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SKYLARK AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL

(SATS)

JADAVPUR BRANCH

AIRPORT HANDLING PROCEDURE

Submitted By:-

Abdur Rahim Khan

\

Roll No- SATS-02-006

Batch No-2

Course- Skylark Advance Program

2013-2014

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INTRODUCTION

This section of the assignment gives us information

regarding to history of aviation and different governing body

like IATA, ICAO, MOCA, DGCA, BCAS etc. and their

function. And also get information about Airport Handling

Procedure (AHP. Its include Reservation Counter, Check-in

Counter, BMA, Boarding gate/SHA, RAMP, Arrival and Cargo

Section.

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INDEX CONTENT: PAGES:

1. Aviation History 3-5

2. Governing Body 6-9

3. Airport Handling Procedure 10-24

3.1 Reservation 10-11

3.2 Check-in Counter 12-14

3.3 BMA 14-15

3.4 BG/SHA 15

3.5 RAMP 16-19

3.6 Arrival 19-21

3.7 Cargo 22-24

4. Acknowledgement 25

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AVIATION HISTORY

The history of aviation has extended over more than two thousand years from the

earliest attempts in kites and gliders to powered, heavier-than-air, supersonic,

and hypersonic flight.

The first form of man-made flying objects were kites. The earliest known record of

kite flying is from around 200 BC in China, when a general flew a kite over enemy

territory to calculate the length of tunnel required to enter the region. Yuan

Huangtou, a Chinese prince, survived by tying himself to the kite.

Leonardo da Vinci's 15th-century dream of flight found expression in several

designs, but he did not attempt to demonstrate his ideas by actually constructing

them.

With the efforts to analyze the atmosphere from the 17th to 19th centuries, gases

such as hydrogen were discovered which in turn led to the invention of hydrogen

balloons. Various theories in mechanics by physicists during the same period of

time, notably fluid dynamics and Newton's laws of motion, led to the foundation of

modern aerodynamics. Tethered balloons filled with hot air were used in the first

half of the 19th century and saw considerable action in several mid-century wars,

most notably the American Civil War, where balloons provided observation during

the Battle of Petersburg.

Fig:-Glider Fig:- Tethered balloons

Experiments with gliders provided the groundwork for heavier-than-air craft, and

by the early 20th-century advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made

controlled, powered flight possible for the first time.

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The Wright Brothers

Following a step by step method, discovering aerodynamics forces then controlling

the flight, the brothers built and tested a series of kite and glider designs from 1900

to 1902 before attempting to build a powered design. The gliders worked, but not

as well as the Wrights had expected based on the experiments and writings of their

19th-century predecessors. Their first glider, launched in 1900, had only about half

the lift they anticipated.

Their second glider, built the following year, performed even more poorly. Rather

than giving up, the Wrights constructed their own wind tunnel and created a

number of sophisticated devices to measure lift and drag on the 200 wing designs

they tested. As a result, the Wrights corrected earlier mistakes in calculations

regarding drag and lift.’

Their testing and calculating produced a third glider with a higher aspect ratio and

true three-axis control. They flew it successfully hundreds of times in 1902, and it

performed far better than the previous models. By using a rigorous system of

experimentation, involving wind-tunnel testing of airfoils and flight testing of full-

size prototypes, the Wrights not only built a working aircraft, the Wright Flyer, but

also helped advance the science of aeronautical engineering.

The Wright Flyer: the first sustained fkight with a powered, controlled

aircraft.

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The Wrights appear to be the first to make serious studied attempts to

simultaneously solve the power and control problems. Both problems proved

difficult, but they never lost interest. They solved the control problem by

inventing wing warping for roll control, combined with simultaneous yaw control

with a steerable rear rudder. Almost as an afterthought, they designed and built a

low-powered internal combustion engine. They also designed and carved wooden

propellers that were more efficient than any before, enabling them to gain adequate

performance from their low engine power. Although wing-warping as a means of

lateral control was used only briefly during the early history of aviation, the

principle of combining lateral control in combination with a rudder was a key

advance in aircraft control. While many aviation pioneers appeared to leave safety

largely to chance, the Wrights' design was greatly influenced by the need to teach

themselves to fly without unreasonable risk to life and limb, by surviving crashes.

