alat pelindung diri
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ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI
A. Siswanto 2010
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ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI
Personal Protective Equipment
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A successful PPE program requires strong management commitment and worker’s participation.
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Management commitment and worker involvement are complementary and essential elements of an effective safety and health management system
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND
HEALTH IS
EVERYBODY’S
RESPONSIBILITY
INCLUDING YOURS
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IT IS BETTER SAFE THAN SORRY
PPE is the Last Line of Defence
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• As an interim measure, before more effective controls can be established.
• If other controls are impossible or not completely effective.
• During maintenance or clean up and in emergencies.
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PPE are usually used :
Penggunaan APD
• Identifikasi & evaluasi potensi bahaya
• Pemilihan yang tepat & kesesuaian
• Diklat• Pemeliharaan• Kesadaran
Manajemen & pekerja
Use of PPE can be an effective part of the
health and safety program in the workplace. But
it will only work if it is :• Selected carefully• Used and maintained properly• Monitor carefully.
• PPE is often uncomfortable, making it difficult to work effectively.
• This make cause stress, increase the time spent working in dangerous environments, and make it less likely that PPE will be used to the full extent it should be.
Oxygen deficiency in the confined space which may be caused by :
a. Slow oxidation reactions of either organic or
inorganic substances. b. Rapid oxidation (combustion). c. The dilution of air with inert gas. d. Absorption by grains, chemicals or soils. e. Physical activity.
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Oxygen Deficiency
The process of using PPE can be summarized as follows :
1. The manager identifies the hazards;
2. Matches the PPE to the particular hazard;
3. Convinces workers to use the PPE, reminding them of the chances they would be taking if they worked in the presence of a hazard without appropriate protection.
Protective clothing and devices need to be carefully selected to meet the following requirements :
1. They must give adequate protection against the specific hazard or hazards to which the worker will be exposed.
2. Clothing should be of minimum weight cause minimum discomfort compatible with protective efficiency.
3. Attachment to the body should be flexible but effective.
4. The weight should be carried by a part of the body well able to support it.
5. The wearer should not be restricted in movement or sensory perception essential to the job.
6. Clothing should be attractive.7. They should be durable.8. Parts should be accessible so that they can
be adequately inspected and maintained on the premises by the staff of the organization using them.
Protective Clothing(cont’d)
• Comfort and appearance are critical
factors in ensuring that equipment will be
used.
• Where possible, workers should be allowed
to make their own selection from a range
of equipment that provides the required
level of protection.
Permasalahan
• Tidak semua APD telah dilakukan pengujian laboratoris sehingga tidak diketahui tingkat proteksinya.
• Tidak nyaman sehingga si pemakai enggan menggunakannya.
• APD dapat menciptakan bahaya baru• Perlindungan yang diberikan APD sulit
untuk dimonitor.
Permasalahan
• Kewajiban pemeliharaan APD dialihkan dari pihak manajemen ke pekerja
• Efektifitas APD sangat tergantung ‘good fit’ pada pekerja
• Kepercayaan pada APD akan menghambat pengembangan kontrol teknologi yang lebih dianjurkan.
Alat Pelindung Kepala
Melindungi kepala dari :• Rambut pekerja terjerat oleh mesin.• Bahaya terbentur benda tajam atau keras
yang dapat menyebabkan luka gores, memar atau luka tusuk.
• Bahaya kejatuhan benda-benda atau terpukul oleh benda-benda yang melayang atau meluncur di udara.
• Panas radiasi, api, dan percikan bahan-bahan kimia korosif.
• Safety helmet (hard hat) Dipakai untuk melindungi kepala dari
bahaya kejatuhan, terbentur, dan terpukul oleh
benda keras atau tajam• Hood Digunakan untuk melindungi kepala dari
bahaya bahan kimia, api, dan panas radiasi yang
tinggi.• Hair cap (hair guard) Digunakan untuk melindungi kepala dari kotoran/debu dan melindungi rambut dari
bahaya terjerat oleh mesin yang berputar.
Jenis Alat Pelindung Kepala
Alat Pelindung Kepala
• Helm
• Tutup Kepala
• Hats / Cap
Melindungi kepala dari benda keras, pukulan dan benturan, terjatuh dan terkena arus listrik
Melindungi kepala dari kebakaran ,korosi ,panas / dingin
Melindungi kepala dari kotoran dan debu
HELMET
Helm
1. ABS (Acrylic Butyl Styrene)Bahan yang keras dan padatKeunggulan : Tahan terhadap BenturanKelemahan : Kurang tahan terhadap panas (80-90 Derajat Celcius)
2. Polyethelene ( PE )Keunggulan : Tahan panas (110 Derajat C)Kelemahan: Kurang tahan terhadap benturan
Emboss
Accessories slot
Peak
Emboss with 1) CE and PSB mark 2) Manufacturing month and year 3) Material type
Sweatband
Nylon harness
6-point suspensionsystem
Standard Assembly (Chin strap included for Malaysia only)
User sticker pasted on this position
Clock system for month & year
Identifying different parts of the helmets (Assembled)
Menurut bentuknya, alat pelindung mata dapat
digolongkan menjadi:
• Kacamata, dengan atau tanpa pelindung
samping.• Goggles.• Tameng muka.
Alat Pelindung Mata
Bump cap face shield and prescription for this employee. Shields are available in clear light green, dark green
Eye Protection
Chemical Splash Goggles
Recommended Eye and Face Protectors
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• Dapat membatasi pandangan
• Timbul kabut, noda dan goresan kecil
• Tidak dapat untuk melihat kerusakan secara
visual
• Beberapa kacamata pengaman memungkinkan
benda masuk dari samping.
Masalah Alat Pelindung Mata
• Alat pelindung telinga dapat digolongkan menjadi empat jenis
• Sumbat telinga (ear plugs atau aural inserts)
• Canal caps atau superaural protectors• Tutup telinga (ear muffs / circumaural
protectors)• Enclosures (menutupi seluruh bagian
kepala/ entire head), misalnya helmet
Alat Pelindung Telinga
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• The maximum amount that a hearing protector can reduce the sound reaching the ear is from about 35 dB at the higher frequencies.
• By wearing hearing protectors and then adding a helmet that encloses the head, an additional 10 dB reduction of sound transmitted to the ears can be achieved.
Enclosure
Helmets can be used to support earmuffs or earphones and cover the bony portion of the head in an attempt to reduce bone conducted sound. Helmets are particularly well-suited for use in extremely high-noise level areas and where workers need to protect their heads from bumps or missiles.
Personal Hearing Protection
With good design and careful fitting of the
seal between the edges of the helmet and
the skin of the face and neck, 5 - 10 dB of
sound attenuation can be obtained beyond
that already provided by the earmuffs or
earphones worn inside the helmet.
Personal Hearing Protection
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• Didesain untuk sekali pakai. Terbuat dari
serat gelas yang halus (Swedish wool),
kapas yang diberi malam (wax-impregnated
cotton), plastik yang dapat mengembang
(expandable plastic) dan busa (foam).
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Formable Ear Plug
• Umumnya sumbat telinga jenis ini terbuat dari campuran dari dua bahan atau lebih untuk membentuk suatu persenyawaan yang menyerupai karet lunak bila campuran tersebut mengeras.
• Setelah mengeras, campuran tersebut dengan sendirinya akan membentuk sumbat telinga sesuai dengan bentuk saluran telinga dan telinga luar dari pemakaiannya.
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Custom (individually) – molded earplugs
• Bahan terbuat dari silikon, karet atau plastik yang lunak.
• Ear plugs jenis ini dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 tipe yaitu tipe universal-fit type (satu ukuran) dan tipe dimana dibuat ukuran yang berbeda.
• Pemakaian alat pelindung telinga ini memerlukan pemasangan yang tepat oleh seseorang yang telah terlatih.
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Earplug (premolded)
Earplugs - Superaural Protectors
• Hearing-protective devices in this category (commonly know as canal caps) seal the external opening of the ear canal to achieve sound attenuation.
• A soft, rubber-like material is held in place by a lightweight headband.
• The tension of the band holds the superaural device against the external opening of the ear canal.
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Earmuffs-Superaural Protectors
• Circumaural hearing - protective devices, or earmuffs, consist essentially of two cup or dome-shaped devices that fit over the entire external ear, including the lobe, and a cushion or pad that seals against the side of the head.
• The ear cups are generally made of a molded rigid plastic and are lined with a cell-type foam material.
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Earmuffs/Superaural Protectors
• The size and shape of the ear cup vary from one manufacturer to another. The cups are usually held in place by a spring - loaded suspension assembly or headband.
• The force applied against the head is directly related to the degree of attenuation desired.
• The width, circumference, and material of the earmuff cushion must be considered to maintain a proper balance of performance and comfort.
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Keuntungan Ear Plug• Mudah dibawa karena ukurannya yang
kecil• Relatif lebih nyaman dipakai di tempat kerja
yang panas• Tidak membatasi gerakan kepala• Harganya relatif murah• Dapat dipakai dengan efektif dan tidak
dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian kacamata, tutup kepala dan anting-anting/giwang.
