alemania

15/6/2015 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_gm.html

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_gm.html 1/13

Introduction :: GERM ANY

Ge ography :: GERM ANY

EUROPE : : GERMANY

Background:

A s Europe's larges t economy and second mos t populous nation (af ter Russ ia) , Germany is a key member

of the continent's economic , polit ical, and def ense organizations . European pow er s truggles immersed

Germany in tw o devas tating Wor ld Wars in the f ir s t half of the 20th century and lef t the country occupied

by the v ic tor ious A llied pow ers of the US, UK, France, and the Sov iet Union in 1945. With the advent of the

Cold War , tw o German s tates w ere f ormed in 1949: the w es tern Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and

the eas tern German Democ ratic Republic (GDR) . The democ ratic FRG embedded itself in key Wes tern

economic and secur ity organizations , the EC, w hich became the EU, and NA TO, w hile the communis t GDR

w as on the f ront line of the Sov iet- led Warsaw Pac t. The dec line of the USSR and the end of the Cold War

allow ed f or German unif ication in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended cons iderable f unds to br ing

Eas tern produc tiv ity and w ages up to Wes tern s tandards . In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU

countr ies introduced a common European exchange cur rency , the euro.

Location:

Central Europe, border ing the Balt ic Sea and the Nor th Sea, betw een the Nether lands and Poland, south of

Denmark

Geographic coordinates:

51 00 N, 9 00 E

Map re ferences:

Europe

Area:

total: 357,022 sq km

land: 348,672 sq km

w ate r : 8,350 sq km

countr y com par is on to the w or ld: 63

Area - comparative :

three t imes the s ize of Pennsy lvania; s lightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries:

total: 3,714 km

bor de r countr ie s (9) : A us tr ia 801 km, Belgium 133 km, Czech Republic 704 km, Denmark 140 km, France

418 km, Luxembourg 128 km, Nether lands 575 km, Poland 467 km, Sw itzer land 348 km

Coastline :

2,389 km

Maritime c la ims:



Pe ople and Socie ty :: GERM ANY

te r r itor ial s e a: 12 nm

e xclus ive e conom ic zone : 200 nm

cont ine ntal s he lf : 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate :

temperate and mar ine; cool, c loudy , w et w inters and summers ; occas ional w arm mountain ( f oehn) w ind

Terra in:

low lands in nor th, uplands in center , Bavar ian A lps in south

Elevation extremes:

low e s t point : Neuendor f bei Wils ter -3.54 m

highe s t point : Zugspitze 2,963 m

Natura l resources:

coal, lignite, natural gas , iron ore, copper , nickel, uranium, potash, salt, cons truc tion mater ials , t imber ,

arable land

Land use:

agr icultur al land: 48%

arable land 34.1%; permanent c rops 0.6%; permanent pas ture 13.3%

for e s t : 31.8%

othe r : 20.2% (2011 es t.)

Irr igated land:

5,157 sq km (2006)

Tota l renewable water resources:

154 cu km (2011)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industr ia l/agr icultura l):

total: 32.3 cu km/y r (16%/84%/0%)

pe r capita: 391.4 cu m/y r (2007)

Natura l hazards:

f looding

Env ironment - current issues:

emiss ions f rom coal-burning utilit ies and indus tr ies contr ibute to air pollution; ac id rain, result ing f rom

sulf ur diox ide emiss ions , is damaging f ores ts ; pollution in the Balt ic Sea f rom raw sew age and indus tr ial

ef f luents f rom r ivers in eas tern Germany ; hazardous w as te disposal; government es tablished a

mechanism f or ending the use of nuc lear pow er over the nex t 15 years ; government w orking to meet EU

commitment to identif y nature preservation areas in line w ith the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat direc tive

Env ironment - internationa l agreements:

par ty to: A ir Pollution, A ir Pollution-Nitrogen Ox ides , A ir Pollution-Pers is tent Organic Pollutants , A ir

Pollution-Sulf ur 85, A ir Pollution-Sulf ur 94, A ir Pollution-V olatile Organic Compounds , A ntarc tic -

Env ironmental Protocol, A ntarc tic -Mar ine Liv ing Resources , A ntarc tic Seals , A ntarc tic Treaty , Biodivers ity ,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Deser tif ication, Endangered Spec ies , Env ironmental

