Orphans and child labour

By

Furio Camillo Rosati

Source: Ainsworth & Fimler, 2002

Source: Ainsworth & Fimler, 2002

Source: Ainsworth & Fimler, 2002

Source: Ainsworth & Fimler, 2002

Activity Male Female TotalWork only 7.0 6.9 6.9Study only 54.7 54.6 54.7Work and Study 1.8 2.1 2.0No activities 36.4 36.5 36.5Total 100 100 100Source: Authors’ Calculation based on Zambia LCMS, 1998

Zambia: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by sex and activity status

Both parents alive At least one parent deceasedActivity

Male Female Total Male Female TotalWork only 6.7 6.8 6.7 8.8 7.1 8Study only 54.2 54.3 54.2 56.9 56.2 56.5Work and Study 1.8 2 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.2No activities 37.4 36.9 37.2 32 34.6 33.3Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Zambia LCMS, 1998

Zambia: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by orphanhood status

At least one parent alive Both parents deceasedActivity

Male Female Total Male Female TotalWork only 6.7 6.8 6.8 16.1 8.2 12.3Study only 54.7 54.6 54.7 51.6 52.7 52.2Work and Study 1.8 2 1.9 2.1 3 2.5No activities 36.7 36.6 36.6 30.1 36 33Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Zambia LCMS, 1998

Zambia: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by Orphanhood status

Mother deceased Mother notdeceased

Father deceased Father not deceasedActivity

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male FemaleWork only 11.9 7.4 6.7 6.8 9 7.3 6.7 6.8Study only 53.9 55.4 54.7 54.5 57.1 55.8 54.3 54.4Work and Study 2.1 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.5 1.8 1.9No activities 32.2 35.6 36.8 36.6 31.5 34.5 37.2 36.9Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Zambia LCMS, 1998

Zambia: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by Maternal or PaternalOrphanhood

Activity Male Female TotalWork only 22.78 16.41 19.58Study only 29.24 27.32 28.28Work and study 16.45 9.5 12.96No activities 31.53 46.76 39.18Total 100 100 100Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Senegal, MICS 2000

Senegal: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by sex and activity status

Both parents alive At least one parent deceasedActivity Male Female Total Male Female TotalWork only 22.6 16.4 19.5 25.0 17.1 21.0Study only 29.1 27.7 28.4 30.8 23.0 26.8Work and Study 16.5 9.4 13.0 15.8 10.5 13.1No activities 31.8 46.5 39.2 28.3 49.4 39.1Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Senegal, MICS 2000

Senegal: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by Orphanhood status

At least one parent alive Both parents deceasedActivity Male Female Total Male Female TotalWork only 22.7 16.4 19.6 33.7 12.1 22.4Study only 29.2 27.3 28.3 32.9 23.1 27.8Work and Study 16.5 9.5 13.0 10.8 4.6 7.6No activities 31.6 46.7 39.2 22.6 60.2 42.1Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Senegal, MICS 2000

Senegal: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by Orphanhood status

Mother deceased Mother alive Father deceased Father aliveActivity

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male FemaleWork only 28.0 16.3 22.7 16.4 24.5 17.0 22.6 16.3Study only 27.2 22.4 29.3 27.5 32.6 23.2 29.1 27.6Work and Study 16.6 9.4 16.4 9.5 15.0 10.4 16.5 9.5No activities 28.2 51.9 31.6 46.6 27.9 49.4 31.7 46.6Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Senegal, MICS 2000

Senegal: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by Maternal or Paternal Orphanhood

Activity Male Female TotalWork only 10.84 13.64 12.27Study only 47.83 42.9 45.31Work and study 14.29 10.86 12.53No activities 27.04 32.6 29.89Total 100 100 100Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Gambia, MICS 2000

Gambia: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by sex and activity status

Both parents alive At least one parent deceasedActivity Male Female Total Male Female TotalWork only 11.0 13.5 12.2 9.4 15.2 12.5Study only 47.4 42.9 45.1 51.9 42.5 46.8Work and Study 14.3 10.8 12.5 14.7 11.5 13.0No activities 27.4 32.8 30.1 24.1 30.8 27.7Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Gambia, MICS 2000