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Kerugian Ear Plug• Untuk pemasangan yang tepat, ear plug
memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama dari ear muff.
• Tingkat proteksi yang diberikan oleh ear plug adalah lebih kecil dari ear muff.
• Sulit dipantau oleh pengawas apakah pekerja memakai ear plug atau tidak (karena ukurannya yang kecil.
• Ear plug hanya dipakai oleh pekerja yang telinganya sehat.
• Bila pekerja menggunakan tangan yang kotor pada saat memasang ear plug, maka hal ini kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan iritasi/peradangan pada kulit saluran telinga.
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Keuntungan Ear Muff• Atenuasi suara (besarnya intensitas suara
yang direduksi) umumnya lebih besar dari ear plug.
• Satu jenis ukuran dari ear muff dapat dipakai oleh semua pekerja dengan ukuran yang berbeda.
• Pemakaiannya mudah dipantau oleh pengawas.
• Dapat dipakai oleh pekerja yang menderita infeksi telinga yang ringan.
• Mudah dicari bila hilang karena ukuran ear muff yang relatif besar.
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• Tidak nyaman dipakai ditempat kerja yang panas.
• Efektivitas dari ear muff dapat dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian kacamata, tutup telinga, anting-anting dan rambut yang menutupi telinga. Demikian pula kenyamanan dari pemakainya.
• Penyimpanannya relatif lebih sulit dari ear plug.
• Dapat membatasi gerakan kepala bila digunakan di tempat kerja yang sempit/sangat sempit.
• Harganya relatif lebih mahal dari ear plug.• Pada pemakaian yang terlalu sering atau
bila headband yang berpegas sering ditekuk oleh pemakainya, hal ini akan menyebabkan daya atenuasi suara dari ear muff menurun.
Kerugian Ear Muff
Advantages of Ear Protectors
Insert-type protectors Muff-type protctors
They are small and are carried easily
The protection provided by a good muff-type protector is generally greater and less variable between wearers than that of good ear plugs
They can be worn conveniently and effectively with other personally worn items such as glasses, headgear
A single size of ear muffs fits a large percentage of heads
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Advantages of Ear ProtectorsInsert-type protectors Muff-type protectors
They are relatively comfortable to wear in hot environments
The relatively large muff size can be seen readily at a distance thus the wearing of these protectors is easily monitored
They are convenient to wear where the head must be manoeuvred in close quarters
Muffs are usually accepted more readily at the beginning of a hearing conservation program than earplugs
The cost of sized earplugs is significantly less than muffs However, hand-formed and personally molded protectors may be as much or more than muffs
Muffs can be worn even with many minor ear infections. Muffs are not easily misplaced or lost as easily as earmuffs.
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Disadvantages of Ear ProtectorsInsert-type protectors Muff-type protectors
Sized and molded insert protectors requires more time and efforts for fitting than for muffs
Muffs are uncomfortable in hot environments
The amount of protection provided by a good earplug is generally less and more variable between wearer than that provided by a good muff protector
Muffs are not as easily carried nor stored as earplugs
Dirt may be inserted into the ear canal if the earplug is removed and reinserted with dirty hands
Muffs are not as compatible with other personally worn items such glasses and headgear as are earplugs.
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Disadvantages of Ear Protectors
Insert-type protectors Muff-type protectors
Earplugs are difficult to see in the ear from a distance; Hence it is difficult to monitor groups wearing these devices
Muff suspension forces may be reduced by usage, or by deliberate bending, so that the protection provided may be substantially less than expected
Earplugs can be worn only in healthy ear canals, and even in some healthy canals a period of time is necessary for acceptance
The relatively large muff size may not be acceptable when the head must be maneuvred in closed quarters. Muffs are more expensive than most insert-type protectors
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Alat pelindung Telinga
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HEARING PROTECTION DEVICES
Dapat mengurangi intensitas suara 20 s/d 30 dB
Ear Muffler (Penutup telinga)
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Keuntungan Ear Plug• Mudah dibawa karena ukurannya yang
kecil• Relatif lebih nyaman dipakai di tempat kerja
yang panas• Tidak membatasi gerakan kepala• Harganya relatif murah• Dapat dipakai dengan efektif dan tidak
dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian kacamata, tutup kepala dan anting-anting/giwang.
Kerugian Ear Plug• Untuk pemasangan yang tepat, ear plug
memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama dari ear muff.
• Tingkat proteksi yang diberikan oleh ear plug adalah lebih kecil dari ear muff.
• Sulit dipantau oleh pengawas apakah pekerja memakai ear plug atau tidak (karena ukurannya yang kecil.
• Ear plug hanya dipakai oleh pekerja yang telinganya sehat.
• Bila pekerja menggunakan tangan yang kotor pada saat memasang ear plug, maka hal ini kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan iritasi/peradangan pada kulit saluran telinga.
Keuntungan Ear Muff• Atenuasi suara (besarnya intensitas suara
yang direduksi) umumnya lebih besar dari ear plug.
• Satu jenis ukuran dari ear muff dapat dipakai oleh semua pekerja dengan ukuran yang berbeda.
• Pemakaiannya mudah dipantau oleh pengawas.
• Dapat dipakai oleh pekerja yang menderita infeksi telinga yang ringan.
• Mudah dicari bila hilang karena ukuran ear muff yang relatif besar.
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• Tidak nyaman dipakai ditempat kerja yang panas.
• Efektivitas dari ear muff dapat dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian kacamata, tutup telinga, anting-anting dan rambut yang menutupi telinga. Demikian pula kenyamanan dari pemakainya.
• Penyimpanannya relatif lebih sulit dari ear plug.
• Dapat membatasi gerakan kepala bila digunakan di tempat kerja yang sempit/sangat sempit.
• Harganya relatif lebih mahal dari ear plug.• Pada pemakaian yang terlalu sering atau
bila headband yang berpegas sering ditekuk oleh pemakainya, hal ini akan menyebabkan daya atenuasi suara dari ear muff menurun.
Kerugian Ear Muff
• Step one. Determine how many decibels
you are over the limit in your workplace.
• Step two. Determine whether your
workplace decibel measurements are
made using the A scale (dBA) or the C
scale (dBC).
Determining Adequacy of HPD Attenuation
Let’s calculate how high an NRR we will
need.
For example, let’s select an HPD that has a
NRR
of 21 dB. Choose one of the two options
below.
Step three
Determining Adequacy of HPD Attenuation
Option A : Use this option if the scale used in
step two is in dBA.
• Subtract 7 from the selected HPD’s NRR
rating : (21 – 7 = 14)
• Divided that number by 2 (14 : 2 = 7)
Determining Adequacy of HPD Attenuation
• Subtract this value from the number of decibels you are over limit calculated on the previous calculation (105 – 90 = 15 dBA).
• 105 dBA is the measured noise level in your workplace; while 90 dBA is the exposure limit established by OSHA.
Determining Adequacy of HPD Attenuation
• 15 – 7 = 8 dB …………………….. this still exceeds the OSHA Standard.
• Obviously we will have to select an HPD
with a higher NRR rating and recalculate,
using the same procedure until we drop
below the maximum allowable exposure.
Determining Adequacy of HPD Attenuation
Option B : Use this option if the scale used in
step two was dBC.
• If your workplace decibel value is measured
in units of dBC, follow the same steps
outlined in option A, except do not
subtract the 7 in step one.
Determining Adequacy of HPD Attenuation
What about using plugs and muffs together ?1. Add 5 dB to the value of the higher-rated
HPD, but only after following the steps on the previous slide.
2. Example : let’s say NRR plug = 30 and NRR
muff = 21 dB. [(30 – 7) /2] + 5 dB = 17 dB of
effective protection.3. By combining two forms of HPD’s, we now
fall within the parameters of the OSHA standard.
Determining Adequacy of HPD Attenuation
• In most cases, elimination, engineering
controls and administrative controls will
effectively control a hazard.• However, sometimes, even after all of
these three control measures have been
undertaken, PPE will still be needed.
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To use this selection logic, the user must first
assemble the necessary toxicological, safety, and
other relevant information for each respiratory
hazard, including the following:• General use conditions, including
determination of contaminant(s);• Physical, chemical, and toxicological
properties of the contaminant(s);
Criteria for Selecting Respirators
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Criteria for Selecting Respirators
• Expected concentration of each respiratory hazard;
• Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) concentration;• Oxygen concentration or expected oxygen
concentration;• Eye irritation potential; and• Environmental factors, such as presence of
oil aerosols.
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• An IDLH exposure condition is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne
contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed
permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. 80
IDLH
• The purpose of establishing an IDLH
exposure level is to ensure that the worker
can escape from a given contaminated
environment in the event of failure of the
respiratory protection equipment.
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IDLH
Respiratory Protection
• Respirators protect you from breathing hazardous airborne contaminants.
