.1 days) and maximum flower diameter (5.3 cm). Different chemicals studied had no influence on water absorbtion or resulted in any phytotoxic effect (Table 5.3.1a). Pune

Data presented in Table 5.3.1b revealed that the treatment Acetylsalicylic acid 25ppm recorded significantly maximum vase life (8.50days) and water absorbed (44.60ml). Solan: No report

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Experiment 5.3.2: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) storage of carnation cut flowers.

Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centre: Hyderabad, Pune and Solan Technical programme Cultivar: Any popular commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Commercial stage (paint brush stage) Pre-packaging treatment: STS (4 mM for 10 min) Packaging materials for MA storage: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves.

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations. Storage durations - 5 (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 days) No. of stems / treatment : 10 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : CRD Flower stems harvested at paint brush stage were treated with STS (4 mM for 10 min) and cooled at 4OC for 6 h. Thereafter, the stems were sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP – 25 µ thick) without and with perforations and stored for 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 days. After storage, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Vase life in days (till the petals show wilting or in rolling) 2. Maximum flower diameter attained in vase (cm) 3. Total water absorbed/stem (ml) 4. Per cent decrease in fresh weight after storage 5. Level of CO2 and O2 in the package after storage (only those centres where

facilities are available)

REPORT CENTER Hyderabad

It is evident from the results that packing of carnation cut flowers in pp (without perforation) resulted in least % decrease in weight after storage (4.4%). Increase in storage duration gradually decreased vase life and flower diameter (Table 5.3.2a). Pune: No report. Solan: No report.

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Experiment 5.3.3: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) packaging for transit of carnation cut flowers.

Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hyderabad, Pune and Solan Technical programme Cultivar: Any popular commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Commercial stage (paint brush stage) Pre-packaging treatment: STS (4 mM for 10 min) Packaging materials for MA storage: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves.

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations. Duration of simulated tansit (in pre-cooled oxes): 16 h No. of stems / treatment : 10 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : CRD Flower stems harvested at paint brush stage were treated with STS (4 mM for 10 min) and cooled at 4 OC for 6 h. Thereafter, the stems were sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) without and with perforations and packed in fibre board boxes. The boxes were pre-cooled at 3 – 4 OC and subjected to simulated transit for 16 h at ambient conditions. Thereafter, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Vase life in days (till the petals show wilting or in rolling) 2. Maximum flower diameter attained in vase (cm) 3. Total water absorbed/stem (ml) 4. Per cent decrease in fresh weight after storage. 5. Level of CO2 and O2 in the package after storage (only those centres where

facilities are available)

REPORT CENTER Hyderabad

The results revealed that carnation cut flowers packed in polypropylene without perforation recorded maximum vase life (7.5 days) and minimum % decrease after storage (7.3%). The water absorbtion was maximum (31.0 ml/stem) in pp packing with 4% perforations (Table 5.3.3a). Pune: No report. Solan: No report.

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4. CHRYSANTHEMUM Project No. 5.4: Standardization of postharvest technology for chrysanthemum flowers Experiment 5.4.1: Standardization of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum stems

for local markets. Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Hyderabad, Ludhiana, Udaipur, Coimbatore, Solan, Pantnagar, Chiplima and Kahikuchi Technical programme Cultivar: Reagon White (spray type) / any local commercial Cultivar. Stage of harvest: When 50% flowers are about ¾ th open in the morning Pre-storage treatments:

i. Thidiauron, 5 µm ii. Thidiauron, 10 µm iii. Control (Water)

Storage durations - 5 (0, 6, 12 and 18 days) No. of stems / treatment : 10 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : CRD Flower stems were harvested in the morning when 50% flowers are about ¾ th open. The cut flowers were sprayed with TDZ (5 and 10 µm) and water (control) and wet-stored in water at 3-4OC temperature for 0, 6, 12 and 18 days. After storage, the cut flowers were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Days to initiation of floret senescence 2. Days to complete floret senescence 3. Days to initiation of yellowing of leaves 4. Days to complete yellowing of leaves 5. Maximum flower diameter attained in vase (mean of 3 lower stems). 6. Total water absorbed/ stem (ml). 7. Percent weight gain/loss after storage.

REPORT

CENTER Hyderabad

The results indicated that different treatments varied significantly regarding initiation and complete senescence of both flowers and leaves. Thidiuron @ 10 µM and 6 days wet storage treatment combination resulted in delayed initiation (7.9 days) and complete senescence (9.9 days) of flowers as compared to 7.0 and 8.7 days respectively in control. Similarly, the same treatments resulted in delayed initiation (7.0 days) and complete yellowing (8.6 days) of leaves

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as compared to 6.1 and 7.6 days respectively in control. Flower diameter, water absorbtion and weight gain after storage did not varied among different treatments (Table 5.4.1a). Ludhiana

Flower stems of chrysanthemum cv. Reagan Emperor were harvested in the morning when 50% flowers are about ¾th open. The flowers were sprayed with TDZ (5 and 10 µm) and water (control) and wet-stored in water at 3 – 4 OC temperature for 6, 12 and 18 days. The freshly harvested unstored flowers served as control. After storage, the cut flwoers were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality.

The results presented in Table 5.4.1b showed that Pre-storage application of TDZ significantly delayed the initiation of floret senescence. As compared to 6.72 days in control, the senescence was initiated in 7.98 days and 9.53 days with TDZ, 5 and 10 ppm treatments, respectively. Similar trend was observed w.r.t. complete senescence of florets. TDZ also delayed the initiation as well as 50 per cent yellowing of leaves. Initiation of leaf yellowing occurred after 9.25 days and 10.20 days with TDZ treatments as compared to 6 days in control. Similar trends were observed w.r.t. 50 per cent yellowing of leaves. Increase in storage duration hastened the process of floret senescence as well as yellowing of leaves. The yellowing of leaves as initiated in 10.29 days in control as compared to 8.63, 8.19 and 6.82 days after 6, 12 and 18 days of storage. Similar trends were observed w.r.t. 50 per cent yellowing of leaves. TDZ did not affect maximum flower diameter attained by the flower bud but significantly increased water absorption by the stems. The results, thus, showed that pre-storage treatment with TDZ at 10 ppm concentration significantly improved post-storage keeping quality of cut chrysanthemum stems. Coimbatore Among the different wet refrigerated storage treatments, non-significant effect was observed for the observations like days to complete floret senescence and days to complete yellowing, while ‘0’ day storage recorded the maximum flower diameter attained in vase (5.02 cm), total water absorption (49.73 ml) and maximum % weight gain (24.37 %) when compared to other treatments (Table 5.4.1c). Solan

In this experiment the cut stems of chrysanthemum cv. ‘Ajay’ were harvested when 50% flowers were about ¾th open. The foliage of stems were sprayed with TDZ (5 and 10 µM) and water (control) and wet-stored in distilled water at 4°C temperature for 0, 6, 12 and 18 days in cold storage. After storage, the stems were placed in distilled water for evaluation of keeping quality. It is evident from Table 5.4.1d that storage durations had significant effect on number of days taken for initiation of leaf yellowing. Delay in yellowing of leaves (10. 57 days) was observed in case of control (0 days) whereas, earlier initiation of leaf yellowing (4.78 days) was noticed when cut stems were stored for 18 days. Effect of thidiazuron spray was also

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found to be significant on initiation of leaf yellowing. Leaf yellowing was significantly delayed (9. 37 days) when10µM thidiazuron (TDZ) was sprayed on leaves and it was earlier (5.46 days) in case of foliage sprayed with distilled water (control). Interaction effect TDZ x Storage durations also showed significant effect on initiation of leaf yellowing. Maximum delay (12.24 days) in leaf yellowing was observed in case of cut stems sprayed with 10µM thidiazuron and kept without storage which was found to be at par with cut stems sprayed with 10µM thidiazuron and stored for 6 days and 5µM thidiazuron with storage. In contrast, leaf yellowing was the earliest (3.00 days) in case of cut stems sprayed with distilled water and stored for 18 days which was found to be at par with same treatment of cut stems followed by storage for 12 days. Significant effect of storage duration on number of days taken for complete leaf yellowing. Maximum delay in leaf yellowing (19.23 days) was observed when the stems were not given any storage treatment i.e. control amoung the storage durations, maximum delay in leaf yellowing (12.71 days) was observed in 6 days storage. Leaf yellowing on the other hand was hastened with increasing the storage durations, which was found the earliest in 18 days storage (8.51 days). Similarly significant effect of thidiazuron spray was also observed on complete leaf yellowing. Leaf yellowing was delayed (14.42 days) when10µM thidiazuron (TDZ) was sprayed on leaves, followed by 5 µM thidiazuron (TDZ) spray (12.97 days) and it was earliest (10.13 days) in case of control (distilled water). Interaction effect TDZ x Storage durations, was also found to be significant on complete leaf yellowing. Maximum delay in leaf yellowing (22.45 days) was observed in case of cut stems sprayed with 10µM thidiazuron without storage. In contrast, complete leaf yellowing was earliest (6.97 days) in case of cut stems sprayed with distilled water stored for 18 days which was found to be at par with same treatment stored for 12 days. Significant effect of storage duration on number of days taken for initiation of flower senescence was observed. Flower senescence was delayed (18.67 days) in case of control i.e. no storage treatment to cut stems. Among the storage durations, initiation of flower senescence was hastened with increasing the time of storage. Delayed flower senescence was found in 6 days storage (15.67 days), whereas, earlier initiation of flower senescence (10.18 days) was noticed when cut stems were stored for 18 days. As regards, effect of thidiazuron spray on leaves it was also found to be significant on initiation flower senescence. Senescence of flowers was delayed (15.86 days) when10µM thidiazuron (TDZ) was sprayed on leaves and it was found earliest (11.33 days) in case of control i.e. when cut stems were sprayed with distilled water. Interaction effect TDZ x Storage durations was found to be non- significant on initiation flower senescence. Significant effect of storage durations on number of days taken for complete flower senescence. Complete senescence of flowers was significantly delayed (24.67 days) in case no storage i.e. control (0 days). Among storage durations, earlier flower senescence (14.96 days) was recorded when cut stems were stored for 18 days. Maximum delay in flower senescence (15.67 days) was, however, found in 6 days storage. Similarly significant effect of thidiazuron spray was also observed on complete flower senescence. Complete flower senescence was delayed (20.54 days) with thidiazuron (TDZ) 10µM foliar spray which was found to be at par with 5µM thidiazuron (TDZ) spray. In

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contrast, it was earliest (17.28 days) in case of control (distilled water). Interaction effect TDZ x Storage durations, was also found to be non-significant on complete flower senescence. As regards flower diameter, the foliar spray of thidiazuron, storage durations and interaction effect could not induce significant changes on the parameter. Amount of vase solution consumed was significantly affected by thidiazuron application. Data shows that maximum amount of vase solution (46.33 ml) was absorbed by cut stems which were not stored. Among the storage durations, maximum amount of vase solution consumed (39.76 ml) in 12 days storage was found to be at par with vase solution consumed in 6 days storage (39.75 ml) of the cut stems. In contrast, minimum amount of vase solution (21.83 ml) was absorbed by cut stems stored for 18 days. Effect of thidiazuron spray and interaction effect TDZ x Storage durations on amount of vase solution consumed by cut stems was found to be non- significant. Significant effect of thidiazuron spray on percent weight loss by cut stems of chrysanthemum after storage. Maximum weight loss (21.11 %) after storage was recorded when the foliage of cut stems were sprayed with 5µM thidiazuron (TDZ) which was found to be at par with control. Whereas, it was recorded minimum (18.43 %) when cut stems were sprayed with 10 µM thidiazuron (TDZ). Non-significant effect of storage durations on percent weight loss of cut stems after storage was observed. Interaction effect TDZ x Storage durations, was also found to be significant on percent weight loss after storage. Maximum weight loss (23.71 %) was observed in case of cut stems sprayed with distilled water and stored for 12 days. In contrast, weight loss was minimum (16.25 %) in case of cut stems sprayed with 10 µM thidiazuron (TDZ) and stored for 6 days which was found to be at par with same treatment stored for 12 days and control stored for 6 days. Pantnagar

There is a significant effect of storage duration and pre-storage treatment on the initiation of floret senescence during storage. Initiation of floret senescence was delayed maximum (26 days) in the treatment D3T2 (18 days after storage × TDZ 10 µm) while it was found at the earliest (7 days) in the treatment D1T3 (6 days after storage × control) (Table 5.4.1e). Days taken to complete floret senescence were recorded maximum (39) in the treatment D3T2 (18 days after storage × TDZ 10 µm), whereas, minimum (27) in the treatment D2T3 (12 days after storage × Control). The maximum days (19) taken to initiation of leaf yellowing were recorded in the treatment D3T2 (18 days after storage × TDZ 10 µm), while the minimum (9) in the treatment D0T3 (0 days after storage × Control). Days taken to complete leaf yellowing was recorded maximum (27) in the treatment D3T2 (18 days after storage × TDZ 10 µm), and minimum (12) in the treatment D0T3 (0 days after storage × control). The maximum flower diameter (4.50 cm) was recorded in the treatment D0T2 (0 day after storage × TDZ 10 µm), while minimum flower diameter (2.67 cm) was recorded in the treatment D1T3 (6 days after storage × control). Water absorption was recorded maximum (63.33 ml) in the treatment D0T2 (0 day after storage × TDZ 10 µm), and minimum (18.33 ml) in the treatment D1T3 (6 days after storage × control). The maximum percentage decrease (39.58) in weight was recorded in

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the treatment D0T3 (0 days after storage × control), whereas, minimum percentage decrease (17.58) was recorded in the treatment D3T2 (18 days after storage × TDZ 10 µm) Chiplima

The results presented in Table 5.4.1f indicate that the vase life of chrysanthemum stems varied significantly with treatment. In case of all storage durations, the stems treated with TDZ (10M) exhibited longer vase life over other treatments. The stems treated with TDZ (10M) and stored for 0 day exhibited longer vase life (12.33 days) with largest flower diameter (6.67cm) and absorbed maximum quantity of water (49.2ml). The chrysanthemum stems were found not suitable for marketing after being stored for 18 days. Udaipur: No report. Kahikuchi: No report. Hessaraghatta: No report. Experiment 5.4.2: Standardization of long term modified atmosphere (MA) storage of

chrysanthemum stems. Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Hyderabad, Ludhiana, Udaipur, Coimbatore, Solan, Pantnagar,

Chiplima and Kahikuchi Technical programme Cultivar: Reagan White/ any local commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: When 50% flowers are about ¾ th open Packaging materials for MA storage: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations Storage durations - 5 (0, 6, 12 and 18 days) No. of stems / treatment : 10 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : CRD Flower stems were harvested when 50% flowers are about ¾ th open and cooled at 4OC for 6 h. Thereafter, the stems were sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) without and with perforations and stored in open boxes at 2-3OC temperature for 0, 6, 12 and 18 days. Thereafter, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality.

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Observations recorded 1. Days to initiation of floret senescence 2. Days to complete floret senescence 3. Days to initiation of yellowing of leaves 4. Days to complete yellowing of leaves 5. Maximum flower diameter attained in vase (mean of 3 lower stems). 6. Total water absorbed/ stem (ml). 7. Percent weight loss after storage.

REPORT

CENTER Hyderabad

Results indicated that among different packing materials pp (without perforation) recorded least weight loss (3.1%) after storage. Increase in storage duration hastened the senescence of flower and leaves after long term storage (Table 5.4.2a). Ludhiana

Chrysanthemum cv. Reagan Emperor flowers were harvested when 50% flowers were about ¾th open and cooled at 4 OC for 6 h. Thereafter, cut stems were sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) without and with perforations and stored in open boxes at 2 – 3 OC temperature for 6, 12 and 18 days. After storage, cut stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. The freshly-harvested unstored stems served as control. The results presented in Table 5.4.2b showed that PP sleeves slightly but significantly delayed the initiation and complete senescence of florets over the LDPE sleeves. Similarly, PP sleeves also delayed the yellowing of leaves. Increase in the storage duration also hastened the senescence of florets as well as yellowing of leaves. The perforations in the sleeves did not affect either the days to senescence of florets or yellowing of leaves. The packaging sleeves, however, did not affect the flower diameter though the diameter showed slight decrease with increase in the storage duration. Increase in storage duration also decreased the water absorption/stem though the packaging sleeves had no effect on the water absorption. PP sleeves were, hence, found better for MA storage of cut chrysanthemum stems. Solan

In this experiment the cut stems of chrysanthemum cv. ‘Ajay’ were harvested when 50% flowers were about ¾th open and cooled at 4°C for 6 h. Thereafter, the stems were sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) with and without perforations and stored in corrugated boxes at 4°C temperature for 6, 12 and 18 days. Thereafter, the stems were placed in distilled water for evaluation of keeping quality.

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It is evident from Table 5.4.2c that wrapping materials significantly affected percent weight loss of cut stems of chrysanthemum cv. ‘Ajay’. Minimum weight loss (19.65 %) after storage was recorded in case of cut stems wrapped in LDPE (without perforations) and maximum (23.29 %) in case of Polypropylene (with perforations). In case of storage durations, weight loss was recorded minimum (16.82 %) when cut stems were stored for 6 days. It was, however, observed that with increasing storage duration there was a gradual increase in percent weight loss of cut stems with a maximum (29.41 %) recorded in 18 days storage. The data on interaction effect of wrapping materials x storage durations showed that minimum weight loss (14.90%) was recorded when cut stems were wrapped in polypropylene (without perforations) and stored for 6 days which was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (with perforations) and stored for same duration. Whereas, maximum weight loss (28.87%) was observed when cut stems were wrapped in polypropylene (with perforations) and stored for 18 days. It was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (without perforations) and stored for 18 days. Significantly affected number of days taken for initiation of leaf yellowing of cut stems of chrysanthemum cv. ‘Ajay’. Among the wrapping materials, early initiation of leaf yellowing (2.60 days) recorded in case of cut stems wrapped in LDPE (without perforations) was found to be at par with LDPE (with perforations). On the other hand, leaf yellowing was delayed to the maximum (5.66 days) when the cut stems were wrapped in polypropylene (with perforations). It was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (without perforations). Storage durations significantly affected number of days taken for initiation of leaf yellowing. Initiation of leaf yellowing was delayed to the maximum (4.94 days) when cut stems were stored for 6 days. Number of days taken for initiation of leaf yellowing were reduced with increasing storage duration and was earliest (3.36 days) when cut stems were stored for 18 days. The interaction effect of wrapping materials x storage durations on leaf yellowing was also found to be significant. Leaf yellowing was sinificantly delayed (6.92 days) when the cut stems were wrapped in polypropylene (with perforations) and stored for 6 days. It was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (without perforations) and stored for 6 days. On the other hand, initiation of leaf yellowing was recorded early (2.17 days) when cut stems were wrapped in LDPE (without perforations) and stored for 18 days which was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in same wrapping material and stored for 12 days and cut stems wrapped in LDPE (with perforations) and stored for 12 and 18 days. Significant effect of wrapping materials on number of days taken for complete leaf yellowing of cut stems of chrysanthemum cv. ‘Ajay’. Maximum days for complete leaf yellowing (13.78 days) were, observed in cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (without perforations). Storage durations significantly affected number of days taken for complete leaf yellowing. Leaf yellowing was delayed (16.08 days) when cut stems were stored for 6 days and it was early (9.00 days) in case of 18 days storage. Complete leaf yellowing was recorded earliest (10.44 days) in case of cut stems wrapped in LDPE (with perforations) which was found to be at par with LDPE (without perforations). In case of interaction effect of wrapping materials x storage durations, leaf

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yellowing was significantly delayed (19.81days) in case of cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (without perforations) and stored for 6 days. It was however found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (with perforations) and stored for same duration. On the contrast, the earliest leaf yellowing (7.67days) was observed when cut stems were wrapped in LDPE (with perforations) and stored for 18 days which was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in same wrapping material(without perforations) and stored for same duration. Significant effect of wrapping material on number of days taken for initiation of flower senescence of cut stems of chrysanthemum cv. ‘Ajay’. Flower senescence was significantly delayed (16.38 days) in case of cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (with perforations) which was however found to be at par with polypropylene (without perforations). On the contrast, it was recorded earliest (14.89 days) in case of cut stems wrapped in LDPE (with perforations) which was found to be at par with LDPE (without perforations). Data also revealed that storage durations significantly affected number of days taken for initiation of flower senescence. Flower senescence was delayed (16.08 days) when cut stems were stored for 6 days and it was the earliest (9.00 days) in case of 18 days storage. In case of interaction effect, wrapping material x storage duration, flower senescence was delayed (19.81days) in case of cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (without perforations) and stored for 6 days which was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (with perforations) and stored same duration. On the contrast, flower senescence started earlier (7.67days) when cut stems were wrapped in LDPE (with perforations) and stored for 18 days. It was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in same wrapping material (without perforations) and stored for same duration. Significant effect of wrapping material on number of days taken for complete senescence of cut stems of chrysanthemum cv. Ajay. Complete senescence of flowers was significantly delayed (19.59 days) in case of cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (without perforations), whereas it was the earliest (18.11 days) in case of cut stems wrapped in LDPE (with perforations and without perforations). It was found to be at par with polypropylene (with perforations). Storage durations significantly affected number of days taken for complete flower senescence. Senescence was hastened with increasing the storage duration which is evident from the data which showed that senescence was delayed (26.83 days) when cut stems were stored for 6 days and it was earlier (7.21 days) in case of 18 days storage. In case of interaction effect of wrapping material x storage duration complete flower senescence (28.33 days) was found in case of cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (without perforations) and stored for 6 days which was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (with perforations) and stored for same duration. On the other hand, early flower senescence (5.67 days) was recorded when cut stems were wrapped in LDPE (with perforations) and stored for 18 days which was found to be at par with cut stems wrapped in same wrapping material(without perforations) and stored for same duration. Significant effect of storage durations on flower diameter of chrysanthemum cv. Ajay. Maximum flower diameter (4.04 cm) was recorded when cut stems were stored for 6 days and it decreased gradually with increasing storage duration with 18 days storage resulted in minimum flower diameter (3.47 cm). The wrapping materials alone and

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interaction effect of wrapping materials x storage durations could not induce any significant effect on flower diameter. Significant effect of wrapping material on amount of vase solution consumed by cut stems of chrysanthemum cv ‘Ajay’. Maximum amount of vase solution (38.37 ml) was absorbed by cut stems wrapped in LDPE (with perforations). On the other hand, minimum was recorded (34.32 ml) in case of cut stems wrapped in polypropylene (without perforations). Significant effect of storage durations was also observed on amount of vase solution consumed by cut stems. Cut stems stored for 6 days absorbed maximum amount of vase solution (55.47 ml) whereas cut stems stored for 18 days absorbed minimum amount of vase solution (21.29 ml). However, interaction effect between wrapping materials x storage durations was found to be non-significant with respect to amount of vase solution consumed. Pantnagar

The maximum days (22.67) taken to initiation of floret senescence was recorded in the treatment W0T2D4 (Without perforation × PP × 18 days after storage), while minimum 11 days was recorded in the treatment W1T1D2 (Perforation × LDPE × 6 days after storage) (Table 5.4.2d). Days taken to completion of floret senescence were recorded maximum (35) in the treatment W0T2D4 (Without perforation × PP × 18 days after storage), while minimum (30 days) in the treatment W1T1D2 (Perforation × LDPE × 6 days after storage). The maximum days (14.33) taken to initiation of leaf yellowing were recorded in the treatment W0T2D4 (Without perforation × PP × 18 days after storage), while minimum days (6.33) were recorded in the treatment W1T1D2 (Perforation × LDPE × 6 days after storage). Days taken to complete leaf yellowing were recorded maximum (16.67) in the treatment W0T2D4 (Without perforation × PP × 18 days after storage), while the minimum i.e. 11 days were recorded in the treatment W1T1D2 (Perforation × LDPE × 6 days after storage). The maximum flower diameter (8.20 cm) was recorded in the treatment W1T2D1 (Perforation × PP × 0 day after storage), while minimum (5.66 cm) flower diameter was recorded in the treatment W0T1D4 (Without perforation × LDPE × 18 days after storage). Water absorption was recorded maximum (41.0 ml) in the treatment W1T2D1 (Perforation × PP × 0 day after storage) and minimum (13.33 ml) recorded in the treatment W0T1D4 (Without perforation × LDPE × 18 days after storage). The maximum percentage decrease in weight (52.35) was recorded in the treatment W1T1D3 (Perforation × LDPE × 12 days after storage), while minimum percentage decrease (43) was recorded in the treatment W0T2D1 (Without perforation × PP × 0 day after storage). Chiplima

Data presented in Table 5.4.2e indicated that packaging materials had significant effect on keeping quality of chrysanthemum sprays over control. The vase life of chrysanthemum sprays were maximum (11.33 days) when the sprays were packed in LDPE sheet (25) and stored for 1 day. The final flower diameter (6.77 cm) and water uptake (48.07 ml) were maximum in the same treatment. The flowers stored for 18 days failed to rehydrate and open.

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The chrysanthemum sprays packed in 25 LDPE sheet stored for a day exhibited maximum vase life over other treatments. Kahikuchi

The experiment could not be done according to exact specification of Technical Programme. Polymeric film sleeves were made with LDPE and PP-40 micron thick, since 25 micron thickness was not available in NE region. Also, because of lack of cold room at HRS, Kahikuchi, the experiment was done in domestic refrigerator, hence due to lack of space, packed flowers were stored vertically and not in open boxes among packaging materials. LDPE-25 micron thick with perforations (P2) took maximum time (7.71 and 19.14 days, respectively) to initiate and complete floret senescence/ wilting. Cut chrysanthemum stems wrapped in P2 also recorded maximum (30.32 ml/stem) water absorption and minimum (9.86%) weight loss after storage. The next best packaging treatment was P3: PP-25 U gauge thick without perforations. Flowers packaged in P3 took maximum time (19.34 days) to complete floret senescence, and maximum time (14.20 days) for initiation and 21.17 days complete of yellowing of leaves. No difference between packaging materials in terms of flower diameter attained in vase (Table 5.4.2f). Chrysanthemum stems exposed to shortest cold storage duration( S1:6 days) took the longest time for initiation and completion of floret senescence/ wilting ( 8.15 and 18.92 days, respectively), and well as for initiation and completion of yellowing of leaves (5.38 and 21.29 days, respectively). A progressive decrease in all the parameters was observed with increased time duration in cold storage at temperature 2 – 3 OC . Coimbatore: The trial is in progress Udaipur: No report. Hessaraghatta: No report Experiment 5.4.3: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) packages for transit of

cut chrysanthemum stems. Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Hyderabad, Ludhiana, Udaipur, Coimbatore, Solan, Pantnagar,

Chiplima and Kahikuchi Technical programme Cultivar: Reagan White/ any local commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: When 50% flowers are about ¾th open Packaging films / treatments: 4

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i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations No. of spikes/ treatment: 10 No. of replications: 3 Duration of simulated transit (in pre-cooled boxes): 16 h Design of experiment: CRD The freshly-harvested stems were pre-cooled at 4OC for 6 h. flower stems were sealed in polymeric film sleeves, packed in fibre board boxes and subjected to simulated transit in pre-cool boxes for 16 h. at ambient conditions. Following simulated transit, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality.

