WIR SCHAFFEN WISSEN – HEUTE FÜR MORGEN

The Role of Technologyin Future Energy Supply Systems

Alexander Wokaun :: Energy and Environment ::

Paul Scherrer Institut and ETH Zurich

Agenda

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• PSI: Short Overview; European Megatrends

• The Challenge: Fluctuating renewables and decentralized generation

• The Approach: Enhanced flexibility by storage and energy carrier conversion

• Competence Center "Heat and Electricity Storage"

• Competence Center "Biomass Conversion"

• Flexibility by Energy System Integration

• The Energy System Integration Platform at PSI

• Virtual Energy Systems – Linking the Swiss Platforms

Paul Scherrer Institute - the Swiss National Lab

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synchrotron light source

neutron source

energy researchsolar concentrator

muon source

proton therapy

proton accelerator

SwissFEL

nanotechnology

radio chemistry

radio pharmacybiology

material sciences

� Basel Zürich �Germany � Aarau/Bern �

PSI west

PSI easthotlab

Mission

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Matter and

materials

Energy and

environment

Human health

Large research

facilities

Swiss and foreign users

from academia and industry

Development

Construction

Operation

Knowledge &expertise

Education

Technology transfer

more that 2400 external

users/year (39 beamports)

Megatrends (1): Population and Age Structure

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• Europe's population is decreasing;

unfavorable development of the

age structure

Population growth rate, ages 15-64

Ireland

Germany

Bulgaria

China

European Union

2007 2050men women men women

85

65

45

25

85

65

45

25

85

65

45

25

Source: T. Themistocleous, R. Garcia, Die Zukunft Europas, UBS 2016

Source: Berlin-Institut, "Die demografische Zukunft von Europa, dtv 2008

(2): Share of Western Countries in Global GDP

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Rest of World

India

China

USA

Europe

Source: T. Themistocleous, R. Garcia, Die Zukunft Europas, UBS 2016

(3): Generation Capacityin Europe

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fossil nuclear solar wind others flexiblecapacity

2012

2040

Sources: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 30.11.2015, p.26; NZZ-Infografik/cke; Bloomberg

Installed Power in Germany – July 2014

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Wind plus Solar: > 72 GW !

Planned and actual production by solar + wind, DE 2014

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old paradigm:demand forecasting actual

production adapted to

instantaneous demand

new paradigm with wind and solar:intermittent production can

not be controlled supply and

demand are decoupled

problems:• supply forecasts often

inaccurate

• high positive / negative

power gradients

actual production, solar + wind electricity

pla

nn

ed

pro

du

ctio

n,

sola

r +

win

d e

lect

rici

ty

Inverse modulation of conventional generation, negative spot market prices !

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System Integration of Renewable Energies

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The Challenge: How to match demand and supply

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band production

time of day

po

we

r

Challenges

temporary supply excess

→ lower revenues for producers

temporary high grid loads

→ increased transmission costs

reduced production of

band electricity

→ decreased grid stability

→ higher demand for

system services

Options for an Energy Hub

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Off

er

/ D

em

an

d

0 h Day time 24 h

1. Electricity storage for later use

2. Conversion of electricityto other energy forms

3. Controlling and temporallyshifting consumption

4. Cutting and discarding surpluselectricity

Swiss Competence Centers for Energy Research

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Efficiency

SCCER FEEB&D

Future Energy Efficient Buildings & Districts

Grids and their components,

energy systems

SCCER FURIES

Future Swiss Electrical Infrastructure

Storage

SCCER HaE

Heat & Electricity Storage

Power supply (supply of electrical energy)

SCCER SoE

Supply of electricity

Efficient concepts, processes, components

in mobility

SCCER Mobility

Efficient Technologies and Systems for Mobility

Economy, environment, law, behavior

SCCER CREST

Competence Center for

Research in Energy, Society and Transition

Biomass

SCCER BIOSWEET

Biomass for Swiss Energy Future

Efficiency

SCCER EIP

Efficiency of Industrial Processes

SCCER "Heat and Electricity Storage"

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www.sccer-hae.ch

Prof. Dr. Thomas J. Schmidt

thomasjustus.schmidt@psi.ch

Importance of Energy Storage

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Intermittency of Renewable Energy Sources calls for

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

Storage Options Addressed in SCCER

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Phase change

Heat pump

Photovoltaic

Wind

Solar chemical

Solar thermal

Electrolysis

co-Electrolysis

Batteries

Heat storage

H2 storage

M, H2O conv.

CH4 storage

Heat storage

Geothermal

Photo chemical H2 storage

Fuel cell

CO2,H2 conv.

CO,H2 conv.

CO,H2 conv.

Turbine

SCCER "Biomass Conversion"

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www.sccer-biosweet.ch

Prof. Dr. Oliver Kröcher

oliver.kröcher@psi.ch

Research and Development Field

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Thermochemical technologiesMicrobiological processes

Synthesis gas: CO + H2

CH4

Utilization for transport and CHP (micro gas turbines, engines)

H2

Pretreatment of biomass

Liquid fuels

Energy system integration and design

Bio

ma

ss po

ten

tial a

nd

ava

ilab

ility

Conventional

gasification

Hydrothermal

processing

Redox cycles

Sorbent enhanced

steam reforming

Conventional

hydrolysis and

fermentiation

Consolidated

bioprocessing

(multi-species)

NEW NEW

The «+100 Petajoule» Vision

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*production mainly outside Switzerland

Algae

0 PJ + 33 PJ*

Wood

37 PJ + 33 PJBiowaste / manure

19 PJ + 33 PJ

Electricity (CHP) Energy storage

Heat (CHP)