• They must be properly selected, fitted, and maintained.
• Most important, you must know their proper uses and limitations.
• If the contaminants in your work environment require you to wear a respirator, wear it.
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• NIOSH defines an oxygen-
deficient atmosphere as any
atmosphere containing oxygen at
a concentration below 19.5% at
sea level.
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Oxygen-Deficient Atmosphere
• The minimum requirement of 19.5% oxygen at sea level provides an adequate amount of oxygen for most work assignments and includes a safety factor. • The safety factor is needed because
oxygen-deficient atmospheres offer little warning of the danger, and the continuous measurement of an oxygen-deficient atmosphere is difficult.
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• At oxygen concentrations below 16% at sea level, decreased mental effectiveness, visual acuity, and muscular coordination occur. • At oxygen concentrations below10%, loss of consciousness may occur, and below 6% oxygen, death will result. • Often only mild subjective changes are noted by individuals exposed to low concentrations of oxygen, and collapse can occur without warning.
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Respiratory Protection
• Exposure to high concentrations of a toxic substance, even for a short time, can cause serious injury or death.
• Exposure to low concentrations of certain toxic substances can cause permanent damage to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or other organs.
• Work environments can be fatal if the oxygen content of the air is too low.
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• Is there a hazard which warrants the wearing of some protective device? What is the probability of the hazard being released?
• What degree of protection is required and what clothing or equipment would be most suitable?
• How can one ensure that the devices are not only worn, but worn correctly?
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Three main questions should be considered :
• Identify steps taken to assess potential hazards in every employee’s work space and in workplace operating procedures.
• Identify appropriate PPE selection criteria.• Identify how you will train employees on the use of PPE, including : a. What PPE is necessary b. When PPE is necessary c. How to properly inspect PPE for wear or damage
Establishing a PPE program
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d. How to properly put on and adjust the fit of
PPE.
e. How to properly take off PPE.
f. The limitations of the PPE.
g. How to properly care for and store PPE.
Establishing a PPE program (cont’d)
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• Identify how you will assess employee understanding of PPE training.
• Identify how you will enforce proper PPE use.
• Identify how you will provide for any required medical examinations.
• Identify how and when to evaluate the PPE program.
Establishing a PPE program (cont’d)
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RESTRICTION & REQUIREMENTS FOR RESPIRATORS USAGE
The following requirements and restrictions mustbe considered to ensure that the respiratorselected will provide adequate protection underthe conditions of intended use:1. Workers are not exposed to a single
unvarying concentration of a hazardous substance, rather, individual exposures may vary throughout a work shift and between days. The highest anticipated concentration should therefore be used to compute the required protection factor for each respirator wearer.
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2. Qualitative or quantitative fit tests must be provided as appropriate to ensure that the tight-fitting facepiece respirator fits the individual. NIOSH endorses the OSHA standard 29 CFR1910.134 for fit testing except for irritant smoke Employees must pass a fit test with the exact model and size that they will wear in the workplace.
3. Respirators with tight-fitting face pieces should not be used when facial scars or deformities interfere with the face seal.
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4. Respirators with tight-fitting facepieces (including pressure-demand respirators) should not be used when facial hair interferes with the face seal.
5. The usage, limitations of air-purifying elements, particularly gas and vapor cartridges or canisters, should not be exceeded.
6. Respirators must be certified by the NIOSH.
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7. A complete written respiratory protection
program must be developed which includes
regular worker training; maintenance, inspection,
cleaning, and evaluation of the respirator; use of
the respirator in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions; fit testing; medical
evaluation; and environmental monitoring.
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TYPES OF AIR CONTAMINANTS
• Dusts : these substances consist of
mechanically produced solid particles whose
size can range from microscopic to visible or
macroscopic.
• Dust particles can be inorganic, such as
rock, coal, or grain, or they can be organic,
as in polymeric materials.
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• Fumes adalah partikel zat padat yang terbentuk dari kondensasi uap logam yang dipanaskan.
• Ukuran fumes adalah sangat kecil yaitu kurang dari 1 um (mikron).
• Aerosols adalah suspensi partikel dalam udara yang berukuran sangat kecil.
• Aerosols dapat berupa partikel zat cair atau partikel zat padat.
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• Aerosols : these are suspension of fine liquid
or solid particles in air, which because of their
small size can remain in a dispersed state for a
relatively long period of time.
• Smoke : this substance consists of carbon or
soot particles less than 0,1 micron in size,
formed from incomplete combustion of carbon-
containing compounds.
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• Mists : these substances, formed by condensation of vapors into small liquid droplets or by the fine dispersion of liquid into small particles, are produced in such operations as foaming or atomizing.
• Examples are oil mists formed during metal cutting or grinding and acid mists from electroplating.
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• Gas, uap, mist, fume dan debu yang halus
tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata. Oleh karena
itu, menghirup udara yang terkontaminasi zat-
zat kimia tersebut adalah berbahaya. • Sebagai contoh, kabut (mist) asam sulfat
yang dihasilkan oleh proses electroplating tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata sehingga pekerja sering tidak menyadari bahwa ia telah terpapar oleh mist tersebut.
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AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS
Respirators
To use this selection logic, the user must first assemble the necessary toxicologic, safety, and other relevant information for each respiratory hazard, including the following:• General use conditions, including determination
of contaminant(s);• Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties
of the contaminant(s);
Criteria for Selecting Respirators
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• NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL), OSHA recommended permissible exposure limit (PEL), and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommended TLV.
• American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Workplace Environmental Exposure Limit (WEEL), or other applicable occupational exposure limit;
Criteria for Selecting Respirators
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• Expected concentration of each respiratory hazard;
• Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) concentration;
• Oxygen concentration or expected oxygen concentration;
• Eye irritation potential; and• Environmental factors, such as presence of oil
aerosols
Criteria for Selecting Respirators
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Types of Respirators
Respirators
Air-PurifyingRespirators
Tidak tergantung ambient atmosphere
Tergantung dariambient atmosphere
Suplied AirRespirators
There are two types of air-purifying respirators
1. Filtering purifiers to remove dusts, mists,
and fumes.
2. Sorbent purifiers to remove gases and vapors.
Air Purifying Respirators
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Use sorbentsHoused in cartridges or canistersRemoval mechanisms:• adsorption• absorption• chemisorption• catalysisDesigned for specific contaminants or classes
Gas and vapor removing respirators
Filter Efficiency
• 3 levels of filter efficiency: - 95% (called “95”) - 99% (called “99”) - 99.97% (called “100”)• 3 categories of resistance to filter efficiency degradation: - N (Not resistant to oil) - R (Resistant to oil) - P (oil Proof)
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Noble gases
Inhalation Exhalation
21%
78 %
0,04%
0,96%
17%
78 %
4,04%
0,96%
Inhaled and Exhaled Air
• If no oil particles are present in the work environment, use a filter of any series.
• If oil particles are present, use an R- or P-series filter.
• If oil particles are present and the filter is to be used for more than one work shift, use only a P-series filter.
• Selection of filter efficiency depends on how much filter leakage can be accepted.
• Choice of face piece depends on level of protection needed (APF).
Selection of N, R, and P-series filters
• Currently tested with CCl4 at 1000 ppm (only)
• May or may not be very effective for specific vapors
• Seek guidance from respirator manufacturer including test data on vapor in use
• Only small amount of charcoal in cartridges• More charcoal in canisters• Color code: black
Organic Vapor Cartridges
Alkaline Gas Cartridges
• Contains chemicals for removing alkaline gases such as : ammonia
• Concentrations limited Ammonia : 300 ppm• Color code : green
• The gas filter removes certain gases from the inhaled air.
• The filter has a limited useful life which varies with the volume of sorbent and the conditions under which it is used.
• Gas filters are affected by such factors as the concentration of the contaminant in the atmosphere, the humidity and the breathing rate of the wearer.
Gas Filters
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• For each type of respirator, there is a variety of air-purifying filters, cartridges, or canisters.
• It is designed to protect against specific contaminants.
• Cartridges are small and are usually attached directly to the face piece. They are designed to protect against low concentrations of contaminants.
Air Purifying Respirators
116
• Canisters are larger and are usually connected to the facepiece with a breathing tube.
• Canisters are designed to protect against higher concentrations of contaminants.
• The contaminants and their expected concentrations must be known before a decision can be made as to (mengenai) the type of facepiece to use and which cartridge or canister is required.
Air Purifying Respirators
117
• You must never use the wrong type of cartridge
or canister or use one type of cartridge on one
side of your face piece and a different type on
the other side.
• Cartridges and canisters are color-coded for
their specific use.
Air Purifying Respirators
118
• In atmospheres containing more than 2% by
volume of a known contaminant.
• When the sorbent service life is unknown or the respirator has no end-of-service-life indicator.
• In conditions that may adversely affect sorbent performance, such as high humidity.
119
Air-purifying respirators should not be used :
• For contaminants that can not be detected by odor or irritation, or do not have good warning properties.
