16

CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The study of related literature is of a great importance to research

problems and many researchers in various field established its

great need for proper guidance and reliable conclusions. The

review of related literature helps to make progress towards his

solution and successful completion of the research project. The

review of studies checks duplication and provides guidance for

successful completion of project.   Many researchers have showed

great interest in the field of sports i.e. sports medicine, exercise

physiology, biomechanics, kinesiology, anthropometry, sociology,

sports psychology etc. The sole aim of all researchers in this field

is creating excellence in sports. Numerous studied have been

conducted on various aspects of physical fitness. In the light of

these facts it has been endeavored to give comprehensive review

of the literature related to the topic of the present study.

Studies pertaining on physical fitness Ray compared the

physical fitness of tribal and urban students. The study consisted

of 120 students (N=60 each) studying at M.B.B.S. College,

17

Agartala. The subjects will be tested on AAHPER Youth Fitness

test. The age of the subjects ranged between 16-20 years. The

mean differences between urban and tribal students were not

found statistically significant. It was found that urban students

were better in pull-ups and soft-ball throw and their superiority

was statistically significant at 0.05 level, but in the remaining five

test -items i.e., 50M dash, 600M run/walk, sit-ups, shuttle run and

standing broad jump, the difference in performance of neither of

the groups was found statistically significant1.

Mehta compared physical fitness of tribal and non-tribal

school girls of Indoor Division. She used six physical fitness tests

items of AAHPER Physical fitness test. The results showed that

tribal girls were better in arm strength, abdominal strength and

agility but non-tribal girls were better in their explosive strength

and endurance2.

Uppal et al. selected junior badminton players (N=15)

from different states of India for the purpose of the study. The

1 Ray, ‘’Comparison of Physical Fitness of Tribal and Urban Students in Tripura’’. Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.) 1979. 

2 Mehta, “Comparison of Physical Fitness Tribal and non-tribal School Girls of Indore

Division.”  Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.), 1981. 

18

subjects were trained with 6- days a week for four weeks training

program included for the development of physical fitness. The

results of the study shows that women badminton players having

significant improvement in 8- minutes run/walk, standing broad

jump, bent-leg sit-ups, but in case of 50M dash and shuttle run,

the improvement was not statistically significant3.

Sidhu and Grewal conducted a study to assess the effect of

hard physical training. Female hockey players (N=15) were

selected as the subjects for the study. The subjects were tested

initially in weight, heart-rate resting, and heart-rate during

exercise and recovery, and were tested again after 25 days of

training. It was found that with training, the resting heart rate,

maximum heart-rate after exhaustive exercise and recovery, heart

rate showed considered improvement. However, no major change

occurred in body weight4.

3 Uppal. Effect of 4 -Weeks Intensive Training in Badminton of Women Players.  SNIPES

Journal(1982), 5, 2:51. 

4 Sidhu, and Grewal, ‘’Effect of Hard Training on Cardio-Vascular System of Indian Women

Hockey Players’’.  Journal of sports Medicine and Physical Fitness.  Italy: Minerva

Media(1984), 24, 1:34-40. 

19

Singh, Ghosh, and Ahuja studies the female hockey players

(N=17). The subjects were administered physical fitness test of 6-

items and anthropometrical measurements. The data was collected

before and after 4-weeks of training. The results of the study

showed that body weight and total body fat of the subjects were

not statistically significant due to the effect of training. Total body

fat increased but the increase was not statistically significant.

Though there was improvement in physical fitness components, it

was unusual during competitive period5.

Singh and Devnath conducted a study on female gymnasts

(N=27), out of which girls (N=12) belonged to better performance

group and 15 belonged to poor performance group, known as

group A and group B. Test on measurement of strength, speed,

flexibility, endurance, coordinative ability were conducted on the

subjects. The results showed that there was statistically significant

difference between means score of pull-ups, sit-ups, back-lift from

vaulting horse, standing broad jump, 50M sprint, cardio-

respiratory fitness, trunk extension, balance ability, time

5 Singh, Ghosh, and Ahuja, The Effect of 4-Weeks Training Camp on Physical Fitness and

Body Fat of National Women Hockey Team. SNIPES (1985), 8, 2:50-54. 

