ajis (c) ajis llc, 2009jonathan wells, ajis llc 1 introduction to cellular technology jonathan...
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AJIS
(c) AJIS LLC, 2009 Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com
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Introduction to Cellular Technology
Jonathan Wells PhD MBAPresident, AJIS LLC
11th March 2013
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AJIS
(c) AJIS LLC, 2009 Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com
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Huge Cellular Phone Advances
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AJISHistory of Wireless Communications Early days: bonfires, smoke signals, flags 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic
induction 1864 Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic waves 1886 Hertz demonstrates waves travelling through
space 1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York to San
Francisco 1928 First broadcast TV trials 1958 First mobile phone system
A-Netz in Germany
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AJIS
A-Netz “Mobile” Phones
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AJIS
First Generation “1G”
Introduced in 1980s Analog only
Motorola DynaTAC 6 March 1983, first
commercial cellphone 30 minutes of talk time, 8
hours of standby Memory for 30 numbers Priced at $3,995
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Dr. Martin Cooper
“Father” of the modern mobile phone
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AJIS
Second Generation “2G”
Introduced in 1990s Digital technology Digital voice and basic data
Introduction of SMS Numerous different flavors
CDMAOne in USA GSM in Rest of World Several other regional versions
Many systems still operational(c) AJIS LLC, 2013 Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC
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AJIS
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Wide Global 2G Usage
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AJIS
Third Generation “3G”
Introduced in 2000s Digital voice and “broadband” data Variety of formats
Phones, dongles, tablets
Still regional flavors CDMA2000 in USA WCDMA in USA and Rest of World
Designed to operate with fallback to 2G
Widely adopted worldwide
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AJIS
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3G Challenge: Convergence
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AJIS
Fourth Generation “4G” Introduced in 2010s Digital voice and “ultra broadband” data Only one flavor – LTE (Long Term Evolution) Universal, global adoption planned IP-based technology (as is Internet) Designed to operate with 3G and 2G systems Technically, much debate over what is 4G
Many vendors market 3G technology as 4G Strictly, even LTE doesn’t meet some technical
4G definitions
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AJIS
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4G Challenge: Revenue & Traffic Decoupled
Voice generates 80% revenue
Data traffic >> voice traffic
Costs follow traffic line!
Heavy reading, May 2007
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AJIS
What About 5G?
Likely technology for 2020’s However we’ll see 5G hype
start soon Conferences and workshops
on “5G” Vendors marketing “4G”
systems as “5G”
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AJIS
Cellular Infrastructure
Base Station
Service area (cell)
Many factors affect cell sizeTechnology, geography, power, coverage requirements, …
100 m to 30 km
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AJIS
Cell Site
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Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station
BS
MS
Cell
Hexagonal cell area used in most models
Ideal cell area (typically 1 mile
radius)
MS
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AJIS
Cellular Coverage
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BS BS
BS BS BS
BS BS
Service area
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AJIS
Cellular Mobility: Handoff
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AJIS
Cellular Network InfrastructureHome phone
PSTN
MSC
BSC …
BS
…
…
MS
…
BS MS
BSC
BS MS
…
BS MS
BSC
BS MS
…
BS MS
BSC
BS MS
…
BS MS
MSC
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone NetworkMSC: Mobile Switching CenterBSC: Base Station ControllerBS: Base StationMS: Mobile Station
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AJIS
Next Generation Networks
regional
metropolitan area
campus-based
in-house
verticalhand-over
horizontalhand-over
integration of heterogeneous fixed andmobile networks with varyingtransmission characteristics
Satellite GPS Cellular Wireless LAN Wireless PAN Home Networking Ad Hoc Networks Sensor Networks Bluetooth
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AJIS
OSI Reference Model
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Medium
Data Link
Physical
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
Network Network
Radio
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AJISOSI Model
service location new applications, multimedia adaptive applications congestion and flow control quality of service addressing, routing,
device location hand-over authentication media access multiplexing media access control encryption modulation interference attenuation frequency
Application layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
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AJIS
Wireless Transmit and Receive
Information to be transmitted (Voice/Data)
Coding Modulator Transmitter
Information received
(Voice/Data)
Decoding Demodulator Receiver
Antenna
AntennaCarrier
Carrier
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AJIS
Coding
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11100110111111111110001000110101…..
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AJIS
Modulation
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Digital Signal
Carrier Signal
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation
0 0 0 01 1 1 1
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AJIS
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AJIS
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AJIS
1G Transmission
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
Inefficient use of limited spectrum Number users limited by spectrum available
Frequency 1 User 1
Frequency 2 User 2
Frequency n User n
Base Station
… …
Mobile Stations
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AJIS
2G Transmission
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
Much better use of limited spectrum Number users limited by timeslots available
Time 1
Time 2
Time n……
Base Station
User 1
User 2
User n
…
Mobile Stations
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AJIS
FDMA and TDMA Comparison
User 1
User 2
User n
…
Time
Frequency
Use
r 1
Use
r 2
Use
r n
…
Time
Frequency
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AJIS
3G Transmission CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
Multiply each user signal by a known code, such that multiple users can coexist “on top of” one another
Complex, but supports high number of users with efficient use of spectrum
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AJIS
FDMA/TDMA/CDMA Analogy
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AJIS
Summary
Blah, blah, blah
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AJIS
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Thank You For Listening!
AJIS LLCWireless Technology Consulting
Jonathan Wells PhD MBAPresident
2470 Sanderling Drive Pleasanton, CA 94566 Cell: +1 925 200 5124