Modif ication, Hazardous Was tes , Law of the Sea, Mar ine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protec tion, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands , Whaling

s igne d, but not r at if ie d: none of the selec ted agreements

Geography - note :

s trategic location on Nor th European Plain and along the entrance to the Balt ic Sea

Nationa lity :

noun: German(s )

adje ct ive : German

Ethnic groups:

German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russ ian, Serbo-

Croatian, Spanish)

Languages:

German (of f ic ial)

note : Danish, Fr is ian, Sorbian, and Romany are of f ic ial minor ity languages ; Low German, Danish, Nor th

Fr is ian, Sater Fr is ian, Low er Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, and Romany are recognized as regional languages

under the European Char ter f or Regional or Minor ity Languages

Religions:



Protes tant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Mus lim 3.7%, unaf f iliated or other 28.3%

Population:

80,996,685 (July 2014 es t.)


Age structure :

0-14 ye ar s : 13% (male 5,386,525/f emale 5,107,336)

15-24 ye ar s : 10.6% (male 4,367,713/f emale 4,188,566)



65 ye ar s and ove r : 21.1% (male 7,468,552/f emale 9,659,265) (2014 es t.)

Dependency ratios:

total de pe nde ncy r at io: 52.1%

youth de pe nde ncy r at io: 19.8%

e lde r ly de pe nde ncy r at io: 32.3%

pote nt ial s uppor t r at io: 3.1% (2014 es t.)

Median age:

total: 46.1 years

m ale : 45.1 years

fe m ale : 47.2 years (2014 es t.)

Population growth rate :

-0.18% (2014 es t.)


Birth rate :

8.42 bir ths /1,000 population (2014 es t.)


Death rate :

11.29 deaths /1,000 population (2014 es t.)


Net migration rate :

1.06 migrant(s ) /1,000 population (2014 es t.)


Urbanization:

ur ban populat ion: 75.1% of total population (2014)

r ate of ur banizat ion: 0.16% annual rate of change (2010-15 es t.)

Major urban areas - population:

BERLIN (capital) 3.547 million; Hamburg 1.822 million; Munich 1.421 million; Cologne 1.032 million (2014)

Sex ratio:

at b ir th: 1.06 male(s ) /f emale

0-14 ye ar s : 1.06 male(s ) /f emale




65 ye ar s and ove r : 0.76 male(s ) /f emale

total populat ion: 0.97 male(s ) /f emale (2014 es t.)

Mother 's mean age at f irst birth:

29.2 (2012 es t.)

Materna l morta lity rate :

7 deaths /100,000 live bir ths (2013 es t.)


Infant morta lity rate :

total: 3.46 deaths /1,000 live bir ths

m ale : 3.75 deaths /1,000 live bir ths

fe m ale : 3.14 deaths /1,000 live bir ths (2014 es t.)


Life expectancy at birth:

total populat ion: 80.44 years

m ale : 78.15 years

fe m ale : 82.86 years (2014 es t.)




Tota l fertil ity rate :

1.43 children born/w oman (2014 es t.)


Contraceptive preva lence rate :

66.2%

note : percent of w omen aged 18-49 (2005)

Health expenditures:

11.3% of GDP (2013)


Physic ians density :

3.89 phys ic ians /1,000 population (2012)

Hospita l bed density :

8.2 beds /1,000 population (2011)

Drink ing water source :

im pr ove d:

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unim pr ove d:



total: 0% of population (2012 es t.)

Sanitation fac il ity access:

im pr ove d:



total: 100% of population

unim pr ove d:



total: 0% of population (2012 es t.)

HIV/AIDS - adult preva lence rate :

0.15% (2013 es t.)


HIV/AIDS - people l iv ing with HIV/AIDS:

77,500 (2013 es t.)


HIV/AIDS - deaths:

400 (2013 es t.)


Obesity - adult preva lence rate :

22.7% (2014)


Children under the age of 5 years underweight:

1.1% (2006)


Education expenditures:

5% of GDP (2011)


School l ife expectancy (pr imary to tertiary education):

total: 16 years

m ale : 17 years

fe m ale : 16 years (2012)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:

total: 8.1%

m ale : 8.8%

fe m ale : 7.4% (2012 es t.)



