air standard cycles - ituweb.itu.edu.tr/sorusbay/ege/ege_files/test.pdfnox sensor p sensor . 7 egr...

1

Temperatures

SI engines

exhaust gas temp 400 – 600 oC average

300 – 400 oC at idle and 900 oC at max power

when exhaust valve opens, in cylinder gas temperature is 200 – 300 oC more

CI engines

200 – 500 oC average

cooling occurs due to larger expansion in Diesel engines

2

Pollutant Formation

IC – engine exhaust gases contain oxides of nitrogen (NO and some amounts of NO2 – collectively known as NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC).

Soot and PM in Diesel engines.

The amounts depend on engine design and operating conditions.

These pollutants are measured as concentrations;

CO, CO2, O2 as vol. [%]

NO, NO2, NOx as [ppm] (parts per million)

HC as [ppm] or [ppm C]

eg 1 ppm propan, C3H8

3 ppm C

4

Control of Pollutant Emissions

Combustion related applications :

EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation)

Water and alcohol injection

Exhaust gas treatment :

Thermal reactors

Catalytic converters

Traps and filters

6

EGR system

Turbocharger with EGR system

turbocharged engines200026-0

6

EGR cooler

EGR

valve

Air

filter

Intake manifold

Air

/ A

ir In

terc

oo

ler

Engine

Exhaust manifold

Particulate

trap

NOx sensorp sensor

7

EGR control

8

Exhaust Gas Treatment

Thermal reactors

Require high temperatures,

oxygen availability,

sufficient time for reactions.

Used for oxidation of CO and HC

• Rich mixture + O2 supplement : CO oxidation in exhaust system increases T, but fuel consumption also increases.

• Lean mixture + late ignition : high exhaust temperatures, but loss in power output


Catalytic converters

Oxidizing catalysts for HC and CO

Reducing catalysts for NOx

Three-way catalysys for all three pollutants

9

Catalytic Converters


10



11


CmHn + [m+n/4] O2 m CO2 + n/2 H2O (1)

CO + ½ O2 CO2 (2)

H2 + ½ O2 H2O (3)

CO + NO ½ N2 + CO2 (4)

CmHn + 2 [m+n/4] NO [m+n/4] N2 + n/2 H2O + m CO2 (5)

H2 + NO ½ N2 + H2O (6)

SO2 + ½ O2 SO3 (7)

5/2 H2 + NO NH3 + H2O (8)

SO2 + 3 H2 H2S + 2 H2O (9)

NH3 + CH4 HCN + 3 H2 (10)

CO + H2O CO2 + H2 (11)

CHn + 2 H2O CO2 + [2+n/2] H2 (12)


CO + ½ O2 CO2 (2)

CO + NO ½ N2 + CO2 (4)

In lean mixtures reaction (2) is dominant – O2 is present

CO is reduced by oxidation and insufficient CO for the relatively slow reaction(4).

CO + H2O CO2 + H2 (11)

CHn + 2 H2O CO2 + [2+n/2] H2 (12)

In rich mixtures reactions (11) and (12) have to be faster.

12


Emission Regulations

13


14



15


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 57 113 169 225 281 337 393 449 505 561 617 673 729 785 841 897 953 1009 1065 1121 1177

hız

( k

m/h

)

zaman (s)

NEDC

Çevrim Uzunluğu: 11,007 kmÇevrim Süresi: 1180 s

Ortalama Hız: 33,6 km/h Azami Hız: 120 km/h

EU test cycle


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 116 231 346 461 576 691 806 921 1036 1151 1266 1381 1496 1611 1726 1841 1956 2071 2186 2301 2416

hız

( k

m/h

)

zaman (s)

FTP-75

US FTP 75 cycle

Çevrim Uzunluğu: 17,87 kmÇevrim Süresi: 1877 + 600 sOrtalama Hız: 34,1 km/h Azami Hız: 91,2 km/h

17

Istanbul Driving Cycle

Istanbul Driving Cycle

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Zaman [s]

Hız

[k

m/h

]

Distance covered: 8.61 kmDuration: 1003 sAverage speed: 30.9 km/h Max speed: 78.0 km/h

