ags) agricultural mechanization strategies (ams) – roles ... files/a1107egm/fao.pdf · japan 4...

Agricultural Mechanization

Strategies (AMS) –

Roles of Private and Public

sector

Josef Kienzle

Agricultura

l Engin

eer (L

eader)

Agricultura

l M

achin

ery

and Infrastructu

re U

nit (AM

I)

Rura

l In

frastructu

re a

nd A

gro

-industrie

s D

ivis

ion (AG

S)

Presentation content

•Is

sues in m

echaniz

ation

•Exam

ple

of private

secto

r driven e

quip

ment

supply

and s

erv

ices c

hain

•Past m

echaniz

ation s

chem

es in A

fric

a

-----------------------------------------------------------

•Agricultura

l M

echaniz

ation S

trate

gie

s (AM

S)

Agricultural Machinery and Infrastructure Unit (AMI)

Issues in mechanization

•R

ole

s o

f Private

and P

ublic

secto

r needs a

ttention

•Sm

all

farm

ers

’in

com

es a

nd liv

elih

oods s

hould

be

enhanced thro

ugh m

ark

et-oriente

d farm

ing

•Lin

ks to inputs

and a

gric. equip

ment supplie

rs

•Effective a

dvis

ory

and e

xte

nsio

n s

erv

ices

•Access to fin

ancia

l serv

ices

•R

ura

l in

frastructu

re: access to m

ark

ets

(ro

ads), to

pro

cessors

, to

energ

y

•Susta

inable

use o

f natu

ral re

sourc

e b

ase

•.............. Agricultural Machinery and Infrastructure Unit (AMI)

Comparison of agricultural sector data

(Sourc

e : F

AO

, 2001)

Countrie

sAgricultura

l

Land

(000ha)

Irrigate

d

Cro

pla

nd a

s a

Perc

enta

ge o

f th

e

tota

l (%

)

Fertilizer

(kg/h

a)

Mechaniz

ation

(Tra

cto

r per 000

ha )

Alg

eria

8 2

65

6.8

12.8

11.4

Burk

ina F

aso

4 4

00

0.6

0.4

0.5

Egypt

3 4

00

100

392

26.8

Japan

4 7

62

54.7

282.4

423

Mali

4 7

00

2.9

8.9

0,6

Nig

er

4 5

00

1.5

1,1

0,0

3

Nig

eria

33 0

00

0.7

7.1

1

DR

Congo

7 8

00

0.1

0.2

0.3

Cam

ero

on

7160

0.5

7.3

0.1

World

1534 466

18,1

90,1

17,5


Machinery supply chain

interactions

Innovative ideas

Cre

dit

pro

vid

ers

Investo

rs

Deale

rs

Tra

iners

Farmers

Hire

service

providers

Mechanic

s

Manufacturers


Examples of Mechanisation

schemes in Africa

West Africa:

�G

hana

�Sie

rra L

eone

�Senegal

�Mali

East Africa:

�Tanzania

�Kenya

�Sudan

�U

ganda


The time scale in Africa

•Early Colonial period

�in

troduction o

f ‘in

novative’m

achin

ery

to o

pen u

p land for

settle

ment

•Late Colonial period

�Fore

ign investm

ent in

larg

e m

echanis

ed e

sta

tes

•Independence

�Public

secto

r expanded the a

gricultura

l frontier (b

ush c

leara

nce,

irrigation, in

cre

ased land a

vaila

bility

, la

rge p

ara

sta

tals

�M

echanis

ation c

entres e

sta

blis

hed w

ith tra

cto

r hire s

erv

ices,

R&D

, R

epair, support s

erv

ices


Thetime scale (II)