Gove rnm e nt :: GERM ANY


Country name:

conve nt ional long for m : Federal Republic of Germany

conve nt ional s hor t for m : Germany

local long for m : Bundes republik Deutschland

local s hor t for m : Deutschland

for m e r : German Empire, German Republic , German Reich

Government type:

f ederal republic

Capita l:

nam e : Ber lin

ge ogr aphic coor dinate s : 52 31 N, 13 24 E

t im e dif fe r e nce : UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, dur ing Standard Time)

daylight s aving t im e : +1hr , begins las t Sunday in March; ends las t Sunday in Oc tober

Administrative div is ions:

16 s tates (Laender , s ingular - Land) ; Baden-Wuer ttemberg, Bayern (Bavar ia) , Ber lin, Brandenburg,

Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen (Hesse) , Mecklenburg-V orpommern (Mecklenburg-Wes tern Pomerania) ,

Niedersachsen (Low er Saxony ) , Nordrhein-Wes tf alen (Nor th Rhine-Wes tphalia) , Rheinland-Pf alz

(Rhineland-Palatinate) , Saar land, Sachsen (Saxony ) , Sachsen-A nhalt (Saxony -A nhalt) , Schlesw ig-

Hols tein, Thuer ingen (Thur ingia) ; note - Bayern, Sachsen, and Thuer ingen ref er to themselves as f ree

s tates (Freis taaten, s ingular - Freis taat) , w hile Hamburg pr ides itself on being a Free and Hanseatic City

(Freie und Hanses tadt)

Independence:

18 January 1871 (es tablishment of the German Empire) ; div ided into f our zones of occupation (UK, US,

USSR, and France) in 1945 f ollow ing Wor ld War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or Wes t Germany )

proc laimed on 23 May 1949 and inc luded the f ormer UK, US, and French zones ; German Democ ratic

Republic (GDR or Eas t Germany ) proc laimed on 7 Oc tober 1949 and inc luded the f ormer USSR zone; Wes t

Germany and Eas t Germany unif ied on 3 Oc tober 1990; all f our pow ers f ormally relinquished r ights on 15

March 1991; notable ear lier dates : 10 A ugus t 843 (Eas tern Franc ia es tablished f rom the div is ion of the

Carolingian Empire) ; 2 February 962 (c row ning of OTTO I, recognized as the f ir s t Holy Roman Emperor )

Nationa l holiday :

Unity Day , 3 Oc tober (1990)

Constitution:

prev ious 1919 (Weimar Cons titution) ; lates t draf ted 10 to 23 A ugus t 1948, approved 12 May 1949,

promulgated 23 May 1949, entered into f orce 24 May 1949; amended many t imes , las t in 2012 (2012)

Legal system:

c iv il law sys tem

Internationa l law organization partic ipation:

accepts compulsory ICJ jur isdic tion w ith reservations ; accepts ICCt jur isdic tion

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chie f of s tate : Pres ident Joachim GA UCK (s ince 23 March 2012)

he ad of gove r nm e nt: Chancellor A ngela MERKEL (s ince 22 November 2005)

cabine t : Cabinet or Bundesminis ter (Federal Minis ters ) appointed by the pres ident on the recommendation

of the chancellor

e le ct ions : pres ident elec ted f or a f ive-year term (eligible f or a second term) by a Federal Convention,

inc luding all members of the Federal Par liament (Bundes tag) and an equal number of delegates elec ted by

the s tate par liaments ; elec tion las t held on 19 February 2012 (nex t to be held by June 2017) ; chancellor

elec ted by an absolute major ity of the Federal Par liament f or a f our -year term; Federal Par liament vote f or

Chancellor las t held on 17 December 2013 (nex t to be held af ter the September 2017 elec tions )

e le ct ion r e s ults : Joachim GA UCK elec ted pres ident; received 991 votes of the Federal Convention

agains t 126 f or Beate KLA RSFELD and 3 f or Olaf ROSE; A ngela MERKEL reelec ted chancellor ; vote by

Federal Par liament 462 to 150 w ith f our abs tentions

Legis lative branch:



de s cr ipt ion: bicameral Par liament or Par lament cons is ts of the Federal Counc il or Bundes rat (69 seats ;

members appointed by each of the 16 s tate governments or landtags ) and the Federal Diet or Bundes tag

(631 seats - total seats can vary each elec toral term; approx imately one-half of members direc tly elec ted in

mult i- seat cons tituenc ies by propor tional representation vote and approx imately one-half direc tly elec ted in

s ingle-seat cons tituenc ies by s imple major ity vote; members serve 4-year terms )

e le ct ions : Bundes tag - las t held on 22 September 2013 (nex t to be held no later than autumn 2017) ; mos t

all pos tw ar German governments have been coalit ions ; note - there are no elec tions f or the Bundes rat;

compos it ion is determined by the compos it ion of the s tate- level governments ; the compos it ion of the