This emphasis, as well as low engine power, was the reason for low flying speed

and for taking off in a head wind. Performance (rather than safety) was also the

reason for the rear-heavy design, because the canard could not be highly

loaded; anhedral wings were less affected by crosswinds and were consistent with

the low yaw stability.

The first flight by Orville Wright, of 120 feet (37 m) in 12 seconds, was recorded

in a famous photograph. In the fourth flight of the same day, Wilbur Wright flew

852 feet (260 m) in 59 seconds. The flights were witnessed by three coastal

lifesaving crewmen, a local businessman, and a boy from the village, making these

the first public flights and the first well-documented ones.

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INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA)

The International Air Transport

Association is the trade association for

the world’s airlines. It represents some

240 airlines or more than 80% of total

air traffic. IATA is formed in 19th April

1945 at the Havana of Cuba.

IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards.

It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada with Executive Offices in Geneva,

Switzerland. The Director General (DG) & CEO is Mr. Tony Tyler.

THE FUNCTION OF IATA:

IATA assigns three-letter & two-letter codes to airport & airlines,

respectively, which are commonly used worldwide.

Travel Agent accreditation is available for travel professionals. Full

accreditation allows agents to sell tickets on behalf of all IATA member

airlines. Cargo Agent accreditation is a similar program. IATA /IATAN

(International Association of Travel Agents Network) ID card is globally

recognized industry credential for travel professionals.

IATA also runs the Billing and Settlement Plan, which is a $300 billion-plus

financial system that looks after airline money. And it provides a number of

business intelligence publications and services.

Simplifying the Business was launched in 2004. This initiative has

introduced a number of crucial concepts to passenger travel, including the

electronic ticket[14]

and the bar coded boarding pass. Many other innovations

are being established as part of the Fast Travel initiative, including a range

of self-service baggage options.

IATA regulates the shipping of dangerous goods and publishes the IATA

Dangerous Goods Regulations manual(DGR).

In 2003, the IATA Operational Safety Audit (AOSA) was launched with the

aim to serve as a standard and worldwide recognized certificate of airlines’

operational management.

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INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO)

The International Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO) is aspecialized

agency of the United Nations. It codifies the

principles and techniques of international air

navigation and fosters the planning and

development of international air transport to

ensure safe and orderly growth. Its

headquarters are located in the Quartier

International of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

ICAO is formed on 4th April 1947 but India is

a member of ICAO in 1st March 1947. The

head of the ICAO is Mr. Raymond Benjamin.

The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air

navigation, its infrastructure, flight inspection, prevention of unlawful interference,

and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil

aviation. Additionally it also defines the protocols for air accident investigation

followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on

International Civil Aviation in respective countries.

MINISTRY OF CIVIL AVIATION (INDIA)

The Ministry of Civil Aviation of the Government of India is the nodal

Ministry responsible for the formulation of national policies and programs for

development and regulation of Civil Aviation and for devising and implementing

schemes for the orderly growth and expansion of civil air transport. Its functions

also extend to overseeing airport facilities, air traffic services and carriage of

passengers and goods by air. The Ministry also administers implementation of the

1934 Aircraft Act and is administratively responsible for the Commission of

Railways Safety.

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The ministry is under the charge of Ajit Singh. The Secretary is the head of

the Ministry and is assisted by one Additional Secretary & Financial Adviser, three

Joint Secretaries, seven officers of the level of Director / Deputy Secretary /

Financial Controller and ten officers of the level of Under Secretary. It is located

at Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan, Safdarjung Airport, New Delhi.

The minister has under its preview the organization such bas

Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS).

Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).

BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY (BCAS)

The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)was initially set up as a cell in the

Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in January 1978 on the

recommendation of Pande Committee constituted in the wake of hijacking of the

Indian Airlines flight on 10th

September, 1976.

The roll of the cell was to co-ordinate, monitor, inspect and train personnel in Civil

Aviation Security matters.