REPORT CENTRE Hyderabad

Among different packing materials treatment T3 (i.e., polypropylene without perforations) recorded delayed senescence of floret and leaves. Regarding florets senescence, initiation started at 8.1 days and complete of 10.1 days. Similarly leaf senescence started at 7.3 days. Treatment T3 also registered minimum value (6.1%) of per cent weight loss after simulated transit. Other characters such as days for complete yellowing, flower diameter and water uptake were not affected (Table 5.4.3a). Ludhiana

Chrysanthemum cv. Reagan Emperor cut flowers were harvested when 50% flowers were about ¾th open and cooled at 4 OC for 6 h. The stems were sealed in LDPE and PP sleeves of 25 µ thickness without and with perforations (covering approx. 4% area of the polymeric sleeves), packed in fiber board boxes and subjected to simulated transit in pre-cool boxes for 16 h. at ambient conditions. Following simulated transit, the stems were placed in plain water for the evaluation of keeping quality. The stems packed in PP sleeves exhibited delayed initiation as well as complete senescence of florets as compared to the control and the stems packed in LDPE sleeves. Similarly, initiation and 50% yellowing of leaves was significantly delayed in case of the stems packed in PP sleeves. The packing sleeves, however, did not influence the flower diameter and total; water absorption/stem. The perforations in the sleeves also did not significantly influence any of the parameters. The results thus showed that packing of chrysanthemum stems in PP sleeves during simulated transit delayed the senescence of florets as well as leaves (Table 5.4.3b). Coimbatore

Among the different modified atmospheric packages for transit of chrysanthemum stems, storage in polypropylene 25 µ without vent was found to be significant in achieving maximum

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days to reach the floret senescene (11.75 days), days to complete leaf yellowing (10.98 days), maximum attainment of flower diameter (4.32 cm) and the maximum total water absorbed (38.02 ml) when compared to other treatments and control (Table 5.4.3c). Pantnagar

The maximum days (15.63) taken to initiation of floret senescence were recorded in the treatment T2W0 (PP × without perforation), whereas, minimum days (10) recorded in the treatment T1W1 (LDPE × Perforation). Days taken to completion of floret senescence were recorded maximum (32) in the treatment T2W0 (PP × without perforation), while minimum days (26.33) were recorded in the treatment T1W1 (LDPE × Perforation). The maximum days (7) taken to initiation of leaf yellowing were recorded in the treatment T2W0 (PP × without perforation), and minimum days (5) recorded in the treatment T1W1 (LDPE × Perforation). Maximum days (17) taken to complete leaf yellowing were recorded in the treatment T2W0 (PP × without perforation), whereas, minimum (13.67) in the treatment T1W1 (LDPE × Perforation). The maximum flower diameter (5.87 cm) was recorded in the treatment T2W1 (PP × Perforation), while minimum (5.02 cm) recorded in the treatment T1W0 (LDPE × without perforation). Water absorption was recorded maximum (34.11 ml) in the treatment T2W1 (PP × Perforation), while minimum (22.59 ml) in the treatment T1W0 (LDPE × without perforation). The maximum percentage decrease (46.32) in weight was recorded in the treatment T1W0 (LDPE × without perforation), while minimum percentage decrease (43.08) recorded in the treatment T2W1 (PP × Perforation). There is a non-significant effect of covering material and packaging film on all the observations (Table 5.4.3d). Chiplima

Data presented in Table 5.4.3e indicates that packaging materials had significant effect on keeping quality of chrysanthemum sprays over control. The vase life of chrysanthemum sprays was maximum (12 days) when the sprays were packed in LDPE sheet (25) during simulated transit. The final flower diameter (6.63 cm) and water uptake (46.6 ml) were maximum in the same treatment. The chrysanthemum sprays packed in 25 LDPE sheet during simulated transit exhibited maximum vase life over other treatments. Kahikuchi

Result presented in Table 5.4.3f showed that packaging the cut chrysanthemum cv. Pink 1139 stems in polymeric sleeves made of LDPE-25 micron with perforations covering approx. 4% area of the sleeves, resulted in significantly longer time to initiate and complete floret senescence (7.17 and 14.67 days, respectively). This treatment also facilitated delayed initiation and completion of yellowing of leaves (16.33 and 20.45 days, respectively) as well as highest (32.00ml) total water absorbed/stem. The next best packaging method was found to be P4 PP-25 micron gauge thick with perforations (covering approx. 4% area of the polymeric

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sleeves). Non-significant difference among the packaging materials in terms of maximum flower diameter in the vase as well as weight loss after storage. However, all the packaging of chrysanthemum stems resulted in much superior postharvest performance compared to the unpacked control flowers. Udaipur: No report. Hessaraghatta: No report Solan: No report Experiment 5.4.4: Effect of chemical treatments on post harvest keeping quality of cut

chrysanthemum stems. Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Hyderabad, Ludhiana, Udaipur, Coimbatore, Solan, Pantnagar,

Chiplima and Kahikuchi Technical programme Cultivar: Reagan White/ any local commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: When 50% flowers are about ¾th open No. of treatments: 6

T1 Control T2 Methanol, 4 % T3 Ethanol 4 % T4 ABA, 10 ppm T5 BAP, 10 ppm T6 Methanol, 4 % + ABA, 10 ppm T7 Methanol, 4 % + BAP, 10 ppm T8 Ethanol, 4 % + ABA, 10 ppm T9 Ethanol, 4 % + BAP, 10 ppm

Duration of treatment: 20 h (at ambient conditions) No. of stems/treatment : 5 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : CRD Flower stems harvested at commercial stage were pulse-treated form 20 h with the chemical treatments mentioned above. Following the treatments, stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Days to initiation of floret senescence 2. Days to complete floret senescence

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3. Days to initiation of yellowing of leaves 4. Days to complete yellowing of leaves 5. Maximum flower diameter attained in vase (mean of 3 lower stems). 6. Total water absorbed/ stem (ml).

REPORT

CENTER Hyderabad

Among different treatments, treatment T9 (Ethanol 4% + BAP 10 ppm) recorded delayed initiation (8.7 days) and complete senescence (11.2 days) of florets as compared to control (7.7 and 10.1 days respectively). Similarly, delayed initiation (8.2 days) and complete senescence (10.2 days) leaves were recorded in both treatment T5 (BAP 10 ppm) and T9 as compared to control (7.0 and 8.8 days respectively). Treatment T5 recorded maximum flower diameter (7.2 cm) and total water absorbed/ stem (35 ml) as compared to control (6.4 cm and 26 ml, respectively) (Table 5.4.4a). Ludhiana

Flower stems of chrysanthemum cv. Reagan Emperor were harvested when 50% flowers were about ¾th open and pulse-treated form 20 h with methanol (4 %), ethanol (4 %), ABA (10 ppm), BAP (10 ppm) alone as well in combination for 20 h. at ambient conditions. The stems similarly treated with water served as control. Following the treatments, stems were placed in plain water for the evaluation of keeping quality.

The results presented in Table 5.4.4b show that ethanol (4%) was most effective in delaying days to the initiation (11.89 days) and complete senescence of florets (17.00 days) followed by BAP (10 ppm) treatment as compared to the control in which floret senescence was initiated in 8.33 days and complete floret senescence occurred in 13 days. ABA hastened the senescence of florets where as methanol slightly delayed the same. Ethanol when used in combination with ABA, antagonized its effect. BAP followed by ethanol were most effective in delaying the yellowing of leaves. The chemical treatments did not much affect the flower diameter where as ethanol and BAP treatments significantly increased water absorption by the stems. The results indicated that ethanol (4%) and BAP (10 ppm) significantly delayed days to floret senescence and yellowing of leaves in cut chrysanthemum stems. Solan

In this experiment, the cut flower stems of chrysanthemum cv. Ajay were pulse-treated for 20 h. with the different chemical solutions at room temperature (Table 5.4.4c). After pulsing the stems were placed in distilled water for evaluation of keeping quality. It is evident that cut stems pulsed in distilled water significantly delayed (5.33 days) leaf yellowing which was found to be at par with treatment T2 (Methanol, 4 %), T4 (ABA, 10 ppm), T5 (BAP, 10 ppm) and T7 (Methanol, 4 % + BAP, 10 ppm). On the other hand, treatment T8 (Ethanol, 4 % +

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ABA, 10 ppm) recorded earliest leaf yellowing (3.00 days). Similarly complete leaf yellowing was significantly delayed (16.40 days) in case of treatment T7 (Methanol, 4 % + BAP, 10 ppm). On the other hand, leaf yellowing was found to be earliest (11.48 days) when cut stems were pulsed in treatment T8 (Ethanol, 4 % + ABA, 10 ppm). Effect of pulsing solutions on initiation of flower senescence was found to be non- significant. However, earliest initiation of flower senescence (16.47 days) was recorded in case of cut stems pulsed in distilled water and it was delayed (18.67 days) in case of treatment T7 (Methanol, 4 % + BAP, 10 ppm). Significant effect of pulsing treatments on number of days taken for complete flower senescence was also observed. Flower senescence was significantly delayed (23.14 days) in case of pulsing in treatment T7 (Methanol, 4 % + BAP, 10 ppm) whereas it was recorded early in case of cut stems treated in treatment T1 (distilled water). Non- significant effect of pulsing treatments was observed on size of flowers, however it was recorded maximum (4.04 cm) when cut stems were pulsed with treatment T7 (Methanol, 4 % + BAP, 10 ppm) and minimum (3.92 cm) in case of treatment T2 (Methanol, 4 %) and T4 (ABA, 10 ppm). As regards amount of solution consumed, it was recorded maximum (58.47 ml) when cut stems were pulsed with treatment T2 (Methanol, 4 %) which was found to be at par with treatment T1 (control) and treatment T3 (Ethanol, 4%). In contrast, minimum amount of solution was consumed (47.93 ml) was found in case of cut stems of chrysanthemum cv. Ajay pulsed in treatment T5 (BAP, 10 ppm). Pantnagar

The observations presented in Table 5.4.4d shows that there is a significant difference among the chemical treatments. Days taken to initiation of floret senescence were recorded maximum (19) in the treatment T7 (Methanol 4 % + BAP 10 ppm), while minimum (8) in the treatment T1 (control). Days taken to completion of floret senescence were recorded maximum (39) in the treatment T7 (Methanol 4 % + BAP 10 ppm), whereas, minimum days (32) were recorded in the treatment T1 (control). The maximum days (13) taken to initiation of leaf yellowing were recorded in the treatment T9 (Ethanol 4 % + BAP 10 ppm), while minimum days (5) were recorded in the treatment T3 (Ethanol 4 %). Days taken to completion of leaf yellowing were recorded maximum (36) in the treatment T9 (Ethanol 4 % + BAP 10 ppm), whereas, minimum days (20) were recorded in the treatment T3 (Ethanol 4%). Flower diameter was recorded maximum (6 cm) in the treatment T5 (BAP 10 ppm), while minimum flower diameter (4.17 cm) was recorded in the treatment T1 (control). The maximum water absorption (50.0 ml) was recorded in the treatment T9 (Ethanol 4% + BAP 10 ppm), while minimum (35.33 ml) was recorded in the treatment T6 (Methanol 4% + ABA 10 ppm). The maximum percentage decrease (62.69) in weight was recorded in the treatment T1 (control), whereas, minimum percentage decrease (47.75) was recorded in the treatment T9 (Ethanol 4% + BAP 10 ppm).

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Chiplima The results presented in Table 5.4.4e indicate that keeping quality of the cut

chrysanthemum stems varied significantly with pulsing treatment. The vase life of chrysanthemum stems were maximum (12.67 days) when cut stems were pulse treated with ethanol (4%) and BAP (10ppm). Maximum quantity of water (45.93 ml) was also absorbed in the same treatment. The pulsing solution containing ethanol (4%) and BAP (10ppm) is effective in enhancing vase life of cut chrysanthemum stems by 4 days over control. Kahikuchi

The following three chemical pulsing (20 h.) , treatments T8 (Ethanol 4% + ABA 10 ppm), T9 (Ethanol 4% + BAP 10 ppm) and T7 (Methanol 4% +BAP 10 ppm) were found to be best for pulsing cut chrysanthemum Cv. Pink 1139 sprays ( for 20 h.). Treatments T7, T8 and T9 were at par and showed significantly delay initial floret senescence symptoms in the range of 4.92 to 5.10 day, as well as complete floret senescence symptoms ( 16.24-16.33 days, compared to other treatments and the water treated control. Keeping cut chrysanthemum cut stem in treatment T1 (Untreated control - Water) resulted in earliest flower senescence (within 3.87 to 9.69 days) and yellowing of leaves as well as minimum water uptake per stem (22.4ml/ stem) (Table 5.4.4f). Coimbatore: The trial is in progress Udaipur: No report. Hessaraghatta: No report.

5. ORCHIDS

Project No. 5.5: Standardization of postharvest technology in orchids. Experiment 5.5.1: Effect of anti-ethylene compounds on keeping quality of orchid stems. Duration: Three years (Ongoing) Centres : Chiplima, Kahikuchi and Vellanikkara Technical programme Cultivar: Dendrobium cv. Sonia or any popular commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: All buds open Number of treatments: 7

T1 Control T2 1-MCP (10nl/l) T3 1-MCP (20nl/l) T4 STS (2mM)

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T5 AOA (25 ppm) T6 AOA (50 ppm) T7 CoCl2 (10 ppm) T8 CoCl2 (20 ppm)

No. of stems/ replication : Ten No. of replications : Five Statistical design : CRD Flower stems were harvested and immediately put in water. Flower stems were pre-cooled at 10OC in for 6 h. Thereafter, the stems were treated with above-mentioned solutions for 6 h. Following the treatments, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Vase life (till 50% florets wither or show wilting) 2. Senescence of florets at 2 day intervals 3. Ultimate expansion of flower and spike length (cm) 4. Total water uptake(ml)/stem

REPORT CENTER Vellanikkara: The experiment concluded and report sent Chiplima: No report Kahikuchi: No report Experiment 5.5.2: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) storage of orchid stems

for long term storage Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres : Chiplima, Kahikuchi and Vellanikkara Technical programme Cultivar: Dendrobium cv. Sonia or any popular commercial cultivar Stage of harvest: All buds open Packaging materials for MA storage: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations Storage durations - 5 (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 days) No. of stems / treatment : 10 No. of replications : 3

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Design of experiment : CRD Flower stems were harvested when all buds are open and cooled at 10 OC for 6 h. The stems were sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) without and with perforations stored at 10 OC temperature. Thereafter, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Vase lie (till 50% florets wither or show wilting) 2. Senescence of florets at 2 day intervals 3. Ultimate expansion of flower and spike length (cm) 4. Total water uptake(ml)/stem

REPORT

CENTER Vellanikkara : The experiment concluded and report sent

Chiplima: No report Kahikuchi: No report Experiment 5.5.3: Standardization of wet storage of orchid stems Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Chiplima, Kahikuchi and Vellanikkara Technical programme Cultivar: Dendrobium cv. Sonia or any popular commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: All buds open Pre-storage treatments: 2

i. NaOCl, 1000 ppm + Tween 20, 0.1% (as wetting agent) for one min. ii. Control (water)

Storage durations - 5 (0, 6, 12 and 18 days) No. of stems / treatment : 10 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : Factorial CRD Flower stems were harvested when all buds are open and treated with NaOCl, 1000 ppm + Tween 20 (0.1%) and water (control) for one min. The stems were wet-stored in water at 10 OC for 0, 6, 12 and 18 days. After the storage, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Vase lie (till 50% florets wither or show wilting) 2. Senescence of florets at 2 day intervals

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3. Ultimate expansion of flower and spike length (cm) 4. Total water uptake(ml)/stem

REPORT CENTER Vellanikkara : The experiment concluded and report sent Chiplima: No report Kahikuchi: No report

6. ANTHURIUM Project No. 5.6: Standardization of postharvest technology Experiment 5.6.1: Standardization of wet storage of anthurium stems Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Kahikuchi, Vellanikkara, Kalimpong and Coimbatore Technical programme Cultivar: Tropical Red or any popular commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Commercial stage i.e. when 50% flowers are open in the spadix Pre-storage treatments: 2

i. NaOCl, 1000 ppm + Tween 20 (0.1%) for one min (as wetting agent) ii. Control (Water)

Storage durations - 5 (0, 6, 12 and 18 days) No. of stems / treatment : 3 No. of replications : 5 Design of experiment : Factorial CRD Flower stems were harvested when spadix in fully developed and 50 % buds on the spadix are open and treated with NaOCl, 1000 ppm + Tween 20 (0.1%) and water (control) for one min. The stems were wet-stored in water at 13-15OC for 0, 6, 12 and 18 days. After the storage, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Days to blackening of the top of spadix 2. Days to anther busting. 3. Loss of glossiness of spathe 4. Per cent gain/loss in fresh weight after storage 5. Total water absorbed/stem (ml)

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REPORT CENTER Kalimpong

Data presented in Table 5.6.1a revealed that pre-storage treatment of NaOCl 1000ppm + tween 20 (0.1%) significantly prolonged the days taken for blackening of the top of the spadix (18.87 days), days to anther busting (15.11 days) and days taken for loss of glossiness of the spathe (20.33 days) compared to control. Increase in duration of storage significantly increased the percentage loss in fresh weight of the cut stems in both the pre storage treatments. Pre-storage treatment with NaOCl + tween reduced the percentage loss in fresh weight (4.42 %) compared to control (8.14%). In terms of total water absorbed, highest absorption was recorded with pretreatment of NaOCl + 6 days of wet storage. Pretreatment with NaOCl, 1000ppm + tween 20 (0.1%) and wet storage in water at 13 – 15 OC for 6 days was found to be most suitable for increasing the post harvest life of cut anthurium stems. Kahikuchi: No report Vellanikkara: No report Coimbatore: The trial is in progress. Experiment 5.6.2: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) storage of anthurium

stems Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Kahikuchi, Vellanikkara, Kalimpong and Coimbatore Technical programme Cultivar: Tropical Red or any popular commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Commercial stage i.e. when 50% flowers are open in the spadix Packaging materials for MA storage: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations Storage durations - 5 (0, 6, 12 and 18 days) No. of stems / treatment : 3 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : CRD Flower stems were harvested when 50% flowers are open in the spadix and cooled at 10 OC for 6 h. The stems were inserted in vials containing water, sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) without and with perforations and stored at 13 – 15 OC temperature. Thereafter, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality.

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Observations recorded 1. Days to blackening of the top of spadix 2. Days to anther busting. 3. Loss of glossiness of spathe 4. Per cent gain/ loss in fresh weight after storage 5. Total water absorbed/ stem (ml)

REPORT

CENTER Kalimpong

Perusal of data presented in Table 5.6.2a revealed that anthurium stems covered with PP 25 µ thick with perforations and storage duration of 6 days prolonged the days to blackening of the spadix (24.52 days), days to anther bursting (19.69 days), days taken to loss of glossiness of the spathe (23.39 days) and also resulted in maximum water uptake per stem (15.05 ml). Kahikuchi: No report Vellanikkara: No report Coimbatore: The trial is in progress. Project No. 5.6.3: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) packages for transit of

anthurium stems Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Kahikuchi, Kalimpong, Vellanikkara and Barapani. Technical programme Cultivar: Two 1. Red (Tropical Red) or any popular red cultivar 2. White (Acropolis) or any popular white cultivar Stage of harvest: Commercial stage i.e. when 50% flowers are open in the spadix Packaging films / treatments: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations No. of spikes/ treatment: 3 No. of replications: 3 Duration of simulated transit (in pre-cooled boxes): 16 h Design of experiment: CRD The freshly-harvested stems were pre-cooled at 13-15OC for 6 h. The stems were inserted in vials containing water and sealed in polymeric film sleeves. The sleeves were packed in fibre

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board boxes and subjected to simulated transit in pre-cool boxes for 16 h at ambient conditions. Following simulated transit, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Days to blackening of the top of spadix 2. Days to anther busting. 3. Loss of glossiness of spathe 4. Per cent gain/loss in fresh weight after storage

REPORT

CENTER Kalimpong

Data presented in Table 5.6.3a showed that the packaging films significantly influenced the days to blackening of the top of the spadix. Anthurium stems wrapped in PP with perforations prolonged the days required to blackening of the top of the spadix (22.73 days), days to anther bursting (16.56 days), loss of glossiness (22.98 days) and minimum weight loss (8.07%). Salmon (red Cultivar) took longer time for anther bursting as compared to Lima (white Cultivar). Kahikuchi: No report Vellanikkara: No report Barapani: No report

7. TUBEROSE Project No. 5.7: Standardization of post harvest technology of stems Experiment 5.7.1: Standardization of pre-storage treatment and modified atmosphere

(MA) storage of tuberose stems Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hyderabad, Kahikuchi, Kalyani, Ludhiana, Periyakulam, Pantnagar, Pune, Udaipur

and Pusa. Technical programme Cultivar: Suvasini or any Double petalled Cultivar specific for the region. Stage of harvest: when 2-3 buds open Pre-storage treatments: 2

i. Sucrose (20%)+ Aluminium sulphate, 300 ppm for 24 h

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ii. Control (water) Packaging materials for MA storage: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick ii. PP- 25 µ thick with perforations

Storage durations: 4 (0, 3, 6 and 9 days) No. of stems / treatment: 10 No. of replications: 3 Design of experiment: Factorial CRD Spikews were harvested when 2 – 3 buds open and pulse-treated with above-mentioned solution for 24 h at 20 – 23 OC. The stems were sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP – 25 µ thick) without and with perforations covering 4 per cent area and stored at 2 – 3 OC temperature for 3, 6 and 9 days. Thereafter, cut spikes were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Vase life in days (till ½ of florets show wilting) 2. Diameter of basal floret (cm) 3. Total water absorbed/(ml) 4. Percent gain/loss in weight after storage

REPORT

CENTER Hyderabad

It is evident from the results that the tuberose stems (Hyderabad Double) when given a pre-storage treatment with sucrose 20% + Aluminum sulphate 200 ppm for 24 hr. recorded maximum vase life (4.8 days). Storage for 3 days recorded maximum vase life of 5.2 days. Long term storage up to 9 days drastically reduced vase life to 3.4 days (Table 5.7.1a). Kalyani

The spikes were harvested when 2 – 3 florets open and pulse-treated with Sucrose (20%) + Aluminium sulphate, 300 ppm for 24 h at 20 – 23 OC. After pulsing, the spikes were sealed tightly in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) without and with perforations covering 4 per cent area and stored at 2-3°C temperature for 3, 6 and 9 days. Thereafter, the spikes were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Under modified atmosphere (MA) storage, tuberose cv. Calcutta Double could be stored successfully till 3 days. The spikes did not show opening of florets and buds started to drop from the stems after 3 days of MA storage and onwards. The spikes also showed higher loss of fresh weight as the storage period progressed. Among different characters, except weight loss, all other characters viz. diameter of basal floret, water uptake and vase life were significantly improved by pre-treatment with Sucrose (20%) + Aluminium sulphate, 300 ppm for 24 h at 20-23 OC. Among different packaging materials, LDPE - 25 µ thick with perforation was found to be most

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effective causing longest vase life (4.67 days), though not statistically significant. Minimum weight loss (1.4%) was obtained in flowers packed with polypropylene 25 µ thick without perforation, which was significantly different from others. Maximum water uptake (32.38 ml) was found in flowers without any pre-treatment and maximum floret diameter (3.8 cm) was obtained in flowers packed with LDPE -25 µ thick with perforation. Except vase life, interaction effect among different treatment combination was statistically significant in all cases (Table 5.7.1b). Ludhiana

Spikes of tuberose cv. Suvasini were harvested when 2 – 3 buds were open and pulse-treated with solutions of sucrose (20%) + Aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) for 24 h at 20 – 23 OC. The stems treated with water served as control. After the treatment, the stems were sealed tightly in LDPE and PP sleeves of 25 µ thickness (both without and with perforations covering 4 % area) and stored at 2 – 3 OC temperature for 0, 3, 6 and 9 days. Thereafter, the stems were placed in plain water for the evaluation of keeping quality.

The increase in storage duration decreased vase life of the stems. The vase life was higher in stems pulse-treated with sucrose + aluminium sulphate (3.08 days) over the control (0.93 days). Similarly, floret diameter and water absorbed/stem were higher in stems pulse-treated with sucrose + aluminium sulphate. Pulsing treatment also decreased loss of fresh weight as compared to the control. Increase in storage duration decreased vase life, water absorption/stem and increased loss of fresh weight of the stems. PP sleeves were found slightly better for storage. The results thus showed that pre-storage pulsing treatment with sucrose (20%) + aluminium sulphate (300 ppm) improved keeping quality parameters of the cut tuberose stems. PP sleeves were slightly better than the LDPE sleeves for MA storage of the stems (Table 5.7.1c). Pantnagar

The experiment could not be completed because of rotting and shedding of florets in 3,6 and 9 days of storage (Table 5.7.1d). Udaipur

The experiment for MA storage in tuberose cut stem completed three years and pooled data submitted in annual report 2013 – 14 with the conclusion that polypropylene 100 X 3 days storage duration found effective with ideal level of O2 and CO2 as vase minor reduction in vase life parameters. The polypropylene 100 gauge is equal to 25 µm and 4 per cent perforation on packaging sleeve equal to normal atmosphere in such a condition present technical programme looks like repetitions and defective for measurement of ideal level of CO2 and O2.

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Pusa: No report Pune: No report Kahikuchi: No report Periyakulam: No report Experiment 5.7.2: Packaging of loose flowers of tuberose for export Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hessaraghatta, Hyderabad, Kalyani, Ludhiana, Periyakulam, Pusa and Kahikuchi Technical programme Cultivar: Locally grown single tuberose Cultivar Harvest stage: Fully developed unopened buds Packages: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations Flower buds/treatment: one kg No. of replications: 3 Duration of simulated transit: 16 h Design of experiment: CRD The florets weighing one kg were packed in polymeric film bags (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) without and with perforations and packed in fiber board boxes. The boxes along with the packages containing florets were cooled at 2 – 3 OC and subjected to simulated transit under refrigerated conditions for 16 h. The shelf life of florets was evaluated after simulated transit. Observations recorded

1. Per cent loss of fresh weight of the buds after simulated transit 2. Membrane Stability Index (where facility are available) 3. Per cent buds opened after simulated transit 4. Per cent buds showing fading/wilting/discoloration during simulated transit. 5. Freshness index of the buds after storage (on numerical scale 1-4)

REPORT

CENTER Hyderabad

The results indicated that minimum loss in fresh weight (4.0%) and percentage of buds showing wilting / fading (12%) were recorded in treatment T3 (PP packing without

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perforation). The percentage bud opening was maximum in both treatment T4 x T2 (PP and PE packing with 4% perforation). The freshness index was unaffected (Table 5.7.2a). Kalyani

The florets of tuberose were packed in polymeric film bags (LDPE and PP – 25 µ thick) without and with perforations and packed in fiber board boxes. The boxes along with the packages containing florets were cooled at 2 – 3 OC and subjected to simulated transit under refrigerated conditions for 16 h. The shelf life of floret was evaluated after simulated transit.

Data presented in Table 5.7.2b exhibited that packaging significantly influenced fresh weight, flower size, weight loss, moisture percentage, freshness of flowers throughout the storage period. Loose flowers of tuberose could be stored up to 9 days with acceptable quality parameters like freshness, moisture content and number of wilted flowers. Among different packaging treatment LDPE – 25 µ thick without perforations (T3) was found to be best for improving the shelf life of loose tuberose. Ludhiana

The fully developed unopened florets of locally grown single tuberose Cultivar weighing one kg were packed in LDPE and PP (25 µ thick) packages without and with perforations and packed in fibre board boxes. The boxes along with the packages containing buds were cooled at 2 – 3 OC and subjected to simulated transit under refrigerated conditions for 16 h. The shelf life of buds was evaluated after simulated transit.

