alaska history
DESCRIPTION
Alaska History. Overview. Upper Paleolithic Period (14,000 BC) Groups from Siberia crossed the Bering land bridge . Prehistory. Alaska Native Cultures (language). Eskimo Inupiaq Yup’ik/ Cup’ik Aleut Alutiiq Southeast Coastal Indians Tlingit Tsimshian Haida Eak. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Alaska History 1Overview
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Prehistory
Upper Paleolithic Period (14,000 BC)◦Groups from Siberia crossed the Bering land
bridge
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Alaska Native Cultures (language)Alaska Native IndiansAthabaskan (Interior)Eyak (SC/SE Coastal)Haida (SE Coastal)Tlingit (SE Coastal)Tsimshian (SE Coastal)
Native Eskimo PeopleInupiat/Inupiaq/Inuit(Northern Eskimos)Yupiit (Bering Sea)Siberian Yup’ikYup’ik/Cup’ikAlutiiqChugachKoniagKenai PeninsulaAleut
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Alaska Native Cultures
Subsistence lifestyle◦Surviving on what can be harvested (hunted or
gathered) from the environment
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Early Exploration
In 1648 Semyon Dezhnev sailed from the mouth of the Kolyma River through the Arctic Ocean and around the eastern tip of Asia to the Anadyr River
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Questions
◦Legend—some of his boats were carried off course and reached Alaska No evidence survives
◦News of Dezhnev's discovery eventually made it to St. Petersburg But, the question of whether or not Siberia was
connected to North America was never answered completely
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Audio History
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ACKFeLaxOA&list=PLdFsYdyyFuQgcll7XYfBTF-LAKfBFvwmc&index=10
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1st Kamchatka Expedition
1728—Vitus Bering sailed from the Sea of Okhotsk, around the Kamchatka Peninsula north and through the Bering Strait◦He did NOT see Alaska
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Set sail from Kamchatka
1725 Tsar Peter 1 of Russia funded an expedition 1728—Bering and a group of explorers traveled from St.
Petersburg to The Sea of Okhotsk and the Kamchatka Peninsula They sailed around Kamchatka Peninsula and North through
Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean
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1733-1743 2nd Kamchatka Expedition
1st Europeans to reach Alaska were Russian
June 1741 Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov set sail in two ships; they were soon separated
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Russian Sighting of Alaska
July 15, 1741 Chirikov sighted land—Prince of Wales Island Sent a group of men ashore in a longboat making them the
1st Europeans to set foot on the northwestern coast of North America
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Russian Sighting of Alaska
July 16, 1741, Bering sighted Mount St. Elias (on the mainland) from his ship and soon thereafter, headed back to Russia
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Bering dies
Sept. 9, 1741, Bering’s ship entered Adak harbor In November, Bering’s ship was wrecked on Bering
Island◦ Bering died, leaving his crew stranded for the winter
The next summer, they rebuilt the ship from debris and returned home carrying word of the expedition and sea otter pelts
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Fur Industry
Soon, fur traders sailed from Siberia to Aleutian Islands◦Established hunting and trading posts
Word of quality furs spread◦More fur traders arrived, established trading
companies◦Forced Aleuts into slavery
Separated men from women and children◦Traditional roles ignored◦Women and children starved
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Promyshlenniki (Russian fur hunters)
Russian fur hunters exploited the islands of the Aleutian Chain one at a time and when the fur-bearing sea mammals were all gone, they moved east until reaching the mainland
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Pribilof Islands
In 1786, Gerrassium Pribylov followed fur seals from the Aleutian Islands to St. George Island◦Uninhabited “rock”◦Shipped men to Pribilof Islands
Worked in the killing fields and blubbering houses
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Marine Mammals
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The Killing Fields
Harbor Seal Harvest, Canada
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Russian influence
Catherine the Great (German), Empress 1763◦Wife of Peter III, orchestrated his overthrow◦Proclaimed goodwill towards the Aleuts and
urged fair treatment
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Conflict hard to avoid
On some islands and parts of the Alaska Peninsula, traders and Aleut Natives were able to co-exist peacefully
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Catastrophic situation
Increased competition—declining animal populations◦Continued enslavement
Families split up Re-settlement
◦Hunters forced to take greater risks in dangerous North Pacific
Shelekhov-Golikov Company emerged◦Created a monopoly
Used violence as a tool to exploit the Aleuts
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Devastating effects
Aleuts revolt, Russian retaliation swift and severe◦Many Aleuts killed◦Boats destroyed◦Hunting gear destroyed
No means to hunt Many Aleuts died of starvation
Exposure to disease was even more devastating◦1741-1799, 80% of Aleut population died◦Aleut had no immunity to Eurasian diseases
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Aleut Assimilation
Dynamic blend of Native and Russian Traditions emerged◦Russian traders prohibited traditional religious
celebrations◦Encouraged Aleuts to embrace Orthodoxy◦Russian men and Aleut women inter-married