20

differential ability, angle differential ability and competitive

performance of group A and B. Further, better performance group

excelled in performance of motor ability, strength, flexibility,

endurance, speed, co-coordinative abilities indicate that motor

ability is an important factor in determining the level of

performance in gymnasts6.

Uppal and Roy conducted a study to assess the

motor fitness components as a predictor of soccer playing ability.

Male soccer players (N=20) were selected for the study. They

were administered five tests of motor fitness components,

namely, speed (50-yards dash), agility (4 x 10M shuttle run),

maximum leg strength (by dynamo- meter), explosive leg strength

(standing broad jump) and cardio-respiratory endurance ( Corper's

twelve minute run/walk test). The soccer playing ability was

assessed with the help of a panel of three judges. Statistical

treatment of the data shows all the independent variables (speed,

agility, maximum leg strength, explosive leg strength and cardio-

respiratory endurance), have been found to be significantly related

6 Singh and Debnath,.  A Study of Motor Ability and Competitive Performance of Indian

Female Gymnasts.  SNIPES(1986), 9, 2:1-6. 

21

to dependent variables (soccer playing ability). The regression

equation developed was = 11.72 (standing broad jump) + .52

(Cooper's 12 minute's run/walk test horses in 100th unit) - 2.06 (4

x 10 M shuttle run) + 4.947.

Singh conducted a study to formulate norms of physical

fitness for hockey goalkeepers. Male State level hockey

goalkeepers (N=20) were selected for the purpose of the study.

The subjects were tested in side split, forward bend and reach,

stand broad jump, shuttle run, 30 M sprint, bent-knee sit-ups,

push-ups, one KM run for endurance8.

Nandi investigated motor fitness as a factor of prediction in

the performance of high jump. Thirty boys of a middle school of

Delhi will be used as subjects in the study. Data pertaining to the

selected physical fitness components, that is speed agility,

flexibility, strength & power were collected by administering

suitable tools. The findings of the study revealed that there is

7 Uppal, and Roy, ‘’Assessment of Motor Fitness Components as Predictors of Soccer Playing Ability’’.  SNIPES(1987). , 9, 3:46-49. 8

Singh ‘’Norms of Physical Fitness for Hockey Goalkeepers’’. National Institute of Sports, Scientific Journal(1987), 10, 3:3-6. 

22

significant relationship of high jump performance with power,

flexibility & strength9.

Murti the purpose of the study was to see difference in rural

and urban students of Punjab in the age group of thirteen to

seventeen. The study was conducted on 102 urban, 114 rural

school boys selected at random selected students were test on

AAHPER Youth fitness test. Investigators analyze that neither

rural boys nor urban boy’s categories superior to their

counterparts10.

Mokha, Verma and Kaur studied the comparison of physical

fitness of urban and rural school girls of Ludhiana District. The

data were collected on 404 girls, out of whom 202 were from the

urban areas and 202 girls from the rural areas of the Ludhiana

District. To evaluation the physical fitness the following test were

conducted or each subject. (i) Anthropometric measurements:

9

Nandi “The Motor Fitness Factors as prediction of High Jump Abilities Among Middle School Children.  Unpublished Master Degree Thesis, Jiwaji University Gwalior (M.P.) 1990.10

Murti. ‘’Comparative Study of General Physical Fitness and Rural Students of Punjab in the

age group 13-17", Unpublished M. Phil Thesis (1992), Punjabi University, Punjab pp-7-

14. 

23

Height, weight. (ii) Physical fitness tests: 100m Race, 200m Race,

High jump, long jump, shot put. It is thus conducted from the

study that the urban girls are slightly taller significantly heavier

than the rural girls, whereas rural girls are faster running than the

urban girls because they have less body weight. Urban - Rural

differences decreases as the age increase11.

Mujika studied creative supplementation and sprint

performance in soccer players. Results demonstrate that repeated

sprint performance is influenced by acute creative

supplementation but not intermittent endurance performance. Data

also suggest that creative limit the decay in jumping ability

following intermittent endurance test in trained soccer players12.

11 Mokha, Anuradha and Kaur ,’’A Comparative Study of Physical Fitness of Urban and

Rural School Girls’’.  Indian Journal of sport Science and Physical Education(1998).. 

Vol. 10, No. 1 and 2, pp. 25.

12 Mujika J, ‘’Creative Supplementation and Sprint Performance in Soccer Players’’. Journal of Sports and fitness.ISSN: 0195-9131.