The results presented in Table 5.7.2c showed that florets packed in PP sleeves showed lesser decline in fresh weight after simulated transit. The freshness index was better and at par in case of buds packed in LDPE (without perforations) and PP sleeves (without and with perforations). Periyakulam: No report Pusa: No report Kahikuchi: No report Hessaraghatta: No report Experiment 5.7.3: Standardization of tinting process for tuberose spike Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hyderabad, Hessaraghatta, Kahikuchi, Kalyani, Periyakulam, Pusa and Pune Technical programme Cultivar: Suvasini or any Double petalled Cultivar specific for the region. Stage of harvest: when 2 – 3 floret open

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Pre-storage treatments: 2 Treatments were made with different dyes (1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) Dyes: Yellow sunset, Teterazine, Amaranth, Apple green, Blue dye Number of spikes/replication = 5 No. of replications: 3 Design of experiment: CRD The spikes were placed in the dye solutions. The uptake of colours (time) and their retention under post-harvest condition were assessed. Observations recorded

1. Time for coloration (days) 2. Time for colour retention (days) 3. Vase life (days)

REPORT

CENTER Hyderabad

The standardization of tinting process with different dyes was studied in tube rose cv. Hyderabad double. The data revealed that different dyes studied did not varied significantly with regards to vase life, time for coloration and time for colour retention. However, among concentration 2000 ppm registered longer time for colouration and colour retention also. Similar trend was noticed in treatment interactions also (Table 5.7.3a). Kahikuchi

The experiment was conducted in Aug-Sep, 2014, using the following 4 chemical dyes available in the market: Golden Yellow, Bordeaux, Olive Green and Turquoise Blue, with Double tuberose var. Vaibhav stems harvested when 2-3 buds open were placed in the dye solutions. Tartrazine was not available and was substituted with Bordeaux. In all the dyes, the entire spike upto the tips of petals was colored. Flowers kept in Turquoise Blue dye solution took minimum (30.56 to 35.26 mins) time to take up the tint, while those in Bordeaux solution took 35.37 to 48.64 mins. On the other hand, Golden Yellow solution- dipped flowers took maximum (45.32 to 60.02 mins) time (Table 5.7.3b).

Tinting was not long term in any of the chemical dyes. Maximum colour retention up to 4.28 h was recorded in case of flowers dipped in Turquoise Blue (2000 ppm), after which the dye started leaving, viz. flower fading took place. In case of Bordeaux, flower fading took 3.2 to 3.37 h. Golden Yellow dye took least time (3.16 to 3.33 h) to leave the flowers.

Higher dye concentration did not result in more colour intensity of the flowers; in all the cases, higher concentration (2000 ppm) of dye resulted in greater colour intensity of the vase solution instead of tinting the flower. In general, vase life was found to be higher at lowest concentration of the dye. Olive Green (1500 ppm) showed significantly higher vase life

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(4.47days) among the dyes (Table 5.7.3b). The experiment were repeated again in 2015 with all the four dyes. Kalyani

The cut spikes were placed in the dye solutions and uptake of colours (time) and their retention under post-harvest condition was assessed. Among different colours, Yellow Sunset (2000 ppm) and Amaranth (2000 ppm) resulted fastest colour uptake. However, concentration of dyes significantly influenced vase life of tuberose. It was observed that dyes resulted to longer vase life when treated with lower concentration (1000 ppm). Colour of flowers retained till the end of vase life. There was no incidence of colour fading after tingting (Table 5.7.3c). Pune

The data presented in Table 5.7.3d revealed that the treatment Apple green (1500 ppm) found significantly superior in respect of vase life (7.50 days), time for colour retention (8.50 days) and time for colouration of florets (2.50 days). The next best treatment is Blue dye (1500ppm) recorded vase life (6.90 days), time for colour retention (7.90 days) and time for colouration of florets (2.60 days). Pusa: No report Periyakulam: No report Hessaraghatta: No report Experiment 5.7.4: Use of food dyes for tinting in tuberose stems Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Hyderabad, Hessaraghatta, Kahikuchi, Kalyani, Periyakulam, Pune and Udaipur Technical programme Cultivar: Suvasini or any double petalled cultivar specific for the region. Stages of harvest: Commercial stage. No. of Treatments: 13 Food dyes:

T1 Control T2 Lemon Yellow – 4% T3 Lemon Yellow – 8% T4 Kesar Yellow – 4% T5 Kesar Yellow – 8% T6 Kalakatta– 4% T7 Kalakatta – 8% T8 Orange red – 4%

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T9 Orange red – 8% T10 Rose pink – 4% T11 – Rose pink – 8% T12 – Raspberry red – 4% T13 – Raspberry red – 8%

Immersion time: 1. Control – No dipping. 2. 1 hour 3. 2 h 4. 3 h

No. of replications : 3 No. of stems for replication: 3 Design : Factorial CRD The cut spikes of tuberose harvested at commercial stage were placed in a container with dye solution so that the cut ends are totally dipped inside the solution. The spikes were allowed to absorb the dye under ambient condition. Observations to be recorded :

1. Vase life (days) 2. Colour intensity (visual observations) 3. Quantity of dye uptake (ml/stem.) 4. % Opening of florets 5. Floret diameter (cm)

REPORT

CENTER Hyderabad

The experiment was conducted to study the tinting of tuberose cv. Hyderabad Double spikes with food dyes. The results indicated that increase in concentration, increased the colour intensity but uptake was decreased. Similarly increase in duration of dipping significantly increased dye uptake and colour intensity. Maximum uptake (6.3 ml/stem) was noticed in 3hr treatment. However, different food colour had no effect on vase life or flower diameter (Table 5.7.4a). Kahikuchi

In the first year (2014 – 15) in summer-rainy season, the food dye Kalakhatta was not available in the market, and was replaced with Bright Blue. When the cut ends of spikes were dipped in dye solution, white tuberose spikes (harvested at 2-3 buds open stage) absorbed the dye. Tinting took place within 30 – 45 min. and maximum colour intensity was observed within 3 h. Intensity of tinting of florets decreased with time i.e. colour faded with time.

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Maximum tinting intensity was observed on 1st day. On the 4th day of dipping, base colour faded while tint remained on tips and edges. On the 5th day, florets faded to white in all the food dyes except Raspberry Red, 8% florets still retained tinge of pink colour.

No visual difference in colour intensity was noted between tuberose spikes dipped for 1, 2 and 3 hrs. Tinting was observed up to the topmost florets of the rachis. Dipping in higher concentration of dye (8%) resulted in florets showing more intense or darker colour, compared to those dipped in lower concentration (4%). In case of Bright Blue food colour, the base of petals were more evenly coloured while the tips showed more intense colour. Best tinting effect was seen in case of dipping in Raspberry Red dye, rendering the petals baby pink and colour was evenly distributed. Orange Red food colour resulted in light orange base colour while the tips and edges were deeper orange. Kesar Yellow had lighter intensity of tinting compared to Lemon Yellow food colour. In general, higher concentration resulted in deeper colour of both flowers as well as vase solution viz., the extra food dye not absorbed by the flowers were left in the solution. The percentage of floret opening was not affected by the food colour concentration or duration of the dip, and flower buds opened successively from base to top and still remained fresh till 5th day of putting in vase solution. Vase life ranging between 5.4 to 5.8 days was recorded in combinations of food dyes, concentrations and dip durations (5.4 to 5.8 days), while the control recorded 7.1 to 7.2 days (Table 5.7.4b). Kalyani

The cut spikes of tuberose harvested at commercial stage were placed in a container with dye solution so that the cut ends are totally dipped inside the solution. The stems are allowed to absorb the dye under ambient condition. The dye uptake and vase life are studied by recording following observations. Vase life was significantly affected by the dye solution, though duration of dipping did not vary significantly. Kessar yellow 4% (T4) and raspberry red 4% (T8) resulted in maximum vase life of 3.33 days. Colour intensity (visual observations): increased according to duration of dipping and concentration of dye solution.

There was non-significant difference in quantity of dye uptake (ml/stem.) due to difference in dipping duration. However, different dye solutions resulted into significantly different amount of dye uptake and Lemon yellow 4% (T2) resulted in maximum dye uptake (3.9 ml/stem). Opening of florets was significantly influenced by the duration of dipping with 3 h of dipping duration causing highest percentage of floral opening (16.50%). Among different dye solutions raspberry red 8% (T7) resulted into maximum floral opening (20.37%). Data presented in Table 5.7.4 indicated that basal floret diameter (cm) was significantly affected by dipping duration and lesser amount of dipping causing higher diameter (3.30 cm in 1 h. of dipping). Among the due solutions Lemon yellow 4% (T2) resulted in highest diameter of basal floret (3.9 cm) (Table 5.7.4c).

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Pune Data presented in Table 5.7.4d revealed that the food dye (Rose Pink 8%) recorded

maximum vase life (5.83 days), floret diameter (3.40 cm) and percentage of opening of florets (43.90 %) with water uptake (44.90 ml). The treatment of immersion flowers for 2 h. recorded vase life (5.17 days), flower diameter (3.26 cm) and percentage of opening of florets (37.25 %) with water uptake (42.25 ml).The interaction effect of Rose Pink (8%) + 2h. immersion (A10B2) recorded vase life (7.50 days), flower diameter (3.80 cm) and percentage of opening of florets (48.70 %) with water uptake (56.70 ml). Udaipur

The data presented in interaction Table 5.7.4e, food dyes x immersion time for tinting in tuberose cut stem indicated that significant influences was observed for highest colour intensity in treatment T9 orange red 8% x 3 h. immersion time followed by 4% orange red x 2 h. immersion time interaction. Rest of the treatments did not show significant interaction. For food dyes for tinting in tuberose spike cv. Suvasani during 2014-15 indicated that significant reduction in vase life than the control among all the food dye treatment. The treatment T2 lemon yellow 4 % showed laser reduction in vase life (4.56 days), colour intensity (4.56 days), dye uptake (2.50 ml), floret opening (10.98%) and floret diameter (2.18 cm) followed by lemon yellow 8% for floret opening. For response of immersion time for food dye tinting in tuberose spike cv. Suvasini indicated that vase life, per cent floret opening, floret diameter decreases as immersion time increases resulted in increment in dye uptake and colour intensity score. Only one h. immersion time for tinting in tuberose cut spike was useful with minor reduction in vase life parameter with lower 4% level of food dye at Udaipur center. Hessaraghatta: No report Periyakulam: No report

8. GERBERA Project No. 5.8: Standardization of postharvest technology of gerbera Experiment 5.8.1: Wet refrigerated storage of gerbera. Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Pune, Bengaluru, Barapani, Kahikuchi and Coimbatore. Technical programme Cultivar: Red Explosion or any popular commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Commercial stage (fully open flowers when two whorls of outermost disc florets start shedding pollens) Pre-storage treatments: 2

i. Control ii. NaOCl (1000 ppm) + Tween 20 (0.1% for one min as wetting agent)

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Storage durations - 5 (0, 6, 12 and 18 days) No. of stems / treatment : 3 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : Factorial CRD The cut flowers were harvested at commercial stage and treated with NaOCl, 1000 ppm + Tween 20 (0.1%) and water (control) for one min. The stems were wet-stored in water at 3 – 4 OC for 0, 6, 12 and 18 days. After storage, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Vase life in days (when outer florets show signs of wilting or stem break occurs) 2. Percent stems showing stem break 3. Total water absorbed/stem (ml) 4. Per cent gain/loss in fresh weight

REPORT

CENTER Pune

Data presented in Table 5.8.1a revealed that pre-storage treatment (NaOCl ( 1000 ppm) + Tween 20 ( 0.1% for 1 min. as wetting agent) (H2)recorded maximum vase life (3.04days), flower stem break (7.65 %) with water uptake (16.92 ml) per stem. The treatment of zero day storage duration (S1) recorded maximum vase life (7.10 days), flower stem break (6.55 %) with water uptake (29.25 ml) per stem. The interaction effect of Pre-storage treatment (NaOCl (1000 ppm) + Tween 20 (0.1% for 1 min. as wetting agent) + zero day storage duration (H2S1) recorded significantly superior vase life (8.60 days), flower stem break (4.60 %) with water uptake (34.90 ml) per stem over all other treatments. Kahikuchi

The experiment could not be done in a proper manner in 2014-15 because of lack of cold storage facility. Preliminary experiment was done in domestic refrigerator. Wet storage in domestic refrigerator by direct exposure to cold air (3 – 4 OC) caused freezing injury to gerbera flowers at cold storage durations longer than 3 days. Coimbatore: The trial is in progress. Bengaluru: No report Barapani: No report

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Experiment 5.8.2: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) storage of gerbera Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Pune, Hessaraghatta, Barapani, Kahikuchi and Coimbatore. Technical programme Cultivar: Red Explosion or any popular commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Commercial stage (fully open flowers when two whorls of outermost disc florets start shedding pollens) Pre-storage treatment: 2

i. NaOCl, 1000 ppm + Tween 20, 0.1% for one min (as wetting agent) ii. Control (Water)

Packaging materials for MA storage: 4 i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the

polymeric sleeves ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations

Storage durations - 5 (0, 6, 12 and 18 days) No. of stems / treatment : 3 No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : Factorial CRD Cut flowers were harvested at commercial stage and treated with NaOCl, 1000 ppm + Tween 20 (0.1%) and water (control) for one min. The flowers heads were inserted in polyethylene sleeves and the stems were made in to bundles of 3 each. The stems were sealed in in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) without and with perforations stored at 3 – 4 OC for 0, 6, 12 and 18 days. Thereafter, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Vase life in days (when outer florets show signs of wilting or stem break occurs) 2. Percent stems showing stem break 3. Total water absorbed/stem (ml) 4. Per cent gain/loss in fresh weight after storage

REPORT

CENTER Coimbatore: The trial is in progress. Pune: No report Kahikuchi: No report Hessaraghatta: No report Barapani: No report

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Project No. 5.8.3: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) packaging for transit of

gerbera stems Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Pune, Hessaraghatta, Barapani, Kahikuchi and Coimbatore. Technical programme Cultivar: Red Explosion or any popular commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Commercial stage (fully open flowers when two whorls of outermost disc florets start shedding pollens) Pre-storage treatment: 2

i. NaOCl, 1000 ppm + Tween 20, 0.1% for one min (as wetting agent) ii. Control (Water)

Packaging films / treatments: 4 i. LDPE-25µ thick, with and without perforations (covering approx.4% area of

sleeves) ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations

No. of stems/ treatment: 3 No. of replications: 3 Duration of simulated transit (in pre-cooled boxes): 16 h Design of experiment: CRD Flower stems were harvested at commercial stage and treated with NaOCl, 1000 ppm + Tween 20 (0.1%) and water (control) for one min.. The flowers heads were inserted in polyethylene sleeves and the stems were made in to bundles of 3 each. The stems were sealed in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP- 25 µ thick) without and with perforations stored at 3 – 4 OC and packed in fiber board boxes. The boxes along with the packages containing stems were cooled at 3 – 4 OC and subjected to simulated transit under ambient conditions for 16 h. Thereafter, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Vase life in days (when outer florets show signs of wilting or stem break occurs) 2. Percent stems showing stem break 3. Total water absorbed/stem (ml) 4. Per cent gain/loss in fresh weight after simulated transit

REPORT

CENTER Coimbatore Among the different modified packaging conditions tested for gerbera stems, storing of cut stems in polypropylene 25 µ without vent recorded the maximum vase life (10.46 days), least percent of stem break (7.66 %), maximum water absorption in vase (23.92 ml) and least percent of fresh weight loss (14.55 %) (Table 5.8.3a).

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Pune: No report Kahikuchi: No report Hessaraghatta: No report Barapani: No report

9. TULIP

Project No. 5.9: Postharvest studies in cut flowers of tulip Project No. 5.9.1: Effect of growth regulators for preventing post harvest stalk elongation

and flower senescence in tulip Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Katrain, Wadura and Solan Technical programme Cultivar: Any commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Half colored bud (colour break stage) Number of treatments: 11 (for 6 h. at ambient conditions)

T1 Control T2 Ancymidol (50 ppm) T3 Ethrel (25 ppm) T4 BAP (50 ppm) T5 GA3 (50 ppm) T6 Ancymidol (50 ppm)+ Ethrel (25 ppm) T7 Ancymidol (50 ppm)+ BAP (25 ppm) T8 Ancymidol (50 ppm)+ GA3 (50 ppm) T9 Ethrel (25 ppm)+ BAP (25 ppm) T10 Ethrel (25 ppm)+ GA3 (50 ppm) T11 BAP (50 ppm)+ GA3 (50 ppm)

Number of stems/replication: 3 Number of replication: 3 Statistical design : CRD After the treatments, stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Day to flower opening 2. Flower diameter (cm) 3. Vase life (day) 4. Per cent increase in stem elongation after the treatment 5. Total solution absorbed per scape

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REPORT CENTER Katrain

The effect of growth regulators for preventing post harvest stalk elongation and flower senescence was studied in tulip cv. Tulip purple (Table 5.9.1a). The vase life of cut scape was significantly affected by growth regulators treatment. The maximum vase life (12.25days) was recorded with BAP 50 ppm. However, this treatment also caused slight stalk elongation. Significant reduction in vase life was observed in all the treatments containing Ancymidol (50 ppm) or Ethrel (25 ppm) either singly or in combination. Significant reduction in stalk elongation was recorded with Ethrel (25 ppm) and Ethrel (50 ppm) + BAP (50 ppm). However, all the treatments containing Ethrel (25 ppm) significantly reduced the vase life and resulted in stalk bending. None of the treatment was found suitable for preventing post harvest stalk elongation and flower senescence in tulip. Wadura

Perusal of data revealed that the treatment Ancymidol, 50 ppm+ Ethrel, 25 ppm was found significantly superior in days to flower opening (1.75) which was followed by Ancymidol, 50 ppm+ BAP, 25 ppm (1.90 days) and Ancymidol, 50 ppm+ GA3, 50 ppm (2.50 days). Maximum vase life (13.00) and total solution absorbed (19.00 ml/scape) were recorded in treatment Ancymidol, 50 ppm+ Ethrel, 25 ppm, whereas minimum values of these parameters were recorded in Control (Water) treatment. Solan: No report. Experiment 5.9.2: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) packaging for cut tulip Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Katrain, Wadura and Solan Technical programme Cultivar: Any commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Half colored bud (colour break stage) Packaging materials for MA storage: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations Duration of simulated transit (in pre-cooled boxes): 16 h Design of experiment: CRD The freshly-harvested stems were pre-cooled at 3-4OC for 6 h. The stems were sealed in polymeric film sleeves, packed in fibre board boxes. The boxes were cooled to 3-4OC and

538

subjected to simulated transit in pre-cool boxes for 16 h at ambient conditions. Following simulated transit, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Day to flower opening 2. Flower diameter (cm) 3. Vase life (day) 4. Per cent increase in stem elongation after simulated transit as well as in vase 5. Total solution absorbed/stem (ml)

REPORT

CENTER Katrain

The effect of various modified atmosphere during transit on post harvest quality of tulip cv. Apeldoorn was studied (Table 5.9.2a). The maximum vase life (13.56 days) and total solution consumed per scape (29.40 ml) was recorded with LDPE 25 μ without perforation. No significant elongation of the scapes over control was observed in any treatment during transit and in vase. Wadura

Among four packing materials tested, LDPE -25 µ thick with perforations recorded superior for maintaining quality and longevity characters of tulip cut stems for transit. Next best packing material was PP- 25 µ thick with perforations. Solan: No report.

10. DAFFODILS/NARCISSUS Project No. 5.10: Postharvest management of daffodils cut flowers Experiment 5.10.1: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) storage of daffodil Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Katrain, Wadura and Solan Technical programme Cultivar: Any commercial Cultivar Stage of harvest: Goose-neck stage Packaging materials for MA storage: 4

i. LDPE -25 µ thick without and with perforations (covering approx. 4 % area of the polymeric sleeves

ii. PP- 25 µ thick without and with perforations Storage durations - 5 (0, 6, 12 and 18 days) No. of stems / treatment : 10

539

No. of replications : 3 Design of experiment : CRD The stems were harvested at gooseneck stage and cooled at 3-4OC for 6 h. The stems were made in to bundles of 10 stems and sealed in polymeric film sleeves (LDPE and PP – 25 µ thick) without and with perforations. The sleeves were stored at 3 – 4 OC for 0, 6, 12 and 18 days. Thereafter, the stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality at ambient condition. Observations recorded

1. Days for flower opening. 2. Flower diameter (cm). 3. Vase life (day). 4. Total water absorbed/stem (ml)

REPORT

CENTER Katrain

Effect of various packaging material and duration of storage on vase life of daffodil cv. Trumpet was studied (Table 5.10.1a). Among the various packaging materials, the maximum vase life was recorded with LDPE 25μ followed by pp 25 μ during all the storage duration. Among various storage durations, the maximum vase life was recorded on no storage. With the increase in duration of storage there was reduction in vase life. However, no significant reduction in vase life was observed when either LDPE 25μ or PP 25μ was used as packaging material. Vase life of cut daffodils was significantly reduced in perforated LDPE as well as PP on longer duration of storage. LDPE 25 μ was found ideal for long term storage of daffodils. Wadura

Perusal of data revealed that shorter storage duration (6 days) proved to be best than longer levels (12 and 18 days) alongwith LDPE – 25 µ thick with perforations for maintaining the keeping quality of daffodil stems. Solan: No report.

11. LILIUM Project No 5.11: Studies on post harvest handling in lilium. Experiment 5.11.1: Effect of different chemical treatments for preventing post harvest leaf yellowing in cut stems of Asiatic hybrid lily. Duration: Three years (2014 – 15 onwards) Centres: Solan, Katrain and Wadura Technical programme Cultivar: Any commercial Cultivar of the region

540

Stage of harvest: When lowermost bud shows colour Number of treatments: 7 (stems were sprayed with the treatment solutions)

T1 Control T2 Thidiauron (1 ppm) T3 Thidiauron (2 ppm) T4 BAP (25 ppm) T5 BAP (50 ppm) T6 GA3 (25 ppm) T7 GA3 (50 ppm)

Number of stems/replication : 5 Number of replication : 3 Statistical design : CRD After the treatments, stems were placed in plain water for evaluation of keeping quality. Observations recorded

1. Days to initiation of leaf yellowing 2. Days to complete yellowing of leaves 3. Days to opening of the first floret 4. Days to initiation of floret senescence 5. Days to complete senescence of florets 6. Flower diameter (cm) 5. Total solution absorbed/stem (ml)

REPORT CENTER Katrain

Cut stems sprayed with 50 ppm BA resulted in a greater extension of 4.3 days to opening of flowers (Table 5.11.1a). Leaf yellowing was substantially delayed (7.3 days) if the cut flowers were sprayed with TDZ (1 ppm) and 2ppm TDZ took maximum number of days (18.20) to complete leaf yellowing. Spray treatments with TDZ (1 ppm) delayed the days to initiation of flower senescence up to one week (7.5 days). However, days to complete senescence of flowers were significantly improved with TDZ (2 ppm) and extended up to 7.03 days compared to non-treated flowers. Spray applications significantly affected the flower diameter over control. BA (25 ppm) treatments had played an important role in increasing the flower diameter with a maximum of 18.6 cm. Maximum uptake of solution (343.0 ml) was recorded with TDZ (1 ppm) treatment. Solan: No report Wadura: No report

541

5. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY AND VALUE ADDITION

1. ROSE Table No. 5.1.1a: Effect of modified atmosphere storage for cut roses (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Degree of bud opening Vase life Al. sulphate (300 ppm) Water (Control) Al. sulphate (300 ppm) Water (Control)

Packaging material Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean

LDPE (with perforations) 3.44 3.00 3.00 3.15 3.00 2.56 2.33 2.63 5.55 5.00 4.67 5.07 4.22 3.22 2.44 3.29 LDPE (without perforations) 3.67 3.00 3.00 3.22 3.00 2.89 2.67 2.85 5.33 5.34 4.22 4.96 4.55 3.33 2.67 3.52 PP (with perforations 3.89 3.22 3.00 3.37 3.22 2.78 2.56 2.85 6.00 5.78 4.11 5.30 5.00 4.22 3.45 4.22 PP (without perforations 3.78 3.56 3.11 3.48 3.22 2.89 2.45 2.85 6.33 6.11 4.56 5.67 5.33 4.00 3.44 4.26 Mean 3.70 3.20 3.03 3.31 3.11 2.78 2.50 2.80 5.80 5.56 4.39 5.25 4.78 3.69 3.00 3.82 Control (0 day storage) 4.00±0.00 3.89±0.192.78 6.67±0.34 5.00±0.33 CD at 5%

Packaging sleeves(A) 0.17 0.28 Treatment (B) NS NS

Storage duration (C) NS NS AxB 0.25 0.25 AxC 0.30 0.30 BxC NS NS

AxBxC 0.43 0.43 Table No. 5.1.1a: Effect of modified atmosphere storage for cut roses (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) cont……

Final flower diameter Total water absorbed/stem (ml) Al. sulphate (300 ppm) Water (Control) Al. sulphate (300 ppm) Water (Control)

Packaging material Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean

LDPE (with perforations) 7.44 6.22 6.84 6.83 6.00 5.89 4.61 5.50 48.77 40.11 38.11 42.33 30.89 32.00 19.11 27.33 LDPE (without perforations) 7.20 6.32 6.80 6.77 6.40 5.45 3.89 5.25 47.44 40.22 35.56 41.07 28.00 28.78 16.89 24.56 PP (with perforations 7.20 6.61 6.74 6.85 5.91 5.67 4.33 5.30 45.45 37.78 40.33 41.18 34.00 31.11 22.78 29.30 PP (without perforations 7.32 6.54 7.14 7.00 5.67 6.36 4.33 5.45 47.56 35.33 40.11 41.00 34.55 30.44 18.22 27.74 Mean 7.29 6.42 6.88 6.86 6.00 5.84 4.29 5.38 47.31 38.36 38.53 41.40 31.86 30.58 19.25 27.23 Control (0 day storage) 7.03±0.18 6.43±0.24 50.78±1.39 43.11±2.46 CD at 5%

542

Packaging sleeves(A) 0.25 NS Treatment (B) 0.18 1.53

Storage duration (C) NS 1.88 AxB 0.35 2.07 AxC 0.44 3.76 BxC NS NS

AxBxC 0.62 5.32 Table No. 5.1.1b: Effect of modified atmosphere storage for cut roses cv. Mainu Parle. (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Packing material Degree of bud

opening Vase life (days)* Final flower

diameter (cm)* Total water absorbed (ml)* Percent weight loss after storage*

Cost of preservative, wrapper, etc.

(Rs.)

AlSO4 AlSO4 AlSO4 AlSO4

1 day 6days 1 day 6days 1 day 6days 1 day 6days

PP 25 (perforated) 4 8.07 3.03 6.82 5.39 39.97 23.77 0.96(0.98) 5.06(2.25) 0.22 PP 25 (without p.) 4 7.97 2.73 6.88 5.78 38.53 21.97 0.53(0.73) 0.76(0.87) 0.22 LDPE 25 (perforated) 4 8.50 3.00 6.89 5.94 42.42 27.40 1.06(1.03) 5.33(2.31) 0.22 LDPE 25 (without p.) 4 8.20 2.83 6.64 5.75 40.25 24.90 0.56(0.75) 0.73(0.85) 0.22

Water Water Water Water

1 day 6days 1 day 6days 1 day 6days 1 day 6days PP 25 (perforated) 4 5.23 1.97 5.54 4.13 29.07 18.60 1(1.00) 4.96(2.22) 0.20 PP 25 (without p.) 4 5.20 2.43 5.93 4.57 29.60 19.93 0.43(0.66) 0.73(0.85) 0.20 LDPE 25 (perforated) 4 5.97 2.57 5.92 4.58 32.10 23.33 1.03(1.02) 5.26(2.29) 0.20 LDPE 25 (without p.) 4 5.70 2.50 5.52 4.38 30.93 21.90 0.5(0.70) 0.7(0.83) 0.20

SEm C.D. SEm C.D. SEm C.D. SEm C.D.