18


Taşıt Parkı Dağılımı - Otomobiller

EKB(*) 2.098.206

R15.04 973.940

EURO1 114.889

EURO3 541.861

EURO4 153.192

Toplam 3.882.088

Türkiye geneli, Benzin-motorlu Otomobiller (2007)

(*) Emisyon Kontrol donanımı Bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi

19

Test Edilen Araçlar

EKB 10

R15.04 9

EURO1 3

EURO3 5

EURO4 3

Toplam 30

Test edilen Benzin-motorlu Otomobiller

Test Edilen AraçlarTaşıt No

Marka Model Motor Hacmi (cc)

Model Yılı Emisyon Standartı

Kütlesi Vites Tipi Menzil (km)

1 VW Bora 1600cc 2004 EURO 4 1215 düz 56.625

2 Tofaş Murat 1300cc 1979 EKB 935 düz 58.030

3 Mazda 3.23 1600cc 2003 EURO 3 1095 düz 40.195

4 Renault Clio 1400cc 2007 EURO 4 1130 düz 17.277

5 Toyota Corolla 1600cc 1996 15.04 1000 düz 252.492

6 Nissan Micra 1300cc 1997 15.04 825 düz 126.276

7 Ford Focus 1600cc 2008 EURO 4 1150 düz 8.200

8 Mazda 3.23 1840cc 1998 EURO 1 1090 düz 100.000

9 BMW 316 i 1600cc 1990 EKB 1065 düz 182.138

10 Tofaş Kartal S 1600cc 1996 15.04 1100 düz 140.590

11 VW Polo 1600cc 1998 EURO 3 920 düz 128.142

12 Tofaş Şahin 1600cc 1990 EKB 1010 düz 50.202

13 Renault Broadway 1400 cc 1989 EKB 880 düz 64.176

14 Opel Corsa GSI 1600cc 1997 EURO 3 960 düz 138.497

15 Citroen Xsara 1600cc 2000 EURO 3 1078 düz 93.895

16 Mitsubishi Carisma 1600cc 1999 EURO 1 1175 düz 92.500

17 Honda Civic 1400cc 1997 15.04 970 düz 36.932

18 Lada Vega 1500cc 2000 EURO 1 1020 düz 115.280

20

Test Edilen Araçlar

Taşıt No

Marka Model Motor Hacmi (cc)

Model Yılı Emisyon Standartı

Kütlesi Vites Tipi Menzil (km)

19 Tofaş Şahin 131 1600cc 1992 EKB 945 düz 88.426

20 Tofaş Doğan 1600cc 1987 EKB 1050 düz 78.759

21 BMW 3.20 2000cc 1991 EKB 1270 düz 260.400

22 Tofaş Serçe 1300cc 1990 EKB 900 düz 99.500

23 Hyundai Elantra 1800cc 1998 15.04 1170 otomatik 291.900

24 Fiat Palio 1400cc 2000 15.04 945 düz 49.500

25 Hyundai Elantra 1800cc 1996 15.04 1140 düz 191.900

26 Honda Civic A 1600cc 2002 EURO 3 1119 otomatik 112.880

27 Renault 12 SW 1400 cc 1979 EKB 950 düz 45.230

28 VW Beetle 1272cc 1984 EKB 900 düz 99.000

29 Toyota Corolla 1600cc 1998 15.04 1060 düz 176.445

30 Nissan Infiniti 3000cc 1996 15.04 1437 düz 89.900

CO Emisyonları

AB test çevrimi

21

CO Emisyonları

ABD FTP 75 çevrimi

Kümülatif CO Emisyonları

22

Intake valve

23

CO Emisyonları

FTP AB IDC (**) IPCC

CO [g-CO/km]

EKB(*) 16,50 17,77 36,47 46

R15.04 9,31 10,24 13,91 19

EURO1 2,36 3,39 7,07 2,9

EURO3 2,63 3,74 5,88 2,9

EURO4 0,43 0,52 1,37 -

(*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi

(**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi)