• For contaminants that are highly irritating to the eyes.
120
Air-purifying respirators should not be used :
• These respirators are capable of removing low concentrations of hazardous vapors and gases from breathing air.
• Cartridges usually attach directly to the respirator face piece. The larger-volume canisters attach to the chin of the face piece or are carried with a harness and attach to the face piece by a breathing tube.
Canister and cartridge respirators
121
• Canisters or cartridges are useful for a limited
period of time, depending on the size and type
of canister, the concentration of the
contaminant, and the activity of the wearer.
• They also have limited “shelf life” which means
they can only be stored for a certain period
before becoming chemically inactive.
122
Canister and cartridge respirators
• The removal of air contaminants is accomplished either physically by adsorption or chemically by neutralization of the particular contaminants.
• The type of contaminants removed and the removing efficiency of the bed are a strong function of the adsorbing medium, temperature, partial pressure of components, and gas velocity.
Canister and cartridge respirators
123
• Canisters will usually heat up when they are functioning properly.
• If a canister gets very hot, this usually indicates that there is a high concentration of gas or vapor present, and the worker should leave the area immediately.
• If a canister is not functioning properly, the worker may become dizzy, have a headache, have difficulty seeing, or have a bad taste in the mouth.
124
NIOSH : daily or after each
use, or even more often if odor, taste, or irritation is detectable.
• Some canisters may have end of service life indicators
Replace cartridges
Air-Supplying Respirators
Supplied air respirator with auxiliary. Escape-only SCBA
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
Gas Filter
127
Sealing stripAir outletCover cap
Gas filter(Active charcoal)
Air inlet
Particle Filter
Cover cap
Filter Sleeve
Particle Filter
Coarse dust filterSieve
128
129
A Dust – mask respirator
Full facepiece cartridge respirator
130
TWIN CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE RESPIRATOR
131
132
1. Prefilter
2. Dust filter
Gas filter
Combination filter
133
134
135
Twin Chemical Cartridge Respirator
136
Fitting Tests
137
Cartridge
138
• The choice of face piece depends on the level
of protection needed – that is, the assigned
protection factor (APF) needed.
• APF : the minimum anticipated protection
provided by properly functioning respirator or
class of respirators to a given percentage of
properly fitted and trained users.
APF - Assigned protection factor
The selection of N-, R-, and P-series filters depends on the presence of oil particles as follows:• If no oil particles are present in the work
environment, use a filter of any series (i.e., N-, R-, or P-series).
• If oil particles (e.g., lubricants, cutting fluids, glycerin) are present, use an R- or P-series filter. Note: N-series filters cannot be used if oil particles are present.
• If oil particles are present and the filter is to be used for more than one work shift, use only a P-series filter.
140
Respirators should be regularly cleaned and
disinfected, particularly after its use. The
Following procedure is recommended :• Remove any filters, cartridges, or canisters.
• Wash face piece and breathing tube in cleaner-disinfectant or detergent solution. Use a hand brush to remove dirt.
• Rinse completely in warm water.• Air-dry in a clean area.
141
• Clean other respirator parts as recommended by the manufacturer.
• Inspect valves, head straps, and other parts; replace with new parts if defective.
• Insert new filters, cartridges or canisters, making sure there is a tight seal.
• Place in a plastic bag or container for storage.
142
• The most common and most persistent problem
with all respirators is leakage around the
edges of the mask.
• This occurs because it is impossible to design
one type of mask to provide an air-tight fit for
the many different shapes and sizes of faces.
143
• Any respirator with negative pressure inside the mask will tend to leak.
• Men with beard or sideburns can not get an airtight fit.
• Any movement of the face or any talking can frequently cause leaks.
• People with one or both dentures missing may also have problems with negative-pressure masks.
144
• Most chemical sorbent canisters are imprinted
with an expiration date, and may be used until
that date as long as they have not been opened
previously.
• Once opened, they begin to sorb humidity and
air contaminants, which will cause their efficiency
and service life to decrease.
145
• Cartridges should be discarded after use but should not be used for longer than one shift or when breakthrough occurs, whichever comes first.
• Some respirators combined a mechanical filter with a chemical cartridge for dual or multiple exposure.
Air Purifying Respirators
146
NIOSH permits air purifying respirators only if the contaminant has adequate warning properties:• Reliable detection of the contaminant below the
PEL by user’s sense of smell, taste, or irritation• Only applies to gases and vapors ---------- not
particulate• Exception is if AP element has an ESLI.• Remember that odor thresholds vary
substantially from one individual to another
147
• Acid gas white• Organic vapors black• Ammonia gas green• Carbon monoxide blue• Acid gases and organic vapors
yellow• Acid gas, ammonia, and OV brown• Acid gas, ammonia, CO, and OV red• Other vapors and gases olive• Radioactive materials (HEPA)
purple *• Dusts, fumes, mists (non-radio)
orange *
Coloring for AP Elements
148
• Designed for removing acidic gases• Tested by NIOSH against chlorine, HCL
and SO2 (only)
• Limited to fairly low concentrations - Chlorine 10 ppm - Hydrogen chloride 50 ppm - Sulfur dioxide 50 ppm• Color code: white
Acid Gas Respirators
Depends on:• Quality and amount of sorbent• Packing uniformity and density• Exposure conditions, breathing rate• Relative humidity• Temperature• Contaminant concentration• Affinity of the gas or vapor for the sorbent• Presence of other gases and vapors
Service life of Cartridges or Canisters
AIR-SUPPLYING
RESPIRATORS
• Airline respirators
- Called “Type C” or “Type CE”- Hose can be up to 300 feet- 4 cfm required for tight-fitting mask, 6 cfm for hoods and helmets- Available in demand, pressure demand, and continuous flow arrangements
• Hose masks
- Type A (motor or hand-operated blower)- Type B (no blower)- Large diameter hoses
152
• Supplied air respirators deliver breathing air or oxygen to the wearer from an independent source. There are three major categories of supplied air respirators :
a. Air-hose respirators ---- the air supplied in this type of respirator is not pressurized, i.e. it is at or near atmospheric pressure. The mode of air delivery may be either by a wide bore hose (natural breathing) or an air-hose connected to a low pressure blower.
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
153
b. Air-line respirators --- the air supplied to this type of respirator is pressurized, i.e. it is greater than atmospheric pressure. The mode of air delivery may be by one of the means described below. Air-line respirators could utilize a compressor or large compressed gas cylinders. The air should be of respirable quality.
c. SCBA ---- the air supplied to this type of respirator is pressurized, i.e. it is greater than atmospheric pressure.
Supplied Air Respirators
154
• Compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration should be of high purity.
• Compressed oxygen should not be used in supplied-air respirators or in an open-circuit SCBA that has previously used compressed air.
• Oxygen must never be used with airline respirators.
Air Quality
155
Supplied Air Respirators
• Supplied air respirators supply breathing air to a face piece via a hose from a fixed source.
• This type of respirator is useful against all atmospheric contaminants that are IDLH.
156
• This limitation is imposed on this type of respirator in consideration of the fact that the air supply is not carried by the user.
• There is always a possibility, however remote, that the air supply equipment might malfunction and conditions of IDLH make the escape from the contaminated atmosphere impossible.
Supplied Air Respirators
157
The following questions should be addressed inconsidering supplied air respirators :• Is the atmosphere IDLH or likely to become IDLH?• Is enough mobility provided ?• Is there danger that the air line will become entangled or punctured?• Can a clean supply of air be provided by the compressor?
Supplied Air Respirators
158
In establishing the IDLH concentration, the following conditions must be assured:
a. The ability to escape without loss of life or immediate or delayed irreversible health effects. (Thirty minutes is considered the maximum time for escape so as to provide some margin of safety in calculating the IDLH).
b. The prevention of severe eye or respiratory irritation or other reactions that would hinder escape.
159
• The main SCBA (Self-Contained Breathing
Apparatus) components consist of an air or
oxygen supply carried by the wearer, a hose, a
regulator valve, and a face piece.
• SCBAs are divided into positive pressure
respirators and negative pressure respirators
depending on the type of air or oxygen flow
supplied to the face piece.
160
• A self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) provides air to the user for escape
from oxygen-deficient environments.
• Escape SCBA devices are commonly used
with full face pieces or hoods and, depending
on the supply of air, are usually rated as 3 -
60-minute units.
161
• Self-contained self-rescuer (SCSR) devices have been approved by MSHA/NIOSH for escape from mines, but these devices may also have application in other similar environments.
• SCSRs are mouthpiece respirators that provide a source of oxygen-enriched air for up to 60 minutes. SCSRs are normally stored in mines and used for emergency escape from mine disasters. All SCBA devices can be used in oxygen deficient atmospheres.
162
• Positive pressure respirators maintain
a positive pressure in the face piece
during exhalation and inhalation, and are
further divided into pressure demand and
continuous flow types.