Treatment(a)

0.047 0.844 0.071 1.280 0.228 4.104 NS NS Packing material(b)

0.081 0.365 0.086 0.387 0.457 2.060 0.023 0.104

Duration (c)

0.106 1.905 0.068 1.232 0.349 6.282 0.013 0.229 a x b

NS NS NS NS NS

a x c

0.212 3.810 0.137 2.465 0.699 12.564 NS NS b x c

NS NS NS 3.146 0.025 0.115

a x b x c

NS NS NS NS NS

* Significant at 5% Figures in parenthesis are square root transformed data

543

Table No. 5.1.2a: Effect of modified atmosphere packaging for transit of cut rose stems (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Degree of bud opening Vase life (days) Final flower dia. (cm) Total water absorbed/stem

(ml) Per cent weight loss after simulated

transit Al sulphate (300 ppm) Water Mean

Al sulphate

(300 ppm) Water Mean Al sulphate

(300 ppm) Water Mean Al sulphate (300 ppm) Water Mean Al sulphate

(300 ppm) Water Mean

LDPE (with perforations)

3.78 2.89 3.33 6.11 4.56 5.33 7.18 6.11 6.65 39.33 34.33 36.83 1.56(7.16) 1.55(7.10) 1.56(7.13)

LDPE (without perforations

3.44 2.78 3.11 6.00 4.33 5.17 7.44 6.82 7.13 47.00 41.78 44.39 0.91(5.46) 0.98(5.68) 0.94(5.57)

PP (with perforations

3.78 3.11 3.45 6.67 5.22 5.95 8.06 7.45 7.75 51.00 42.67 46.83 1.42(6.82) 1.57(7.19) 1.49(7.01)

PP (without perforations

3.89 2.89 3.39 6.89 5.00 5.95 7.41 7.00 7.00 44.45 38.33 41.39 0.75(4.96) 0.87(5.34) 0.81(5.15)

Control 3.78 2.89 3.34 6.00 4.56 5.27 7.10 6.72 6.72 46.11 37.44 41.78 2.68(9.40) 3.52(10.75) 3.10(10.08) Mean 3.74 2.91 6.33 4.73 7.44 6.82 45.58 38.91 1.46(6.76) 1.70(7.21)

CD at 5% Polymeric sleeve(A)

NS 0.41 0.36 2.64 0.82

Treatment (B) 0.14 0.26 0.57 1.67 NS A x B NS NS NS NS NS

Table No. 5.1.2b: Effect of modified atmosphere packaging for transit of cut rose stems (Ranchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Vase life (days) Final flower diameter (cm) Total water absorbed (ml) Per cent wt. loss

Water Al2(So4)316H2O

300ppm Mean Water

Al2(So4)316H2O 300ppm

Mean Water Al2(So4)316H2O

300ppm Mean Water

Al2(So4)316H2O 300ppm

Mean

PP25 perforated 10.10 12.80 11.45 5.35 7.30 6.32 40.00 42.70 41.35 13.00 10.70 11.85 PP25 without perforation 10.00 11.67 10.83 5.15 6.90 6.02 38.80 41.75 39.90 15.00 11.50 13.55 LDPE25 perforated 9.05 9.15 9.10 4.95 6.00 5.47 35.05 38.10 36.57 19.70 15.50 17.60 LDPE25 without perforation

9.00 9.10 9.05 4.90 5.80 5.35 32.60 36.00 34.60 19.00 14.25 16.62

A*B 1.14 0.96 1.00 1.01

544

Table No. 5.1.2c: Effect of modified atmosphere packaging for transit of cut rose stems cv. Mainu Parle. (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Packing material Degree of bud

opening Vase life (days)* Final flower diameter

(cm)* Total water

absorbed(ml)/stem* Percent weight loss after

storage*

Cost of prese-rvative,

wrapper, etc.(Rs.)

AlSo4 Water AlSo4 Water AlSo4 Water AlSo4 Water AlSo4 Water

PP25 perforated 4 8.20 5.33 6.87 5.70 41.90 30.10 1.15(1.07) 1.33(1.15) 0.22 0.20 PP25 without perforation 4 8.13 5.27 6.72 6.05 40.37 31.07 0.53(0.73) 0.50(0.70) 0.22 0.20 LDPE25 perforated 4 8.73 6.10 6.95 6.05 45.15 34.30 1.13(1.06) 1.10(1.05) 0.22 0.20 LDPE25 without perforation 4 8.33 5.80 6.94 5.64 42.48 32.63 0.63(0.80) 0.50(0.70) 0.22 0.20

SE CD SE CD SE CD SE CD

Treatment 0.09 0.21 0.09 0.19 0.73 1.57 NS NS Packing material 0.13 0.29 0.18 0.27 1.04 2.23 0.04 0.10 TXP NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

* Significant at 5% Figures in parenthesis are square root transformed data

Table No. 5.1.3a: Effect of ABA and salicylic acid on post harvest keeping quality of cut roses stems (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) Treatment (ppm) Degree of bud opening Vase life (days) Final flower dia. (cm) Total water absorbed/stem

(ml) Water (control) 3.33 7.44 7.03 50.45 ABA 5 ppm 2.56 4.56 4.78 37.33 ABA 10 ppm 2.89 4.11 4.61 35.22 Salicylic acid 25 ppm 3.89 9.11 7.71 47.55 Salicylic acid 50 ppm 3.78 9.22 7.19 48.22 Salicylic acid 100 ppm 4.00 9.00 7.60 45.78 CD at 5% 0.56 0.86 0.89 5.37

545

Table 5.1.3b: Effect of ABA and salicylic acid on post harvest keeping quality of cut roses stems variety- Samurai (Pune center 2014 – 15) Treatment Bud opening

(days) Vase life

(days) Flower diameter

(cm) Total water absorbed/stem

(ml) Water (control) 2.30 4.30 3.20 41.60 ABA 5 ppm 2.50 4.60 3.60 41.60 ABA 10 ppm 2.70 5.80 3.40 40.80 Salicylic acid 25 ppm 2.30 5.00 3.20 42.70 Salicylic acid 50 ppm 2.60 7.50 3.70 40.80 Salicylic acid 100 ppm 2.40 5.90 3.30 43.50

SE± 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.24 CD at 5% 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.75

Table 5.1.3c: Effect of ABA and salicylic acid and post harvest keeping quality of cut rose stems (Ranchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Vase life (days) Final flower diameter Total water absorbed (ml)

Degree of bud opening in vase

Water (control) 6.33 6.15 23.80 2 ABA 5 ppm 6.60 6.25 23.84 3/4th ABA, 10 ppm 6.37 6.28 24.20 3/4th Salicylic acid,25 ppm 7.10 6.80 26.00 4 Salicylic acid, 50 ppm 7.18 7.05 26.75 4 Salicylic acid 100 ppm 6.37 6.75 24.00 2 CD (5%) 0.80 0.76 1.50 -

Table 5.1.3d: Effect of ABA and salicylic acid and post harvest keeping quality of cut rose stems cv. Mainu Parle. (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Degree of bud opening in vase Vase life (days)* Final flower

Diameter (cm)*

Total water absorbed (ml)

/stem* Water(Control) 4 5.33 6.40 26.17

ABA (5ppm) 4 6.33 6.63 30.17

ABA (10ppm) 4 6.67 6.73 31.10

546

Salicylic acid (25ppm) 4 5.67 6.57 27.73

Salicylic acid (50ppm) 4 7.33 6.87 32.87

Salicylic acid (100ppm) 4 6.00 6.23 30.93

CD (0.05) 0.93 0.35 3.78 * significant at 5%

2. GLADIOLUS

Table No. 5.2.1a: Effect of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus spike (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15) Days for basal

floret to open Vase life (days)

% opening of florets

Diameter of 2nd floret (cm)

% loss of weight after storage

LDPE without perforations 2.4 5.4 65.0 7.1 5.5 LDPE with 4% perforations 2.4 5.3 65.0 7.0 5.8 PP without perforations 2.9 5.6 66.2 7.2 4.6 PP with 4% perforations 2.9 5.5 66.5 7.1 4.9 CD (5%) 0.3 NS NS NS 0.6 Control (0 storage) 2.9 6.9 61.0 6.9 - 6 days 2.9 7.7 67.0 7.1 5.9 12 days 2.8 4.3 68.7 7.3 7.0 18 days 2.5 3.0 66.0 7.0 8.0 CD NS 0.7 0.7 NS 0.8 P1S1 2.9 6.9 61.0 7.0 - P1S2 2.7 7.6 65.0 7.2 6.1 P1S3 2.4 4.3 68.0 7.2 7.8 P1S4 1.9 3.0 66.0 7.0 8.4 P2S1 2.9 6.9 61.0 6.9 - P2S2 3.0 7.5 66.0 7.0 6.5 P2S3 2.9 4.1 68.0 7.2 8.1 P2S4 2.9 2.9 65.0 6.9 8.7 P3S1 2.9 6.9 61.0 7.0 - P3S2 3.0 8.0 68.0 7.3 5.4 P3S3 3.1 4.5 69.0 7.5 6.1 P3S4 2.7 3.2 67.0 7.0 7.2

547

P4S1 2.9 6.9 61.0 6.9 - P4S2 3.1 7.8 69.0 7.2 5.7 P4S3 3.1 4.3 70.0 7.4 6.3 P4S4 2.8 3.1 66.0 7.1 7.8 CD 0.4 0.8 0.8 NS 0.9

Table No. 5.2.1b: Effect of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus spike (Kahikuchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatments

No. of florets opened in storage

Days for basal floret to open

in vase

Vase life

(days)

Opening of florets

(%)

2nd floret diameter

(cm)

Weight loss after storage (%)

Packaging P1 : LDPE-40 micron thick without perforations 1.13 5.45 17.55 81.02 10.30 12.32

P2 : LDPE-40 micron thick with perforations 2.33 6.22 15.63 75.60 10.26 13.90

P3 : PP-40 micron thick without perforations 1.94 7.01 15.91 81.56 10.31 13.03

P4 : PP-40 micron thick with perforations 2.39 6.67 14.52 76.94 10.36 13.85

S.Ed.( +) 0.06 0.07 0.33 0.89 0.04 0.72 CD (5%) 0.13 0.14 0.69 1.85 0.07 1.50

548

Storage duration S1 6 days 0.50 5.82 17.39 82.73 10.34 9.11 S2 9 days 1.53 6.53 15.63 80.55 10.31 13.70 S3 12 days 3.83 6.66 14.69 73.06 10.28 17.01

S.Ed.( +) 0.05 0.06 0.29 0.77 0.03 0.63 CD (5%) 0.11 0.12 0.60 1.61 0.06 1.30

Interaction (13) 1. Unpacked, uncooled control - 3.50 13.76 95.50 10.40 - 2. P1 x S1 (LDPE np + 6) 0.40 4.42 19.33 85.50 10.34 9.26 3. P1 x S2 (LDPE np + 9) 0.93 6.55 17.09 84.11 10.30 12.13 4. P1 x S3 (LDPE np + 12) 2.07 5.37 16.23 73.45 10.27 15.57 5. P2 x S1 (LDPE p + 6) 0.78 5.45 17.17 76.67 10.31 9.30 6. P2 x S2 (LDPE p + 9) 2.17 6.33 15.25 78.88 10.28 14.73 7. P2 x S3 (LDPE p + 12) 4.05 6.89 14.46 71.25 10.20 17.67 8. P3 x S1 (PP np + 6) 0.50 6.9 17.89 84.44 10.32 8.55 9. P3 x S2 (PP np + 9) 1.22 6.8 15.50 82.75 10.31 13.28 10. P3 x S3 (PP np + 12) 4.10 7.2 14.33 77.5 10.29 17.25 11. P24 x S1 (PP p +6) 0.30 6.50 15.15 84.32 10.37 9.33 12. P4 x S2 (PP p + 9) 1.78 6.3 14.67 76.47 10.36 14.67 13. P4 x S3 (PP p + 12) 5.08 7.1 13.73 70.03 10.35 17.54

S.Ed.( +) 0.11 0.12 0.58 1.55 0.06 1.25 CD (5%) 0.22 0.25 1.19 3.21 NS 2.59

Table No. 5.2.1c: Effect of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus spike (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Packaging material Number of florets open in storage Days to opening of basal floret Vase life (days)

Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 6 12 18 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean

LDPE (with perforations) No floret show opening

Basal floret half open

1-2 florets fully open

1.78 1.22 0.56 1.19 5.56 4.78 4.11 4.82

LDPE (without perforations -do- -do- -do- 2.00 0.89 0.44 1.11 6.22 4.67 4.55 5.15 PP (with perforations -do- -do- -do- 1.67 1.11 0.67 1.15 6.44 5.44 4.89 5.59 PP (without perforations -do- -do- -do- 1.44 1.00 0.67 1.04 6.78 5.22 4.79 5.60 Control -do- -do- -do- 2.00 1.11 0.89 1.33 5.33 4.44 3.89 4.55 Mean - - - 1.78 1.07 0.65 6.07 4.91 4.45 - - - Control (0 day storage)=3.22± 0.39

549

CD at 5% Storage duration (A) 0.31 0.34

Packaging material (B) NS 0.44 AxB NS NS

Table No. 5.2.1c: Effect of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus spike (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) cont……….

Packaging material Per cent opening of florets Diameter of second floret

(cm) Per cent loss of weight after storage

Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean

LDPE (with perforations) 62.52 (52.46)

60.00 (50.75)

48.10 (43.89)

56.87 (49.03)

8.03 7.23 6.47 7.24 4.62 (12.40)

6.12 (14.32)

7.75 (16.15)

6.16 (14.29)

LDPE (without perforations) 67.70 (55.36)

61.90 (51.87)

47.21 (43.37)

58.94 (50.20)

8.23 7.37 7.50 7.70 2.27 (8.66)

2.62 (9.31)

3.17 (10.17)

2.69 (9.38)

PP (with perforations 70.52 (57.13)

63.25 (52.67)

54.52 (47.58)

62.76 (52.46)

7.93 7.17 6.43 7.18 3.42 (10.65)

4.71 (12.53)

6.37 (14.61)

4.83 (12.60)

PP (without perforations 68.89 (56.10)

64.86 (53.64)

50.14 (45.07)

61.30 (51.60)

7.50 7.27 7.27 7.35 1.92 (7.97)

2.74 (9.51)

3.77 (11.19)

2.81 (9.56)

Control 66.98 (54.92)

58.22 (49.72)

42.05 (43.89)

55.75 (49.51)

7.60 7.17 6.10 6.96 5.59 (13.65)

8.46 (16.89)

9.81 (18.25)

7.95 (15.95)

Mean 67.32 (55.19)

61.65 (51.73)

48.40 (44.76)

7.86 7.24 6.75 3.57 (10.67)

4.93 (11.42)

6.17 (14.07)

Control (0 day storage)=78.50±1.54 Control (0 day storage) = 8.60±0.44

CD at 5% Storage duration (A) 2.65 0.25 0.45

Packaging material (B) 3.42 NS 0.59 AxB NS NS 1.02

Table No. 5.2.1d: Effect of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus spike (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15)

No. of floral opened Days for basal florets to open Packaging material 0 Days 6 Days 12 Days Average 0 Days 6 Days 12 Days Average Control 0.00 8.11 8.67 4.19 1.77 1.44 1.44 1.16 LDPE 25 μ without perforation 0.00 7.00 7.67 3.67 1.77 2.55 2.33 1.66 LDPE 25 μ with perforation 0.00 7.56 8.11 3.92 1.77 1.78 2.22 1.44

550

PP 25 μ without perforation 0.00 6.11 6.11 3.06 1.77 3.22 2.55 1.89 PP 25 μ with perforation 0.00 5.00 6.33 2.83 1.77 2.11 1.66 1.39 Average 0.00 6.76 7.38 3.53 1.77 2.22 2.04 1.51

Packaging materials

Storage duration Interaction Packaging

materials Storage duration Interaction

SEm± 0.14 0.12 0.28 0.99 0.89 0.19 C.D. at 5% 0.41 0.36 0.82 0.28 0.25 0.56

Table No. 5.2.1d: Effect of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus spike (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15) cont….

Vase life (Days) Floret opening (%) Packaging material 0 Days 6 Days 12 Days Average 0 Days 6 Days 12 Days Average Control 11.77 8.77 7.33 7.08 0.00 61.43 66.66 32.02 LDPE 25 μ without perforation 11.77 16.33 15.66 10.89 0.00 75.78 81.68 39.37 LDPE 25 μ with perforation 11.77 11.33 10.66 8.42 0.00 64.68 84.29 37.24 PP 25 μ without perforation 11.77 19.11 21 12.66 0.00 79.08 80.35 39.86 PP 25 μ with perforation 11.77 14.33 13 9.80 0.00 73.82 77.76 37.90 Average 11.77 13.98 13.33 9.77 0.00 70.96 78.15 37.28

Packaging materials

Storage duration Interaction Packaging

materials Storage duration Interaction

SEm± 0.23 0.21 0.46 0.74 0.66 1.49 C.D. at 5% 0.67 0.59 1.34 2.13 1.91 4.27

Table No. 5.2.1d: Effect of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus spike (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15) cont…. Diameter of 2nd floret (cm.) Loss of wt. after storage (%)

Packaging material 0 Days 6 Days 12 Days Average 0 Days 6 Days 12 Days 18 Days Average Control 9.27 9.00 8.55 6.71 0.00 8.61 9.22 16.77 8.64 LDPE 25 μ without perforation 9.27 11.49 11.93 8.17 0.00 1.71 3.67 10.57 3.99 LDPE 25 μ with perforation 9.27 11.82 12.37 8.37 0.00 6.25 4.80 13.68 6.18 PP 25 μ without perforation 9.27 10.39 10.50 7.54 0.00 2.84 7.79 7.17 4.45 PP 25 μ with perforation 9.27 9.52 10.83 7.41 0.00 3.04 7.12 7.33 4.37 Average 9.27 10.44 10.84 7.64 0.00 4.49 5.12 11.11 5.18 Packaging Storage Interaction Packaging Storage Interaction

551

materials duration materials duration SEm± 0.19 0.17 0.39 0.55 0.49 1.11 C.D. at 5% 0.56 0.50 1.13 1.59 1.42 3.18

Table No. 5.2.1e: Effect of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus spike (Wadura center 2014 – 15)

Treatment No. of floret opened in

varying duration

Day for basal floret

to open

Vase life

(days)

Percent opened Floret

Diameter of second

floret

Percent loss in weight after

storage A. Stage of harvest (H) i. Stage1 (H1) 7.61 1.79 5.60 68.14 8.15 0.21 ii. Stage2 (H2) 6.10 1.31 4.51 71.19 10.47 0.97 CD (P=0.05) 0.15 0.09 0.19 0.45 0.21 0.03 B. Packing films i. LDPE-100 gauge thick 6.75 1.27 5.17 65.12 8.11 0.45 ii. LDPE-200 gauge thick 7.15 1.32 5.47 67.13 8.17 0.49 iii. PP-100 gauge thick 6.95 1.31 5.50 70.19 8.15 0.35 iv. PP-200 gauge thick 7.25 1.45 6.10 71.32 8.45 0.30 v. Control 6.10 2.12 5.10 65.09 8.00 0.30 CD (P=0.05) 0.17 0.11 0.22 0.51 0.25 0.04 C. Storage duration (S) i. 0 day (S0) 8.15 2.00 6.79 82.17 8.15 0.00 ii. 7 days (S1) 7.70 1.65 5.47 80.10 8.17 1.75 iii. 14 days (S2) 6.14 1.40 5.40 70.19 8.19 1.62 iv. 21 days (S3) 6.10 1.15 4.19 59.50 8.12 0.90 CD (P=0.05) 0.19 0.15 0.27 0.67 0.37 0.06

Table No. 5.2.1f: Effect of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus spike (Ranchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Days for basal floret to open in vase Vase life (days) Percent opening of florets 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean

LDPE 25 µ with perforation

2.00 2.50 2.00 1.5 2.00 9.50 13.10 10.12 9,20 10.48 50.00 69.75 65.00 50.00 58.68

LDPE 25 µ without perforation

2.20 2.75 2.45 2.10 2.37 10.00 13.20 11.60 9.75 11.13 70.10 82.10 74.90 55.20 70.57

PP sleeves 25 µ with 2.80 3.60 2.60 2.80 2.95 10.35 14.90 12.20 10.40 11.96 78.55 99.80 89.60 60.80 82.18

552

perforation PP sleeves 25 µ without perforation

2.35 3.32 2.75 2.30 2.68 10.70 14.68 12.05 10.00 11.85 75.20 98.24 76.00 58.60 76.15

Factor A 0.67 0.48 1.25 Factor B 0.67 0.48 1.25 A*B 0.44 0.23 1.56

Table No. 5.2.1f: Effect of long term modified atmosphere storage of gladiolus spike (Ranchi center 2014 – 15) cont……….

Treatments Diameter of floret (cm) Number of floret opened in storage Percent loss of weight after storage 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean

T1 6.50 9.05 8.90 7.50 7.99 2.70 1.75 1.80 1.98 2.05 10.70 6.50 7.80 10.80 8.95 T2 7.00 9.80 9.75 8.50 8.76 2.54 1.50 1.60 1.55 1.79 9.00 6.30 7.00 10.00 8.07 T3 9.80 10.20 10.00 9.50 9.87 2.50 1.00 1.30 1.20 1.5 5.40 2.30 5.45 6.90 5.01 T4 7.90 9.95 9.85 8.70 9.1 2.55 1.20 1.45 2.00 1.80 5.70 2.50 5.90 7.00 5.27

Factor A 0.50 0.40 0.45 Factor B 0.50 0.40 0.45 A*B 0.25 0.16 0.20

553

Table No. 5.2.2a: Effect of modified atmosphere packaging for transit of gladiolus cut spikes (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Days to opening of bud floret

Vase life days

Per cent opening of floret

Diameter of 2nd floret

% decrease in weight after stimulated transit

LDPE without perforations 3.3 7.1 59 7.1 14 LDPE with 4% perforations 3.1 6.9 63 7.1 15 Polypropylene without perforations 3.6 7.8 64 7.9 12 Polypropylene with 4% perforations 3.5 7.5 68 7.7 13 CD (5%) 0.4 0.8 7.0 NS 1.9

Table No. 5.2.2b: Effect of modified atmosphere packaging for transit of gladiolus cut spikes (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Packaging material Days to opening of basal floret Vase life (days) Floret opening (%) Dia. of second

floret Per cent decrease in F.W. after

simulated transit LDPE (with perforations) 3.89 6.00 80.00 (63.43) 8.47 0.28 (3.00) LDPE (without perforations 3.67 6.22 74.26 (59.50) 8.72 0.60 (4.45) PP (with perforations 3.44 6.89 75.34 (60.20) 8.50 0.55 (4.25) PP (without perforations 3.56 7.22 76.35 (60.90) 8.72 0.99 (5.71) Control 3.22 6.33 74.21 (59.46) 8.64 2.87 (8.75) CD at 5% 0.31 0.26 2.41 NS 0.69

3. CARNATION

Table No. 5.3.1a: Effect of ethylene inhibitors for prolonging keeping quality of cut carnation flowers (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Vase life Maximum flower diameter

Total water absorbed /stem

Any phytotoxic effect on foliage or flower bud

Control 6.5 4.3 22 Nil STS 2 mM 8.1 5.3 30 Nil AOA 25 ppm 7.0 4.5 24 Nil AOA 50 ppm 7.4 4.8 28 Nil CoCl2 10 ppm 6.9 4.4 23 Nil CoCl2 20 ppm 7.1 4.6 26 Nil CD (5%) 0.9 0.7 4.5 Nil

554

Table 5.3.1b: Effect of ethylene inhibitors for prolonging keeping quality of cut carnation flowers variety- Gaudina (Pune center 2014 – 15)

Sr. No. Treatments Vase life (days)

Flower diameter (cm)

Water absorbed/Stem (ml)

Phyto-toxic effect

1 MCP 10 ppm 5.40 3.40 38.50 - 2 MCP 20 ppm 6.70 4.80 40.60 - 3 STS 02 ppm 7.53 4.30 38.90 - 4 AOA 25 ppm 8.50 4.50 44.60 - 5 AOA 50ppm 6.30 4.60 41.50 - 6 CoCl2 10 ppm 5.90 4.50 37.60 - 7 CoCl2 20 ppm 4.80 4.20 23.50 - 8 Control 5.60 3.80 35.80 - SE± 0.06 0.07 0.23 - CD at 5% 0.20 0.22 0.72 -

Table 5.3.2a: Effect of modified atmospheric storage of carnation cut flowers (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Vase life (days)

Flower diameter (cm)

Total water absorbed ml/stem

% decrease of the storage

LDPE without perforations 4.6 4.2 22.0 5.5 LDPE with 4% perforations 4.5 4.2 24.0 6.2 PP without perforations 4.9 4.4 26.0 4.4 PP with 4% perforations 4.6 4.3 24.0 4.7 CD (5%) NS NS NS 0.6 Control (0 storage) 6.3 4.6 22 - 6 days 6.2 4.5 24.5 6.7 12 days 3.9 4.1 25 7.0 18 days 2.1 3.8 25 7.2 CD 0.6 0.5 NS NS P1S1 6.3 4.6 22 - P1S2 6.2 4.4 23 7.2 P1S3 3.9 4.0 22 7.5 P1S4 2.0 3.8 22 7.6 P2S1 6.3 4.6 22 - P2S2 5.9 4.4 24 8.1 P2S3 3.8 3.9 25 8.4 P2S4 2.1 3.9 25 8.6

555

P3S1 6.3 4.6 22 - P3S2 6.6 4.8 27 5.6 P3S3 4.2 4.3 28 5.9 P3S4 2.5 4.0 28 6.1 P4S1 6.3 4.6 22 - P4S2 6.3 4.6 24 6.0 P4S3 3.8 4.2 25 6.3 P4S4 2.1 3.8 25 6.5 CD 0.7 0.6 NS NS

Table 5.3.3a: Effect of modified atmospheric packing for transit of carnation cut flowers (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Vase life (cm)

Maximum flower diameter (cm)

Total water absorbed /stem

% decrease of the storage

LDPE without perforations 6.3 4.4 22.0 8.0 LDPE with 4% perforations 6.6 4.4 29.0 8.5 PP without perforations 7.5 4.9 26.0 7.3 PP with 4% perforations 7.3 4.6 31.0 7.5 CD (5%) 0.9 NS 4.5 0.9

4. CHRYSANTHEMUM

Table No. 5.4.1a: Effect of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum stems for local markets (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Days for floret

senescence initiation (days)

Complete floret senescence

(days)

Initiation of leaf yellowing (days)

Complete leaf yellow (days)

Maximum flower diameter

(cm)

Total water absorbed (ml/stem)

% wt. gain after storage

Chemical (T) Control 5.3 6.5 4.5 5.8 6.0 22.7 2.7 Thidiuron 5 µM 5.9 7.3 4.9 6.3 6.1 23.0 3.0 Thidiuron 10 µM 6.1 7.5 5.7 6.6 6.1 23.5 3.1 C.D. 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 NS NS Storage (S) 0 days 7.0 8.7 6.1 7.6 6.2 20.0 0.0 6 days 7.4 9.3 6.5 8.0 6.1 27.3 4.3 12 days 5.0 6.0 4.8 5.4 6.1 24.3 3.9

556

18 days 3.6 4.4 2.8 3.8 6.0 20.6 3.6 C.D. 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 NS NS (T x S) T1S1 7.0 8.7 6.1 7.6 6.2 20.0 0.0 T1S2 6.9 8.6 6.0 7.5 6.1 25.0 4.0 T1S3 4.5 5.4 3.8 5.0 6.0 25.0 3.5 T1S4 2.9 3.5 2.3 3.2 5.9 21.0 3.5 T2S1 7.0 8.7 6.1 7.6 6.2 20.0 0.0 T2S2 7.6 9.6 6.6 8.1 6.3 28.0 4.5 T2S3 5.2 6.3 4.2 5.6 6.0 24.0 4.0 T2S4 3.8 4.7 2.9 4.0 6.2 20.0 3.5 T3S1 7.0 8.7 6.1 7.6 6.2 20.0 0.0 T3S2 7.9 9.9 7.0 8.6 6.1 29.0 4.6 T3S3 5.4 6.5 4.5 5.8 6.4 24.0 4.2 T3S4 4.1 5.0 3.2 4.4 6.0 21.0 3.7 C.D. 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.8 NS NS NS Table No. 5.4.1b: Effect of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum stems for local markets (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Days to initiation of floret senescence Days to complete senescence of florets Days to initiation of leaf yellowing

Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean

T1 – TDZ 5 µm 9.67 8.78 6.78 6.67 7.98 15.56 12.78 10.44 10.11 12.22 11.22 9.56 9.11 7.11 9.25 T2 – TDZ 10 µm 12.00 11.00 7.89 7.22 9.53 17.22 14.56 11.89 11.56 13.81 12.22 10.33 9.78 8.45 10.20 T3 - Control 8.00 6.67 6.00 6.22 6.72 12.56 10.11 8.78 7.89 9.84 7.45 6.00 5.67 4.89 6.00 Mean 9.89 8.82 6.89 6.70 15.11 12.48 10.37 9.85 10.29 8.63 8.19 6.82 CD at 5% Storage duration (A) 0.71 0.78 0.69

Treatments (B) 0.62 0.68 0.60 AxB 1.23 1.36 1.19

Table No. 5.4.1b: Effect of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum stems for local markets (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) cont….