Bundes rat has the potential to change any t ime one of the 16 s tates holds an elec tion

e le ct ion r e s ults : Bundes tag - percent of vote by par ty - CDU/CSU 41.5%, SPD 25.7%, Lef t 8.6%,

Greens 8.4%, FDP 4.8%, other 10.9%; seats by par ty - CDU/CSU 311, SPD 193, Lef t 64, Greens 63

Judic ia l branch:

highe s t cour t (s ) : Federal Cour t of Jus tice (cour t cons is ts of 127 judges inc luding the cour t pres ident,

v ice-pres idents , pres iding judges , and other judges , and organized into 25 Senates subdiv ided into 12 c iv il

panels , 5 c r iminal panels , and 8 spec ial panels ; Federal Cons titutional Cour t or Bundesver f assungsger icht

(cons is ts of 2 Senates each subdiv ided into 3 chambers , each w ith a chairman and 8 members )

judge s e le ct ion and te r m of of f ice : Federal Cour t of Jus tice judges selec ted by the Judges Elec tion

Committee, w hich cons is ts of the Sec retar ies of Jus tice f rom each of the 16 f ederated States and 16

members appointed by the Federal Par liament; judges appointed by the pres ident of Germany ; judges serve

until mandatory retirement at age 65; Federal Cons titutional Cour t judges - one-half elec ted by the House of

Representatives and one-half by the Senate; judges appointed f or 12-year terms w ith mandatory retirement

at age 68

s ubor dinate cour ts : Federal A dminis trative Cour t; Federal Finance Cour t; Federal Labor Cour t; Federal

Soc ial Cour t; each of the 16 German s tates or Land has its ow n cons titutional cour t and a hierarchy of

ordinary (c iv il, c r iminal, f amily ) and spec ialized (adminis trative, f inance, labor , soc ial) cour ts

Politica l parties and leaders:

A lliance '90/Greens [Cem OEZDEMIR and Simone PETER]

A lternative f or Germany or A f D [Bernd LUCKE];; Chr is t ian Democ ratic Union or CDU [A ngela MERKEL]

Chr is t ian Soc ial Union or CSU [Hors t SEEHOFER]

Free Democ ratic Par ty or FDP [Chr is t ian LINDNER]

Lef t Par ty or Die Linke [Katia KIPPING and Bernd RIEXINGER]

Soc ial Democ ratic Par ty or SPD [Sigmar GA BRIEL]

Politica l pressure groups and leaders:

othe r : bus iness assoc iations and employers ' organizations

trade unions ; religious , immigrant, expellee, and veterans groups

Internationa l organization partic ipation:

A DB (nonregional member ) , A f DB (nonregional member ) , A rc tic Counc il (observer ) , A us tralia Group, BIS,

BSEC (observer ) , CBSS, CD, CDB, CE, CERN, EA PC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI ( implementing country ) , EMU,

ESA , EU, FA O, FA TF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IA DB, IA EA , IBRD, ICA O, ICC (national committees ) , ICCt,

ICRM, IDA , IEA , IFA D, IFC, IFRCS, IGA D (par tners ) , IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO,

ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs) , MIGA , MINURSO, MINUSMA , NA TO, NEA , NSG, OA S (observer ) , OECD, OPCW,

OSCE, Pac if ic A lliance (observer ) , Par is Club, PCA , Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer ) , SICA

(observer ) , UN, UNA MID, UNCTA D, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNRWA , UNWTO, UPU, WCO,

WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chie f of m is s ion: A mbassador Hans Peter WITTIG (s ince 21 May 2014)

chance r y: 2300 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037

te le phone : [1] (202) 298-4000

FAX: [1] (202) 298-4249

cons ulate (s ) ge ne r al: A tlanta, Bos ton, Chicago, Hous ton, Los A ngeles , Miami, New Y ork, San Franc isco

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chie f of m is s ion: A mbassador John B. EMERSON (s ince 26 A ugus t 2013)

e m bas s y: Par iser Platz 2, 10117 Ber lin

m ailing addr e s s : Unit 5090, Box 1000, DPO A E09265

te le phone : [49] (30) 48305-0

FAX: [49] (30) 8305-1215

cons ulate (s ) ge ne r al: Duesseldor f , Frankf ur t am Main, Hamburg, Leipz ig, Munich

