agriculture and society chapter 4 lesson 4.4. theme outline lesson 4.4 agriculture and...
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Agriculture and Agriculture and SocietySociety
Chapter 4
Lesson 4.4
Theme OutlineTheme Outline
Lesson 4.4Lesson 4.4• Agriculture and TechnologyAgriculture and Technology• Some Important Agricultural AdvancesSome Important Agricultural Advances• BiotechnologyBiotechnology
PA Academic Standards for PA Academic Standards for Environment & EcologyEnvironment & Ecology
Standard 4.4.10.DStandard 4.4.10.D Analyze the efforts of increased efficiency in Analyze the efforts of increased efficiency in
agriculture through technology.agriculture through technology.• Compare various technological advancements and Compare various technological advancements and
analyze each for its contribution toward labor and cost analyze each for its contribution toward labor and cost efficiency.efficiency.
• Compare the current market value of both natural and Compare the current market value of both natural and alternative energy sources involved in the production alternative energy sources involved in the production of food and fiber.of food and fiber.
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Students will compare various technological Students will compare various technological advancements and analyze each for its advancements and analyze each for its contribution toward labor and cost efficiency.contribution toward labor and cost efficiency.
Students will compare the current market Students will compare the current market value of both natural and alternative energy value of both natural and alternative energy sources involved in the production of food and sources involved in the production of food and fiber.fiber.
Agriculture and TechnologyAgriculture and TechnologyToday's farmers have a variety of tools not available Today's farmers have a variety of tools not available
to previous generations.to previous generations.• Global positioning software (GPS)Global positioning software (GPS)• Computer applicationsComputer applications• Satellite technologySatellite technology• Genetically modified plants and livestockGenetically modified plants and livestock
Productivity of Productivity of Farmers in the United StatesFarmers in the United States
YearYear Needed to Produce 100 Bushels (5 acres) of WheatNeeded to Produce 100 Bushels (5 acres) of Wheat
18301830 250-300 labor hours250-300 labor hours
18901890 40-50 labor hours40-50 labor hours
19301930 15-20 labor hours15-20 labor hours
19551955 6-12 labor hours6-12 labor hours
19651965 5 labor hours5 labor hours
19871987 3 labor hours3 labor hours
Some Important Agricultural Some Important Agricultural AdvancesAdvances
• Cotton Gin (1793)Cotton Gin (1793)Goal: mechanically separate Goal: mechanically separate
seeds, hulls, and unwanted seeds, hulls, and unwanted parts from cotton fiberparts from cotton fiber
• Cast-Iron Plow (1797)Cast-Iron Plow (1797)Goal: allow farmers to till soil Goal: allow farmers to till soil
betterbetter• Reaper (1831)Reaper (1831)
Goal: harvest wheat more Goal: harvest wheat more efficientlyefficiently
• Steel Plow (1837)Steel Plow (1837)Goal: easily till thick, sod-Goal: easily till thick, sod-
covered soilscovered soils
Some Important Agricultural AdvancesSome Important Agricultural Advances• Chemical Fertilizers (1849)Chemical Fertilizers (1849)
Goal: allow farmers to enrich depleted Goal: allow farmers to enrich depleted soils and increase crop productionsoils and increase crop production
• Transcontinental Railroad (1869)Transcontinental Railroad (1869)Goal: opened new areas for agriculture Goal: opened new areas for agriculture
for production and tradefor production and trade• Barbed Wire (1874)Barbed Wire (1874)
Goal: allow farmers to fence off areas Goal: allow farmers to fence off areas of their land effectivelyof their land effectively
• Pasteurization (mid-1880s)Pasteurization (mid-1880s)Goal: preserve foods longer by killing Goal: preserve foods longer by killing
bacteria and other microbesbacteria and other microbes• Tractor (1926)Tractor (1926)
Goal: allow farmers to work the land Goal: allow farmers to work the land faster, leading to an increase in farm faster, leading to an increase in farm productionproduction
BiotechnologyBiotechnology• DefinitionDefinition: management or manipulation of living : management or manipulation of living
organisms for the benefit of peopleorganisms for the benefit of people
Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering• DefinitionDefinition: alteration of the physical characteristics of : alteration of the physical characteristics of
plants and animals by transferring genesplants and animals by transferring genes
GeneGene • DefinitionDefinition: part of a cell that determines the : part of a cell that determines the
characteristics that living things inherit from their parentscharacteristics that living things inherit from their parents
Biotechnology in AgricultureBiotechnology in Agriculture Identify geneIdentify gene Change characteristics of the geneChange characteristics of the gene
Example: Vitamin A in carrotsExample: Vitamin A in carrots Transplant geneTransplant gene
• The federal government must approve the production of The federal government must approve the production of all genetically modified foodsall genetically modified foods• Concern: Genetically modified foods are a recent innovation. Concern: Genetically modified foods are a recent innovation.
Doubt still remains on the possible downsides to their use.Doubt still remains on the possible downsides to their use.
• Future Applications for CropsFuture Applications for Crops• Increase pest resistanceIncrease pest resistance
• Ability to resist drought conditionsAbility to resist drought conditions
• Ability to tolerate salty soil and water conditionsAbility to tolerate salty soil and water conditions
• Future Applications for LivestockFuture Applications for Livestock• Increase the number of offspringIncrease the number of offspring
Genetically modified food … video clip 1
Genetically modified food … video clip 2