Treatments 50 % yellowing of leaves Maximum flower dia. (cm) Total water absorbed/stem (ml) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days)

0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean T1 – TDZ 5 µm 17.00 14.56 13.11 9.78 13.61 7.73 7.37 7.39 7.00 7.28 60.11 61.33 51.89 43.44 54.20

557

T2 – TDZ 10 µm 17.67 15.56 13.56 11.33 14.53 7.57 7.47 7.43 7.27 7.88 58.56 61.00 54.67 46.00 55.06 T3 - Control 11.33 9.56 8.56 6.56 9.00 7.53 7.67 7.33 7.00 7.38 49.11 53.78 42.67 33.33 44.72 Mean 15.33 13.23 11.74 9.22 7.49 7.50 7.38 7.09 55.93 58.70 49.74 40.92 CD at 5% Storage duration (A) 0.75 NS 2.67

Treatments (B) 0.65 NS NS AxB 1.30 NS 4.63

Table No. 5.4.1c: Effect of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum stems for local markets (Coimbatore center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Days to complete floret senescence Days to complete leaf yellowing Max. flower dia. attained in vase (cm)

Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean

T1 – TDZ 5 µm 13.86 13.86 12.59 11.39 12.93 12.19 11.33 10.06 7.79 10.34 5.02 4.86 4.58 3.96 4.60 T2 – TDZ 10 µm 13.13 12.73 11.19 9.53 11.64 10.26 9.39 8.46 7.26 8.84 4.86 4.55 4.04 3.76 4.30 T3 - Control 7.73 7.26 7.13 6.19 7.33 5.73 5.06 4.33 3.39 4.63 3.80 3.74 3.40 3.12 3.51 Mean 11.57 11.28 10.30 9.04 10.63 9.39 8.59 7.62 6.15 7.94 4.56 4.38 4.01 3.61 4.14

S.Ed 0.721 0.48 0.29 CD

NS NS 0.59 Table No. 5.4.1c: Effect of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum stems for local markets (Coimbatore center 2014 – 15) cont….

Treatments Total water absorbed (ml) % weight gain after storage

Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean

T1 – TDZ 5 µm 49.73 45.68 42.66 39.91 44.49 24.37 23.56 23.70 22.12 23.43 T2 – TDZ 10 µm 41.56 38.58 35.97 31.90 37.00 23.14 23.26 20.43 19.82 21.66 T3 - Control 27.01 24.24 33.45 18.38 25.77 19.05 18.27 17.33 16.24 17.72 Mean 39.43 36.12 37.36 30.06 35.75 22.19 21.70 20.49 19.39 20.94 S.Ed 4.7 0.32 CD

9.4 0.64

Table No. 5.4.1d: Effect of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum cv. Ajay stems for local markets (Solan center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Days for initiation of leaf yellowing Days to complete leaf yellowing Initiation of flower senescence (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days)

558

0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean T1 – TDZ 5 µm 11.00 7.33 5.83 5.17 7.33 19.75 13.33 9.86 8.97 12.97 19.33 16.33 11.67 11.11 14.61 T2 – TDZ 10 µm 12.24 12.17 8.33 6.17 9.73 22.45 14.33 11.33 9.58 14.42 21.67 17.67 12.33 11.78 15.86 T3 - Control 9.00 5.50 4.33 3.00 5.46 15.50 10.47 7.60 6.97 10.13 15.00 13.00 9.67 7.67 11.33 Mean 10.55 8.33 6.17 4.78 19.23 12.71 9.60 8.51 18.67 15.67 11.22 10.18 CD 0.05 TDZ

0.88 0.97 0.96 Storage duration 0.76 0.84 0.83 TDZ x Storage duration 1.53 1.68 NS

Table No. 5.4.1d: Effect of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum cv. Ajay stems for local markets (Solan center 2014 – 15) cont……

Treatments Complete flower senescence (days) Flower diameter (cm) amount of solution consumed (ml) Wt. loss after storage (%)

Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean

T1 – TDZ 5 µm 24.67 20.33 19.33 15.61 19.99 4.07 4.10 4.05 3.84 4.01 45.17 36.93 36.93 21.50 35.13 21.10 21.30 20.92 21.11 T2 – TDZ 10 µm 26.33 21.33 19.00 15.50 20.54 4.07 4.10 4.11 3.78 4.01 48.17 41.33 41.33 22.06 38.22 16.25 16.67 22.37 18.43 T3 - Control 23.00 17.67 14.67 13.78 17.28 3.95 4.06 4.02 4.04 4.02 45.67 40.99 41.00 21.94 37.40 16.98 23.71 21.39 20.70 Mean 24.67 19.78 17.67 14.96 46.33 39.75 39.76 21.83 18.11 20.65 21.56 CD 0.05 TDZ

1.10 NS NS 0.15 Storage duration

0.95 NS 6.34 NS TDZ x Storage duration

NS NS NS 0.26 Table No. 5.4.1e: Effect of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum stems for local markets (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15)

Flower

diameter (cm)

Water absorbed

(ml)

Percentage decrease in weight

Days to initiation of floret

senescence

Days to complete floret

senescence

Days to initiation of

leaf yellowing

Days to complete leaf

yellowing Treatments Storage duration 0 days after storage (D0) 3.83 47.22 37.19 19.67 29.33 10.67 22.67 6 days after storage (D1) 3.67 31.67 33.12 15.33 30.33 12.33 18.33 12 days after storage (D2) 3.61 34.56 31.96 18.00 34.33 13.67 20.33 18 days after storage (D3) 3.67 26.67 22.37 24.33 38.00 18.00 24.67 SEm± 0.10 0.65 0.24 0.75 0.74 0.87 0.92 CD (.05) NS 1.90 0.72 2.17 2.15 2.53 2.67

559

Pre storage treatments TDZ 5µm (T1) 3.67 36.42 31.34 14.75 33.00 14.00 23.25 TDZ 10µm (T2) 3.71 42.25 29.09 22.75 34.00 13.25 20.25 Control (T3) 3.71 26.42 33.05 20.50 32.00 13.75 21.00 SEm± 0.08 0.56 0.21 0.65 0.64 0.75 0.79 CD (.05) NS 1.60 0.62 1.88 NS NS 2.32 Interaction D0T1 4.00 50.00 36.96 18.00 30.00 11.00 23.00 D0T2 4.00 63.33 35.03 24.00 31.00 12.00 23.00 D0T3 3.50 28.33 39.58 15.00 30.00 9.00 12.00 D1T1 3.67 38.33 32.72 10.00 32.00 13.00 22.00 D1T2 3.67 38.33 32.75 20.00 31.00 14.00 16.00 D1T3 2.67 18.33 33.88 7.00 28.00 10.00 15.00 D2T1 3.33 32.33 32.26 10.00 32.00 14.00 21.00 D2T2 3.50 35.67 31.02 21.00 35.00 15.00 18.00 D2T3 3.00 35.67 32.61 8.00 27.00 12.00 15.00 D3T1 3.67 25.00 23.41 21.00 38.00 18.00 24.00 D3T2 3.67 31.67 17.58 26.00 39.00 19.00 27.00 D3T3 3.67 23.33 26.13 16.00 35.00 15.00 14.00 SEm± 0.17 1.13 0.42 1.29 1.28 1.50 1.58 CD (.05) NS 3.29 1.24 3.76 NS NS NS

Table No. 5.4.1f: Effect of wet refrigerated storage of chrysanthemum cv. Reagan White stems for local markets (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Treatments

Days to initiation of

floret senescence*

Days to complete floret

senescence*

Days to initiation of yellowing of

leaves*

Days to complete

yellowing of leaves*

Max. flower diameter

attained in vase (cm)

Total water absorbed(ml)/

stem*

Percentage weight gain after storage

Storage duration-0 Day Thiadiazuron (5 µM) 11.33 13.67 9.33 11.33 6.60 44.60 - Thiadiazuron (10M) 12.33 14.33 10.33 12.00 6.67 49.20 - Control (water) 9.33 11.33 6.67 8.67 6.50 42.80 - CD (0.05) 1.15 1.05 1.16 0.94 NS 4.07 -

Storage duration-6 days Thiadiazuron (5 µM) 8.67 9.67 6.33 7.67 6.17 26.17 7.67(2.75)

560

Thiadiazuron (10M) 10.33 11.67 7.33 8.67 6.17 28.23 8.33(2.88) Control (water) 6.67 7.67 4.67 5.67 6.07 21.43 6.67(2.57) CD (0.05) 0.98 1.10 0.95 1.99 NS 3.71 NS

Storage duration-12 days Thiadiazuron (5 µM) 2.33 3.00 - 1.00 5.23 2.83 8.33(2.88) Thiadiazuron (10M) 2.67 3.33 - 1.00 5.73 3.60 10.33(3.21) Control (water) 1.33 1.67 - 1.00 5.13 1.50 7.33(2.71) CD (0.05) 0.33 0.97 - 0.27 0.30 0.97 NS * Significant at 5%, transformed data are in parenthesis Table No. 5.4.2a: Effect of long term modified atmosphere (MA) storage of chrysanthemum stems (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Days for floret senescence

initiation (days)

Complete floret senescence

(days)

Initiation of leaf yellowing

(days)

Complete leaf yellow

(days)

Maximum flower

diameter (cm)

Total water absorbed (ml/ stem)

% wt gain after storage

Packing materials (P) 1.LDPE without perforations 5.8 7.6 4.9 6.5 5.9 16.7 4.4 2.LDPE with 4% perforations 5.8 7.4 4.8 6.3 5.9 19.5 4.7 3.Polypropylene without perforations 6.1 8.0 5.4 7.0 5.9 18.7 3.1 4.Polypropylene with 4% perforations

6.0 7.7 5.1 6.7 6.0 18.5 3.4

CD (5%) NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.5 Storage durations (S) 1. Control (0 storage) 7.0 9.1 6.1 8.0 6.1 18.0 0.0 2. 6 days 7.3 9.3 6.5 8.3 6.0 20.5 4.6 3. 12 days 6.2 8.0 5.4 7.0 5.9 19.0 5.2 4. 18 days 3.1 4.3 2.3 3.3 5.8 16.0 5.8 CD (5%) 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.9 NS NS 0.6 Interactions (P x S)

P1S1 7.0 9.1 6.1 8.0 6.1 18.0 0.0 P1S2 7.3 9.2 6.3 8.1 5.9 21.0 5.4 P1S3 6.1 8.0 5.4 6.9 6.0 16.0 5.9 P1S4 2.9 4.1 2.1 3.2 5.7 12.0 6.5 P2S1 7.0 9.1 6.1 8.0 6.1 18.0 0.0 P2S2 7.2 9.1 6.2 7.8 6.0 22.0 5.7

561

P2S3 6.0 7.6 5.1 6.5 6.0 20.0 6.4 P2S4 3.0 4.0 2.0 2.9 5.7 18.0 6.9 P3S1 7.0 9.1 6.1 8.0 6.1 18.0 0.0 P3S2 7.6 9.9 6.9 8.9 6.0 20.0 3.5 P3S3 6.5 8.3 5.8 7.5 5.9 20.0 4.2 P3S4 3.5 4.9 2.8 3.9 5.8 17.0 4.9 P4S1 7.0 9.1 6.1 8.0 6.1 18.0 0.0 P4S2 7.4 9.3 6.6 8.5 6.1 19.0 4.0 P4S3 6.5 8.1 5.5 7.2 5.9 20.0 4.6 P4S4 3.1 4.5 2.3 3.4 6.0 17.0 5.2

CD (5%) 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.0 NS NS

Table No. 5.4.2b: Effect of long term modified atmosphere (MA) storage of chrysanthemum stems (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Packaging material Days to initiation of floret senescence Days to complete senescence of florets Days to initiation of leaf yellowing

Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean

LDPE (with perforations) 5.56 5.22 3.78 4.85 11.00 10.11 8.56 9.89 6.67 5.22 4.78 5.56 LDPE (without perforations) 5.22 5.11 3.67 4.67 11.22 9.44 7.89 9.52 6.56 5.11 4.89 5.52 PP (with perforations) 7.45 6.22 5.56 6.41 11.78 12.78 10.11 11.56 8.89 6.00 5.78 6.89 PP (without perforations) 6.89 6.00 5.22 6.04 12.56 13.89 10.45 12.30 9.00 6.33 6.22 7.18 Control (without packing) 5.89 5.11 3.56 4.85 9.44 7.78 5.33 7.52 5.45 4.78 4.00 4.74 Mean 6.20 5.53 4.36 11.20 10.80 8.47 7.31 5.49 5.13 Control (0 day storage) = 7.11±0.87 Control (0 day storage) = 14.37±2.21 Control (0 day storage) = 10.00±011 CD at 5%

Storage duration (A) 0.38 0.46 0.30 Packaging material (B) 0.43 0.52 0.33

AxB NS 1.03 0.66 Table No. 5.4.2b: Effect of long term modified atmosphere (MA) storage of chrysanthemum stems (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) cont….

Packaging material Days to 50% yellowing of leaves Maximum flower dia. (cm) Total water absorbed/stem (ml) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days)

562

6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean LDPE (with perforations) 10.55 8.56 8.11 9.07 7.27 7.10 6.23 6.87 40.22 34.89 27.78 34.30 LDPE (without perforations) 10.11 8.56 7.67 8.78 7.27 6.93 6.33 6.84 41.22 34.00 26.22 33.81 PP (with perforations) 12.33 9.78 9.33 10.48 7.30 6.90 6.57 6.92 41.11 32.89 28.78 34.26 PP (without perforations) 11.78 10.33 9.45 10.52 7.63 6.87 6.30 6.93 41.00 34.33 26.67 34.00 Control 10.00 7.33 6.89 8.078 7.17 6.73 6.20 6.70 41.44 31.78 19.78 31.00 Mean 10.95 8.91 8.29 7.33 6.91 6.33 41.00 33.58 25.85 Control (0 day storage) = 13.78±0.56 Control (0 day storage) = 7.47±0.10 Control (0 day storage) = 51.37±3.18 CD at 5%

Storage duration (A) 0.38 0.14 2.80 Packaging material (B) 0.43 NS NS

AxB 0.86 NS NS

Table No. 5.4.2c: Effect of long term modified atmosphere (MA) storage of chrysanthemum cv. ‘Ajay’ stems (Solan center 2014 – 15) Packaging material Days to initiation of floret senescence Days to complete senescence of florets Days to initiation of leaf yellowing

Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean

LDPE (with perforations) 21.33 18.67 4.67 14.89 26.33 22.33 5.67 18.11 3.00 2.56 2.43 2.66 LDPE (without perforations) 22.33 18.67 4.67 15.22 25.67 22.33 6.33 18.11 3.00 2.64 2.17 2.60 PP (with perforations) 24.00 19.60 5.55 16.38 27.00 22.06 7.94 19.00 6.92 5.30 4.75 5.66 PP (without perforations) 24.33 18.22 5.40 15.99 28.33 21.56 8.89 19.59 6.83 5.43 4.08 5.45 Mean 23.00 18.79 5.07 - 26.83 22.07 7.21 - 4.94 3.98 3.36 CD at 5%

Storage duration (A) 0.68 0.84 0.37 Packaging material (B) 0.78 0.97 0.43

AxB 1.36 1.68 0.75 Table No. 5.4.2c: Effect of long term modified atmosphere (MA) storage of chrysanthemum cv. ‘Ajay’ stems (Solan center 2014 – 15) cont…

Packaging material Days to complete yellowing of leaves Maximum flower dia. (cm) Total water absorbed/stem (ml) percent weight loss after storage Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days)

6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean 6 12 18 Mean

563

LDPE (with perforations) 12.67 11.00 7.67 10.44 3.90 3.73 3.47 3.70 58.93 34.12 22.06 38.37 19.85 (4.56)

23.50 (4.95)

24.12 (5.01)

22.49 (4.84)

LDPE (without perforations) 12.33 12.17 8.33 10.94 4.05 3.83 3.45 3.78 54.87 30.57 19.83 35.09 16.55

(4.19) 21.83 (4.78)

20.58 (4.64)

19.65 (4.54)

PP (with perforations) 19.50 9.45 9.67 12.87 4.10 3. 92 3.42 3.81 56.58 30.36 22.50 36.48 15.97 (4.12)

25.03 (5.10)

28.87 (5.46)

23.29 (4.89)

PP (without perforations) 19.81 11.22 10.33 13.78 4.12 3.47 3.53 3.87 51.50 30.69 20.76 34.32 14.90 (3.99)

24.24 (5.02)

26.09 (5.20)

21.74 (4.74)

Mean 16.08 10.96 9.00 - 4.04 3.86 3.47 - 55.47 31.43 21.29 - 16.82 (4.21)

23.65 (4.96)

24.91 (5.08) -

CD at 5% Storage duration (A) 0.63 0.11 1.48 0.09

Packaging material (B) 0.72 NS 1.71 0.10 AxB 1.25 NS NS 0.18

Table No. 5.4.2d: Effect of long term modified atmosphere (MA) storage of chrysanthemum stems (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15) Packaging material Days to initiation of floret

senescence Days to complete senescence of

florets Days to initiation of leaf yellowing

Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean

LDPE (with perforations) 15.67 11.00 16.33 19.67 15.92 32.67 30.00 30.00 30.67 31.58 6.67 6.33 9.00 11.33 8.33 LDPE (without perforations) 15.67 12.00 18.67 21.33 16.92 32.67 34.00 33.67 32.00 33.08 6.67 8.00 10.33 13.00 9.50 PP (with perforations) 18.00 12.33 17.67 20.00 17.25 33.67 32.00 31.00 32.00 32.67 8.00 7.33 10.67 12.00 9.50 PP (without perforations) 18.00 13.33 19.67 22.67 18.42 33.67 35.33 33.67 35.00 34.42 8.00 9.67 11.67 14.33 10.92 CD at 5%

Storage duration (A) NS 1.53 0.82 Packaging material (B) 1.65 NS 1.16

AxB 1.17 NS 0.82 Table No. 5.4.2d: Effect of long term modified atmosphere (MA) storage of chrysanthemum stems (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15) cont….

Packaging material

Complete yellowing of leaves Max. flower diameter (cm.) Water absorbed/ stem (ml) Per cent weight loss Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days) Storage duration (days)

0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean 0 6 12 18 Mean LDPE (with perforations) 13.67 11.00 13.67 14.33 13.17 7.11 5.84 6.28 5.78 6.25 38.89 20.78 15.56 17.00 23.06 46.50 51.47 52.35 50.17 50.12

564

LDPE (without perforations)

13.67 11.00 13.33 15.33 13.33 7.00 5.49 6.11 5.66 6.21 38.00 18.89 15.56 13.33 21.67 46.50 48.60 51.07 51.84 49.50

PP (with perforations) 15.00 12.33 14.67 15.67 14.42 8.20 6.35 7.63 6.33 7.13 41.00 22.18 17.44 18.00 24.66 43.57 48.63 49.58 48.67 47.61

PP (without perforations) 15.00 12.33 14.00 16.67 14.50 8.00 6.44 6.33 5.84 6.71 39.00 22.78 16.33 14.87 23.74 43.00 46.03 47.40 48.67 46.42

CD at 5% Storage

duration (A) NS NS NS NS

Packaging material (B)

1.28 0.37 3.93 1.93

AxB 0.90 0.26 NS 1.37 Table No. 5.4.2e: Effect of long term modified atmosphere (MA) storage of chrysanthemum stems cv. Reagan White. (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Treatments

Days to initiation of

floret senescence*

Days to complete

floret senescence*

Days to initiation of yellowing of

leaves

Days to complete

yellowing of leaves

Max flower diameter

attained in vase (cm)*

Total water absorbed(ml)/

Stem*

Percentage weight loss

after storage*

Storage duration - 1 day LDPE 25µ P 10.33 12.33 8.67 10.67 6.67 44.60 1.33 (1.34) LDPE 25µ WP 11.33 13.33 9.67 12.00 6.77 48.07 0.00 (0.70) PP 25µ P 9.67 11.67 8.33 10.33 6.63 42.80 1.00 (1.22) PP 25µ WP 11.00 12.67 9.00 10.67 6.50 44.03 0.00 (0.70) CD(0.05) 0.94 1.08 NS NS 0.35 3.92 0.19

Storage duration - 6 days LDPE 25µ P 4.33 5.33 3.00 4.33 6.30 27.63 6.66 (2.57) LDPE 25µ WP 5.33 6.33 4.33 5.67 6.30 30.10 1.00 (1.00) PP 25µ P 4.00 5.00 3.67 5.00 6.33 29.03 7.00 (2.64) PP 25µ WP 5.33 6.33 4.33 5.33 6.47 30.97 1.00 (1.00) CD(0.05) NS NS NS NS NS 2.61 0.27

565

Storage duration - 12 days LDPE 25µ P 1.00 2.00 0.00 1.00 5.03 2.27 9.33 (3.05) LDPE 25µ WP 2.00 2.67 0.00 1.00 5.17 3.47 10.66 (3.26) PP 25µ P 1.33 2.00 0.00 1.00 5.13 1.33 7.66 (2.76) PP 25µ WP 2.00 3.00 0.00 1.00 4.87 2.97 11.33 (3.36) CD(0.05) NS NS NS NS NS 0.65 0.17

P- Perforated, WP – Without perforation

* Significant at 5%, transformed data are in parenthesis

Table No. 5.4.2f: Effect of long term modified atmosphere (MA) storage of chrysanthemum stems cv. Pink 1139 (Kahikuchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Days to initiation

of floret senescence/wilting

Days to complete floret

senescence

Days to initiation of yellowing of

leaves

Days to complete yellowing of

leaves

Max. flower dia. attained in vase (days)

Total water absorbed/ stem (ml)

(%) wt. loss after storage

Packing materials for MA storage: 4 P1: LDPE-25 micron thick without perforations 7.71 19.14 13.46 18.57 4.80 30.32 9.86 P2: LDPE-25 micron thick with perforations 5.99 17.84 12.10 20.93 4.85 25.91 12.04 P3: PP-25 U gauge thick without perforations 7.03 19.34 14.20 21.17 4.85 25.98 10.20 P4: PP-25 U gauge thick with perforations 6.59 17.43 10.39 16.08 4.86 27.67 11.92 S. Ed. 0.07 0.18 0.28 0.97 0.10 1.23 0.67 CD (5%) 0.15 0.36 0.56 1.98 NS 2.51 1.37 Cold storage Durations S1:6 days 8.15 18.92 15.38 21.29 4.90 29.14 9.10 S2: 9 days 7.09 19.26 13.05 21.24 4.87 29.65 10.5 S3: 12days 6.27 18.60 11.7 18.72 4.83 27.54 11.53 S4: 18 days 5.8 16.98 10.02 15.50 4.76 23.55 12.94 S. Ed. 0.07 0.18 0.32 1.12 0.12 1.42 0.78 CD (5%) 0.15 0.36 0.65 2.29 NS 2.90 1.58

Interaction effect P1 x S1 (LDPE_40 without perforations x 6 days) 9.67 19.47 16.67 22.23 4.87 33.57 8.34 P1 x S2 (LDPE_40 without perforations x 9 days) 7.5 20.4 14.45 18.67 4.83 30.80 9.18 P1 x S3 (LDPE_40 without perforations x 12 days) 7.33 19.57 12.63 17.33 4.78 29.69 10.54 P1 x S4 (LDPE_40 without perforations x 18 days) 6.33 17.12 10.07 16.03 4.70 27.23 11.37

566

P2 x S1 ((LDPE_40 withperforations x 6days) 7.49 18.8 14.33 22.49 4.90 29.5 10.70 P2 x S2((LDPE_40 with perforations x 9 days) 6.35 16.71 12.24 24.76 4.89 28.14 11.56 P2 x S3((LDPE_40 with perforatipnsx 12 days) 5.46 17.73 11.04 22.00 4.83 25.34 12.21 P2 x S4((LDPE_40 with perforations x 18 days) 4.67 18.13 10.78 14.45 4.74 20.67 13.70 P3 x S1(PP_40 without perforations x 6 days) 8.27 19.3 17.17 22.25 4.90 25.83 7.88 P3 x S2(PP_40 without perforations x 9 days) 7.45 20.45 15.43 25.06 4.87 27.35 9.54 P3 x S3(PP_40 without perforations x 12days) 6.07 18.43 13.67 20.03 4.82 27.50 10.76 P3 x S4(PP_40 without perforations x 18 days) 6.33 19.13 10.54 17.32 4.80 23.22 12.63 P4 x S1(PP_40 with perforations x 6 days) 7.17 18.1 13.36 18.17 4.90 27.66 9.49 P4 x S2(PP_40 with perforations x 9 days) 7.09 19.46 10.06 16.45 4.88 32.30 11.53 P4 x S3(PP_40 with perforations x 12 days) 6.23 18.67 9.46 15.50 4.87 27.64 12.60 P4 x S4(PP_40 with perforations x 18 days) 5.87 13.50 8.67 14.19 4.80 23.08 14.06

S. Ed. 0.14 0.36 0.55 1.95 0.21 2.47 1.35 CD (5%) 0.29 0.73 1.12 3.97 NS 5.02 2.74

Table No. 5.4.3a: Effect of modified atmosphere (MA) packages for transit of cut chrysanthemum stems (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15) Days to

initiation of floret

senescence

Days to Complete

floret senescence

Days to Initiation

of leaf yellowing

Days to Complete leaf yellowing of

leaves

Maximum flower diameter

(cm)

Total water

absorbed (ml/stem)

% wt. loss after

simulated transit

LDPE without perforations 7.4 9.5 6.9 9.0 6.3 29 7.2 LDPE with 4% perforations 7.3 9.2 6.8 8.9 6.1 32 8.0 Polypropylene without perforations 8.1 10.1 7.3 9.5 6.2 28 6.1 Polypropylene with 4% perforations 7.7 9.8 7.1 9.2 6.5 30 6.9 CD (5%) 0.7 0.8 0.8 NS NS NS NS

Table No. 5.4.3b: Effect of modified atmosphere (MA) packages for transit of cut chrysanthemum stems (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Packaging material

Days to initiation of

floret senescence

Days to complete

senescence of florets

Days to initiation of

leaf yellowing

Days to 50% yellowing of

leaves

Maximum flower dia.