F lag descr iption:



Econom y :: GERM ANY

three equal hor izontal bands of black ( top) , red, and gold; these colors have played an impor tant role in

German his tory and can be traced back to the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Emperor - a black eagle

w ith red c law s and beak on a gold f ield

Nationa l symbol(s):

golden eagle; national colors : black, red, yellow

Nationa l anthem:

nam e : "Das Lied der Deutschen" (Song of the Germans )

lyr ics /m us ic: A ugus t Heinr ich HOFFMA NN V ON FA LLERSLEBEN/Franz Joseph HA Y DN

note : adopted 1922; the anthem, also know n as "Deutschlandlied" (Song of Germany ) , w as or iginally

adopted f or its connec tion to the March 1848 liberal revolution; f ollow ing appropr iation by the Naz is of the

f irs t verse, spec if ically the phrase, "Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles " (Germany , Germany above all)

to promote nationalism, it w as banned af ter 1945; in 1952, its third verse w as adopted by Wes t Germany as

its national anthem; in 1990, it became the national anthem f or the reunited Germany

Economy - overv iew:

The German economy - the f if th larges t economy in the w or ld in PPP terms and Europe's larges t - is a

leading expor ter of machinery , vehic les , chemicals , and household equipment and benef its f rom a highly

skilled labor f orce. Like its Wes tern European neighbors , Germany f aces s ignif icant demographic

challenges to sus tained long- term grow th. Low f er t ility rates and dec lining net immigration are inc reas ing

pressure on the country 's soc ial w elf are sys tem and necess itate s truc tural ref orms . Ref orms launched by

the government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (1998-2005) , deemed necessary to address

chronically high unemployment and low average grow th, contr ibuted to s trong grow th and f alling

unemployment. These advances , as w ell as a government subs idized, reduced w orking hour scheme, help

explain the relatively modes t inc rease in unemployment dur ing the 2008-09 recess ion - the deepes t s ince

Wor ld War II - and its dec rease to 5.3% in 2014. The new German government introduced a minimum w age

of about $11.60 (8.50 euros ) per hour to take ef f ec t in 2015. Stimulus and s tabilization ef f or ts init iated in

2008 and 2009 and tax cuts introduced in Chancellor A ngela MERKEL's second term inc reased Germany 's

total budget def ic it - inc luding f ederal, s tate, and munic ipal - to 4.1% in 2010, but s low er spending and

higher tax revenues reduced the def ic it to 0.8% in 2011 and in 2012 Germany reached a budget surplus of

0.1%. The budget w as essentially in balance in 2014. A cons titutional amendment approved in 2009 limits

the f ederal government to s truc tural def ic its of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016 though

the target w as already reached in 2012. Follow ing the March 2011 Fukushima nuc lear disas ter , Chancellor

A ngela MERKEL announced in May 2011 that eight of the country 's 17 nuc lear reac tors w ould be shut

dow n immediately and the remaining plants w ould c lose by 2022. Germany plans to replace nuc lear pow er

w ith renew able energy , w hich accounts f or 34% of total energy consumption, up f rom 9% in 2000. Bef ore

the shutdow n of the eight reac tors , Germany relied on nuc lear pow er f or 23% of its elec tr ic ity generating

capac ity and 46% of its base- load elec tr ic ity produc tion.

GDP (purchasing power par ity ):

$3.621 tr illion (2014 es t.)

$3.572 tr illion (2013 es t.)

$3.553 tr illion (2012 es t.)

note : data are in 2014 US dollars


GDP (off ic ia l exchange rate):

$3.82 tr illion (2014 es t.)

GDP - rea l growth rate :

1.4% (2014 es t.)

0.5% (2013 es t.)

0.9% (2012 es t.)


GDP - per capita (PPP):

$44,700 (2014 es t.)

$44,200 (2013 es t.)

$44,100 (2012 es t.)

note : data are in 2013 US dollars




Gross nationa l sav ing:

23.9% of GDP (2014 es t.)

24% of GDP (2013 es t.)

24.6% of GDP (2012 es t.)


GDP - composition, by end use:

hous e hold cons um pt ion: 56.1%

gove r nm e nt cons um pt ion: 19.2%

inve s tm e nt in f ixe d capital: 20.2%

inve s tm e nt in inve ntor ie s : 0.1%

e xpor ts of goods and s e r vice s : 45.7%

im por ts of goods and s e r vice s : -41.3%

(2014 es t.)