HC Emisyonları

AB test çevrimi

24

HC Emisyonları

ABD FTP 75 çevrimi

Kümülatif HC Emisyonları

28

HC Emisyonları

FTP AB IDC (**)

HC [g-HC/km]

EKB(*) 2,99 2,19 4,14

R15.04 1,40 1,13 1,53

EURO1 0,60 0,65 0,92

EURO3 0,54 0,52 0,72

EURO4 0,05 0,05 0,16



29

NOx Emisyonları

AB test çevrimi

NOx Emisyonları

ABD FTP 75 çevrimi

30

Kümülatif NOx Emisyonları

NOx Emisyonları


NOx [g-NOx/km]

EKB(*) 1,15 1,33 0,85 2,2

R15.04 1,06 1,16 1,02 2,3

EURO1 0,59 0,72 0,66 0,5

EURO3 0,30 0,40 0,37 0,5

EURO4 0,03 0,05 0,08



31

Yakıt Tüketimi ve Emisyonlar


CO2[g/km]

Yakıt[l /100km]

CO2[g/km]

Yakıt[l /100km]

CO2[g/km]

Yakıt[l /100km]

CO2[g/km]

EKB(*) 149,5 7,9 169,1 8,6 157,4 9,6 270

R15.04 139,2 6,8 166,1 7,8 165,9 8,1 200

EURO1 134,8 6,0 169,5 7,5 170,2 7,8 205

EURO3 133,3 5,9 155,4 6,9 159,6 7,2 205

EURO4 144,9 6,2 153,6 6,5 164,7 7,1 205



32

Motor Dinamometresi

33

R49 13 mode steady state Diesel test cycle

ESC cycle - 13 mode steady state

Replaced R49 in 2000

The engine speeds are defined as follows:

The high speed nhi is determined by calculating

70% of the declared maximum net power.

The highest engine speed where this power value

occurs (i.e. above the rated speed) on the

power curve is defined as nhi.

The low speed nlo is determined by calculating 50%

of the declared maximum net power.

The lowest engine speed where this power value

occurs (i.e. below the rated speed) on the

power curve is defined as nlo.

The engine speeds A, B, and C to be used during the

test are then calculated from the following

formulas:

A = nlo + 0.25(nhi - nlo)

B = nlo + 0.50(nhi - nlo)

C = nlo + 0.75(nhi - nlo)

34

ETC transient cycle

Vehicle speed – FIGE cycle

Engine speed Engine torque

Dizel motorları

Light off temperature - %50 dönüşüm veriminin

sağlandığı sıcaklık

Catalyst window – sıcaklık artşı ile dönüşüm

verimi düşüşü , örneğin SCR

36

Vehicle CategoriesCatego

ryDescription

M Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers.

M1 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat

M2 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass (“technically permissible maximum laden mass”) not exceeding 5 tons

M3 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass exceeding 5 tons

N Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods.

N1 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tons

N2 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tons but not exceeding 12 tons

N3 Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 12 tons

O Trailers (including semi-trailers)

G* Off-Road Vehicles

* Symbol G shall be combined with either symbol M or N. For example, a vehicle of category N1 which is suited for off-road use shall be designated as N1G.

37

Emission Standards

Table 1EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (Category M1*), g/km

Tier Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM

Compression Ignition (Diesel)

Euro 1† 1992.07 2.72 (3.16) - 0.97 (1.13) - 0.14 (0.18)

Euro 2, IDI 1996.01 1.0 - 0.7 - 0.08

Euro 2, DI 1996.01a 1.0 - 0.9 - 0.10

Euro 3 2000.01 0.64 - 0.56 0.50 0.05

Euro 4 2005.01 0.50 - 0.30 0.25 0.025

Euro 5 2009.09b 0.50 - 0.23 0.18 0.005e

Euro 6 2014.09 0.50 - 0.17 0.08 0.005e

Positive Ignition (Gasoline)