(cm)

Total water absorbed/stem

(ml)

LDPE (with perforations) 8.33 111.45 7.00 11.45 7.13 40.33 LDPE (without perforations) 8.00 12.55 7.33 11.78 7.40 41.67 PP (with perforations 9.11 15.11 8.67 13.89 7.57 42.67 PP (without perforations 9.34 14.67 8.33 12.56 7.03 41.33 Control 6.78 10.78 7.00 11.33 7.33 50.00 CD at 5% 1.11 1.09 0.61 1.22 NS 1.70

567

Table No. 5.4.3c: Effect of modified atmosphere (MA) packages for transit of cut chrysanthemum stems (Coimbatore center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Post harvest quality parameters

Days to complete floret senescence

Days to complete leaf yellowing

Max. flower dia. attained in vase (cm)

Total water absorbed (ml)

T1 – LDPE 25 µ without vent 9.78 9.43 4.32 1.68 T2 – LDPE 25 µ with vent 9.29 8.60 3.60 35.23 T3 – PP 25 µ without vent 11.75 10.98 4.32 38.02 T4 - PP 25 µ with vent 7.44 6.72 3.96 29.32 Mean 9.57 8.93 4.05 33.56 S.Ed 0.64 0.46 2.35 0.14 CD 1.36 0.98 4.70 0.29

Table No. 5.4.3d: Effect of modified atmosphere (MA) packages for transit of cut chrysanthemum stems (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15)

Flower

diameter (cm)

Water absorbed

(ml)

Percentage decrease in

weight

Days to initiation of

floret senescence

Days to complete

floret senescence

Days to initiation of

leaf yellowing

Days to complete leaf

yellowing

Covering Without perforation (W0) 5.29 23.30 45.67 14.81 31.22 6.17 15.33 Perforation (W1) 5.46 32.65 43.57 12.00 27.33 5.67 15.67 SEm± 0.13 0.46 0.34 0.60 0.51 0.44 0.53 CD (.05) NS 1.50 1.12 1.97 1.65 NS NS Packaging Film LDPE (T1) 5.03 26.89 45.19 12.00 28.39 5.17 14.33 PP (T2) 5.71 29.06 44.05 14.81 30.17 6.67 16.67 SEm± 0.13 0.46 0.34 0.60 0.51 0.44 0.53 CD (.05) 0.42 1.50 1.12 1.97 1.65 1.43 1.72 Interaction T1W0 5.02 22.59 46.32 14.00 30.44 5.33 15.00 T2W0 5.56 24.00 45.02 15.63 32.00 7.00 17.00 T1W1 5.04 31.19 44.06 10.00 26.33 5.00 13.67 T2W1 5.87 34.11 43.08 14.00 28.33 6.33 16.33 SEm± 0.18 0.65 0.48 0.85 0.72 0.62 0.74 CD (.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

568

Table No. 5.4.3e: Effect of modified atmosphere (MA) packages for transit of cut chrysanthemum stems (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Days to initiation

of floret senescence*

Days to complete floret

senescence*

Days to initiation of yellowing of

leaves*

Days to complete yellowing of

leaves*

Max flower diameter attained

in vase (cm)

Total water absorbed(ml)/

stem*

Percentage weight loss

after storage* LDPE 25 P 11.00 12.67 8.33 10.33 6.53 41.93 1.00(1.22) LDPE 25 WP 12.00 14.00 9.33 11.33 6.63 46.60 0.00(0.71) PP 25 P 10.33 12.00 8.00 10.00 6.47 40.93 1.33(1.34) PP 25 WP 11.33 12.67 9.00 12.00 6.33 40.77 0.00(0.71) CD(0.05) 0.77 0.97 0.78 1.21 NS 4.08 0.19

P- Perforated, WP – Without perforation * Significant at 5%, transformed data are in parenthesis

Table No. 5.4.3f: Effect of modified atmosphere (MA) packages for transit of cut chrysanthemum cv. Pink 1139 stems (Kahikuchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatments

Days to initiation of

floret senescene

Days to complete

floret senescence

Days to initiation of yellowing of

leaves

Days to complete yellowing of leaves

Max. flower diameter

attained in vase (days)

Total water

absorbed/ stem (ml)

(%) Wt. loss after

storage Unpacked control 3.50 6.45 8.20 13.56 4.70 18.45 17.60

P1 LDPE-25 micron without perforations 5.73 10.33 14.56 18.67 4.83 25.50 8.60 P2 LDPE-25 micron with perforations (covering approx. 4% area of the polymeric sleeves 7.17 14.67 16.33 20.45 4.89 32.00 9.45

P3 PP-25 micron gauge thick without perforations 6.50 11.0 14.27 19.19 4.93 27.78 9.88 P4 PP-25 micron gauge thick with perforations (covering approx. 4% area of the polymeric sleeves 5.45 14.18 17.67 21.50 4.85 31.63 10.42

S. Ed. (+) 0.17 0.50 0.83 0.87 0.09 1.60 1.56 CD (5%) 0.38 1.10 1.82 1.89 0.20 3.50 3.42

Table No. 5.4.4a: Effect of chemical treatments on post-harvest keeping quality of cut chrysanthemum stems (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Days to initiation of

Days to complete

Days to initiation of

Days to complete

Maximum flower

Total water

569

floret senescence

floret senescence

yellowing of leaves

yellowing of leaves

diameter (cm)

absorbed /stem

Control (water) 7.7 10.1 7.0 8.8 6.4 26.0 Methanol 4 % 7.6 9.8 7.2 8.9 6.3 25.0 Ethanol 4 % 7.9 10.0 7.6 9.1 6.6 27.0 ABA 10 ppm 8.0 9.9 7.3 9.1 6.1 29.0 BAP 10 ppm 8.2 10.8 8.2 10.2 7.2 35.0 Methanol 4% + ABA 10 ppm 8.0 10.1 7.6 9.3 6.8 30.0 Methanol 4% + BAP 10 ppm 8.4 11.0 8.1 10.0 7.1 30.0 Ethanol 4% + ABA 10 ppm 8.2 10.0 7.6 9.3 7.0 29.0 Ethanol 4% + BAP 10 ppm 8.7 11.2 8.2 10.2 7.1 33.0 CD (5%) 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.7 5.5

570

Table No. 5.4.4b: Effect of chemical treatments on post-harvest keeping quality of cut chrysanthemum stems (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Days to initiation

of floret senescence

Days to complete

senescence of florets

Days to initiation of leaf

yellowing

Days to 50 % yellowing of

leaves

Maximum flower dia.

(cm)

Total water absorbed/stem

(ml)

Water (Control) 8.33 13.00 6.22 9.11 7.03 30.33 Methanol, 4% 9.89 13.56 6.22 9.78 7.27 35.33 Ethanol, 4% 11.89 17.00 10.89 16.67 7.40 40.56 ABA, 10 ppm 8.44 12.78 6.89 10.67 6.83 28.22 BAP, 10 ppm 11.67 16.89 11.67 17.55 7.23 38.78 Methanol, 4%+ ABA, 10 ppm 8.33 12.33 6.67 11.33 7.13 28.55 Methanol, 4%+ BAP, 10 ppm 10.44 16.11 9.22 14.00 7.03 36.56 Ethanol, 4%+ ABA, 10 ppm 10.78 16.00 8.33 11.89 7.43 28.55 Ethanol, 4%+ BAP, 10 ppm 10.67 16.44 10.67 16.00 7.27 35.22 CD at 5% 1.42 1.46 1.36 1.70 NS 3.92

Table No. 5.4.4c: Effect of chemical treatments on post-harvest keeping quality of cut chrysanthemum cv. ‘Ajay’ stems (Solan center 2014 – 15)

Sr. No Treatments Initiation of

leaf yellowing (days)

Complete yellowing of leaves (days)

Initiation of flower

senescence (days)

Complete flower senescence (days)

Flower size (cm)

Amount of solution

consumed (ml) T1 Control (distilled water) 5.33 13.38 16.47 19.56 3.96 55.47 T2 Methanol, 4 % 5.00 13.72 18.33 21.25 3.92 58.47 T3 Ethanol, 4 % 4.00 13.67 18.00 21.95 4.00 55.40 T4 ABA, 10 ppm 4.67 14.07 17.13 21.14 3.92 51.67 T5 BAP, 10 ppm 4.67 15.53 17.38 21.28 3.87 47.93 T6 Methanol, 4 % + ABA, 10 ppm 4.00 12.27 18.45 21.52 3.99 50.20 T7 Methanol, 4 % + BAP, 10 ppm 4.67 16.40 18.67 23.14 4.04 53.53 T8 Ethanol, 4 % + ABA, 10 ppm 3.00 11.48 17.97 20.27 3.99 50.47 T9 Ethanol, 4 % + BAP, 10 ppm 4.00 13.77 18.20 20.05 4.02 48.44

CD0.05 0.88 0.73 NS 0.86 NS 4.18

571

Table No. 5.4.4d: Effect of chemical treatments on post-harvest keeping quality of cut chrysanthemum stems (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Flower

diameter (cm)

Water absorbed

(ml)

Weight Loss (%)

Days to initiation of

floret Senescence

Days to complete

floret senescence

Days to initiation of

leaf yellowing

Days to complete leaf

yellowing

T1 (Control (Water)) 4.17 43.33 62.69 8.00 32.00 8.00 33.00 T2 (Methanol, 4%) 5.33 44.00 53.71 11.00 38.00 6.00 23.00 T3 (Ethanol, 4%) 5.33 37.33 51.79 10.00 37.00 5.00 20.00 T4 (ABA, 10 ppm) 5.83 45.00 59.13 12.00 35.00 10.00 22.00 T5 (BAP, 10 ppm) 6.00 41.00 48.09 9.00 37.00 12.00 27.00 T6 (Methanol, 4% + ABA, 10 ppm) 4.83 35.33 56.92 9.00 34.00 9.00 28.00 T7 (Methanol, 4% + BAP, 10 ppm) 4.83 36.00 50.89 19.00 39.00 10.00 30.00 T8 (Ethanol, 4% + ABA, 10 ppm) 5.67 46.33 51.39 12.00 37.00 9.00 34.00 T9 (Ethanol, 4% + BAP, 10 ppm) 5.17 50.00 47.75 14.00 38.00 13.00 36.00 SEm± 0.29 1.25 1.65 1.17 1.87 1.11 1.71 CD (0.05) 0.89 3.71 4.91 3.47 5.57 3.28 5.08 Table No. 5.4.4e: Effect of chemical treatments on post-harvest keeping quality of cut chrysanthemum stems (Chiplima center 2014 – 15)

Treatments

Days to initiation of

floret senescence*

Days to complete

floret senescence*

Days to initiation of yellowing of

leaves*

Days to complete

yellowing of leaves*

Max flower diameter

attained in vase (cm)

Total water absorbed(ml)/

stem*

Water 8.67 10.67 6.67 9.67 6.33 37.63 Methanol (4%) 9.33 11.33 7.33 10.33 6.43 37.20 Ethanol (4%) 9.67 11.67 7.67 11.00 6.57 38.03 ABA (10ppm) 9.33 11.67 7.33 10.67 6.37 36.13 BAP (10ppm) 10.67 13.00 8.67 11.33 6.37 41.63 Methanol (4%) + ABA (10ppm) 9.67 11.67 7.67 10.67 6.53 39.53 Methanol (4%) + BAP (10ppm) 10.67 12.67 8.67 11.67 6.50 44.33 Ethanol (4%) + ABA (10ppm) 10.33 12.33 8.00 11.33 6.43 43.37 Ethanol (4%) + BAP (10ppm) 12.67 15.00 10.67 13.33 6.73 45.93 CD (0.05) 0.99 0.87 0.93 0.94 NS 4.30

* Significant at 5%

572

Table No. 5.4.4f: Effect of chemical treatments on post-harvest keeping quality of cut chrysanthemum cv. Pink 1139 stems (Kahikuchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Days to initiation

of floret senescence

Days to complete floret

senescence

Days to initiation of yellowing of

leaves

Days to complete yellowing of

leaves

Maximum flower diameter attained in vase (mean of 3 lower leaves)

Total water absorbed/stem

(ml) T1 Water (control) 3.87 9.69 6.88 11.68 4.88 22.4 T2 Methanol 4% 4.28 10.5 7.12 14.53 4.85 30.58 T3 Ethanol 4% 4.33 10.7 7.25 14.30 4.89 28.63 T4 ABA 10 ppm 4.54 13.45 10.89 16.08 4.95 31.50 T5 BAP 10 ppm 4.67 14.3 10.50 16.13 4.97 30.40 T6 Methanol 4% + ABA 10 ppm 4.7 15.7 8.76 16.68 4.93 33.75 T7 Methanol 4% + BAP 10 ppm 4.9 15.8 8.82 16.15 4.95 32.89 T8 Ethanol 4% + ABA 10 ppm 5.1 14.9 8.89 16.24 4.94 31.34 T9 Ethanol 4% + BAP 10 ppm 4.9 14.30 8.69 16.33 4.95 33.21

S. Ed. (+) 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.24 0.04 1.35 CD (5%) 0.25 0.32 0.41 0.51 0.09 2.86

6. ANTHURIUM

Table No. 5.6.1a: Standardization of wet storage of anthurium stems cv. Salmon (Kalimpong center 2014 – 15) Days to blackening of the top of the spadix Days to anther busting Loss of glossiness of spathe (days) Storage duration Storage duration Storage duration 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean

NaOCl 18.84 19.98 17.83 18.84 18.87 16.91 16.67 14.05 12.82 15.11 20.98 23.53 19.85 16.97 20.33 Control 14.02 14.91 11.38 10.89 12.8 14.09 13.03 11.64 10.39 12.29 18.89 18.11 14.78 11.82 15.9 Mean 16.43 17.45 14.61 14.87 15.5 14.85 12.845 11.605 19.94 20.82 17.32 14.40

C.D (5%) Storage duration N.S N.S N.S Pre storage treatment 2.52 2.93 3.24 Storage duration x pre storage treatment

1.13 N.S 1.02

573

Table No. 5.6.1a: Standardization of wet storage of anthurium stems cv. Salmon (Kalimpong center 2014 – 15) cont….

% loss in fresh weight after storage Total water absorbed/ stem (ml) Storage duration Storage duration 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean

NaOCl 0.17 3.70 5.53 8.27 4.42 12.15 13.83 8.25 6.22 10.11 Control 1.67 5.96 9.35 15.58 8.14 7.63 6.59 4.43 4.05 5.68 Mean 0.92 4.83 7.44 11.93 9.89 10.21 6.34 5.14 Storage duration 4.32 N.S Pre storage treatment N.S 4.25 Storage duration x pre storage treatment 1.28 0.67 Table No. 5.6.2a: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) storage of anthurium stems (Kalimpong center 2014 – 15)

Days to blackening of the top of the spadix Days to anther busting Storage duration Storage duration Packaging material 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean LDPE without 16.44 17.82 15.95 11.50 15.43 15.22 15.02 11.27 7.23 12.19 LDPE 17.07 22.44 16.84 15.03 17.85 16.82 15.21 13.96 10.77 14.19 PP without 22.83 21.76 15.60 13.52 18.43 15.51 17.80 12.63 9.50 13.86 PP 21.65 24.52 17.91 15.54 19.91 19.41 19.69 15.15 12.48 16.68 Mean 19.50 21.63 16.58 13.90 16.74 16.93 13.26 10.00 C.D (5%) Packaging film N.S 4.38 Storage duration 3.65 2.48 Packaging film x storage duration 0.97 0.96 Loss of glossiness of the spathe (days) Total water absorbed per stem (ml) Storage duration Mean Storage duration Mean Packaging material 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean 0 days 6 days 12 days 18 days Mean LDPE without 14.51 16.60 13.63 9.31 13.51 7.43 10.35 7.42 6.17 7.85 LDPE 16.97 19.86 15.01 11.93 15.94 10.36 13.57 9.42 8.99 10.59 PP without 16.94 19.51 14.77 12.15 15.84 10.79 11.22 10.57 8.16 10.18 PP 19.49 23.39 17.31 14.71 18.72 11.83 15.05 12.89 9.48 12.31

574

Mean 16.98 19.84 15.18 12.03 10.10 12.55 10.07 8.20 C.D (5%) Packaging film 3.41 2.94 Storage duration 3.71 3.32 Packaging film x storage duration N.S 0.84

Table No. 5.6.3a: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) packages fot transit of anthurium stems (Kalimpong center 2014 – 15) Days to blackening of the top of the spadix Days to anther busting Packaging film Packaging film LDPE without

perforation LDPE with perforation

PP without perforation

PP with perforation Mean LDPE without

perforation LDPE with perforation

PP without perforation

PP with perforation Mean

Salmon 19.24 20.57 21.27 24.07 21.29 12.39 14.49 17.70 16.46 15.26 Lima 17.63 17.56 19.76 21.39 19.09 8.31 8.81 14.70 16.68 12.13 Mean 18.43 19.06 20.51 22.73 10.35 11.65 16.20 16.57 C.D (5%) Packaging film 1.21 3.61 Variety N.S 1.24 Packaging film x variety 0.97 0.76

Loss of glossiness of the spathe (days) Percent loss in fresh weight after storage (%) Packaging film Packaging film

Packaging film LDPE without perforation

LDPE with perforation

PP without perforation

PP with perforation Mean LDPE without

perforation LDPE with perforation

PP without perforation

PP with perforation Mean

Variety 18.92 19.35 21.23 23.59 20.77 14.17 11.23 11.08 7.31 10.95 Packaging film x variety 16.97 16.70 20.02 22.37 19.01 13.69 12.98 11.27 8.84 11.69 17.94 18.02 20.62 22.98 13.93 12.11 11.18 8.07 C.D (5%) Packaging film 0.32 2.94 Variety N.S N.S Packaging film x variety N.S N.S

575

7. TUBEROSE Table No. 5.7.1a: Effect of pre-storage treatment and modified atmosphere (MA) storage of tuberose stems (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Vase life (days)

Diameter of basal floret (cm)

Total water absorbed (ml/stem)

% loss in weight after storage

Pre-storage treatments (C) 1. Sucrose 20% + Al2(SO4)3 16H2O (300 ppm) (24 hrs) 4.8 3.3 19.0 4.0 2. Control 4.2 3.2 18.0 4.0 CD (5%) 0.5 NS NS NS Packing materials (P) 1.LDPE without perforations 4.4 3.3 18.0 4.1 2.LDPE with 4% perforations 4.3 3.2 18.0 4.3 3.Polypropylene without perforations 4.7 3.3 19.0 3.9 4.Polypropylene with 4% perforations 4.5 3.2 18.0 3.9 CD (5%) NS NS NS NS Storage durations (S) 1. Control (0 storage) 4.6 3.3 19.0 - 2. 3 days 5.2 3.4 19.0 4.3 3. 6 days 4.7 3.3 17.0 3.9 4. 9 days 3.4 3.1 18.0 3.9 CD (5%) 0.6 NS NS NS Interactions (C x P x S) 1. Sucrose 20% + Al2(SO4)3 16H2O (300 ppm) (24 hrs) P1S1 4.9 3.4 20.0 - P1S2 5.4 3.5 17.0 4.9 P1S3 5.0 3.3 19.0 5.7 P1S4 3.6 3.3 17.0 6.1 P2S1 4.9 3.4 20.0 - P2S2 5.3 3.5 21.0 5.1 P2S3 4.9 3.4 17.0 5.9 P2S4 3.5 2.9 19.0 6.3 P3S1 4.9 3.4 20.0 - P3S2 5.8 3.4 22.0 4.2 P3S3 5.4 3.1 18.0 6.0 P3S4 3.9 3.2 19.0 5.5 P4S1 4.9 3.4 20.0 +

576

P4S2 5.4 3.3 20.0 4.0 P4S3 5.0 3.5 17.0 5.9 P4S4 3.8 3.1 19.0 5.6 II . Control P1S1 4.3 3.3 18.0 - P1S2 5.0 3.4 20.0 5.0 P1S3 4.3 3.2 16.0 5.6 P1S4 3.2 3.1 19.0 6.0 P2S1 4.3 3.3 18.0 - P2S2 5.0 3.1 16.0 5.2 P2S3 4.2 3.4 20.0 5.8 P2S4 3.1 3.2 16.0 6.5 P3S1 4.3 3.3 18.0 - P3S2 5.3 3.5 21.0 4.0 P3S3 4.5 3.3 17.0 5.9 P3S4 3.5 3.2 19.0 5.6 P4S1 4.3 3.3 18.0 - P4S2 5.1 3.3 16.0 4.1 P4S3 4.3 3.4 19.0 6.0 P4S4 3.3 3.9 18.0 5.7 CD (5%) 0.6 NS NS NS

Table No. 5.7.1b: Effect of pre-storage treatment and modified atmosphere (MA) storage of tuberose stems (Kalyani center 2014 – 15)

Weight loss (%)

Diameter of basal floret (cm)

Water uptake (ml)

Vase life ( days)

Pre Treatment T1 (Sucrose (20%) + Aluminium sulphate) 2.37 4.35 18.36 5.20 T2( control) 2.32 3.04 32.38 3.20 S.Em(±) 0.26 0.07 0.21 0.10 CD ( at 5%) NS 0.16 0.49 0.23 Packaging. P1 -polypropylene without perforation 1.40 3.75 19.39 4.25 P2-polypropylene with perforation 2.33 3.61 22.32 4.19 P3- LDPE without perforation 2.67 3.63 17.90 4.13

577

P4-LDPE with perforation 2.75 3.80 21.85 4.67 S.Em(±) 0.37 0.10 0.29 0.15 CD ( at 5%) 0.87 NS 0.69 NS Duration D0 (0 days) 0 3.89 22.47 5.50 D3(3 days) 2.13 3.74 31.36 4.90 D6(6 days) 3.87 3.58 12.80 4.10 D9(9 days) 5.39 3.57 14.84 2.40 S.Em(±) 0.37 0.10 0.29 0.15 CD ( at 5%) 0.87 0.23 0.69 0.35 Pre-Treatment X Duration T1D0 0 3.68 7.94 6.0 T1D3 1.10 2.61 9.71 6.4 T1D6 5.71 3.05 6.73 5.8 T1D9 2.68 2.84 9.05 2.8 T2D0 0 4.10 37.0 5.0 T2D3 1.15 4.88 53.0 3.5 T2D6 3.06 4.11 18.87 2.4 T2D9 5.07 4.30 20.62 2.0 S.Em(±) 0.52 0.14 0.41 0.21 CD ( at 5%) 1.23 0.32 0.98 0.49 Treatment X Packaging. T1P1 1.29 3.14 8.65 5.13 T1P2 3.4 3.15 9.51 5.13 T1P3 2.78 3.13 6.19 5.25 T1P4 2.02 2.76 9.07 5.38 T2P1 1.50 4.36 30.1 3.25 T2P2 1.25 4.06 35.12 3.50 T2P3 2.92 4.12 29.6 3.00 T2P4 3.62 4.84 34.6 3.13 S.Em(±) 0.52 0.14 0.41 0.21 CD ( at 5%) 1.23 0.32 0.98 NS Packaging. X Duration

578

P1D0 0 3.92 21.97 5.25 P1D3 1.01 3.65 30.4 5.0 P1D6 1.97 3.42 11.95 4.25 P1D9 2.60 4 13.22 2.25 P2D0 0 3.9 26 5.75 P2D3 0.57 3.12 29.25 5.0 P2D6 3.076 3.7 16.5 4.0 P2D9 5.66 3.7 17.52 2.5 P3D0 0 3.92 20.77 5.5 P3D3 1.536 4.15 33.25 4.75 P3D6 4.83 3.25 5.97 4.0 P3D9 5.016 3.17 11.62 2.25 P4D0 0 3.8 21.12 5.5 P4D3 1.39 4.05 32.52 5.0 P4D6 4.27 3.95 16.77 4.0 P4D9 5.61 3.4 16.97 2.5 S.Em(±) 0.74 0.19 0.59 0.30 CD ( at 5%) 1.74 0.45 0.38 NS

Table No. 5.7.1c: Effect of pre-storage treatment and modified atmosphere (MA) storage of tuberose stems (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Packaging material

Weight loss (%) Diameter of basal floret (cm.) Sucrose, 20% + Aluminium

sulphate, 300 ppm Water (Control) Sucrose, 20% + Aluminium sulphate, 300 ppm Water (Control)

3 6 9 Mean 3 6 9 Mean 3 6 9 Mean 3 6 9 Mean LDPE (with perforations)

1.03 (5.81)

0.91 (5.46)

2.17 (8.43)

1.37 (6.57)

1.71 (7.51)

2.48 (9.03)

3.93 (11.35)

2.71 (9.30)

3.37 3.10 3.07 3.18 3.13 2.93 2.63 3.06

LDPE (without perforations)

0.83 (5.22)

0.87 (5.36)

1.33 (6.49)

1.01 (5.69)

1.48 (6.95)

1.17 (6.18)

3.01 (9.90)

1.89 (7.68)

3.07 3.03 3.00 3.03 2.80 2.87 2.37 2.88

PP (with perforations

0.91 (5.48)

0.84 (5.27)

1.28 (6.49)

1.01 (5.75)

1.46 (6.92)

4.02 (11.56)

5.40 (13.42)

3.63 (10.63)

3.27 3.13 3.17 3.19 3.13 3.03 2.57 3.07

PP (without perforations

0.78 (5.040

0.88 (5.37)

0.94 (5.57)

0.897 (5.33)

1.44 (6.85)

2.39 (8.84)

3.38 (10.57)

2.40 (8.75)

3.20 3.27 3.10 3.19 2.80 2.87 2.33 2.97

Control 1.20 (6.27)

1.41 (6.80)

2.33 (8.60)

1.65 (7.22)

3.57 (10.87)

5.45 (13.48)

6.21 (14.42)

5.08 (12.92)

3.17 3.10 3.07 3.11 2.97 0.00 0.00 2.20

Mean 0.95 (5.56)

0.98 (5.65)

1.61 (7.12)

1.18 (6.11)

1.93 (7.82)

3.10 (9.82)

4.39 (11.93)

3.14 (9.86)

3.22 3.13 3.08 3.14 2.97 2.34 1.98 2.43

579

CD at 5% Packaging material(A)

0.56 0.09

Treatments(B) 0.35 NS Storage duration C

NS 0.07

AxB 0.78 NS AxC 0.96 0.16 BxC NS 0.10 AxBxC 1.36 0.22

Table No. 5.7.1c: Effect of pre-storage treatment and modified atmosphere (MA) storage of tuberose stems (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15) cont…………….