GDP - composition, by sector of or igin:

agr icultur e : 0.9%

indus tr y: 30.8%

s e r vice s : 68.4%

(2014 es t.)

Agriculture - products:

potatoes , w heat, bar ley , sugar beets , f ruit, cabbages ; milk produc ts ; catt le, pigs , poultry

Industr ies:

among the w or ld's larges t and mos t technologically advanced producers of iron, s teel, coal, cement,

chemicals , machinery , vehic les , machine tools , elec tronics , automobiles , f ood and beverages , shipbuilding,

tex tiles

Industr ia l production growth rate :

1.3% (2014 es t.)


Labor force :

44.76 million (2014 es t.)


Labor force - by occupation:

agr icultur e : 1.6%

indus tr y: 24.6%

s e r vice s : 73.8%

(2011)

Unemployment rate :

5% (2014 es t.)

5.3% (2013 es t.)


Population be low poverty l ine :

15.5% (2010 es t.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share :

low e s t 10%: 3.6%

highe s t 10%: 24% (2000)

Distr ibution of family income - Gini index:

27 (2006)

30 (1994)


Budget:

r e ve nue s : $1.68 tr illion

e xpe nditur e s : $1.664 tr illion (2014 es t.)

Taxes and other revenues:

44% of GDP (2014 es t.)


Budget surplus (+) or defic it (- ):

0.4% of GDP (2014 es t.)


Public debt:



74.7% of GDP (2014 es t.)

76.3% of GDP (2013 es t.)

note : general government gross debt is def ined in the Maas tr icht Treaty as consolidated general

government gross debt at nominal value, outs tanding at the end of the year in the f ollow ing categor ies of

government liabilit ies (as def ined in ESA 95) : cur rency and depos its (A F.2) , secur it ies other than shares

exc luding f inanc ial der ivatives (A F.3, exc luding A F.34) , and loans (A F.4) ; the general government sec tor

compr ises the sub-sec tors of central government, s tate government, local government and soc ial secur ity

f unds ; the ser ies are presented as a percentage of GDP and in millions of euro; GDP used as a denominator

is the gross domes tic produc t at cur rent market pr ices ; data expressed in national cur rency are conver ted

into euro us ing end-of -year exchange rates prov ided by the European Central Bank


F isca l year:

calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer pr ices):

0.9% (2014 es t.)

1.6% (2013 es t.)

Centra l bank discount rate :

0.75% (31 December 2013)

1.5% (31 December 2010)

note : this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending f ac ility , w hich of f ers overnight

c redit to banks in the euro area


Commercia l bank pr ime lending rate :

2.6% (31 December 2014 es t.)

2.76% (31 December 2013 es t.)


Stock of narrow money :

$2.236 tr illion (31 December 2014 es t.)


note : see entry f or the European Union f or money supply f or the entire euro area; the European Central

Bank (ECB) controls monetary polic y f or the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) ;

indiv idual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money c irculating w ithin their ow n borders


Stock of broad money :




Stock of domestic credit:




Market va lue of public ly traded shares:


$1.184 tr illion (31 December 2011)



Current account ba lance:

$257.7 billion (2014 es t.)

$274 billion (2013 es t.)


Exports:

$1.547 tr illion (2014 es t.)

$1.506 tr illion (2013 es t.)


Exports - commodities:

motor vehic les , machinery , chemicals , computer and elec tronic produc ts , elec tr ical equipment,

pharmaceuticals , metals , transpor t equipment, f oods tuf f s , tex tiles , rubber and plas tic produc ts

Exports - partners:



Ene rgy :: GERM ANY

France 9.8%, UK 7.4%, Nether lands 6.9%, US 6.4%, A us tr ia 5.5%, China 5.4%, Italy 5.2%, Sw itzer land

4.6%, Poland 4.1%, Belgium 4.1% (2013)

Imports:

$1.319 tr illion (2014 es t.)

$1.249 tr illion (2013 es t.)


Imports - commodities:

machinery , data process ing equipment, vehic les , chemicals , oil and gas , metals , elec tr ic equipment,

pharmaceuticals , f oods tuf f s , agr icultural produc ts

Imports - partners:

Nether lands 14.2%, France 7.7%, Belgium 6.4%, China 6.4%, Italy 5.4%, UK 4.9%, A us tr ia 4.4%, Russ ia

4.3%, Poland 4.3%, Sw itzer land 4.1%, Czech Republic 4% (2013)

Reserves of fore ign exchange and gold:

$198.2 billion (31 December 2013 es t.)