Euro 1† 1992.07 2.72 (3.16) - 0.97 (1.13) - -

Euro 2 1996.01 2.2 - 0.5 - -

Euro 3 2000.01 2.30 0.20 - 0.15 -

Euro 4 2005.01 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 -

Euro 5 2009.09b 1.0 0.10c - 0.06 0.005d,e

Euro 6 2014.09 1.0 0.10c - 0.06 0.005d,e

* At the Euro 1..4 stages, passenger vehicles > 2,500 kg were type approved as Category N1 vehicles† Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limitsa - until 1999.09.30 (after that date DI engines must meet the IDI limits)b - 2011.01 for all modelsc - and NMHC = 0.068 g/kmd - applicable only to vehicles using DI enginese - 0.0045 g/km using the PMP measurement procedure

Category† Tier Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM

Compression Ignition (Diesel)

N1, Class I≤1305 kg

Euro 1 1994.10 2.72 - 0.97 - 0.14

Euro 2, IDI 1998.01 1.0 - 0.70 - 0.08

Euro 2, DI 1998.01a 1.0 - 0.90 - 0.10

Euro 3 2000.01 0.64 - 0.56 0.50 0.05

Euro 4 2005.01 0.50 - 0.30 0.25 0.025

Euro 5 2009.09b 0.50 - 0.23 0.18 0.005e

Euro 6 2014.09 0.50 - 0.17 0.08 0.005e

N1, Class II1305-1760 kg

Euro 1 1994.10 5.17 - 1.40 - 0.19

Euro 2, IDI 1998.01 1.25 - 1.0 - 0.12

Euro 2, DI 1998.01a 1.25 - 1.30 - 0.14

Euro 3 2001.01 0.80 - 0.72 0.65 0.07

Euro 4 2006.01 0.63 - 0.39 0.33 0.04

Euro 5 2010.09c 0.63 - 0.295 0.235 0.005e

Euro 6 2015.09 0.63 - 0.195 0.105 0.005e

N1, Class III>1760 kg

Euro 1 1994.10 6.90 - 1.70 - 0.25

Euro 2, IDI 1998.01 1.5 - 1.20 - 0.17

Euro 2, DI 1998.01a 1.5 - 1.60 - 0.20

Euro 3 2001.01 0.95 - 0.86 0.78 0.10

Euro 4 2006.01 0.74 - 0.46 0.39 0.06

Euro 5 2010.09c 0.74 - 0.350 0.280 0.005e

Euro 6 2015.09 0.74 - 0.215 0.125 0.005e

N2 Euro 5 2010.09c 0.74 - 0.350 0.280 0.005e

Euro 6 2015.09 0.74 - 0.215 0.125 0.005e

38

Basic configuration of vehicle testing equipment

39

Constant Volume Sampling (CVS)

40


41

Air-to-fuel Ratio and Exhaust Gas Composition

42

Coriolis Flow Meter

43

PM Emisyonları Ölçümü – Seyreltme Tüneli

44

Particulate Matter (PM)

Smoke measurement by Opacimeter

45

Particulate Matter (PM)

Smoke measurement by Light Reflection

47

ALEV İYONİZAYON DETEKTÖRÜ

FID (Flame ionization detector)

H2 – O2 difüzyon alevinden oluşmakta

İyonlardan arınmış karışıma eklenen HC miktarına

bağlı olarak iyon akısı artmakta

Sisteme eklenen HC’lar sonucu pozitif iyonlar kolektöre

negatif iyonlar aleve doğru yönelmekte

iyonizasyon akımı oluşmakta

parafinik – olefinik – aromatik HC’lar

sırası ile etki azalmakta

48

Kimyasal Işın Ölçümü

NO ile ozon reaksiyonu sonucu oluşan NO2’nin uyarılmış

duruma dönüştürülmesi sırasında açığa çıkan foton enerjisi

ölçümü ile NOx belirlenmesi

Monitor for Following the Test Cycle

49

Robot driver mounted in a vehicle

Tailpipe Emissions

CO2 is stable about 13%

H2O inc as turns into vapor state

During deceleration, fuel is cut-off and CO2 isreduced

50

Evaporative Emissions

SHED Tests

51

130 g/km @ 2015

95 g/km @ 2021

air standard cycles - ituweb.itu.edu.tr/sorusbay/ege/ege_files/test.pdfnox sensor p sensor . 7 egr...

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