Packaging material

Total water absorbed (ml.) Vase life (days) Sucrose, 20% + Aluminium

sulphate, 300 ppm Water (Control) Sucrose, 20% + Aluminium sulphate, 300 ppm Water (Control)

3 6 9 Mean 3 6 9 Mean 3 6 9 Mean 3 6 9 Mean LDPE (with perforations)

32.89 24.67 26.00 27.85 19.45 15.00 10.00 14.82 4.22 3.45 2.78 2.48 1.11 0.89 0.56 0.85

LDPE (without perforations)

32.67 29.56 31.56 31.26 22.78 13.55 10.00 15.44 4.44 2.78 2.89 3.37 1.56 1.33 0.78 1.22

PP (with perforations

31.11 29.89 32.56 31.19 21.44 17.56 11.00 16.67 4.00 2.78 2.78 3.19 1.67 1.22 0.89 1.26

PP (without perforations

32.11 26.78 26.33 28.41 17.89 14.00 9.11 13.67 3.89 3.33 2.89 3.37 1.22 1.11 0.67 1.00

Control 33.56 30.78 26.78 30.37 16.67 16.11 13.33 15.37 2.56 1.11 2.33 2.00 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.30 Mean 32.47 28.34 28.65 29.82 19.65 15.24 10.69 15.19 3.82 2.69 2.73 3.08 1.29 0.91 0.58 0.93 CD at 5% Packaging material(A)

1.60 0.23

Treatments(B) 1.01 0.14 Storage duration C

1.24 NS

AxB 2.27 0.32 AxC 2.78 0.39 BxC 1.78 NS

580

AxBxC 3.93 0.56

Table No. 5.7.1d: Effect of pre-storage treatment and modified atmosphere (MA) storage of tuberose stems (Pantnagar center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Vase life Diameter of basal floret Total water absorbed Per cent gain/ loss in weight after storage

3 days 6 days 9 days 3 days 6 days 9 days 3 days 6 days 9 days 3 days 6 days 9 days LDPE 25 μ (with perforations)

6 Rotting and

shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

20 20 10 37.33 30.95 36.11

LDPE 25 μ (without perforations)

4 1 Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

20 20 0 36.84 25 31.81

PP 25 μ (with perforations)

2 Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

30 20 0 32.63 29.41 23.91

PP 25 μ (without perforations)

- Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

Rotting and shedding of florets

20 20 20 32.60 36.84 23.91

Table No. 5.7.2a: Effect of packaging on keeping quality of loose flowers of tuberose (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

% buds opened after sim. transit

% loss of fresh weight after sim.

Transit

% buds showing fading / wilting / dis. During sim. Transit

Freshness index of buds after shm.

(1-4 scale) LDPE without perforations 51 5.6 16 2.5 LDPE with 4% perforations 67 5.8 17 2.5 Polypropylene without perforations 65 4.0 12 2.9

581

Polypropylene with 4% perforations 67 5.0 15 2.4 CD (5%) 8.0 0.7 2.9 NS

582

Table No. 5.7.2b: Effect of packaging on keeping quality of loose flowers of tuberose (Kalyani center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Weight Loss (%) Bud opening (%) 3 days 6 days 9 days 3 days 6 days 9 days

T1: PP- 25 µ thick without perforations 0.87 2.61 4.13 33.3 52.08 55.42 T2: PP- 25 µ thick with perforations 0.60 7.37 20.1 43.33 52.5 55.42 T3: LDPE -25 µ thick without perforations 0.21 3.35 4.19 50.41 58.33 61.00 T4: LDPE -25 µ thick with perforations 1.35 5.80 19.2 51.25 60.0 65.01 T5:Control 47.39 81.9 - 63.74 72.3 - S.Em(±) 10.77 17.8 4.01 5.77 4.24 2.09 CD ( at 5%) 32.47 53.9 12.1 17.41 12.77 6.30

Table No. 5.7.2b: Effect of packaging on keeping quality of loose flowers of tuberose (Kalyani center 2014 – 15) cont………..

Treatment FRESHNESS INDEX(1-4 grade*) Wilted Flowers (%) 3 days 6 days 9 days 3 days 6 days 9 days

T1: PP- 25 µ thick without perforations 3.75 3.00 3.00 0 7.00 42.50 T2: PP- 25 µ thick with perforations 3.75 2.75 2.00 0 6.75 53.30 T3: LDPE -25 µ thick without perforations 4.00 3.75 3.00 0 7.50 29.10 T4: LDPE -25 µ thick with perforations 3.75 2.75 2.00 0 6.25 26.60 T5:Control 2.00 1.00 - 35.06 59.20 - S.Em(±) 0.20 0.19 0.26 NA 12.07 5.55 CD ( at 5%) 0.71 0.68 0.78 - 36.41 16.72

*Grade 1 = 1 – 25%, Grade 2 = 25 – 50%, Grade 3 = 50 – 75%, Grade 4 = 75 – 100% Table No. 5.7.2c: Effect of packaging on keeping quality of loose flowers of tuberose (Ludhiana center 2014 – 15)

Packaging material Per cent loss of fresh

weight after simulated transit

Percent opening of buds after simulated

transit

Per cent buds showing fading during simulated

transit

Freshness index of buds after storage

LDPE (with perforations) 1.685(7.453) The buds did not open in simulated transit

Nil 3.50

LDPE (without perforations 0.841(5.256) -do- Nil 3.67 PP (with perforations 1.389(6.762) -do- Nil 4.00 PP (without perforations 0.788(5.091) -do- Nil 4.00

Control 2.455(8.997) -do- Nil 3.17 CD at 5% 0.589 - - 0.33

583

Table 5.7.3a: Effect of tinting process on double tuberose spikes (Hyderabad center 2014) Vase life

(days) Time for colouration

(days) Time for colour retention

(days) Yellow sunset 4.2 0.7 2.4 Teterazine 4.2 0.8 2.5 Amaranth 4.0 0.6 2.4 Apple green 4.1 0.8 2.8 Blue dye 4.4 0.6 2.3 CD NS NS NS 1000 ppm 4.3 0.6 2.1 1500ppm 4.1 0.7 2.5 2000 ppm 4.1 0.9 2.8 CD NS 0.18 0.4 D1C1 4.4 0.6 2.1 D1C2 4.1 0.7 2.5 D1C3 4.1 0.9 2.8 D2C1 4.3 0.7 2.2 D2C2 4.3 0.9 2.6 D2C3 4.0 0.9 2.9 D3C1 3.9 0.5 2.0 D3C2 4.1 0.6 2.6 D3C3 4.0 0.9 2.8 D4C1 4.3 0.7 2.4 D4C2 3.9 0.7 2.9 D4C3 4.2 1.0 3.1 D5C1 4.6 0.5 1.9 D5C2 4.3 0.6 2.3 D5C3 4.4 0.8 2.8 CD NS 0.2 0.6

584

Table 5.7.3b: Effect of tinting process on double tuberose spikes (Kahikuchi center 2014) Treatments Time for coloration (minutes) Time for colour to leave (hrs) Vase life (days)

T1 GY + 1000ppm 45.32 3.16 4.15 T2 GY + 1500 ppm 50.46 3.20 4.12 T3 GY+ 2000 ppm 60.02 3.33 4.08 T4 Bordeaux + 1000ppm 40.33 3.20 4.23 T5 Bordeaux + 1500 ppm 35.37 3.25 4.21 T6 Bordeaux + 2000 ppm 48.64 3.37 4.22 T7 OG + 1000ppm 32.34 3.25 4.30 T8 OG + 1500 ppm 33.53 3.32 4.47 T9 OG + 2000 ppm 35.38 3.46 4.40 T10 TBlue + 1000ppm 30.56 4.07 4.37 T11 TBlue + 1500 ppm 33.88 4.13 4.23 T12 TBlue + 2000 ppm 35.26 4.28 4.15 S.Ed. (+) 1.41 0.10 0.07 CD (5%) 2.93 0.20 0.15

Table No. 5.7.3c: Effect of tinting process on double tuberose spikes (Kalyani center 2014)

Treatment ( Description) Time for coloration ( hours) Vase life (days) Time for colour retention (days) T1 Amaranth(2000 ppm) 5.83 5.67 5.67 T2 Yellow sunset(2000 ppm) 4.55 4.00 4.00 T3 Blue dye(2000 ppm) 9.94 3.67 3.33 T4 Apple green(2000 ppm) 7.59 2.33 2.00 T5 Teterazine(2000 ppm) 7.90 5.33 5.33 T6 Amaranth(1000 ppm) 6.67 6.67 6.67 T7 Yellow sunset(1000 ppm) 6.17 6.00 6.00 T8 Blue dye(1000 ppm) 11.20 5.33 5.33 T9 Apple green(1000 ppm) 6.23 5.00 5.00 T10 Teterazine(1000 ppm) 8.31 5.67 5.67 T11 Amaranth(1500 ppm) 6.25 6.17 6.17 T12 Yellow sunset(1500 ppm) 5.36 5.00 5.00 T13 Blue dye(1500 ppm) 10.57 4.50 4.00 T14 Apple green(1500 ppm) 6.91 3.67 3.00 T15 Teterazine (1500 ppm) 8.10 5.50 5.50

S.Em(±) 1.05 0.56 0.55 CD ( at 5%) 4.08 2.17 2.14

585

Table No. 5.7.3d: Effect of tinting process on double tuberose cv. Suvasini spikes (Pune center 2014) Treatments Time for colouration (days) Time for colour retention (days) Vase life (days)

Yellow sunset 1000ppm 3.60 2.50 3.90 Yellow sunset 1500ppm 2.73 4.90 5.56 Yellow sunset 2000ppm 1.30 3.60 5.00 Teterazine 1000ppm 4.50 2.80 4.60 Teterazine 1500ppm 3.00 5.50 4.90 Teterazine 2000ppm 1.50 2.60 3.80 Amaranth 1000ppm 4.60 3.70 4.30 Amaranth 1500ppm 3.50 4.80 5.70 Amaranth 2000ppm 2.80 3.00 4.50 Apple green 1000ppm 3.40 4.60 3.80 Apple green 1500ppm 2.50 8.50 7.50 Apple green 2000ppm 1.50 5.50 4.90 Blue dye 1000ppm 4.40 3.70 4.40 Blue dye 1500ppm 2.60 7.90 6.90 Blue dye 2000ppm 1.90 3.60 4.80

SE± 0.06 0.06 0.07 CD at 5% 0.16 0.17 0.20

Table No. 5.7.4a: Effect of food dyes on tinting in tuberose stems (Hyderabad center 2014 – 15)

Vase life (days)

Floret diameter (cms)

Quantity of dye uptake

Colour intensity (1-4 scale)

Control 4.6 3.3 - - Lemon yellow 4.4 3.0 4.9 2.8 Kesar yellow 4.4 3.1 4.8 2.9 Kala katta 4.3 2.9 4.8 2.2 Orange red 4.4 3.1 5.0 2.3 Rose pink 4.4 3.1 4.9 2.5 Raspberry red 4.4 3.1 4.7 2.9 CD NS NS NS - Concentration Control 4.6 3.3 - - 4% 4.4 3.1 5.3 2.4 8% 4.4 3.0 4.4 2.8 CD NS NS 0.6 -

586

Time Control 4.6 3.3 - - 1 hr 4.6 3.0 3.0 2.2 2 hr 4.3 3.0 5.3 2.6 3 hr 4.3 3.1 6.3 2.9 CD NS NS 0.6 -

D x C x T (Interactions) Control (D0C0T0) 4.6 3.3 - - Lemon yellow C1T1 4.5 3.1 3.2 2.4 C1T2 4.6 3.0 5.6 2.7 C1T3 4.5 3.2 7.0 2.8 C2T1 4.7 3.2 3.0 2.6 C2T2 4.3 2.9 5.0 3.1 C2T3 4.1 3.1 6.0 3.3 Kesar yellow C1T1 4.3 3.3 3.1 2.4 C1T2 4.7 3.1 5.9 2.8 C1T3 4.3 3.3 6.9 2.8 C2T1 4.8 2.9 2.9 2.7 C2T2 4.1 3.1 5.0 3.2 C2T3 4.4 3.4 5.5 3.5 Kala katta C1T1 4.6 3.0 3.2 1.8 C1T2 4.3 2.8 6.0 2.1 C1T3 4.1 3.3 6.9 2.4 C2T1 4.7 2.8 3.0 2.1 C2T2 4.2 2.9 4.9 2.4 C2T3 4.4 3.1 5.3 2.8 Orange red C1T1 4.7 3.1 3.0 1.9 C1T2 4.3 3.3 6.0 2.0 C1T3 4.4 2.9 7.2 2.4 C2T1 4.6 3.1 2.9 2.4 C2T2 4.3 3.4 5.2 2.6 C2T3 4.4 3.1 5.8 2.8 Rose pink

587

C1T1 4.7 3.0 3.4 2.0 C1T2 4.3 3.1 5.7 2.5 C1T3 4.5 3.2 7.0 2.7 C2T1 4.6 3.1 3.1 2.3 C2T2 4.2 2.9 4.9 2.7 C2T3 4.5 3.3 5.6 3.1 Raspberry red C1T1 4.8 3.2 3.3 2.4 C1T2 4.2 3.2 5.1 2.8 C1T3 4.5 3.1 7.0 2.9 C2T1 4.6 3.0 3.0 2.6 C2T2 4.3 2.9 4.3 3.2 C2T3 4.1 3.2 5.5 3.4 CD NS NS 0.7 -

588

Experiment 5.7.4b: Effect of food dyes on tinting in tuberose stems (Kahikuchi center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Vase life (days)

Quantity of dye uptake (ml/stem)

Opening of florets (%) on 5th day

Maximum floret diameter

(cm)

Colour appears on

flowers within (hrs)

Duration of colour retention

(remaining up to) (days)

T1 Control (water) + no dip 7.1 - 98.4 4.5 - - T2 Lemon Yellow-4% + 1hr 6.1 4.3 60.0 4.4 30 - 45 min. Till 3rd day T3 Lemon Yellow-4% + 2 hrs 6.1 4.3 59.0 4.2 30 - 45 min. Till 3rd day T4 Lemon Yellow-4% + 3 hrs 5.8 4.4 58.1 4.5 30 - 45 min. Till 3rd day T5 Lemon Yellow-8% + 1 hr 5.8 2.2 60.3 3.8 30 - 45 min. Till 3rd day T6 Lemon Yellow-8%+2 hr 5.7 2.1 64.0 4.2 30 - 45 min. Till 3rd day T7 LemonYellow-8% + 3hr 5.6 2.0 62.7 4.3 30 - 45 min. Till 3rd day T8 Kesar Yellow-4% + 1hr 5.8 3.3 85.0 3.5 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T9 Kesar Yellow-4% + 2 hr 5.6 3.3 98.2 4.2 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T10 Kesar Yellow-4%+3hr 5.5 3.3 95.0 4.3 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T11 Kesar Yellow-8% +1 hr 5.7 3.0 97.1 3.8 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T12 Kesar Yellow-8%+ 2 hrs 5.5 3.1 75.7 4.0 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T13 Kesar Yellow-8%+ 3hrs 5.4 3.1 78.5 3.8 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T14 Bright Blue-4% + 1hr 5.7 3.5 53.0 4.39 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T15 Bright Blue-4% + 2hr 5.6 3.5 52.1 4.2 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T16 Bright Blue -4% + 3 hr 5.5 3.5 50.3 4.1 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T17 Bright Blue -8% +1hr 5.8 3.6 51.0 4.3 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T18 Bright Blue -8% +2hr 5.6 3.5 49.5 3.9 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T19 Bright Blue -8% + 3hr 5.5 3.4 50.0 3.6 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T20 Orange red -4% +1hr 5.7 2.5 55.4 3.8 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T21 Orange red -4% +2 hr 5.5 3.1 43.1 3.7 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T22 Orange red -4% +3hr 5.4 3.2 41.6 3.5 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T23 Orange red -8% + 1hr 5.5 3.2 46.2 3.67 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T24 Orange red -8%+2hr 5.4 2.8 26.1 3.5 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T25 Orange red -8% +3 hr 5.4 1.8 25.0 3.1 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T26 Rose Pink-4% +1hr 5.8 2.2 78.3 4.0 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T27 Rose Pink-4% + 2hr 5.7 2.4 76.4 3.7 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T28 Rose Pink-4% +3 hr 5.6 2.6 78.3 3.5 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T29 Rose Pink-8% +1 hr 5.5 2.4 72.2 3.8 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T30 Rose Pink-8% + 2hr 5.4 2.2 68.4 3.7 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T31 Rose Pink-8% +3 hr 5.4 2.1 73.0 3.6 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T32 Raspberry red-4% + 1hr 5.7 2.3 76.1 4.5 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day

589

T33 Raspberry red-4% +2hr 5.7 2.5 74.5 4.4 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T34 Raspberry red-4%+ 3hr 5.6 3.2 75.5 4.2 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T35 Raspberry red-8% + 1hr 5.5 4.3 75.0 4.9 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T36 Raspberry red-8% +2 hr 5.6 2.3 73.5 4.8 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day T37 Raspberry red-8% +3hr 5.5 2.1 75.8 4.7 30 - 45 min. Till 4th day

S.Ed. (+) 0.06 0.17 7.20 0.14 CD (5%) 0.13 0.34 14.32 0.29

Table No. 5.7.4c: Effect of food dyes on tinting in tuberose stems (Kalyani center 2014 – 15)

Vase life (days)

Quantity of dye uptake (ml/stem.)

Basal Floret diameter (cm)

% opening of florets Weight loss Colour intensity

(Visual) Duration of dipping

H3( 3 hours dipping) 2.87 3.00 3.20 16.50 25.47 HI ( High Intensity) H2( 2 hours dipping) 3.23 3.0 3.22 15.64 27.72 MI (Medium Intensity) H1( 1 hours dipping) 3.00 2.62 3.30 13.68 28.86 LI ( Low Intensity)

S.Em(±) 0.18 0.25 0.09 1.13 2.19 CD ( at 5%) NS NS NS 2.64 NS

Dye Treatment T1: Lemon yellow 8% 3.08 1.67 3.43 14.81 33.93 HI T2:Lemon yellow4% 3.17 2.17 3.92 18.15 31.88 MI T3:kessar yellow8% 3.17 1.50 2.83 12.96 27.42 HI T4:kessar yellow4% 3.33 4.17 3.05 13.70 28.40 MI T5:orange red 8% 2.67 2.33 2.48 12.96 22.23 HI T6:orange red 4% 2.50 1.83 2.65 11.85 17.52 MI T7:raspberry red 8% 2.58 4.17 3.00 20.37 23.42 HI T8:raspberry red 4% 3.33 1.67 3.17 19.26 26.78 MI T9:apple green 8% 2.33 2.67 2.87 17.04 27.65 MI T10;apple green 4% 2.83 2.17 3.90 19.63 27.23 LI T11;rose pink 8% 3.00 1.50 2.97 10.74 24.70 MI T12: rose pink 4% 3.08 2.50 3.28 12.59 31.13 LI T13: water 4.33 9.00 4.60 14.44 33.25 No colour

S.Em(±) 0.37 0.52 0.18 2.35 4.55 CD ( at 5%) 0.87 1.21 0.42 5.49 10.62

Duration of dipping X treatment H3T1 2.3 2.00 4.35 14.4 30.25 HI H3T2 2.5 1.50 3.65 21.1 30.80 HI

590

H3T3 3.0 1.50 2.95 16.7 29.75 HI H3T4 2.5 2.00 3.05 17.8 25.45 HI H3T5 2.5 2.00 2.70 13.3 20.55 HI H3T6 3.0 2.50 3.30 14.4 21.95 HI H3T7 3.0 5.50 2.40 21.1 23.10 HI H3T8 3.8 3.00 3.30 18.9 20.95 HI H3T9 2.0 4.50 2.65 18.9 20.20 HI H3T10 2.5 1.50 3.00 24.4 22.65 HI H3T11 3.0 1.50 2.75 12.2 23.90 HI H3T12 2.8 2.50 2.85 6.7 28.25 HI H3T13 4.5 9.00 4.60 14.4 33.25 HI H2T1 3.5 1.5 3.4 17.8 29.75 MI H2T2 3.5 2.5 3.95 14.4 30.65 MI H2T3 4.0 1.5 2.7 8.9 23.8 MI H2T4 3.5 6.5 2.65 16.7 35.2 MI H2T5 3.0 2.5 2.55 13.3 23.85 MI H2T6 2.5 1.5 2.4 13.3 14.5 MI H2T7 2.5 5 3.3 22.2 22.3 MI H2T8 3.0 1 2.7 18.9 31.3 MI H2T9 3.0 1.5 3.3 15.6 33.75 MI H2T10 2.8 2.5 4.05 20.0 29.25 MI H2T11 3.0 1.5 3 13.3 27.2 MI H2T12 3.3 2.5 3.35 14.4 25.65 MI H2T13 4.5 9 4.6 14.4 33.25 MI H1T1 3.5 1.5 2.55 12.2 41.8 LI H1T2 3.5 2.5 4.15 18.9 34.2 LI H1T3 3.0 1.5 2.85 13.3 28.7 LI H1T4 3.5 4 3.45 6.7 24.55 LI H1T5 2.5 2.5 2.2 12.2 22.3 LI H1T6 2.0 1.5 2.25 7.8 16.1 LI H1T7 2.3 2 3.3 17.8 24.85 LI H1T8 3.3 1 3.5 20.0 28.1 LI H1T9 2.0 2 2.65 16.7 29 LI H1T10 3.3 2.5 4.65 14.4 29.8 LI H1T11 3.0 1.5 3.15 6.7 23 LI H1T12 3.3 2.5 3.65 16.7 39.5 LI H1T13 4.0 9 4.6 14.4 33.25 LI

591

S.Em(±) 0.65 0.90 0.31 4.07 7.88 CD ( at 5%) NS 2.10 0.73 NS NS

592

Table No. 5.7.4d: Effect of food dyes on tinting in tuberose cv. Suvasini stems (Pune center 2014 – 15) Treatments Vase life

(days) Quantity of water

uptake (ml) Flower Dia.

(cm) % Opening of

florets Food dyes(A)

Lemon yellow 4 % A1 4.70 36.17 2.80 30.37 Lemon yellow 8 % A2 5.03 43.53 3.10 38.90 Kesar yellow 4 % A3 4.03 34.40 2.97 29.50 Keasar yellow 8 % A4 4.43 41.17 2.80 37.63 Kalkatta 4 % A5 3.43 27.60 2.97 26.87 Kalkatta 8 % A6 3.70 29.97 2.97 30.30 Orange red 4 % A7 4.60 36.83 3.00 35.53 Orange red 8 % A8 5.10 38.50 3.17 32.60 Rose pink 4 % A9 5.40 45.57 3.23 41.90 Rose pink 8 % A10 5.83 44.90 3.40 43.90 Raspberry red 4 % A11 4.83 40.30 3.07 36.53 Raspberry red 8 % A12 5.17 41.87 3.23 34.87 Control A13 4.63 38.53 3.50 31.20

SE± 0.33 1.67 0.33 0.33 CD at 5% 0.94 4.70 NS 3.76

Immersion Time (B) 1hr. B1 4.12 33.03 2.92 31.24 2 hrs. B2 5.17 42.25 3.26 37.25 3 hrs B3 4.76 39.95 3.10 35.38

SE± 0.16 0.80 0.16 0.64 CD at 5% 0.45 2.26 NS 1.81

AXB Interactions A1B1 4.00 31.60 2.80 28.90 A1B2 5.30 41.40 3.00 32.50 A1B3 4.80 35.50 2.60 29.70 A2B1 4.40 40.30 2.80 34.60 A2B2 5.70 47.80 3.30 42.40 A2B3 5.00 42.50 3.20 39.70 A3B1 3.60 30.40 2.70 28.50 A3B2 4.50 38.50 3.00 30.60 A3B3 4.00 34.30 3.20 29.40 A4B1 3.90 33.70 2.40 27.60 A4B2 4.80 46.20 3.20 43.80

593

A4B3 4.60 43.60 2.80 41.50 A5B1 3.00 22.50 2.70 26.40 A5B2 3.50 28.70 3.00 24.70 A5B3 3.80 31.60 3.20 29.50 A6B1 3.20 25.40 2.90 23.80 A6B2 4.00 32.70 3.30 36.40 A6B3 3.90 31.80 2.70 30.70 A7B1 4.00 30.40 2.80 29.60 A7B2 4.80 37.50 3.00 36.40 A7B3 5.00 42.60 3.20 40.60 A8B1 4.40 30.50 2.90 25.70 A8B2 5.30 38.60 3.20 30.60 A8B3 5.60 46.40 3.40 41.50 A9B1 4.90 42.40 3.20 40.50 A9B2 5.70 48.60 3.30 43.80 A9B3 5.60 45.70 3.20 41.40 A10B1 4.60 34.50 3.00 39.60 A10B2 7.50 56.70 3.80 48.70 A10B3 5.40 43.50 3.40 43.40 A11B1 4.20 33.60 2.90 38.40 A11B2 5.50 45.60 3.30 39.70 A11B3 4.80 41.70 3.00 31.50 A12B1 4.60 34.50 3.20 30.80 A12B2 6.00 48.40 3.50 43.50 A12B3 4.90 42.70 3.00 30.30 A13B1 4.80 39.60 3.60 31.70 A13B2 4.60 38.50 3.50 31.20 A13B3 4.50 37.50 3.40 30.70

SE± 0.58 2.87 0.58 2.31 CD at 5% NS NS NS 6.51

Table No. 5.7.4e: Effect of food dyes on tinting in tuberose cv. Suvasini stems (Udaipur center 2014 – 15) Food dyes

↓ Vase life (Days) Color intensity

(10 Score) Uptake of Dye

(ml/stem) Floret opening

(%) Floret diameter

(cm) Immersion time → a b C a b C a b c a b c a b c

594

T1 (Control) 6.63 6.03 5.80 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.43 1.90 3.07 10.13 7.67 3.17 2.47 2.33 2.23 T2 Lemon yellow (4 %) 5.57 5.30 4.53 3.07 3.60 7.00 1.57 2.73 3.20 17.33 9.85 5.77 2.30 2.10 2.13 T3 Lemon yellow (8 %) 5.13 4.97 4.23 4.03 4.50 7.17 1.20 1.70 2.50 15.48 12.80 9.17 2.03 1.83 1.97 T4 Kesar yellow (4 %) 5.40 4.93 4.33 2.03 3.17 6.77 1.00 2.13 2.67 2.33 1.00 2.30 0.53 0.23 0.43 T5 Kesar yellow (8 %) 5.30 5.13 4.40 3.0 3.77 7.10 0.80 1.57 2.40 2.43 1.50 1.97 0.53 0.50 0.30 T6 Kalakatta (4 %) 5.30 5.00 4.13 1.07 1.0 6.83 1.13 2.07 2.83 2.50 2.00 2.30 0.33 0.28 0.24 T7 Kallakatta (8 %) 5.40 5.13 4.50 1.0 2.67 7.00 0.80 2.17 2.90 1.87 2.00 2.53 0.50 0.26 0.18 T8 Orange Red (4 %) 4.40 4.40 4.07 6.03 7.33 8.00 1.50 2.83 3.23 2.03 2.00 2.03 0.53 0.30 0.18 T9 Orange Red (8 %) 3.97 3.87 3.57 6.83 8.00 8.33 1.60 2.43 2.70 2.77 2.33 1.97 0.30 0.18 0.27 T10 Rose Pink (4 %) 5.67 5.37 4.57 1.0 1.00 1.00 0.90 2.30 2.60 10.37 9.33 8.33 2.27 2.33 2.10 T11 Rose Pink (8 %) 5.07 4.87 4.33 1.0 1.00 5.73 0.80 2.43 2.90 3.07 1.83 2.17 0.40 0.32 0.30 T12 Raspberry Red (4 %) 5.43 4.87 4.07 2.27 1.00 6.50 1.00 1.67 2.47 2.43 2.50 2.75 0.33 0.35 0.25 T13 Raspberry Red (8 %) 5.00 4.57 4.23 2.27 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 2.25 2.53 2.27 0.33 0.23 0.28

SEm ± 0.1365 0.1804 0.179 1.219 0.12 CD (1%) 0.510 (NS) 0.674 0.671 (NS) 4.552 (NS) 0.448 (NS)

a=1 hour, b=2 hour, c=3 hours,

Table No. 5.7.4e: Effect of food dyes on tinting in tuberose cv. Suvasini stems (Udaipur center 2014 – 15) cont……. Food dyes

↓ Vase life (Days)

Color intensity (10 Score)

Uptake of Dye (ml/stem)

Floret opening (%)

Floret diameter (cm)

1 2 3 4 5 T1 (Control) 6.16 1.00 2.13 6.99 2.34 T2 Lemon yellow (4 %) 5.13 4.56 2.50 10.98 2.18 T3 Lemon yellow (8 %) 4.78 5.23 1.80 12.48 1.94 T4 Kesar yellow (4 %) 4.89 3.99 1.93 1.88 0.40 T5 Kesar yellow (8 %) 4.94 4.62 1.59 1.97 0.44 T6 Kalakatta (4 %) 4.81 2.97 2.01 2.27 0.28 T7 Kallakatta (8 %) 5.01 3.56 1.96 2.13 0.31 T8 Orange Red (4 %) 4.29 7.12 2.62 2.02 0.34 T9 Orange Red (8 %) 3.80 7.72 2.24 2.36 0.25 T10 Rose Pink (4 %) 5.20 1.00 1.93 9.34 2.23 T11 Rose Pink (8 %) 4.76 2.58 2.04 2.36 0.34 T12 Raspberry Red (4 %) 479 3.26 1.71 2.56 0.31

595

T13 Raspberry Red (8 %) 4.60 1.42 2.00 2.35 0.28 SEm ± 0.079 0.104 0.104 0.704 0.0693

CD (1%) 0.294 0.389 0.387 2.628 0.259 Table No. 5.7.4e: Effect of food dyes on tinting in tuberose cv. Suvasini stems (Udaipur center 2014 – 15) cont….

