agricultural phosphorus and the environment: integrating ... integrating science and policy.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Agr
icul
tura
l Pho
spho
rus
Agr
icul
tura
l Pho
spho
rus
and
the
Envi
ronm
ent:
an
d th
e En
viro
nmen
t:
Inte
grat
ing
Scie
nce
and
Inte
grat
ing
Scie
nce
and
Polic
y Po
licy
And
rew
Shar
pley
And
rew
Shar
pley
USD
AU
SDA
-- ARS
ARS
CAFO
Rul
ing
CAFO
Rul
ing
--wh
o is
aff
ecte
d ?
who
is a
ffec
ted
?
!!O
pera
tion
s th
at c
onfi
ne a
nim
als
45 d
ays
or
Ope
rati
ons
that
con
fine
ani
mal
s 45
day
s or
m
ore
each
yea
r m
ore
each
yea
r --
AFO
AFO
!!M
ore
than
100
0 an
imal
uni
ts o
r 2
AU
/acr
e M
ore
than
100
0 an
imal
uni
ts o
r 2
AU
/acr
e --
CAFO
CAFO
!!In
the
U.S
., 15
,500
CA
FOs
will
requ
ire
NPD
ES
In t
he U
.S.,
15,5
00 C
AFO
s wi
ll re
quir
e N
PDES
pe
rmit
spe
rmit
s
!!Su
ppos
ed t
o ca
ptur
e 60
per
cent
of
all A
FO
Supp
osed
to
capt
ure
60 p
erce
nt o
f al
l AFO
m
anur
em
anur
e
AFO
A
FO ��
Ani
mal
Fee
ding
Ope
rati
onA
nim
al F
eedi
ng O
pera
tion
CAFO
CA
FO ��
Conc
entr
ated
Ani
mal
Fee
ding
Ope
rati
onCo
ncen
trat
ed A
nim
al F
eedi
ng O
pera
tion
NPD
ES
NPD
ES ��
Nat
iona
l Pol
luta
nt D
isch
arge
Elim
inat
ion
Sys
tem
Nat
iona
l Pol
luta
nt D
isch
arge
Elim
inat
ion
Sys
tem
CAFO
Rul
e CA
FO R
ule
--Gu
idin
g pr
inci
ples
Guid
ing
prin
cipl
es
!!Fl
exib
ility
for
Sta
te im
plem
enta
tion
Flex
ibili
ty f
or S
tate
impl
emen
tati
on
!!Pr
omot
e co
nser
vati
on p
ract
ices
Prom
ote
cons
erva
tion
pra
ctic
es
!!Co
mpl
emen
t EP
A &
USD
A e
ffor
tsCo
mpl
emen
t EP
A &
USD
A e
ffor
ts
!!Pr
omot
e ne
w te
chno
logi
esPr
omot
e ne
w te
chno
logi
es
!!Em
phas
is o
n la
rge
oper
atio
nsEm
phas
is o
n la
rge
oper
atio
ns
!!Fo
ster
vol
unta
ry e
ffor
ts f
or m
ediu
m a
nd s
mal
l Fo
ster
vol
unta
ry e
ffor
ts f
or m
ediu
m a
nd s
mal
l fa
rms
farm
s
Som
e Ru
le r
equi
rem
ents
Som
e Ru
le r
equi
rem
ents
!!N
eed
for
BMPs
eva
luat
edN
eed
for
BMPs
eva
luat
ed��
Fiel
d sp
ecif
ic a
sses
smen
t fo
r P
tran
spor
tFi
eld
spec
ific
ass
essm
ent
for
P tr
ansp
ort
��M
anur
e an
d so
il sa
mpl
ing
Man
ure
and
soil
sam
plin
g
!!Li
st o
f BM
P st
anda
rds
(NRC
S re
quir
emen
ts)
List
of
BMP
stan
dard
s (N
RCS
requ
irem
ents
)��
Feed
, sou
rce
& la
nd m
anag
emen
t BM
PsFe
ed, s
ourc
e &
land
man
agem
ent
BMPs
��Se
tbac
k /
vege
tati
ve b
uffe
r al
tern
ativ
eSe
tbac
k /
vege
tati
ve b
uffe
r al
tern
ativ
e
!!M
anur
e tr
ansf
er r
ecor
dkee
ping
Man
ure
tran
sfer
rec
ordk
eepi
ng
!!A
nnua
l rep
orti
ngA
nnua
l rep
orti
ng