SCBA
163
164
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
SELF-CONTAINED
BREATHING
APPARATUS
(SCBA)
• The IDLH is considered a maximum level above
which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus
providing maximum worker protection is permitted.
• Any appropriate approved respirator may be used
to its maximum use concentration up to the IDLH
concentration.
166
• Negative pressure respirators draw air into the face piece as a result of the negative pressure created by the wearer’s inhalation.
• The major disadvantage of this type of respirator is that if a leak develops, the contaminated atmosphere can flow into the face piece.
• In situations where even the smallest leaks can not be tolerated, the use of positive pressure respirator is recommended.
167
• SCBAs can be or either open circuit or closed
circuit designed.
• Open circuit devices exhaust the unbreathed air
or oxygen.
• In closed circuit equipment, the exhaled air
passes through an adsorbent to remove CO2
and water, and make up air then is added to the
regenerated stream.
168
• Some designs provide an oxygen-generating breathing apparatus. These devices use closed circuits and contain an oxygen rich compound such as a metal peroxide or superoxide (e.g. KO2) that can react with moisture in exhaled air to
produce oxygen.• The major disadvantage of this type of equipment
is that the rate of chemical reactions, and therefore oxygen generation, is a strong function of temperature.
169
• Most SCBAs provide cylinders containing air
or oxygen.
• Some designs provide an oxygen-generating
breathing apparatus.
• These devices use closed circuits and contain
an oxygen-rich compounds such as a metal
peroxide or superoxide that can react with
moisture in exhaled air to produce oxygen.
170
• Although SCBAs can provide protection
against most types and levels of contaminants,
the duration of the air or oxygen supply is an
important factor in its use.
• This is limited by both the amount of the air or
oxygen available and its rate of consumption by
the user.
171
• Another disadvantage of SCBAs is that they
are bulky and heavy and may cause heat
stress or impair movement in confined areas.
• SCBAs may be approved for (1) escape only,
or (2) for both entry into and escape from a
hazardous area.
172
When deciding whether an SCBA is appropriate for a given situation, one should consider the following points :
• If the atmosphere is IDLH or is likely to become IDLH, a positive pressure SCBA should be used.
• The amount of air supply should match the duration of time required to perform the tasks.
• The effect of the bulk and weight of the SCBA on worker performance should be evaluated.
173
There are problems with self-contained breathing systems :• First, they are limited by the amount of air a
worker can carry as well as by the existing air pressure.
• If the air pressure is doubled, the service life of the device is cut in half.
• How much extra effort a person has to make while using a mask is important, as breathing through a mask can place extra strain on he heart, which may be especially dangerous for some people.
174
• Each SCBA should have a warning device
that indicates when its service life is about to
expire.
• SCBAs are bulky and heavy, and require
extensive training for use.
• They are awkward to use in confined spaces
for long periods of time.
175
Supplied-Air Breathing Apparatus (SABA)
consists of the following components :
1. Air supply
2. Air pressure regulator
3. Air exhausts, and
4. Egress cylinder (egress = going out; way
out; exit.)
Supplied-Air Breathing Apparatus
176
• Air-line respirators supply high pressure
air (maximum 125 pounds per square
liter) to a pressure reduction device worn
by the worker, then to a mask.
• Compressed air may be supplied either
for cylinder or from an air compressor.
177
Conditions that adversely affect respirator fit
include the following :• Facial features such as long sideburns,
mustache, and beard.• Spectacles with temple bars or straps.• A head covering that passes between the
sealing surface of a respirator and wearer’s face.
Use of Respirators
178
• Scars, hollow temples, excessively protruding cheek bones, and deep creases in the facial skin.
• The absence of teeth or dentures, or an unusual facial configuration.
Use of Respirators
179
Color Codes For Gas Mask CanisterAtmospheric contaminants
for which protection is needed
Colors assigned
Acid gases, White
Hydrocyanic acid gas (HCN) White with a 0,5 inch green stripe completely around the canister near the bottom
Chlorine gas White with a 0,5 inch yellow stripe completely around the canister near the bottom
Organic vapors Black180
• Respirators can be tested for good fit
either qualitatively or quantitatively.
• In both tests a harmless agent that has
an odor or irritating effect is injected
into the air inside an enclosure where
the test is conducted.
Respirator Fit Test
181
• In a qualitative test, the respirator wearer uses his or her senses to detect the presence of the agent inside the face piece.
• In a quantitative test, special instruments are used to determine if the agent has leaked into the face piece.
• Two other widely used types of fit tests are the positive and negative tests.
Respirator Fit Test
182
• In a positive pressure test, the user closes the exhalation valve and exhales into the face piece. If no air leaks into it (i.e., there is a good fit), the face piece should bulge a little.
• In a negative pressure test, the user closes the inhalation valve and breathes in, hold the breath for 10 seconds.
• If there is a good fit, the face piece should collapse against the user’s face.
Respirator Fit Test
183
• Isoamyl acetate (IAA)• Irritant smoke (usually titanium and stannic
chloride)• Saccharin aerosol (taste test)• Denatonium benzoate (Bitrex)• Must verify wearer can respond• Wearer must be truthful
Qualitative fit testing (QLFT)
184
• Dioctyl phthalate aerosol (DOP)• Corn oil• Sodium chloride• DEHS • Ambient air (with submicron particulate
counting)• Ambient air (pressure differential)
Quantitative fit testing (QNFT)
185
Guide For Selecting Respirators
Oxygen deficiency atmospheres
SCBA, air-supplied withescape SCBA
Toxic gases or vapors that are IDLH
SCBA, air-supplied withescape SCBA
Gases or vapors not IDLH Air purifying, suppliedair
Combination of gases, vapors, and particulates, not IDLH
Airline, hose mask withblower, air purifying
Combination of gases, vapors, and particulates, IDLH
SCBA, airline with escapeSCBA
186
Color Codes For Gas Mask CanisterAmmonia gas Green
Acid gases and ammonia gas
Green with a 0,5 inch white stripe completely around the canister near the bottom
Carbon monoxide Blue
Acid gases and organic vapors
Yellow
Hydrocyanic acid gas and chloropicrin vapor
Yellow with a 0,5 inch blue stripe completely around the canister near the bottom
Acid gases, organic vapors, and ammonia gases
Brown187
Permissible Upper Limits of Respirators For Acid Gases
Contaminant Half mask(Cartridge)
Full face(Cartridge)
Full face piece
(supplied air)
Chlorine 5 ppm 10 ppm 25 ppm
Chlorine dioxide
1 ppm 5 ppm 10 ppm
Formaldehyde - 10 ppm 100 ppm
Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
50 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm
Sulfur dioxide 20 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm188
Supplied Air Respirators
Tidak tergantung Ambient Udara
SAR
Type terbuka Breathing Apparatus
Type tertutupBreathing Apparatus
AirlineSystem
EscapeRespirator
Compressed Air Breathing Equipment
SAR
Escape Respirator
Airlines
SAR Supplied Air Respirators
SAR Supplied Air Respirators[Self-Contained Breathing
Apparatus]
EN Standard
NFPA Standard
SAR Supplied Air RespiratorsComponent
Pressure Reducer Back Plate
Pressure Gauge
Demand Valve Full Face
Mask
Cylinder
Harness
SAR Supplied Air Respirators Full Face Mask
Ultra Elite Full Face Mask
3S Full Face Mask
Contoh: for 6 liter/200 bar cylinder
Total Kapasitas udara = Kapasitas Cylinder x tekanan Cylinder
= 6 lt x 200 bar = 1200 liter udara
Total durasi = Total Kapasitas udara / Rata2 pemakaiancylinder = 1200 / 40
= 30 minsDurasi kerja = Total durasi - Safety factor
= 30 mins - 10 mins = 20 mins
SAR Supplied Air Respirators Working Duration
Pekerjaan Bernapas(Lit/min)Tidur 7.7Berdiri 10.4Berjalan 3 Kph 18.6Berjalan 4 Kph 24.8Berjalan 5 Kph 37.3Berjalan 6 Kph 60.7
SAR Supplied Air Respirators Breathing Rate
BREATHING APPARATUS
196
Breathing Apparatus
197
Air Supplying Hood
198
Baju tahan panas• Untuk petugas pemadam• Pekerja sekitar oven /
pembakaran
Baju laboratorium• Untuk pekerja laboratorium ---
tahan terhadap zat kimia, mikro organisme (ruang steril)
Pakaian Pelindung
201
a) OXYGEN GENERATOR2KO2 + H2O 2KOH +3/2 O2
2KO2 + CO2 K2CO3 + 3/2 O2
b) CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVER2KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O
KOH + CO2 KHCO3
202
- Subject to failure- If oil-lubricated, can overheat changing oil mist into CO- Carbon vane type are available and oilless- Can run continuously- Can be fitted with CO sensor and/or adsorption units- Air intake location is critical
Sources of Breathing Air• Compressors
203
Compressed gas cylinders (breathing air)
• Can be up to 3500 psi
• Finite air supply...for limited time spans
• Do not rely on utility services
Sources of breathing air
Blowers used for hose masks
Mobile Breathing Air Bank
204
205
Compressed Air Breathing Equipment
SCBA Escape Sets Airlines Cascade
206
Bagian SCBA
Carbon Composite Backplate
Full Face Mask
Harness
Lung Demand Valve
Fisrt Stage
Pressure Reducer
Pressure Gauge
Cylinder
Strap
Cylinders207
Functions of Components
Face Mask Koneksi ke LDV model
plug in Lapisan ganda pada
penutup wajah Inner mask mencegah CO2
berkumpul didalam masker Masker tidak mudah
mengembun Tekanan udara didalam
masker antara 0.5 sampai dengan 4.5 mbar
208
Functions of Components
Pressure Gauge/ penunjuk tekanan
Menunjukan sisa tekanan udara di silinder
luminous gauge dial calibrated in “Bar”
Pluit Mengaktifkan alarm ketika
tekanan udara dlm tabung mencapai level minimum (50 bar)
Memberikan batas waktu yg aman 10 menit sebelum udara betul-betul kosong/habis
209
Function of Components
Reducer• Mengurangi tekanan
udara dari 300 bar ke 6-9 bar
• Berfungsi baik utk tabung bertekanan 200 & 300 bar
• Dilengkapi valve alat pengaman tekanan
LungDemandValve
• Tekanan udara medium dikurangi menjadi 1bar lebih.