Immersion Time ↓

Vase life (Days)

Color intensity (10 Score)

Uptake of Dye (ml/stem)

Floret opening (%)

Floret diameter (cm)

1 2 3 4 5 1 Hour 5.25 2.66 1.16 5.77 0.99

2. Hours 4.96 3.00 2.15 4.41 0.87 3 Hours 4.37 5.65 2.81 3.59 0.84 SEm ± 0.038 0.05 0.049 0.338 0.033

CD (1%) 0.141 0.187 0.186 1.262 0.124 (NS)

8. GERBERA

Table No. 5.8.1a: Effect of wet refrigerated storage on post harvest life of gerbera Variety- Primrose (Pune center 2014-15)

Treatment Vase life(days) Stem showing stem break(%) Total water absorbed (ml) Holding solution(H)

H1 2.02 9.50 14.30 H2 3.04 7.65 16.92

SE± 0.05 0.17 0.12 CD at 5% 0.16 0.54 0.38

Storage duration(S) S1 7.10 6.55 29.25 S2 2.10 8.50 14.05 S3 0.16 9.50 11.20 S4 0.32 9.75 7.95

SE± 0.07 0.25 0.18 CD at 5% 0.23 0.76 0.54

Interaction(HXS) H1S1 5.60 8.50 23.60 H1S2 1.80 9.50 13.50 H1S3 0.46 10.00 11.70 H1S4 0.24 10.00 8.40

596

H2S1 8.60 4.60 34.90 H2S2 2.40 7.50 14.60 H2S3 0.75 9.00 10.70 H2S4 0.40 9.50 7.50

SE± 0.10 0.35 0.25 CD at 5% 0.32 1.08 0.76

Table No. 5.8.3a: Effect of modified atmosphere (MA) packaging for transit of gerbera stems (Coimbatore center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Vase life (days) % stems showing stem break Total water absorbed (ml) % loss in fresh weight after transit T1 T2 Mean T1 T2 Mean T1 T2 Mean T1 T2 Mean

T1 – LDPE 25 µ without vent 6.39 5.66 6.03 20.99 20.99 20.99 22.06 16.13 19.095 27.35 25.39 26.37 T2 – LDPE 25 µ with vent 7.73 7.53 7.63 49.79 54.32 52.055 22.39 19.19 21.555 27.08 26.57 26.82 T3 – PP 25 µ without vent 10.46 9.26 9.86 7.66 14.33 10.995 23.92 20.66 21.525 14.55 14.03 14.29 T4 - PP 25 µ with vent 8.99 7.86 8.43 12.31 18.77 15.54 15.06 11.99 13.525 24.30 22.63 23.46 Mean 8.39 7.58 7.99 22.68 27.10 24.89 20.97 16.99 18.98 23.32 22.16 22.78 S.Ed 0.34 9.21 1.90 1.18 CD (0.05%) 0.69 18.53 3.83 2.37

T1 – NaOCl + Tween 20 (0.1 %); T2 – Control

9. TULIP

Table 5.9.1a: Effect of growth regulators for preventing post harvest stalk elongation and flower senescence in tulip cv. “Tulip purple” (Katrain center 2014 -15)

Treatments Days to flower

opening

Flower diameter

(cm)

Vase life (days)

Per cent increase in stem elongation after

treatment over control

Total Solution absorbed/ scape (ml)

T1 Control 2.00 4.52 12.00 0.00 18.83 T2 Ancymidol (50 ppm) 3.75 4.28 11.00 -4.74 16.17 T3 Ethrel (25 ppm ) 3.50 3.75 9.75 -23.40 8.33 T4 BAP (50 ppm) 2.00 4.35 12.25 -2.36 14.67 T5 GA3 (50 ppm) 2.00 4.38 11.50 8.69 17.00 T6 Ancymidol (50 ppm) + Ethrel (50 ppm) 5.00 2.90 9.00 -6.94 10.00 T7 Ancymidol (50 ppm) + BAP (50 ppm) 2.00 3.95 9.50 -8.84 14.50

597

T8 Ancymidol (50 ppm) + GA3 (50 ppm) 2.50 4.43 10.75 -5.30 15.83 T9 Ethrel (50 ppm) + BAP (50 ppm) 4.00 3.55 10.25 -17.00 12.67 T10 Ethrel (50 ppm) GA3 (50 ppm) 4.75 3.72 9.75 -7.82 8.83 T11 BAP (50 ppm) GA3 (50 ppm) 1.50 4.83 10.75 7.61 18.83 LSD (p≤0.05) 1.1 1.08 1.66 9.81 3.29

Table 5.9.2a: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) packaging for cut tulip cv. “Red and Yellow” (Katrain center 2014 -15)

Treatments Days to flower

opening

Flower diameter

(cm)

Vase life (days)

Percent increase in stem elongation over control after stimulated transit

Percent increase in stem

elongation over control in vase

Total Solution

absorbed/ stem (ml)

Control 1.78 8.24 11.56 0.00 0.00 25.92 LDPE 25 μ without perforation 1.44 8.25 13.56 0.76 2.78 29.40 LDPE 25 μ with perforation 1.56 8.37 12.22 1.10 2.42 26.36 PP 25 μ without perforation 1.67 8.00 12.78 1.28 3.55 27.20 PP 25 μ with perforation 1.89 8.23 12.11 2.91 2.31 26.13 LSD (p≤0.05) 0.63 1.04 0.96 8.41 7.89 2.11

10. DAFFODILS/NARCISSUS Table 5.10.1a: Standardization of modified atmosphere (MA) storage of daffodil (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Treatments Days to flower opening

Flower diameter (cm)

Vase life (days)

Total Solution absorbed/ stem (ml)

T1 LDPE 25μ +0 day 2.67 9.13 12.67 10.00 T2 LDPE 25μ (P) +0 day 3.00 9.47 12.67 9.60 T3 PP25μ +0 day 2.00 9.05 13.00 9.80 T4 PP25μ (P) +0 day 3.00 9.00 12.33 9.60 T5 LDPE 25μ +6 days 1.33 9.08 12.33 8.50 T6 LDPE 25μ (P) +6 days 1.67 9.44 11.00 7.70 T7 PP25μ +6 days 2.33 9.55 11.67 7.50 T8 PP25μ (P) +6 days 1.67 9.24 9.00 5.60 T9 LDPE 25μ +12 days 1.67 8.89 12.33 5.90 T10 LDPE 25μ (P) +12 days 1.33 9.22 9.67 5.30 T11 PP25μ +12 days 2.00 9.20 12.00 6.10

598

T12 PP25μ (P) +12 days 1.33 9.05 11.33 4.70 T3 LDPE 25μ +18 days 1.00 9.08 11.33 8.00 T14 LDPE 25μ (P) +18 days 1.33 9.33 9.67 6.80 T15 PP25μ +18 days 1.33 9.29 10.33 8.50 T16 PP25μ (P) +18 days 2.33 8.51 9.00 8.20 CD (P=5%) 1.51 0.90 1.89 2.31

11. LILIUM

Table 5.11.1a: Effect of different chemical treatments for preventing post harvest leaf yellowing in cut stems of Lilium cv. Pavia (Katrain center 2014 – 15)

Treatment Days to opening of first floret

Days to initiation of leaf yellowing

Days to complete leaf yellowing

Days to initiation of floret senescence

Days to complete senescence of florets

Flower diameter (cm)

Total solution absorbed (ml)

Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean i. Control 2.8 6.4 11.1 6.3 12.3 17.1 265.0 ii. Thidiauron (1 ppm) 2.7 7.3 12.1 7.5 19.2 18.1 343.0 iii. Thidiauron (2 ppm) 3.2 6.6 18.2 7.0 19.3 17.9 225.0 iv. BAP (25 ppm) 2.5 6.8 11.6 7.2 13.4 18.6 231.0 v. BAP (50 ppm) 4.3 7.1 11.5 6. 6 14.3 17.3 225.0 vi. GA3 (25 ppm) 2.3 7.1 14.2 6.3 15.1 18.1 189.6 vii. GA3 (50 ppm) 3.3 7.2 15.9 7.180 18.2 18.2 230.0 C.D. 0.333 0.441 0.522 0.380 0.408 0.455 17.162 SE(m) 0.115 0.151 0.179 0.130 0.140 0.156 5.894 SE(d) 0.162 0.214 0.253 0.184 0.198 0.221 8.335 C.V. 8.552 4.892 2.968 4.245 1.962 1.949 5.399

599

STAFF POSITION

Slno

Centre Designation No of Post

Name of the Incumbent

Contact no. / E-mail

1. DFR/ Project Coordinator Cell, Pune

Director/ Project Coordinator Senior Scientist Scientist (SS) Scientist Administrative Officer Assistant Finance and Accounts Officer

1 1 1 7 1 1

Dr. Ramesh Kumar (upto 21.08.2014 FN) Dr. K. P. Singh (w.e.f 21.08.2014 AN) Dr. A. Kumar Tiwari Dr. Gunjeet Kumar (upto 28.10.2014) Dr. Tarak Nath Saha Dr Prasanna Holajjer (wef 17.11.2014) Dr(Ms.) Prabha K. (wef 11.06.2014) Dr.(Ms.)Jayoti Majumder (upto 20.06.2014) Ms. Sellam P. (upto 06.12.2014) Dr. Ganesh B. Kadam Dr.(Ms.) Babita Singh (upto 06.12.2014) Dr. Girish K. S. Dr. Puja Rai (upto 06.12.2014) Ms. S. Amrapali (wef 05.03.2015) Mr. A. K. Maithani Mr. R. S. Bhatt

directordfr@gmail.com 09910611599 drajaitiwari@gmail.com kumar_gunjeet@yahoo.com tnsaha@gmail.com prasannaiari@gmail.com prabhapath.k@gmail.com jayotisarkar1@gmail.com chella.perinban@gmail.com ganeshiari@gmail.com bflori17feb@gmail.com girishchakra@gmail.com pujaiari@gmail.com shephalikaamrapali@gmail.com aodfr@yahoo.com 9716784885 afaodfr@gmail.com

2 Chiplima Floriculturist

1

Dr (Ms.) Lilymoony Tripathy (upto 15 Jan,15) Dr. S.K. Palai (16 Jan, 2015)

9861232027, floriculturechiplima@gmail.com aicrpfbbsr@gmail.com 9437265849

600

Asstt. Floriculturist Tech. Asst. Mali

1 1 2

Dr. M.R. Nath Sri. Brajabandhu Chhanda Vacant

9937875384

3. Coimbatore Floriculturist Asstt. Floriculturist Asstt. Floriculturist (Ooty) Junior Geneticist (Ooty) Agriculture Assistant

1 1 1 1 3

Dr. M. Kannan Dr. S.P. Thamaraiselvi Dr. M. Anand Dr(Ms.) A. Sankari Mr . G. Karuppusamy Mr. R. R.Selvakumar Mr. T.S.P Manickam

94432 54038 flowers@tnau.ac.in , kannanflori@gmail.com 09843338666 thamaraiflori@yahoo.com 08870222090 anandhort@yahoo.com 94432 06004 sathatnau@yahoo.co.in

4. Hyderabad Floriculturist Asstt. Floriculturist Asstt Pl. Physiologist Mali

1 1 1 2

Dr. K. Dhanumjaya Rao Dr (Ms.)P.L.Kameswari Dr. A.L.N. Prasad Mr . K. Benjamin Vacant

040-24011649/ 07032774232 danu40138@yahoo.com lalitha_email@yahoo.com 9989834241 Prasad64hortiuniv@gmail.com

5. Kahikuchi Asstt. Floriculturist Jr. Asstt. Horticulturist Jr. Pathologist Fieldman

1 1 1 2

Dr. S. K. Borah Dr.(Ms.).P. Hatibarua Dr. N. Mazumder Mr . M. Deka Mr . G. Kakoti

9435300482 sunilkborah@gmail.com 9954647964 preetihb64@yahoo.co.in 9435198847 nmazumder_66@rediffmail.com Retired on 31.03.2014 Retired on 30.04.2014

6. Kalimpong Floriculturist Asstt. Floriculturist

1 1

Vacant Dr. I. Sarkar (Upto 04.2.2015) Dr (Ms.) Sumita Pradhan (wef 05.2.2015)

9434814181 indrajitsarkar_kpg@yahoo.co.in 09564017005/ 9564031200 ss_bajrachrya@yahoo.com

601

Watchman Mali Driver

2 2 1

Mr . P.T. Lepcha Mr . F.Mangrati Mr M.Tamang Mr . B. Rai T.Tshering Bhutia

7. Kalyani Floriculturist Geneticist Asstt. Floriculturist Fieldman Messenger

1

1 1

2 1

Kalyan Chakraborty Dr. R. Sadhukhan Dr.(Ms.) Suhrita Chakrabarty Das Mr . T.K. Das Shri N.Dali Mr . Dilip Ghosh

09339218744 chakrabortikalyan@rediffmail.com 9874940816 drsadhukhan@gmail.com 9831237309 suhritakvk@gmai.com

8. Ludhiana Floriculturist Sr. Plant Physiologist Plant Pathologist Asstt. Floriculturist Mali

1 1 1 2 2

Dr(Ms) K.K. Dhatt Dr. Kushal Singh Dr. Premjit Singh Mr. Ranjit Singh (Study leave 23.01.15) Dr. (Ms) Madhu Bala Sh. Ram Pukar Sh. Shiv Shankar

dhattkiran@gmail.com 9876213355 kushal_flori@rediffmail.com 9417051907 premjitsingh@pau.edu 09463140872 ranjit_flori@pau.edu madhu-flori@pau.edu

9. Pantnagar Asst. Floriculturist

1 Dr. Ajit Kumar

9412451262 ajitflori@gmail.com

10.

Pune Floriculturist Geneticist Asstt. Floriculturist

1 1 2

Dr. B.R. Singh Dr. S.M. Katwate Mr. B.G. Pawar Mr. S.B. Jadhav

9975844363 balistersingh@gmail.com 9860582809 katwatesunil@gmail.com 9881871876 pbalwant54@gmail.com 9423808301 satishjadhav2010@rediffmail.com

602

Jr. Pathologist Jr. Clerk Mali

1 3

Sh. D.S. Kakade Mr. P. P. Sonawane Sh. S.N. More Vacant Vacant

9921271697 kakadedevidas@gmail.com

11.

Ranchi Asstt. Floriculturist 1 Dr.(Ms.) Punam Horo 9835596305 horopunam@rediffmail.com

12.

Solan Floriculturist Asstt. Floriculturist Mali

1 2 2

Dr. S.R. Dhiman Dr. (Ms.) Puja Sharma Dr.(Ms.) Bharati Kashyap Mr. Hari Chand Mr. Babu Ram

9418214160 sitaramdhiman@yahoo.co.in pujasharma03@gmail.com 9817017339 sullhanb@gmail.com

13.

Wadura

Floriculturist Asstt. Floriculturist Mali

1 1 2

Dr. M.Q.Sheikh Dr. Z. A. Bhat Mr . A.R. Wani Mr . M.A. Wani

09469072547 mqsheikh@gmail.com 09419906993 zahoorflori2003@gmail.com

14.

Udaipur

Floriculturist Asstt. Floriculturist Tech. Asstt. Mali

1 1 1 2

Dr. L.N. Mahawer Dr. H. L. Bairwa Mr. Laxman Jat Mr . Udai Lal Mali Vacant

9829041749 mahawer68@yahoo.co.in 9828021029 hl_bairwa10@ymail.com

15.

Vellanikkara Floriculturist Asstt. Floriculturist

1 2

Dr.(Ms.) P. K. Sudhadevi Dr.(Ms.) Simi S. (Upto 11.03.2015 ) Dr.(Ms.) Sarada S. (upto 31.10.2014) Dr. Mini Sankar (wef. 26.11.2014)

9633333448 p.k.sudhadevi@gmail.com simishibu@gmail.com saradarajamony@gmail.com 9447304221 drminisankar@gmail.com

603

Scientists in Institutional and Voluntary Centres

Mali S.S 3 Mr .C.P. Elsy Vacant Vacant

16.

Pusa Asstt. Floriculturist 1 Dr. A. K. Singh aksinghfloriculture@gmail.com, 09431898889

S. No

Centre Name of the scientist Designation Contact No/ E.mail

Scientists of Institutional Centres working for Coordinated Project 1 Delhi

(ICAR-IARI) Dr. T. Janakiram/ Dr. S. S. Sindhu Dr. K.V. Prasad Dr. Kishan Swaroop Dr. D.V. S Raju

Head of the Division Principal Scientist Senior Scientist Senior Scientist

011-25841929 headflori@iari.res.in 9868149259 kvprasad66@gmail.com 9999492774 KISHAN.SWAROOP@rediffmail.com 9899632980 rajivalex@gmail.com

2 Hessarghatta (ICAR-IIHR)

Dr. T.M. Rao Dr.(Ms.) Tejaswini Dr.(Ms.) Sujatha A. Nair Dr. Dhananjaya M.V. Dr. Rajiv Kumar Dr(Mr) Sumangala H.P. Dr(Ms) T. Usha Bharathi Dr. M. Krishna Reddy Dr. S. Sriram Dr. M.S.Rao Dr. V. Sridhar

Principal Scientist&Head Principal Scientist Principal Scientist Principal Scientist Senior Scientist Scientist Scientist Principal Scientist Principal Scientist Principal Scientist Principal Scientist

9342645090 ManjunathRao.T@icar.gov.in 8792160256 tejaswini.Smt@icar.gov.in sujathaanil@icar.gov.in dhananjay@iihr.ernet.in 9008129586 Rajiv.Kumar11@icar.gov.in Sumangala.HP@icar.gov.in UshaBharathi.T@icar.gov.in 9845242951 KrishnaReddy.M@icar.gov.in Subbaraman.Sriram@icar.gov.in 9482603614 SreenivasaRao.M@icar.gov.in 9449631795

604

Dr.(Ms.) Sangama

Senior Scientist

Sridhar.V@icar.gov.in 9448936850 Sangama.Smt@icar.gov.in

3 Katrain (ICAR-IARI, Regional Station)

Dr. M.R. Dhiman Dr.(Ms.) Reeta Bhatia

Senior Scientist Scientist

9418506133 mrarjun01@yahoo.co.in -

4 Barapani (ICAR Res. Complex for NEH Region)

Dr. H. Rymbai Scientist 8014162236 rymbaihort@gmail.com

Scientists of Voluntary Centres working for Coordinated project 1 Bengaluru

(UAS) Dr. (Ms.) R. Jayanthi Professor jayanthisv@yahoo.co.in

2 Periyakulam Dr. T. Thangaselvabai

Professor

9442076831 floripkm@tnau.ac.in

605

NAME AND ADDRESSES OF THE OFFICERS- IN-CHARGE OF THE AICRP (Flori.) CENTRES Director/ P.C. Cell, Delhi/Pune

Dr. Ramesh Kumar (Upto 21.08.2014 FN) Dr. K. P. Singh (From 21.08.2014 AN) Director Upto June, 2015 ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research Pusa Campus, New Delhi - 110 012 July, 2015 onwards ICAR-Directorate of Floricultural Research College of Agriculture Campus Shivajinagar, Pune 411005 Maharashtra E. Mail: directordfr@gmail.com, director.dfr@icar.gov.in

Budgetary Centres Chiplima Dr. Lilymoony Tripathy (upto 15.01.2015)

Dr. S. K. Palai (wef 16.01.2015) Officer-in-Charge, College of Horticulture Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Odisha-768025 9437265849 E.mail: aicrpfbbsr@gmail.com

Coimbatore Dr. M. Kannan Professor (Horticulture) & Head, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003 (Tamil Nadu) Telephone : 0422-6611230, 9443254038 E-mail: flowers@tnau.ac.in, kannanflori@gmail.com

Hyderabad Dr. K. Dhanumjaya Rao Principal Scientist & Head, Floricultural Research Station, Agriclture Research Institute, Sri Konda Lakshman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030 (Telangana) Telephone : 040-24011649 (O), 7032774232, Fax : 040-24016901 E-mail: danu40138@yahoo.com

Kahikuchi Dr. Sarat Saikia Chief Scientist, Horticultural Research Station, (Assam Agricultural University) Kahikuchi, P.O. Azara, Guwahati –781017 (Asom). Telephone : 0361-2842513(O), Fax : 0361-2842513

606

Kalimpong Dr. Indrajit Sarkar (Upto 04.02.2015) Dr (Ms.) Sumita Pradhan (wef 05.02.2015) Officer-in-Charge, Regional Research Station (Hill Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Kalimpong District- Darjeeling (West Bengal) 734 301 Telephone : 03552-258821 (Fax), 03552-255606 (O), 09434814181 (M) E-mail: ss_bajrachrya@yahoo.com

Kalyani Dr. R. Sadhukhan Officer-in-charge, AICRP on Floriculture, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Kalyani-741 235, Distt. -Nadia (West Bengal) Telephone : 03473-222651, 222269, 222270 (O), 9874940816 Fax : 033-25828407 E-mail: drsadhukhan@gmail.com

Ludhiana Dr. Premjit Singh Head, Department of Floriculture & Landscaping Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (Punjab) Telephone : 0161-2770847(O), 9417051907 (M) Fax : 0161-2400945 E-mail: hodfl@pau.edu

Pantnagar Dr. Santosh Kumar Professor (Horticulture) Department of Horticulture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar - 263 145, U. S. Nagar (Uttarakhand) 09456600055, 07500241434 (M) E-mail: kaushabsks@gmail.com

Pune Dr. S.B. Gurav Associate Director of Research, National Agricultural Research Project (Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth) Ganeshkhind, Pune- 411 007 Telephone:020-25693750,25690090,020-25698734 (Fax) 09850167410 (M), E-mail: zars_gkpune@rediffmail.com

Ranchi Dr. K. K. Jha Professor & Head, Department of Horticulture, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 (Jharkhand) Telephone : 0651-2450850, 2450678 (O) Fax : 0651-2450850, 09431325719 (M)

607

Solan Dr. Y. C. Gupta Professor & Head, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, P.O. Nauni, Solan-173 230 (Himachal Pradesh) Telephone : 01792-252276 (O), 9418108902, Fax : 01792-252242, 252844 E-mail: ycgupta2006@yahoo.co.in

Srinagar Dr. M.Y. Zargar Associate Director Research Regional Research Station, SKUAST-K Wadure Campus-193261(Jammu & Kashmir) Telefax: 01954-262241, M: - 09906697666 E-mail: myzargar@yahoo.com

Udaipur Dr. L.N. Mahawer Officer-in-charge, AICRP on Floriculture, Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, M.P.U. A. T., Udaipur - 313 001 Telephone : 0294-2417713 (O), 09829041749 (M) Fax : 0294-2811433 E-mail : mahawer68@gmail.com

Vellanikkara Dr.(Ms.) P. K. Sudhadevi Professor (Horticulture) Department of Pomology & Floriculture College of Horticulture, Kerala Agriculture University Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala-680654 0487-2438375 (off.), 0487-2438645 (R), 09633333448 E-mail : p.k.sudhadevi@gmail.com

Ooty Dr.(Ms.) B. Anita (wef 07.06.2014) Professor and Head, Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Ooty – 643 001 (Tamil Nadu) 0423-2442170, 07639123531 E-mail: hrsooty@tnau.ac.in

Pusa, Bihar Dr. A. K. Singh Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture Rajendra Agricultural University Pusa, Samastipur-848125 (Bihar) 09431898889 (M) E-mail: aksinghfloriculture@gmail.com

608

Institutional Centres Hessarghatta (I.I.H.R.)

Dr. T. M. Rao Head, Division of Ornamental Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Hessarghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru – 560 089 (Karnataka) Telephone : 080-28466420-23 extn. 221(O); Fax : 080-28466291, 9342645090 E-mail: tmrao@iihr.ernet.in

Barapani

Dr. A. K. Jha, Head, Division of Horticulture, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umroi Road, Umiam, Shillong- 793 103 (Meghalaya) Telephone and Fax : 0364-2570257 (O), 09402507059 E-mail: akjhaicar@yahoo.co.in

Delhi Dr. T. Janakiram/ Dr. S. S. Sindhu Head, Division of Floriculture & Landscaping, ICAR-I.A.R.I., New Delhi - 110 012 Telephone : 011-25841929 (O) E-mail: tolety07@gmail.com, headflori@iari.res.in

Katrain Dr. Raj Kumar Head, IARI Regional Station, Kullu Valley, Katrain-175129 (Himachal Pradesh) 0190-2241208, 0190-2240124 (F) E-mail: head_katrain@iari.res.in

Voluntary Centres Bengaluru

Dr.(Ms.) R. Jayanthi Prof. & Incharge AICRIP (Floriculture) Department of Horticulture, G.K.V.K Campus University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru – 560 065 (Karnataka) Telephone : 080-23330153 (Ext. 342), 9902625647 Fax : 080-23330277 E-mail : jayanthisv@yahoo.co.in

Periyakulum Dr. T Thangaselvabai Professor and Head Department of Horticulture and Medicinal Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute (TNAU) Periyakulum-625604 (Tamil Nadu) Tele-fax : 04546-231726, 9442076831 E-mail: floripkm@tnau.ac.in

609

ALL INDIA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT ON FLORICULTURE BUDGET 2014-15

State Centre Released

Assam 1. Assam Agricultural University, Kahikuchi 47,00,000.00

Andhra Pradesh 1. Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University, Hyderabad 26,98,000.00 Bihar 1. Rajender Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur 5,66,000.00 Delhi 1. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 80,000.00 Himachal Pradesh 1. Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan 26,98,000.00

2. I.A.R.I Regional Station, Katrain 80,000.00 Jammu & Kashmir 1. Sher E Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar 16,32,000.00 Jharkhand 1. Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi 13,66,000.00 Karnataka 1. Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru 80,000.00

2. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru 80,000.00 Kerala 1. Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara 26,98,000.00 Maharashtra 1. Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Pune 51,30,000.00 Meghalaya 1. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Barapani 80,000.00 Orissa 1. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Chiplima 11,32,000.00 Punjab 1. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 51,30,000.00 Rajasthan 1. Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur 18,81,000.00 Tamil Nadu 1. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University , Coimbatore 46,64,000.00

2. Horticultural college and Research Institute, Periyakulam 80,000.00 Uttarakhand 1. G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 5,66,000.00 West Bengal 1. Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 31,98,000.00

2. Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalimpong 15,66,000.00 Total 4,01,05,000