•Period o

f Structu

ral Adju

stm

ent

�C

losed m

any p

ublic

tra

cto

r hire s

chem

es

�Assum

ption that private

secto

r ta

kes easily

over

tracto

r based b

usin

esses w

as incorrect

•R

ecent events

of th

e 2

1stcentu

ry�

Govern

ments

have re-n

ew

ed inte

rest in

agricultura

l m

achin

ery

im

port a

nd s

usta

inable

use

�Post-conflic

t/vuln

era

ble

countrie

s a

re k

een to o

bta

in

machin

ery

as to c

onsolid

ate

agricultura

l re

covery


Mali

•Typifie

d b

y h

andto

ols

and a

nim

al traction

•Som

e tra

cto

rs in the irrig

ate

d p

erim

ete

rs o

f Ségou

(Offic

e d

u N

iger) a

nd c

otton a

reas o

f Sik

asso a

nd

Koutiala

(C

MD

T)

•28 h

p B

ouyer tracto

r (“in

term

edia

te m

echanis

ation”)

•Som

e s

econd h

and tra

cto

rs introduced

•Farm

ers

mechanis

ation c

oopera

tive s

et up in K

outiala

(2

002)

•200 tw

o-w

heel tracto

rs in the m

id 1

990s

•M

oto

rised ric

e thre

shers

in S

égou (1980s a

nd 9

0s)

•Today, G

overn

ment has e

sta

blis

hed a

tra

cto

r assem

bly

pla

nt w

ith a

capacity o

f 6000 tra

cto

rs / y

ear. C

urrently it

work

s a

t 600/y

ear due to lack d

em

and


Sudan

•Agricultura

l C

orp

ora

tions ran s

chem

es a

nd

pro

vid

ed m

echanis

ation s

erv

ices -

heavily

subsid

ised

•R

ain

fed a

reas m

echanis

ed w

ith w

ide level dis

c

harrow

-seeders

for sorg

hum

, m

uch c

riticis

ed b

ut

farm

ers

have n

ot accepte

d a

ltern

atives

•Som

e p

rivate

secto

r in

itia

tives b

ut m

ost stifled b

y

govern

ment

•Som

e p

rivate

“entrepre

neur”

farm

ers

pro

vid

ed

little m

anagem

ent and s

om

etim

es e

ven faile

d to

know

the location o

f th

eir p

lots


Why did the schemes fail?

•The p

ublic

secto

r is

a p

oor m

anager of

com

merc

ial ventu

res

Maybe true, others believe not

But the public sector does have difficulty in providing

timely services, even for seed and fertiliser, more

so for mechanised services and spare parts


Is the private sector better able to

manage commercial farming

enterprises?

Not necessarily so –note the case reported of

some “entrepreneur farmers”in Sudan

Some services have been and still are

successful –e.g. in the Rift Valley of Kenya

But are these services reaching the resource

poor farmers?


Is the private sector better able

to manage tractor hire schemes?

This would also seem controversial

These are often the “easy and quick”answers of

today’s rules of development specialist

Sceptics (and often the public sector in particular)

may find many reasons to diasgree


What does a mechanization

scheme need to do?

Provide timely services

Public

secto

r

�Too m

any rura

lsm

all

farm

ers

�Sm

all

irre

gula

r field

s

�Stu

mps, (s

ouches

d’a

rbre

s)

�Tim

e lost in

turn

s a

nd

transport c

auses

equip

ment dam

age

Private

secto

r

�N

ot oblig

ed to a

ccept

all

requests

�C

an b

etter pla

n

serv

ices to b

e

sele

cte

d (nearb

y?)

are

as

�But risks c

riticis

m for

this

appro

ach


Provide timely services (cont.)

Public sector

�5 o

r 6 d

ay w

eek

�“O

ffic

e”hours

�N

ational holid

ays

�Is

“overtim

e”allo

wed?

�M

ay h

ave to retu

rn to

base e

ach e

venin

g

Private sector

�Little o

r no c

onstrain

ts

on w

ork

ing h

ours

�M

ay e

ven s

tay w

ith

equip

ment overn

ight


Downtime for repairs/maintenance

Public sector

•Spare

s a

nd o

ther in

puts

subje

ct to

bure

aucra

tic

purc

hasin

g p

rocedure

s

•M

ay n

eed to p

ass

thro

ugh M

inis

try in the

capital

•O

ften n

o “petty c

ash”box

•Tem

pta

tion to c

annib

alis

e

oth

er equip

ment

Private sector

•R

ela

tively

quic

k

purc

hasin

g p

rocedure

s

•H

ead o

ffic

e p

robably

on-

site o

r at le

ast w

ithin

easy

reach


Does equipment conform to

farmer needs?