• Udara di dalam masker tetap lebih tinggi dari diluar / ambien pada saat aktivitas pernafasan berlangsung. 210
CYLINDER
211
Functions of Components
Cylinder Sumber supplai udara Tersedia dlm macam
material baik yg baja maupun carbon komposit
200 or 300 bar tekanan operational
Tersedia bermacam volume tabung : 6, 6.8 dan 9 liter
212
Durasi kerja dari SCBA
Contoh: untuk 6 liter/200 bar cylinderTotal kapasitas udara = kap. silinder x tekanan silinder
= 6 x 200 = 1200 liter udara
Total durasi = Total kap. udara / konsumsi rata-
ratasilinder = 1200 / 40
= 30 menitDurasi Kerja = Total durasi - Safety factor
= 30 menit - 10 menit = 20 menit
213
Laju NapasTingkat kerja Laju napas (liter/menit)
Tiduran 7,7
Berdiri santai 10,4
Berjalan (3 Km/jam) 19
Berjalan (5 Km/jam) 25
Berjalan (6,5 Km/jam) 37,3
Berjalan (8 Km/jam) 60,7
214
Donning of SCBA
• Tarik shoulder straps dan waist belt – angkat dan kenakan di bahu secara hati-hati
• Sambung dan kencangkan waist belt hingga BA terasa enak di pinggang anda
• Kalungkan tali masker di leher
215
Donning of SCBA
• Tarik sedikit kebawah
shoulder straps
hingga backplate
terasa menempel di
punggung
• Selipkan ujung
straps di ban
pinggang216
Donning of SCBA
• Posisikan straps masker dengan tepat
• Aktifkan tombol untuk menghentikan aliran udara LDV
217
Donning of SCBA• Pegang gauge
dengan tangan kiri, buka valve cylinder dengan tangan kanan.
• Cylinder tidak boleh kurang dari 80 % dari kapasitas cylinder (Untuk 300 bar SCBA => 240 bar)
• Jika perlu lakukan HP test (harus < 1 bar dalam 1 menit). 218
Donning of SCBA
• Cap strap harus di muka
• Tempelkan pinggiran masker di dagu dan muka dengan kuat
• Kencangkan strap dengan seimbang mulai dari bawah ke atas
219
Donning of SCBA
• Buka valve cylinder dan hirup/bernafas untuk mengaktifkan LDV
• Pastikan masker tidak bocor dan terpasang sempurna ke wajah
• Hirup dan buang udara sebanyak 3 kali – tahan nafas dan dengarkan apakah ada kebocoran
220
Donning of SCBA
• Dengan gauge di tangan kiri tutup valve silinder dengan tangan kanan
• Bernapas perlahan-lahan, pluit harus bunyi pada 50-60 bar
• Terus bernapas sampai zero, masker harus menempel rapat di muka. Buka lagi silinder, SCBA siap dipakai
221
Donning of SCBA
• Lepaskan strap pinggang
• Lepaskan tali gantung masker dan longgarkan straps bahu
• Bersihkan unit dan isi kembali silinder
222
Man and material fully protected
223
PPE Checklist
• Is PPE only used when all other attempts to control hazards have been tried and failed?
• Is PPE used according to any relevant regulations or code of practice?
• Is PPE suitable for the work being done ?• Is all PPE marked according to its correct area
of use ?• Is a range of suitable PPE available for users
to choose from ?
224
PPE Checklist
• Are there SOP for all circumstances where PPE is needed?
• Are these available for inspection?• Are they followed?• Have all staff involved in the PPE program
received adequate training?• Is PPE assigned to individual users ?• Is PPE tested for proper fit for users?
225
PPE Checklist• Is all PPE adequately maintained, inspected
regularly, cleaned as necessary, replaced as required?
• Is the effectiveness of the PPE program monitored and evaluated regularly?
• Is the use of PPE accompanied by appropriate medical monitoring?
• Is someone in your workplace responsible for the PPE program, with their name and contact number available to all staff involved in the PPE program ?
226
GLOVES
Sarung Tangan
• Sarung tangan kain• Sarung tangan plastik• Sarung tangan PVC• Sarung tangan karet• Sarung tangan kulit• Sarung tangan metal• Sarung tangan dingin ( cold storage )• Sarung tangan Listrik ( High Voltage )
Alat Pelindung Tangan
Bahan Sarung TanganUntuk Penanganan bahan kimia
• Nitrile
• Neoprene
• PVC
Sarung Tangan Kulit
Biasanya terbuat dari kulit sapi/lembu
Aplikasinya untuk pekerjaan pengelasan/welding
• Sarung Tangan Kombinasi
Tebuat dari bahan kulit yang dipadu dengan kain kanvas / jeans.
Aplikasinya untuk pekerjaan ringan (Handling, Packing, etc)
• Sarung tangan untuk paparan panas
Terbuat dari bahan
asbes ( 400 oC ),
Aluminized ( 700 o C).• Aplikasinya untuk
bekerja dengan object yang panas.
• Sarung Tangan untuk paparan suhu rendah
Biasanya terbuat dari wool dan bahan tebal lainnya, fungsinya untuk menahan dingin.
Aplikasinya digunakan pada industri perikanan dan cold storage lainnya
• Rubber glovesTerbuat dari karet murni (pure latex). Berfungsi untuk meredam
voltage / tegangan arus listrik tinggi
( s/d 40 Kv = 40.000 Volt )
Pakaian Pelindung Bahaya Contoh
Chemical Dermal toxins Systemic toxins Corrosives Allergens
Physical Thermal hazards (hot/cold) Vibration Radiation Trauma producing
Biological Human pathogens Animal pathogens Environmental pathogens
Baju tahan panas - Untuk petugas pemadam - Pekerja sekitar oven / pembakaran
Baju laboratorium - Untuk pekerja laboratorium --- tahan terhadap zat kimia, mikro organisme
(ruang steril)
Pakaian Pelindung
Alat Pelindung Kaki
• Pada industri ringan/ tempat kerja biasa --- Cukup dengan sepatu yang baik
• Sepatu pelindung (safety shoes) --- Dapat terbuat dari kulit, karet, sintetik atau plastik
• Untuk mencegah tergelincir Dipakai sol anti slip • Untuk mencegah tusukan Dipakai sol dari logam• Terhadap bahaya listrik ---Sepatu seluruhnya
harus di jahit atau direkatkan --- tak boleh memakai paku.
Alat Pelindung Kaki
Sepatu Keselamatan Kerja :• Aman melindungi kaki dari kemungkinan
bahaya• Harus memenuhi standard Internasional• Harus memenuhi spesifikasi standard
Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja• Nyaman bagi penggunanya• Design yang trendy
(Safety Footwear)
Technical Type
Heel support forShape retention
200 Joules ratingSteel teo cap toEN 345
Buffalo leather
Comfort strip
PU/Eva Insole
Padded
Comfort for outsole
How to Identify Industrial shoe parts?