!!In
nova
tive
cre
diti
ngIn
nova
tive
cre
diti
ng
Wal
king
acr
oss
the
frag
ile b
ridg
e W
alki
ng a
cros
s th
e fr
agile
bri
dge
betw
een
scie
nce
and
polic
ybe
twee
n sc
ienc
e an
d po
licy
!!H
ow w
e de
velo
ped
How
we
deve
lope
d�� E
nvir
onm
enta
l soi
l P t
hres
hold
sEn
viro
nmen
tal s
oil P
thr
esho
lds
�� Ris
kRi
sk-- b
ased
sit
e as
sess
men
t in
dice
s of
P lo
ss p
oten
tial
base
d si
te a
sses
smen
t in
dice
s of
P lo
ss p
oten
tial
!!H
ow t
hese
wer
e pu
t in
to P
How
the
se w
ere
put
into
P-- b
ased
nut
rien
t ba
sed
nutr
ient
m
anag
emen
t pl
anni
ng s
trat
egie
sm
anag
emen
t pl
anni
ng s
trat
egie
s
!!H
ow t
oH
ow t
o�� E
ncou
rage
pla
n ad
opti
onEn
cour
age
plan
ado
ptio
n�� E
nsur
e im
plem
enta
tion
and
mai
nten
ance
Ensu
re im
plem
enta
tion
and
mai
nten
ance
!!Le
sson
s le
arnt
Less
ons
lear
nt
Wal
king
acr
oss
the
frag
ile b
ridg
e W
alki
ng a
cros
s th
e fr
agile
bri
dge
betw
een
scie
nce
and
polic
ybe
twee
n sc
ienc
e an
d po
licy
!!So
me
back
grou
ndSo
me
back
grou
nd�� E
nvir
onm
enta
l soi
l P t
hres
hold
sEn
viro
nmen
tal s
oil P
thr
esho
lds
""So
ils d
iffe
r in
the
ir a
bilit
y to
bin
d an
d re
leas
e P
Soils
dif
fer
in t
heir
abi
lity
to b
ind
and
rele
ase
P""
Soil
test
P le
vels
a r
esul
t of
soi
lSo
il te
st P
leve
ls a
res
ult
of s
oil -- f
orm
ing
proc
esse
s an
d fo
rmin
g pr
oces
ses
and
PP --m
anag
emen
t hi
stor
ym
anag
emen
t hi
stor
y
�� Ris
kRi
sk-- b
ased
sit
e as
sess
men
t in
dice
s of
P lo
ss p
oten
tial
base
d si
te a
sses
smen
t in
dice
s of
P lo
ss p
oten
tial
""A
ll fi
elds
are
not
cre
ated
equ
al in
ter
ms
of P
loss
All
fiel
ds a
re n
ot c
reat
ed e
qual
in t
erm
s of
P lo
ss
!!In
volv
emen
t of
end
Invo
lvem
ent
of e
nd-- u
sers
us
ers
��EP
A, N
RCS
EPA
, NRC
S�� I
niti
al r
esea
rch
plan
ning
Init
ial r
esea
rch
plan
ning
�� Ong
oing
eva
luat
ion
Ong
oing
eva
luat
ion
�� Mod
ific
atio
ns a
s ne
eded
Mod
ific
atio
ns a
s ne
eded
Nat
iona
l P P
roje
ct
Nat
iona
l P P
roje
ct --
Obj
ecti
ves
Obj
ecti
ves
��D
evel
op p
roto
cols
for
rai
nfal
l D
evel
op p
roto
cols
for
rai
nfal
l ��ru
noff
stu
dies
runo
ff s
tudi
es
��D
eter
min
e en
viro
nmen
tal s
oil t
est
P th
resh
olds
tha
t D
eter
min
e en
viro
nmen
tal s
oil t
est
P th
resh
olds
tha
t un
acce
ptab
ly e
nric
h su
rfac
e ru
noff
Pun
acce
ptab
ly e
nric
h su
rfac
e ru
noff
P
��D
evel
op in
dexi
ng t
ools
to
asse
ss s
ite
vuln
erab
ility
to
P D
evel
op in
dexi
ng t
ools
to
asse
ss s
ite
vuln
erab
ility
to
P lo
ss f
rom
wat
ersh
eds
thro
ugho
ut t
he U
.S.