The BCAS was recognized into an independent department on 1st April, 1987

under the MOCA as a sequel to the Kanishka Tragedy in June 1985. The main

responsibility of BCAS are lay down standards and measures in respect of security

of civil flight at International and domestic airports in India.

The BCAS conducting surprise/Dummy checks to test professional sufficiency and

alertness of security staff. And also mock exercise to test efficiency of contingency

plan and operational preparedness of the various agencies

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DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION

(DGCA).

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the Indian governmental

regulatory body in the field of civil aviation under the Ministry of Civil Aviation

primarily dealing with safety issues. It is responsible for regulation of air transport

services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety

and airworthiness standards. It also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with

International Civil Aviation Organization. The headquarters are located in New

Delhi with regional offices in the various parts of India.

The Director General is Mr. Arun Mishra.

DGCA has fourteen Regional Airworthiness Offices (RAO) at Delhi, Mumbai,

Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Cochin, Bhopal, Lucknow, Patna,

Bhubaneswar, Kanpur, Guwahati and Patiala. It has also five Regional Air Safety

offices located at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad. It has a

Regional Research and Development Office located at Bangalore and a Gliding

Centre at Pune

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AIRPORT HANDLING PROCEDURE (AHP)

It includes several operation like

Reservation counter

Check –in counter

Baggage Make Up Area (BMA)

Boarding gate

Region of aircraft movement and parking(RAMP)

Arrival

Cargo

Fig: - Over view of Airport

RESERVATION COUNTER:

Reservation counter means a counter, where from a passenger can purchase

his/her ticket for travel. Generally we can see reservation counter in airports.

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Fig: - Airlines E-Ticket

FUNCTION S/RESPONSIBILITIES:

Reservation

Cancellation

Rescheduling/Rebooking

SSR(Special Service request) booking

Meal request

Changing sector

Help desk

Refund(depending on point of purchase)

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CHECK –IN COUNTER

Airport check-in uses service counters

found at commercial airports handling

commercial air travel. The check-in is

normally handled by an airline itself

or a handling agent working on behalf

of an airline. Passengers usually hand

over any baggage that they do not

wish or are not allowed to carry on to

the aircraft's cabin and receive

a boarding pass before they can

proceed to board their aircraft.

Check-in is usually the first procedure for a passenger when arriving at an

airport, as airline regulations require passengers to check in by certain times prior

to the departure of a flight. This duration spans from 15 minutes to 4 hours

depending on the destination and airline. During this process, the passenger has the

ability to ask for special accommodations such as seating preferences, inquire

about flight or destination information, make changes to reservations,

accumulate frequent flyer program miles, or pay for upgrades.

The airline check-in's main function, however, is to accept luggage that is to go in

the aircraft's cargo hold and issue boarding passes

FUNCTIONS OF CHECK –IN COUNTER:

When passenger presents himself/herself at the check-in counter the

following checks must be done. Along with that always wish passengers with a

pleasant or warm smile and wish the time of the day followed by:

Check for the security sticker and condition of the baggage. Make

sure baggage has been screened and does not contain any dangerous

goods articles.

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Request for ticket if not already presented. Check ticket details-

validity of ticket, sector of travel etc.

Check photo id card of the passenger without any mistake.

Ask for seat preference.

Provide assistance according to passenger status( be more active for

SSR passengers).

Weigh baggage and ask about the fragile item.

Charge for excess baggage( only then passenger baggage weight is

more than FBA(Free Baggage Allowance)).

Issue Boarding Pass and Baggage Tag.

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Confirm passenger about sector, seat number and baggage.

Inform passenger about flight status, gate numbers.

BAGGAGE MAKE UP AREA

Baggage Make Up Area (BMA) is the adjacent place of terminal building where

the check-in /registered baggage are segregated as per flight detail, reconciled by

the employee, and consolidated in trolleys and dispatched to the RAMP(Region of

Aircraft Movement and Parking)

The staff/employee is allocated in the BMA should be vigilant at all time as

it is here that a lot of pilferage takes place.

Fig: Airport Baggage Handling

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FUNCTIONS OF BMA:

Arrange trolleys according to the flights load.

