air valves and energy savings...•properties of air and water –volume –viscosity –solubility...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
D. Kim Sorensen, P.E.
AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS
![Page 2: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
TOPICS
• Properties of Air and Water – Volume – Viscosity – Solubility – Vapor Pressure
• How Air Travels in Pipelines • How Air Enters Pipelines • Air Valves and Energy Savings • Efficient Air Valve System Design
![Page 3: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PROPERTIES OF AIR AND WATER
![Page 4: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Volume
nRTPV For ideal gasses:
For air:
PTV /Where T (temperature) is in Rankine (absolute)
Temp. oF
Temp. oR
Specific
Volume
Water Ft3/lb
Specific
Volume
Air Ft3/lb
32 491.67 0.01602 12.392
50 509.67 0.01602 12.837
70 529.67 0.01605 13.351
90 549.67 0.01610 13.850
110 569.67 0.01617 14.368
130 589.67 0.01625 14.859
150 609.67 0.01634 15.361
170 629.67 0.01645 15.873
190 649.67 0.01657 16.393
210 669.67 0.01670 16.892
212 671.67 0.01671 16.938
P = Pressure V = Volume n = Number of moles R = Universal gas constant
![Page 5: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Velocity
Viscosity WATER has about 1000 times the
viscosity of AIR
Viscosity effects resistance and, thus,
![Page 8: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SOLUBILITY of Air in Water
The capacity of water to hold dissolved air in solution
Volumetric Concentration
![Page 9: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Vapor Pressure
Temp. oF
Vapor Pressure
psi
Temp. oF
Vapor Pressure
psi
32 0.09 130 2.22
40 0.12 140 2.89
50 0.18 150 3.72
60 0.26 160 4.74
70 0.36 170 5.99
80 0.51 180 7.51
90 0.70 190 9.34
100 0.95 200 11.52
110 1.27
120 1.69 212 14.70
Source: Wastewater Engineering: Collection and Pumping of Wastewater by George Tchobanoglous
![Page 10: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Vapor Pressure
![Page 11: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A PIPELINE IS NEVER EMPTY
![Page 12: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Air Pocket Formation
![Page 13: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Air pockets forms at peaks along the pipeline
Air Pocket Formation
![Page 14: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
If there are no peaks for long stretches of pipe, air pockets forms at the crown of pipeline
Air Pocket Formation
![Page 15: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
As the cross section of flow decreases, velocity increases
Air Pocket Formation
![Page 16: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Though velocity may rise above critical velocity for bubble transport,
Air Pocket Formation
![Page 17: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
there is not enough energy to move a large air pocket
Air Pocket Formation
![Page 18: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The air pocket is smeared down-stream, forming an elongated air pocket
Air Pocket Formation
![Page 19: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dissolved air is not the only source of air in water/wastewater transmission systems.
There are numerous ways for atmospheric air to enter the system
Air Entrainment
![Page 20: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Vortex
Air Entrainment
![Page 21: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Entrainment by a plunging jet
In wet wells
Air Entrainment
![Page 22: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior
Real air pocket behavior is much more complicated than described before.
Behavior is affected by Buoyancy, Drag and Surface Tensions (water / air / walls).
Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005
![Page 23: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Small bubbles move with the water stream
Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005
Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior
![Page 24: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Larger air pockets move against the water stream
Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005
Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior
![Page 25: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Very large pockets break up, large parts of the pocket move against the water stream, while small air bubbles move with the water flow
Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005
Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior
![Page 26: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Side view of air pocket breaking up
Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005
Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior
![Page 27: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Air pocket building up at a small bend
Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005
Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior
![Page 28: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Air Valves and Energy Savings
![Page 29: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Energy Star Program of the EPA estimates that about $4 billion are spent annually for energy costs to run drinking water and wastewater utilities. If the sector could reduce energy use by just 10% through investment in energy efficiency collectively, it would save about $ 400 million annually.
=
![Page 30: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
EFFECTS of TRAPPED AIR on HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE
![Page 34: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Flow rate in gpm
Pump run
Low flow rates
Long pump runs
Wednesday
Thursday
Pump records for a wastewater lift station in Denton County, Texas, with 5 conventional wastewater air valves on its force main.
![Page 35: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
2 of the 5 conventional Air Valves were replaced by 2 new innovative wastewater Air Valves
Flow rates rises off the chart!
Change of flow rate scale
Long pump runs
Short pump runs
Friday
Saturday
![Page 36: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
A Month Later
Friday A slight drop in flowrates
![Page 37: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Rule of thumb – Air valve specification and location
![Page 39: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
50472.0 SIDCQ
![Page 40: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The pipeline profile should not follow overly undulating ground surfaces
![Page 42: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Recommended air valve setup
in a vault
![Page 43: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Venting air valves
in flooding
vaults
![Page 44: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Always – minimum offset diameter will be greater than the air valve inlet diameter and
air/vacuum orifice diameter!
![Page 45: AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS...•Properties of Air and Water –Volume –Viscosity –Solubility –Vapor Pressure ... Ft3/lb 3 Specific Volume Air Ft /lb 32 491.67 0.01602 12.392](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081409/6083285a934a6467ba74e9c8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Thank You
Applications Engineer
Tel. 801-254-2226
Cell 801-875-9155
www.ariusa.com
D. Kim Sorensen, P.E.