Public sector

•Little influence o

ver

choic

e if “A

id-in-k

ind”

•Tem

pta

tion for

Min

istry to p

urc

hase

additio

nal specia

l-

purp

ose ite

ms w

hic

h

will rare

ly b

e h

ired

com

merc

ially

Private sector

•U

nlik

ely

to a

cquire

equip

ment w

hic

h w

ill

rare

ly b

e h

ired o

ut

•But als

o u

nlik

ely

, e.g

.

to m

ake innovative

equip

ment (e

.g. fo

r

conserv

ation

agriculture

)


CONCLUSIONS

•M

any e

xam

ple

s o

f am

bitio

us s

chem

es

with the s

ettin

g u

p o

f serv

ice w

ork

shops,

train

ing c

entres, re

searc

h c

entres a

nd

deale

r netw

ork

s

•Few

success s

tories, in

deed n

one fro

m

the p

ublic

secto

r?


Some notable successes

•Anim

al traction u

se, partic

ula

rly for cotton, has

flourished

•M

oto

rised e

quip

ment fo

r post harv

est (thre

shers

and m

ills)

•Sm

all

rura

l w

ork

shops m

akin

g a

whole

range o

f

equip

ment, s

om

e for agriculture

(handto

ols

,

equip

ment, a

gro

-pro

cessin

g, w

ate

r lif

ting) and

div

ers

ifie

d lin

es (fu

rniture

, gate

s, fe

nces, sate

llite

dis

hes, ovens)


What is generally agreed?

•Engage the p

rivate

secto

r

•Avoid

“donations”of equip

ment

•Ensure

that th

e m

echaniz

ed o

pera

tions c

an b

e

pro

fita

ble

But th

ere

is n

o b

lue p

rint or m

aste

r pla

n a

s to h

ow

to d

o this

……

Or could

one b

e d

evelo

ped??

– –––Y

es

we c

an!

Yes

we c

an!

Yes

we c

an!

Yes

we c

an!



Strategy Formulation

Concept

Key p

oin

ts

Countrie

s in A

fric

a w

ith A

MS a

ctivitie

s


Sub s

ecto

r:

Reta

ilers

and W

hole

sale

rs

Manufa

ctu

rers

Importers

Users

:

Farm

ers

…


Strategy concept (I)

The s

trength

of th

e w

hole

syste

m d

epends o

n the e

ffective

functionin

g o

f all

com

ponents

and the lin

kages b

etw

een them


Pro

vid

ing b

asic

conditio

ns for a larg

ely

self-

susta

inin

g d

evelo

pm

ent of th

e s

ub-s

ecto

r of

mechaniz

ation w

ith a

polic

y o

f m

inim

um

direct in

terv

ention


Strategy concept (II)


Agricultural mechanization

strategy

Principles:

Holis

tic

Partic

ipato

ry


Agricultural mechanization system

Local

Manufa

ctu

rers

Dis

trib

uto

rs

Reta

ilers

Govern

ment polic

ies a

nd Institu

tional support

Inte

rnational C

onte

xt

Raw

Mate

rial

Dom

estic

dem

and

Exports

Agricultura

l

pro

duction s

yste

m

and p

rocessin

g

AgriculturalMachinery and Infrastructure Unit (AMI)

Agricultural mechanization system

Mechanization

demand

�Sm

allh

old

er

farm

ers

�C

om

merc

ial

farm

ers

�Farm

ing

org

aniz

ations

�Irrigation g

roups

�C

rop p

rocessors

�R

ura

l

transporters

Mechanization

supply

�Im

porters

�R

eta

ilers

�M

anufa

ctu

rers

�Bla

cksm

iths

�D

istrib

uto

rs

�M

achin

ery

support s

erv

ices

�C

ontracto

rs

Institutional

support

�Fin

ancia

l

Institu

tions

�G

overn

ment

�N

GO

s:

�Exte

nsio

n/

capacity b

uild

ing

�R

esearc

h

Polic

y m

akers

AMS Stakeholders


The role of an

agricultural mechanization strategy


The role of

agricultural mechanization strategy

AM

S


Pre conditions

Agricultura

l m

echaniz

ation s

trate

gy m

ust derive fro

m a

real fe

lt n

eed e

xpre

ssed b

y p

olic

y d

ecis

ion m

akers

There

als

o n

eeds to b

e s

killed p

ers

onnel and s

uffic

ient

funds to p

repare

the s

trate

gy, pro

ducin

g results w

ithin

a

reasonable

tim

e fra

me.

Oth

er secto

rs h

ave to b

e c

onsid

ere

d (be inclu

siv

e)


Agricultural Mechanization Strategy process

Main steps of AMS


Preparation step : critical points to

be considered

Pro

ject C

oord

inato

r:pla

ys a

very

vital ro

le in the s

uccess o

f th

e A

MS p

roje

ct

and in im

ple

menta

tion

Pro

ject Team

:an A

MS n

eeds a

multid

iscip

linary

team

with a

naly

tical skills

and

experience

in

macro

and

mic

ro

econom

ics,

farm

ing

syste

ms,

agricultura

l engin

eering,

manufa

ctu

ring,

agribusin

ess

and

ente

rprise

develo

pm

ent, p

olic

y a

nd institu

tional re

vie

ws, and the p

rivate

secto

r

Ste

ering C

om

mitte

e:to

be e

sta

blis

hed w

ith the responsib

ility

for overs

eein

g

strate

gy

pre

para

tion.

Com

mitte

e

mem

bers

w

ould

in

clu

de

senio

r

repre

senta

tives f

rom

rele

vant

min

istrie

s,

such a

s a

griculture

and industry,

and th

e private

secto

r. The com

mitte

e can als

o pro

vid

e th

e vital

link

betw

een s

trate

gy p

repara

tion a

nd the o

n-g

oin

g a

ctivitie

s o

f im

ple

menta

tion.


Example: Niger

Activities

March April

May

June

July

August September

Diagnostic

Participatory

workshop

Strategy Formulation

and action plan

Final workshop

Planning activities project (2009)


Methods and tools to be used

•Participatory workshops


Methods and tools to be used

SWOT Analysis

Strengths

-………………

-………………

-………………

Weaknesses

-………………

-………………

-………………

Opportunities

-………………

-………………

-………………

Strategy elements for

short term


medium term

Threads

-………………

-……………....


medium term


long term


AGS/AMI support to AMS in

Africa

•AMS formulation underway in:

–Cameroon (AM

S s

trate

gy d

ocum

ent ju

st finaliz

ed)

–Niger(A

MS s

trate

gy form

ula

tion in fin

al sta

ge)

–DR Congo

(AM

S s

trate

gy d

ocum

ent under re

vie

w)

–Morocco

(AM

S form

ula

tion p

hase o

n-g

oin

g)

•AMS under implementation:

–Tanzania (in

tegra

ted in A

gricultura

l

Secto

r D

evelo

pm

ent Strate

gy, -ASD

S)

–Mali

(im

ple

menta

tion a

ppro

ach d

iffe

rs fro

m A

MS form

ula

tion)

–Benin

(focus o

n p

ost harv

est/pro

cessin

g)

–Ghana

(without FAO

involv

em

ent)

–Zimbabwe

(dela

yed d

ue to p

olit

ical/econom

ical in

sta

bility


Many thanks

Many thanks

Josef Kie

nzle

josef.kie

nzle

@fa

o.o

rg


ags) agricultural mechanization strategies (ams) – roles ... files/a1107egm/fao.pdf · japan 4...

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