Check security sticker of the baggage and segregated as per the destination.

Check the types of baggage(i.e. hardcase, soft baggage, fragile baggage

etc.) and then align.

Reconcile baggage and load in trolley.

Dispatch baggage to aircraft for loading.

Inform RAMP staff about trolley count, baggage count and baggage weight.

BOARDING GATE/SECURITY HOLD AREA:

Boarding gate is the place wherefrom passengers move to board the aircraft.

FUNCTIONS OF BG/SHA:

Ensure all passengers’ hand baggage tags are stamped.

Take details of all SSR passengers before boarding.

Inform AAI (Airport Authority of India) about boarding of the particular

flight.

Make announcement from the PA Booth (Passenger Addressing Booth).

Reconcile passenger boarding passes.

Assist senior citizen passengers, first time traveler, UM (Unaccompanied

Minor), mother with infant.

Inform RAMP about missing passenger (if in case).

Pass TOB (Total on Board) to RAMP.

Close door within restricted time.

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REGION OF AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT AND PARKING (RAMP)

There is growing realization in the aviation industry that encouraging prompt

reporting of issue actually reduces the number of accidents and incidents. An

environment of “open reporting” is a key element in fostering “just culture” for the

systematic reporting, collection, analysis and dissemination of safety information

that will be solely to prevent accidents.

Implementation of just culture begins with commitment and action not just by

supervisors, managers on the RAMP, they by senior managers as well.

Encouraging RAMP personnel to promptly and fully report incidents and accidents

is a key element in just culture. RAMP personnel must be trained to view safety as

a much more important priority than meeting schedules, and they should be

encouraged to report immediately to their supervisor the slightest scratch or dent in

an aircraft any collision between ground equipments and aircraft.

So RAMP is the most sensitive area to work. For that staffs need to be more

cautious while working.

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FUNCTIONS ON RAMP:

Take all details like ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival), bay no., incoming

load, baggage weight and count, transfer baggage, SSR passengers details

etc.

Report on the RAMP beforehand for checking GSE (Ground Support

Equipment).

Announce touchdown.

Pass c/on (chocks on) to all department.

Aligned stepladder.

Evacuate passengers.

Ensure anti-sabotage check (interior check of cabin by airlines security

staff).

Offload baggage and cargo.

Clean cabin of the aircraft.

Load catering.

Refueling.

Start embarkation.

Load outgoing baggage.

Tally with boarding gate’s employee about exact load.

Get the load and trim signed by the captain.

Release aircraft.

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RAMP SAFETY:

The following rules apply to all operations on the RAMP:

Always be aware of your surroundings.

Always wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

No smoking.

Do not operate any unserviceable vehicles.

Keep the RAMP area clear of FOD (Foreign Object Debris).

Those who have Airside Driving Permit (ADP), they only operate

vehicles.

Avoid the intake and exhaust areas of aircraft engines.

No vehicles should be parked or driven within 15 meters of a

moving aircraft.

RAMP equipments must be positioned prior to the arrival of the

aircraft behind the restraint line with the parking brakes on.

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ARRIVAL

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FUNCTIONS:

Before arrival of the aircraft the arrival staff must check action on the following

items:

Review all inbound messages.

Check ETA and display the same on the FIDS (Flight Information Display

System).

Check out aircraft registration and parking Bay.

Check for any special handling message –VIP/CIP/WCHR/UM.

(Where VIP –Very Important Person, CIP-Commercial Important Person,

WCHR-Wheel Chair Till RAMP, UM-Unaccompanied Minor).

Ensure that wheel chair and loaders are available for arrival.

Arrange for RAMP to RAMP transfer in case MCT (Minimum Connection

Time).

Meet the aircraft and escort passenger to arrival hall.

Collect all traffic documents from IFM (Inflight Manager).

Display indicators at the arrival conveyor belt (Carousel). In case of un-

serviceability of indicators appropriate action must be taken.

Fig: - Carousel Belt

Keep a check on delivery of priority baggage.

Prepare PIR/DPR (Property Irregularity Report/Damage Property Report).