Gaseous

and liquid

biofuels

Additional 100 Petajoules

for the Energy Transition 2050

in Switzerland

The SunCHem Process: Green Gas “Hors Sol”

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CH4CCCO2

O2

Wet Biomass (micro algae)

Nutrients, CO2, H2O

Photo-Bioreactor

Hydrothermal

GasificationH2O

Renewable Energy System Integration

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Re

sou

rce

s Fluctuating Electricity

BiomassN

eig

hb

ou

rin

gC

ou

ntr

ies

Ne

igh

bo

uri

ng

Co

un

trie

s

Other

Consumption

Heat Pumps, Heating Transport Industry,

other Consumption

Fuels for Transportation

Heat Storage Gas Storage

Hydrogen Storage

Electricity

System

System Flexibility: Low

Need for Flexibility: High

Gas System

Gas Storage

System Flexibility: High

Need for Flexibility: Low

Switzerland

Syst

em

Serv

ice

s

Multi-Energy Carrier Concept: Energy System Integration

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ESI provides load(negative control power) and stores energy

ESI providescontrol power and delivers energy

Energy System Integration Platform(100 kW, Layout)

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Power-to-Power

Electricity Storage and Delivery

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ESI provides load(negative controlpower) and storesenergy

ESI providescontrol power and delivers energy

High Pressure Electrolysis

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High pressure hydrogen (optionally oxygen) is required for:• Storage and transportation in pipelines � around 50 bar

• Storage in pressure tanks for mobility � up to 800 bar

300 bar test benchfor fundamental investigations:

Significant transport losses:• two phase flow in porous

titanium not well understood

• pressure dependence to be

investigated

Combining Electrolyzers with Efficient Fuel Cells

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200430 kW FC1.4 kg/kW

Development

with Michelin2011

30 kW FC

Development

with Belenos

Clean Power

201663 kW FC

0.6 kg/kW

SwissHydrogenUsing both H2 and O2 from electrolysis yields fuel cell efficiencies of 70 %.

gg

Alternative Car Power Trains

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2002HY-POWER

Development

with VW2004

HY-LIGHTDevelopment

with Michelin2011

Development

with Belenos2015

MIRAIToyota

Use of Biomass to Produce Transporation Fuels

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Bio

ma

ss-t

o-F

ue

ls

Use of biomassfor mobility,neutral with respectto electricity grid

Biomass as Flexible Positive Control Power

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Polygeneration

Use of biomass to produce electricity, heat and fuels

ESI providescontrol power and delivers energy

Chemical Energy Storage by Power-to-Gas

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Power-to-Gas

ESI provides load (negative control power) and stores energy

electricity grid natural gas grid

wind power

solar PV

electrolysis

methanisation

H2

CO2 , CH4 from biogas plants (fermenters)

CH4

Gas-Speicher

gasification

wood or dry

waste biomass

CO, CO2 , CH4, C2H4

CO2 rich gas (flue gas from combustion, blast

furnaces, cement plants, eventually capture from air)

gas cleaning

H2

Power-to-Gas: Methanisation as the Key forLinking Electricity Grid with Natural Gas Grid

Linking Storage and Demand Side Demonstrators

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ESI – Platform at PSI

• chemical energy storage

• providing (positive / negative)

control power to the grid

• facilitating the diverting of

electricity excesses into mobility

• flexible combination with biomass

• power-to-gas for storage in gas grid

Energy Hub at Empa, eawag

• thermal, electrical, gas grids

• storage and delivery of energy

• demand side (campus and beyond)

• demand side (mobility)

• control by electrical microgrid

ESI

NEST

MOVE – future mobility

Empa-Areal

EnergyHub

ReMaP

move: Future Mobility Demonstrator @ Empa

Erdgas/Biogas (CNG)-Verdichter/Speicher

CNG-TankstelleCNG + H2 fuelling station

350 bar H2 fuelling station

electrolysis plant

H2compressorH2 storage

CNG + H2driving testsCNG + H2

driving tests

350 bar H2-street sweeper

350 bar H2-street sweeper

700 bar H2passenger car

700 bar H2passenger car

ultrafast / inductionBEV charging

ultrafast / inductionBEV charging

PtGfor gas vehicles

PtGfor gas vehicles

Using the Produced Energy Carriers for Transport

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Summarizing Remarks

• Integration of intermittent renewable energies into the system

requires options of flexibilizing / storage,

and of adapting the electricity demand to the supply.

• Chemical and electrochemical energy storage must provide a major contribution.

• Catalysis is a key competence to facilitate the inter-conversion

between chemical energy carriers, electricity and heat.

• The two SCCERs (Biomass and Storage) integrate the competences

of the participating laboratories.

• The full range of 'Technological Readiness Levels' (TRLs)

from fundamental investigations (TRL 1-2)

to pre-industrial demonstrators (TRL 6-7) must be explored.

• The Energy System Integration Platform enables this step

and acts as the proving ground for achieving targets and milestones of the SCCERs.

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Acknowledgments

Oliver Kröcher and members of the "Bioenergy and Catalysis" laboratory

Jeroen van Bokhoven, "Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry" laboratory

Peter Jansohn and members of the "Combustion Research" laboratory

Thomas J. Schmidt and members of the "Electrochemistry" laboratory

Stefan Hirschberg and members of the "Energy System Analysis" Laboratory

Urs Elber and Marcel Hofer, Coordinators of the Energy System Integration Platform

Funding by

ETH Board, CCEM, SNF, CTI, Federal Office of Energy is gratefully acknowledged.

Thank you for your attention