D-Ring
OUTSOLE rubberGoodyear welt
200 joules rating steel toe cap to EN345-1
IMPACT TEST
RESULT
Before After
m=20 kg
g = 10 m/dt2
h = 1 m
Ep = mgh
= 20x10x1
= 200 Joule
Penguin
Toe Cap
Non Standard Toe Cap
OutsolesRubber Rubber Single
DensityPU
Double Density
PU
TPU + PU
Process Cementing Good Year Welt
Injection Injection Injection
Heat resistance
300 C = 60”
300 C = 60” 150 C = 60”
150 C = 60”
150 C = 60”
Anti Slip good good good good poor
Oil Resistance
good good good good good
Life time No life time
No life times 12 months
12 months 12 months
Electric shock
Yes Yes No No No
Anti static (additional)
yes yes yes yes yes
Steel Mid-sole Material: Steel
Steel Midsole for Penetration resistance to 1100 Newtons
Steel Midsole for Penetration resistance to 1100 Newtons
Nail Penetration Test
(100 K OHMS – 1000M OHMS)
Antistatic Test
Intruksi regular perawatan sepatu Safety
1. Lap basah untuk membersihkan kulit sepatu yang kotor jangan disiram apalagi air yang menggunakan tekanan
2. Jangan menggunakan bahan kimia yang dapat merusak sepatu
3. Kulit sepatu di wax atau semir agar awet4. Jika sepatu basah dikeringkan dengan cara alami
jangan dijemur atau dikeringkan diatas heater5. Ganti kaos kaki tiap hari untuk mengindari kaki
berjamur
• Sarung tangan biasa (gloves)
• Gaunlets atau sarung tangan yang dilap[isi oleh plat logam
• Mitts atau sarung tangan dimana keempat jari pemakainya dibungkus menjadi satu kecuali ibu jari yang mempunyai pembungkus sendiri.
Menurut bentuknya, sarung tangan dapat dibedakan menjadi:
251
Contoh sarung tangan yang digunakan menurut jenis bahaya yang dihadapi oleh pekerja
Jenis bahaya Macam sarung tangan
Listrik
Radiasi yang mengion
Benda tajam atau kasar
Asam dan alkali yang korosif
Pelarut organik
Benda panas
Sarung tangan karet
Sarung tangan karet atau kulit yang dilapisi timah hitamSarung tangan kulit atau PVC atau sarung tangan kulit yang dilapisi logam kromSarung tangan karet (natuiral ruber)Sarung tangan karet sintetik; Sarung tangan kulit; asbes atau gaunlets
252
• Gloves made of rubber (latex, nitrile, or butyl), plastic, or synthetic rubber-like material such as neoprene protect workers from burns, irritation, and dermatitis caused by contact with oils, greases, solvents, and other chemicals.
• The use of rubber gloves also reduces the risk of exposure to blood and other potentially infectious substances.
Chemical-and Liquid-Resistant Gloves
Natural Latex or Rubber Gloves
The comfortable wear and pliability of latex
gloves as well as their protective qualities make
them a popular general-purpose glove. In
addition to resisting abrasions caused by
sandblasting, grinding, and polishing, these
gloves protect workers’ hands from most water
solutions of acids, alkalis, salts, and ketones.
Natural Latex or Rubber Gloves
• When selecting hand protection, you should be aware that latex gloves have caused allergic reactions in some individuals and thus may not be appropriate for all of your employees.
• Hypoallergenic gloves, glove liners, and powderless gloves are possible alternatives for individuals who are allergic to latex gloves.
256
These gloves have good pliability, finger
dexterity, high density, and tear resistance
which protect against hydraulic fluids,
gasoline, alcohols, organic acids, and
alkalis.
Neoprene Gloves
257
• These sturdy gloves provide protection from chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene.
• Although intended for jobs requiring dexterity and sensitivity, nitrile gloves stand up to heavy use even after prolonged exposure to
substances that cause other gloves to deteriorate.
• In addition, nitrile gloves resist abrasions, punctures, snags (robek), and tears.
Nitrile Rubber Gloves
Glove Chemical Resistance Selection Chart
Chemical Neoprene gloves
Later rubber gloves
Butyl gloves Nitrile gloves
Acetic acid Very good Very good Very good Very good
Acetone Good Very good Very good Poor
Ammonium hydroxide
Very good Very good Very good Very good
Benzene Poor Poor Poor Fair
Butyl alcohol
Very good Very good Very good Very good
Aniline Good Fair Fair Poor
• Safety Belt Digunakan untuk pekerjaan
pada ketinggian di bawah
1.8 m
Digunakan untuk pekerjaan di ketinggian diatas 1.8 meterHarus dapat menjaga posisi tubuh dengan kepala di atas saat terjatuh
Body Harness
Comparing Standards
ANSI
8 kN4 kN1.1 m
22.2 kN1.8 m1.8 m
ASNZS
6 kN6 kN
1.75 m15 kN2 m4 m
CE
6 kN
6 kN
1.75 m
10 kN
4 m
4 m
Standard
Max Force on Body
Shock absorption
Shock deployment
Anchor strength
Free Fall
Testing regime
Fall Protection
Calculating Total Fall Distance
Harneses Sizing Chart
Fall Protection
Fall Protection
Fall arrest ratedchest ‘D’ ring
Fall Protection
Body Support
Body Support
Workman Tower/Rescue/Work PositioningFeatures all the attributes of the Workman Basic, as well as:• Padded waist belt pad and
thigh support pad• Pole strap attach D-rings
located close to the hips• Certified to AS/NZS
1891.1:2007
• Best method to sit suspended for long durations
• Padded seat ensures your comfort during use
• Adjustable web assembly ensures security
• Designed for use with both the Gravity Crossover harnesses, and the new Workman range, via the frontal attachment point, will keep the user in an upright position
Bosun Chair
Belt vs Harness
Full Body Harness
Fall Arrest
BackFront
Part Components Material Features
A Lanyard 12 mm diameter, 3 strands twisted polyamide (nylon) rope
White with blue tracer. A paper with manufacturing information shrink wrapped with a LDPE sleeve.
B Energy Absorber 44 mm wide polyamide (nylon) webbingTotal length of 1.4m after complete extension
Orange and white, Shrink wrapped with polyolefine sleeve. Webbing will tear automatically in the event of a fall, thereby reducing impact force transmitted to the user thus reduce injury
C Snap Hook Alloy steel (Electroplated nicked chrome)
Corrosion resistant. Only be opened by two deliberate consecutive manual actions. Auto closing and locking. For securing onto body harness D-ring
D Scaffold Hook Alloy steel (Electroplated nickel chrome)
Corrosion resistant. Only be opened by two deliberate consecutive manual actions. Auto closing and locking with 50mm opening. For securing onto anchorage point.
E Karabiner Mild steel bar (Electroplated nickel chrome)
Corrosion resistant. Auto closing with manual locking by a screw type mechanism with 10mm opening. Use as connector to the D-ring of the body harness.
F Timble High density polyethylene (HDPE)
White, protect splices of lanyard
G Label Paper White, printed with manufacturing information, CE marking
Connecting
Hardware
Snaphooks Karabiners
Connecting
Energy Absorbers
Connecting
Menurut jenis pekerjaan yang dilakukan, sepatu
keselamatan kerja dapat dibedakan menjadi:• Sepatu pengaman yang digunakan pada pengecoran
baja terbuat dari bahan kulit yang dilapisi krom atau asbes dan tinggi sepatu kurang lebih 35 cm. Pada sepatu ini, pipa celana dari pemakainya dimasukkan ke dalam sepatu dan kemudian dikencangkan dengan tali pengikat atau gesper yang terdapat pada sepatu ini.
Alat pelindung kaki
281
• Sepatu yang khusus digunakan di tempat kerja yang mengandung bahaya peledakan.
• Sepatu jenis ini tidak boleh memakai paku yang dapat menimbulkan percikan bunga api.
Alat pelindung kaki
282
• Sepatu karet anti elektrostatistik, digunakan untuk melindungi pekerja dari bahaya listrik hubungan pendek. Sepatu ini harus tahan terhadap tegangan listrik sebesar 10.000 volt selama 3 menit.
• Sepatu pengaman untuk pekerja bangunan, digunakan untuk melindungi kaki pekerja dari bahaya tertusuk benda tajam, kejatuhan benda berat atau terbentur oleh benda keras. Sepatu ini dibuat dari kulit yang dilengkapi dengan baja pada ujung depannya untuk melindungi jari-jari kaki.
283
284
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
Personal Protective EquipmentMODULE 13
287 ©2006 TEEX
Introduction
Protective equipment = tools to do the job.
Nearly 2 million disabling work-related injuries expected this year.
More than ¼ will involve head, eyes, hands, feet
288 ©2006 TEEX
PPE Statistics from BLS
Hard hats were worn by only 16% of those workers who sustained head injuries
Only 1% of approx 770 workers suffering face injuries were wearing face protection
Only 23% of the workers with foot injuries wore safety shoes or boots
About 40% of the workers with eye injuries wore eye protection
289 ©2006 TEEX
Personal Protective Equipment in Oil and Gas
What PPE is used in oil and gas? What injuries or illnesses does it protect
against? Does it always succeed in protecting
against these injuries or illnesses? Why or why not?
290 ©2006 TEEX
1910.132 General Requirements
(a) Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment for:
Eyes, Face, Head, and extremities, Protective clothing, Respiratory devices, and Protective shields and
barriers,
Shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of
processes or environment
291 ©2006 TEEX
1910.132 General Requirements
Hazards of processes or environment include : Chemical hazards, Radiological hazards, or Mechanical irritants Encountered in a manner capable of causing
injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.