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Property Irregularity Report (PIR)

A Property Irregularity Report (PIR) is record of any mishandling of a

guests baggage on arrival. This form must be filled in detail and clearly so that the

case can be followed up any stuff on duty (SOD). The staff preparing the PIR must

sign this form as well as passenger signature. Without this the form can not be

process claims with the insurance company.

World Tracer is a SITA / IATA service provided for the tracking of lost or

delayed baggage. It has been in operation for many years and used by many

airlines, such as Qantas, Lufthansa and Emirates. The system also allows for the

rapid determination of mishandled baggage.

Whenever a baggage is found without an owner, presumably because it has been

loaded onboard a different flight than the passenger it belongs to, it can be

registered as an on-hand baggage. It is then matched automatically matched with

different missing-baggage files (called AHL's) all over the world. Whenever an on-

hand gets a likely match, the station whom has registered the missing-baggage gets

an alert. The fields that are being matched are the baggage's routing, tag number,

passenger’s surname, what kind of baggage it is, and content. When a handling

agent finds an on-hand that matches one of their AHL's he/she can request the on-

hand, which sends a message to whichever station registered the on-hand baggage,

telling them to send it to the requesting station.

The format of the tracking number is AAABBNNNNN, where AAA is the Airport

code, BB is the airline code, and NNNNN is a 5 digit tracking number. For

example SINEK19666.

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CARGO

Cargo can be defined as any property which is carried by an aircraft other

than mail,company cargo, engineering equipments and unaccompanied or

mishandle baggage.

CONSIDER ED AS VULNERABLE IN AVIATION:

Vast area so surveillance is minimum.

Huge number of manpower involved.

Mostly cargo terminal is situated outside of the airport area.

Sometimes consignment is large to check it property.

TYPES OF CARGO:

PERISHABLE CARGO:

Articles of perishable nature, which are

liable to perish due to change in climate,

temperature, altitude or any other

normal exposure inherent to carriage of

cargo by air, length of time etc.

Example: news papers, sea

food,flowers, medicine.

VALUABLE /PRECIOUS CARGO(VAL):

Precious or valuable(VAL) cargo

consist of very high value

shipments such as currencies,

billion, jewelry etc.

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VULNERABLE CARGO(VUN):

This are the shipments, which are

vulnerable to theft or pilferage

like: cameras, paintings, antiques,

watches or parts of watches,

electronic goods such as

computer and its parts, mobile

phones, pagers, other expensive

electronic goods.

LIVE ANIMALS(AVI):

Only animals, which are appear to

be in good health and condition,

should be accepted for carriage by

air. The cages/Boxes having the

livestock/animals should be

examined to ensure that they do

not contain anything which is

dangerous to the safety of the

aircraft.

HUMAN REMAINS(HUM):

As per the cargo technology human

remains are the dead body of human

being. The required identification

and document as enumerated below

death certificate, embalming

certificate, police clearance and

identity of relatives.

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BONDED CARGO:

All cargo which are custom

cleared is called as bonded cargo.

All cargo which are used for

exporting is called as bonded

cargo.

INBOUND BONDED CARGO:

If the bonded cargo is coming

from an international sector and

connected to domestic flight as an

airside transfer from international

warehouse to the domestic side,

then the cargo will be accepted

after checking the documents.

COMPANY CARGO:

There may be a requirement of

transporting stores of the company

from one place to other in aircraft.

These, moved as company stores

must be subjected to security

checks applicable to company

mails. This could either be in the

form of x-rays or physical checks.

AOG SPARES CARGO:

AOG refers to Aircraft on

Ground, which implies that the

aircraft has been grounded due to

some technical snag. There would

be a requirement of transporting

aircraft spares as replacement

urgently to the affected station

where the aircraft has been

grounded.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to our faculties “SKY LARK AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL” for their guidance, timely support and encouragement in completing this project.

I am grateful to my parents for their support in this work.

I am thankful to my team members and friends for their untiring help throughout this work.

The images & text seen here in figures are derived from a figure by Google, Google images, YouTube, and Wikipedia. Thanks, to all.