$198.2 billion (31 December 2013 es t.)


Debt - externa l:


$5.338 tr illion (31 December 2011)


Stock of direct fore ign investment - a t home:




Stock of direct fore ign investment - abroad:




Exchange rates:

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

0.7489 (2014 es t.)

0.7634 (2013 es t.)

0.78 (2012 es t.)

0.7185 (2011 es t.)

0.755 (2010 es t.)

Electr ic ity - production:

575.9 billion kWh (2012 es t.)


Electr ic ity - consumption:



Electr ic ity - exports:



Electr ic ity - imports:



Electr ic ity - insta lled generating capacity :

178.4 million kW (2012 es t.)


Electr ic ity - from fossil fue ls:

51% of total ins talled capac ity (2012 es t.)


Electr ic ity - from nuclear fue ls:




Com m unications :: GERM ANY


Electr ic ity - from hydroe lectr ic plants:



Electr ic ity - from other renewable sources:



Crude oil - production:

97,000 bbl/day (2013 es t.)


Crude oil - proved reserves:

232.6 million bbl (1 January 2014 es t.)


Refined petroleum products - production:

2.206 million bbl/day (2012 es t.)


Refined petroleum products - consumption:

2.403 million bbl/day (2013 es t.)


Refined petroleum products - exports:

376,600 bbl/day (2012 es t.)


Refined petroleum products - imports:

666,300 bbl/day (2010 es t.)


Natura l gas - production:

11.78 billion cu m (2013 es t.)


Natura l gas - consumption:



Natura l gas - exports:



Natura l gas - imports:



Natura l gas - proved reserves:

116 billion cu m (1 January 2014 es t.)


Carbon diox ide emissions from consumption of energy :

788.3 million Mt (2012 es t.)

Te lephones - main lines in use:

50.7 million (2012)


Te lephones - mobile ce llular:

107.7 million (2012)


Te lephone system:

ge ne r al as s e s s m e nt: Germany has one of the w or ld's mos t technologically advanced

telecommunications sys tems ; as a result of intens ive capital expenditures s ince reunif ication, the f ormer ly

backw ard sys tem of the eas tern par t of the country , dating back to Wor ld War II, has been modernized and

integrated w ith that of the w es tern par t

dom e s t ic: Germany is served by an ex tens ive sys tem of automatic telephone exchanges connec ted by

modern netw orks of f iber -optic cable, coax ial cable, mic row ave radio relay , and a domes tic satellite sys tem;



Trans por tation :: GERM ANY

cellular telephone serv ice is w idely available, expanding rapidly , and inc ludes roaming serv ice to many

f oreign countr ies

inte r nat ional: country code - 49; Germany 's international serv ice is excellent w or ldw ide, cons is ting of

ex tens ive land and undersea cable f ac ilit ies as w ell as ear th s tations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat, Eutelsat, and

Intersputnik satellite sys tems (2011)

Broadcast media :

a mix ture of public ly operated and pr ivately ow ned TV and radio s tations ; national and regional public

broadcas ters compete w ith near ly 400 pr ivately ow ned national and regional TV s tations ; more than 90%

of households have cable or satellite TV ; hundreds of radio s tations inc luding mult iple national radio

netw orks , regional radio netw orks , and a large number of local radio s tations (2008)

Radio broadcast stations:

A M 51, FM 787, shor tw ave 4 (1998)

Te lev is ion broadcast stations:

373 (plus 8,042 repeaters ) (1995)

Internet country code:

.de

Internet hosts:

20.043 million (2012)


Internet users:

65.125 million (2009)


Airports:

539 (2013)


Airports - with paved runways:

total: 318

ove r 3,047 m : 14

2,438 to 3,047 m : 49

1,524 to 2,437 m : 60

914 to 1,523 m : 70

unde r 914 m : 125 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 221

1,524 to 2,437 m : 1

914 to 1,523 m : 35

unde r 914 m :

185 (2013)

Heliports:

23 (2013)

Pipe lines:

condensate 37 km; gas 26,985 km; oil 2,826 km; ref ined produc ts 4,479 km; w ater 8 km (2013)