292 ©2006 TEEX
1910.132(d) Hazard Assessment
Assess workplace to determine if hazards are likely to necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
If hazards are present the employer shall: Select and have each affected employee
use appropriate PPE for identified hazards Communicate selection decisions Select PPE that fits each employee
293 ©2006 TEEX
1910 Subpart I Appendix B
Compliance guidelines for hazard assessment & personal protective equipment selection (non-mandatory)
294 ©2006 TEEX
1910.132(d) Hazard Assessment
Written certification of hazard assessment identifies: Workplace evaluated Person certifying that the evaluation has
been performed Date(s) of the hazard assessment Identification of document as a certification
of hazard assessment
295 ©2006 TEEX
1910.132(f) Training
1. Employer must train employees before issuing PPE in at least these things:
i. When PPE is necessary
ii. What PPE is necessary
iii. How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE
iv. Limitations of the PPE
v. Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE
296 ©2006 TEEX
1910.132(f) Training
2. Workers must demonstrate an understanding of the training and the ability to use PPE properly
before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE
4. Written certification, to verify that each employee has received and understood the required training, contains:
Name of each employee trained Date(s) of training Subject of the certification
297 ©2006 TEEX
1910.132(f) Training
3. Retraining necessary for employees without required understanding and skill:
Changes in the workplace Changes in PPE used Inadequate knowledge or use of PPE
Eye and Face Protection1910.133
299 ©2006 TEEX
1910.133 Eye and face protection
Employer assures that employee uses eye or face protection from hazards: Flying particles Molten metal Liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids Chemical gases or vapors Potentially injurious light radiation
300 ©2006 TEEX
1910.133 Eye and face protection
Side protection for flying objects Detachable side shields OK
301 ©2006 TEEX
1910.133 Eye and face protection
Employees with prescription lenses: Incorporate prescription in eye protection
or Wear eye protection over prescription
lenses Without disturbing proper position of
prescription lenses or the protective lenses
302 ©2006 TEEX
1910.133 Eye and face protection
Each affected employee must wear appropriately shaded filter lenses for protection from injurious light radiation
Tables in (a)(5)
Subtitles & TransitionsFOR EXAMPLE… Z 87.1-1989
Protective eye and face devices shall comply with ANSI
Z87.1-1989
Respiratory Protection1910.134
305 ©2006 TEEX
1910.134(a)(1) Permissible practice
Primary objective: Prevent atmospheric contamination Respiratory hazards: dusts, mists, fogs, fumes,
sprays, smokes or vapors 1st Priority: Engineering controls:
Enclosure or confinement of the operation, General and local ventilation, and Substitution of less toxic materials
Only where engineering controls are not feasible should respirators be used
306 ©2006 TEEX
1910.134(c)(1) Respiratory protection program
Where respirators are required, you need: Written program Worksite-specific procedures
Required elements: Training Fit testing Medical evaluations Care and maintenance Procedures for respirator selection Procedures for routine & emergency use
307 ©2006 TEEX
1910.134(c)(2) Where respirator use is not required
If employer permits voluntary use: Provide information in Appendix D Implement elements of written program
necessary to ensure Medical ability to use Cleaned, stored, maintained to not cause
health hazard
Exception: Voluntary use of dust masks
308 ©2006 TEEX
1910.134(d) Selection of respirators
Respirators must be NIOSH-certified Provide enough variety so user can find
the right fit Cartridge change schedule for gases
and vapors IDLH atmosphere = immediately
dangerous to life and health Specific supplied-air respirators necessary
for IDLH use
309 ©2006 TEEX
1910.134(e) Medical evaluation
Respirator use causes physiological burden, varying with Type of respirator Job and workplace conditions Medical status of employee
Medical evaluation provided before: Fit testing Worker respirator use
310 ©2006 TEEX
1910.134(e) Medical evaluation
Conducted by physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP)
Additional evaluations if: Employee reports related symptoms PLHCP, supervisor, administrator recommends Program information shows need Change in workplace conditions increases
physiological burden
Head Protection1910.135
312 ©2006 TEEX
1910.135(a) General requirements
a. Ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet where there is a potential for head injury from falling objects
313 ©2006 TEEX
Classes and Types of Hard Hats
Type I hard hats - reduce force of impact from a blow to the top of the head
Type II hard hats - provide protection against both side impact (lateral) and blows to the top of the head
314 ©2006 TEEX
Classes and Types of Hard Hats
Class G (old A) – General Tested to withstand 2200 volts
Class E (old B) – Electrical Tested to withstand 20,000 volts
Class C (old C) – Conductive No electrical protection
315 ©2006 TEEX
1910.135(a) General requirements
b. Ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet designed to reduce electrical shock hazard when near exposed electrical conductors which could contact the head
316 ©2006 TEEX
1910.135(b) Criteria for protective helmets
Protective helmets shall comply with ANSI Z89.1-1986
Foot Protection1910.136
318 ©2006 TEEX
1910.136(a) General requirements
Each affected employee must use protective footwear where there is danger of: Falling or rolling objects Objects piercing sole Feet exposed to electrical hazards
Protective footwear shall comply with ANSI Z41-1991
Hand Protection1910.138
320 ©2006 TEEX
1910.138(a) General requirements
a. Appropriate hand protection required for employee hand exposure to hazards such as:
Skin absorption of harmful substances Severe cuts or lacerations Severe abrasions Punctures Chemical burns Thermal burns Harmful temperature extremes
321 ©2006 TEEX
1910.138(b) Selection
Employer selects based on: Performance characteristics of the hand
protection relative to the task(s) to be performed
Conditions present Duration of use Hazards and potential hazards identified
322 ©2006 TEEX
Common Types of Gloves
Disposable: light-weight plastic; can help guard against mild irritants.
Fabric: cotton or fabric blend; improve grip or insulate from heat or cold.
Leather: guard against injuries from sparks or scraping against rough surfaces. Combine with an insulated liner when working with electricity.
Chemical Resistance: nitrile, neoprene, vinyl, etc; protect hands from chemical exposure
Metal Mesh: protect hands from cuts and scratches; used commonly with sharp instruments.
Aluminized Fabric: insulate hands from intense heat; commonly used with molten materials
Hearing Protection1910.95
324 ©2006 TEEX
1910.95 Occupational Noise Exposure
OSHA measures noise in decibels in A scale (dBA) – calculation of one number for multiple frequencies
TWA calculation, but nonlinear scale Permissible TWA: 90 dBA for 8 hours Table G-16: higher exposure, shorter
time allowable
325 ©2006 TEEX
1910.95(c) Hearing conservation program
Required for any employees exceeding 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA or 50% dose Action level
Monitoring, employee notification Audiometric testing
Baseline and annual Evaluated for standard threshold shift
(STS) (change in hearing sensitivity)
326 ©2006 TEEX
1910.95(i) Hearing protectors
Available to all employees exposed over 85 dBA
Replaced as necessary Must be worn by workers exposed >90
dBA, or before baseline or with STS Employees choose from variety Training, supervision of correct use Proper initial fitting
327 ©2006 TEEX
1910.95(j) Hearing protector attenuation
Calculations in Appendix B Cannot simply subtract Noise Reduction
Rating (NRR) from dBA Poor fit decreases attenuation
Must attenuate to 90 dBA If STS has occurred, attenuate to 85
dBA Re-evaluate when noise levels increase
Other Regulations
329 ©2006 TEEX
Other Regulations
29 CFR 1926 Subpart E: Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment Construction operations only If employees supply their own, employer
assures adequacy and maintenance Includes safety belts, lifelines, lanyards
330 ©2006 TEEX
Other Regulations
API RP 54 section 5 Includes fall protection Hearing protection includes 12-hour shift No loose or poorly fitted clothing Do not work in clothing saturated in
hazardous substance – wash and/or treat skin and change clothes
29 CFR 1910.132
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uA-fMdubTs
• Understand types of PPE
• Know the basics of hazards assessment
• Become familiar with selection PPE
• Recognize what type of training may be needed
• Gain resources
• Become knowledgeable with appropriate use and maintenance techniques
Fact or Myth ?Wearing steel toe boots is more dangerous than regular footwear because of the danger toes may be crushed or amputated.
http://www.mythbustersfanclub.com/mb2/content/view/32/27/
• Moving objects
• Temperature extremes
• Electrical Connections
• Sharp Edges
• Impact
• Penetration
• Compression (roll over)
• Chemical
• Biological
• Radiation
• Temperature extremes
• Dusts
<insert link to one pagers on ppe at MSF>
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsbZ0sSMeRA&feature=related
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/ppe/selection.html
What PPE is necessary
When the PPE is necessary
How to properly put on, wear and remove the PPE
Limitations
Proper care , maintenance, useful life and disposal
1. What if the employee received training prior to becoming your employee?
2. Does the training have to be documented?
3. Who has to pay for PPE?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPL-nuulYD4&feature=PlayList&p=96E6D03C48F68BBD&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=27