Gambia: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by Orphanhood status

At least one parent alive Both parents deceasedActivity

Male Female Total Male Female TotalWork only 10.7 13.6 12.2 27.8 15.9 22.9Study only 47.8 42.9 45.3 49.5 46.3 48.2Work and Study 14.4 10.8 12.5 7.0 16.8 11.0No activities 27.2 32.7 30.0 15.8 21.1 17.9Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Gambia, MICS 2000

Gambia: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by Orphanhood status

Mother Deceased Mother Alive Father deceased Father AliveActivity

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male FemaleWork only 16.8 15.1 10.6 13.6 9.1 15.3 11.0 13.5Study only 41.6 41.6 48.1 42.9 55.3 43.0 47.2 42.8Work and Study 14.3 14.1 14.3 10.7 13.8 11.2 14.4 10.7No activities 27.3 29.3 27.0 32.7 21.8 30.5 27.4 33.0Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Gambia, MICS 2000

Gambia: Percentage of Children aged 5-14, by Maternal or Paternal Orphanhood

Effect of orphanhood on school attendance

19.8

37.2

58.0 72

.2 76.9

79.8

81.4

77.1

70.6

13.1 27

.3

47.0

62.1 67

.2

70.5

72.4

67.3

59.8

0

20

40

60

80

100

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Age

Ch

ild

ren

Stu

dyi

ng

on

ly

All Children Orphan Children

Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Zambia LCMS 1998

Effect of Orphanhood on Working status

3.1 4.

3

3.7

2.9 3.

9 4.2

3.8 5.

0

6.8

6.0

7.9

7.0

5.7 7.

3 7.8

7.2

9.1

12.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Age

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

Wo

rkin

g

Ch

ildre

n

Work only Orphan Children

Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Zambia LCMS 1998

Effect of Orphanhood on Idleness

77.1

58.4

37.8

24.0

17.4

13.0

11.8

14.6 19.2

81.0

64.6

45.3

30.9

22.6

17.1

15.7

18.8 23.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Age

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of

Idle

C

hild

ren

Idle Children Orphan Idle Children

Source: Authors’ Calculations based on Zambia LCMS 1998

Employ School AttendanceVariable Coef. Std. Err z Coef. Std. Err zChild age 0.01 0.06 0.14 1.40 0.04 35.5Child age squared 0.00 0.00 1.55 -0.06 0.00 -29.7Child is female* -0.01 0.05 -0.14 0.01 0.04 0.25HH head is relative* -0.22 0.08 -2.57 0.30 0.07 4.4HH head has no education 0.33 0.07 4.7 -0.71 0.05 -14.13HH head has only primaryeducation

0.19 0.05 3.93 -0.48 0.03 -14.51

HH head is self-employed 1.41 0.42 3.33 -0.01 0.17 -0.05HH head is governmentemployee

1.23 0.43 2.89 0.28 0.17 1.63

HH head is parastatalemployee

1.53 0.44 3.5 0.36 0.18 2.02

HH head works in privatesector

1.18 0.44 2.7 -0.10 0.17 -0.56

HH head is an employer -4.63 0.44 -10.46 0.13 0.29 0.46HH head is a family worker 1.66 0.44 3.76 -0.15 0.20 -0.71HH head holds otheremployment

1.76 0.46 3.86 0.19 0.22 0.9

Girl to boy ratio in HH 0.07 0.08 0.89 -0.09 0.06 -1.58(log) of schooling expenditures -0.30 0.04 -6.89 0.07 0.03 2.12HH expenditure quintile 1 -0.03 0.07 -0.48 -0.32 0.04 -7.5HH expenditure quintile 2 0.07 0.07 0.93 -0.14 0.04 -3.37HH expenditure quintile 3 -0.01 0.07 -0.17 0.04 0.04 0.82HH expenditure quintile 4 -0.05 0.08 -0.56 0.37 0.05 7.49HH is in urban area* -0.26 0.08 -3.37 0.05 0.06 0.8Orphans 0.28 0.12 2.35 -0.31 0.08 -3.86_cons -1.71 0.56 -3.03 -7.46 0.34 -22.18

Zambia: Bivariate Probit Analysis

Authors’ Calculations based on Zambia, LCMS 1998