Railways:

total: 41,981 km

s tandar d gauge : 41,722 km 1.435-m gauge (20,053 km elec tr if ied)

nar r ow gauge : 220 km 1.000-m gauge (75 km elec tr if ied) ; 39 km 0.750-m gauge (24 km elec tr if ied)

(2008)


Roadways:

total: 645,000 km

pave d: 645,000 km ( inc ludes 12,800 km of expressw ays )

note : inc ludes local roads (2010)


Waterways:

7,467 km (Rhine River car r ies mos t goods ; Main-Danube Canal links Nor th Sea and Black Sea) (2012)



M ilitary :: GERM ANY

Trans national Is s ue s :: GERM ANY


Merchant marine:

total: 427

by type : barge car r ier 2, bulk car r ier 6, cargo 51, car r ier 1, chemical tanker 15, container 298, liquef ied

gas 6, passenger 4, passenger /cargo 24, petroleum tanker 10, ref r igerated cargo 3, roll on/roll of f 6, vehic le

car r ier 1

for e ign-ow ne d: 6 (Finland 3, Nether lands 1, Sw itzer land 2)

r e gis te r e d in othe r countr ie s : 3,420 (A ntigua and Barbuda 1094, A us tralia 2, Bahamas 30, Bermuda

14, Braz il 6, Bulgar ia 12, Burma 1, Cayman Is lands 3, Cook Is lands 1, Curacao 25, Cyprus 192, Denmark 9,

Dominica 5, Es tonia 1, France 1, Gibraltar 123, Hong Kong 10, Is le of Man 56, Jamaica 10, Liber ia 1185,

Luxembourg 9, Malta 135, Marshall Is lands 248, Morocco 1, Nether lands 86, NZ 2, Panama 24, Papua New

Guinea 1, Philippines 2, Por tugal 14, Saint V incent and the Grenadines 3, Singapore 32, Slovakia 3, Spain 4,

Sr i Lanka 8, Sw eden 3, UK 59, US 5, V enezuela 1) (2010)


Ports and termina ls:

m ajor s e apor t (s ) : Balt ic Sea - Ros tock; Nor th Sea - Wilhelmshaven

r ive r por t (s ) : Bremen (Weser ) ; Bremerhaven (Gees te) ; Duisburg, Kar ls ruhe, Neuss -Dusseldor f (Rhine) ;

Brunsbuttel, Hamburg (Elbe) ; Lubeck (Wakenitz )

oil/gas te r m inal(s ) : Brunsbuttel Canal terminals

containe r por t (s ) : Bremen/Bremerhaven (5,915,487) , Hamburg (9,014,165) (2011)

Military branches:

Federal A rmed Forces (Bundesw ehr ) : A rmy (Heer ) ; Navy (Deutsche Mar ine, inc ludes naval air arm) ; A ir

Force (Luf tw af f e) ; Joint Suppor t Serv ices (Streitkraef tebas is , SKB) ; Central Medical Serv ice (Zentraler

Sanitaetsdiens t, ZSanDs tBw ) (2013)

Military serv ice age and obligation:

17-23 years of age f or male and f emale voluntary military serv ice; consc r iption ended 1 July 2011; serv ice

obligation 8-23 months or 12 years ; w omen have been eligible f or voluntary serv ice in all military branches

and pos it ions s ince 2001 (2013)

Manpower ava ilable for military serv ice :

m ale s age 16-49: 18,529,299

fe m ale s age 16-49: 17,888,543 (2010 es t.)

Manpower f it for military serv ice :

m ale s age 16-49: 15,027,886

fe m ale s age 16-49: 14,510,527 (2010 es t.)

Manpower reaching militar ily s ignif icant age annually :

m ale : 405,438

fe m ale : 384,930 (2010 es t.)

Military expenditures:

1.35% of GDP (2012)

1.34% of GDP (2011)

1.35% of GDP (2010)


Disputes - internationa l:

none

Refugees and interna lly displaced persons:

r e fuge e s (countr y of or ig in) : 40,402 ( Iraq) ; 28,823 (Sy r ia) ; 25,963 (A f ghanis tan) ; 23,478 (Turkey ) ;

18,146 ( Iran) ; 9,526 (Serbia) (2014)

s tate le s s pe r s ons : 11,709 (2013)

Ill ic it drugs:

source of precursor chemicals f or South A mer ican cocaine processors ; transshipment point f or and

consumer of Southw es t A s ian heroin, Latin A mer ican cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs ;

major f inanc ial center

alemania

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