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Artificial Intelligence:Definition
School of Computer Science & EngineeringChung-Ang University
Daewon Kim
Lecture Notes
What are AI Systems?
Deep Blue defeated the world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans
Sony’s AIBO and Honda’s ASIMO
Web Agents & Search engines: Google, Yahoo
Recognition Systems: Speech, Character, Face, Iris, Fingerprint
Virtual Reality and Computer Vision
Some researchers consider AI as one of the four concepts:
1. Systems that think like humans
2. Systems that think rationally
3. Systems that act like humans
4. Systems that act rationally
AI: Acting humanly
Turing (1950): “The Turing Test”
Can machines think?
Can machines behave intelligently?
Turing test is The Imitation Game
Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 min.
Problem: Turing test is NOT …
Turing test is NOT reproducible and amendable to mathematical analysis
AI: Thinking humanly
It requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain
What level of abstraction? “Knowledge” or “circuits”.
How to validate? Requires something
Requires: Cognitive Science
Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down)
Requires: Cognitive Neuroscience
Direct identification from neurological data (bottom up)
Problem: Thinking humanly is NOT
Both are distinct from AI
The available theories do not explain anything resembling human-level general intelligence.
AI: Thinking rationally
Laws of Thought: “What are correct arguments/thought processes?” by Aristotle
Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:
Logic: notation and rules of derivation of thoughts
Problem: Thinking rationally is NOT
Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation
AI: Acting rationally
Rational behavior: doing the right thing
The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information
An agent is an entity that perceives and acts.
This course is about designing rational agents.
Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions
f : P A
For any given class of tasks and environments, we seek the agent with the best performance.
Problem: Acting rationally is NOT
Computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable
Design best program for given machine resources
Which of the following can be done at present?
• Play a decent game of table tennis
• Drive safely along a curving mountain road
• Drive safely along Telegraph Avenue
• Buy a week’s worth of groceries on the web
• Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem
• Design and execute a research program in biology
• Write an intentionally funny story
• Give legal advice in a specialized area of law
• Translate spoken English into Swedish in real time
• Perform a complex surgical operation
• Converse successfully with another person for an hour