loss
fro
m w
ater
shed
s th
roug
hout
the
U.S
.
��In
corp
orat
e in
form
atio
n in
to n
utri
ent
man
agem
ent
Inco
rpor
ate
info
rmat
ion
into
nut
rien
t m
anag
emen
t pl
anni
ng s
trat
egie
s at
wat
ersh
ed s
cale
plan
ning
str
ateg
ies
at w
ater
shed
sca
le
Uni
vers
ity
loca
tion
sA
RS lo
cati
ons
New
Yor
k N
ew Y
ork
��Ca
rl
Carl
Czy
mm
ekCz
ymm
ek
Arka
nsas
Ar
kans
as --
Tom
my
Dani
elTo
mm
y Da
niel
Illin
ois
Illin
ois
��Bo
b Bo
b H
oeft
Hoe
ft
Virg
inia
Vi
rgin
ia --
Greg
Mul
lins
Greg
Mul
lins
Penn
sylv
ania
Pe
nnsy
lvan
ia ��
your
s tr
uly
your
s tr
uly
STP
vari
es f
rom
fie
ld t
o fi
eld
STP
vari
es f
rom
fie
ld t
o fi
eld
Soil
test
P,
Soil
test
P, p
pmppm
<30
<30
--10
010
0
100
100
��20
020
0
>200
>200
Rela
ting
STP
to
runo
ff P
Rela
ting
STP
to
runo
ff P
0.5
0.5 001.51.5
1122
0020
020
040
040
060
060
0
Sand
y lo
am
STP,
ST
P, p
pmppm
Dis
solv
ed P
D
isso
lved
P
in r
unof
f,in
run
off,
ppm
ppm
Silt
loam
Loam
Clay
loam
200
195
STP
Thre
shol
d
Agro
nom
ic a
nd e
nvir
onm
enta
l Ag
rono
mic
and
env
iron
men
tal
thre
shol
dsth
resh
olds
Opt
imum
Opt
imum
Soil
test
P c
ateg
orie
s fo
r po
tent
ial r
unof
f lo
ssSo
il te
st P
cat
egor
ies
for
pote
ntia
l run
off
loss
Low
Low
Med
ium
Med
ium
Hig
hH
igh
Low
Low
Hig
hH
igh
Soil
test
P c
ateg
orie
s fo
r cr
op y
ield
res
pons
eSo
il te
st P
cat
egor
ies
for
crop
yie
ld r
espo
nse
Rela
tive
Re
lati
ve
crop
cr
op
yiel
dyi
eld
Runo
ff P
Runo
ff P
Crit
ical
valu
efo
r P
loss
�the
gap
�Cr
itic
alva
lue
for
yiel
d
Runo
ff P
, Ru
noff
P, p
pmppm
0.11
0.11
0.22
0.22
1.12
1.12
0.68
0.68
0.27
0.27
0.34
0.34
1.81
1.81
0.18
0.18
0.13
0.13
Find
ing
wher
e P
loss
occ
urs
from
Find
ing
wher
e P
loss
occ
urs
from
Soil
test
P,
Soil
test
P, p
pmppm
>100
>100
Stre
am f
low
P,
Stre
am f
low
P, p
pmppm
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.09
0.09
0.12
0.12
#
#
#
☺
☺☺
%%
%
Ove
rall,
P lo
ss c
ontr
olle
d by
man
y fa
ctor
sO
vera
ll, P
loss
con
trol
led
by m
any
fact
ors
Hyd
rolo
gy is
var
iabl
e ac
ross
land
scap
esH
ydro
logy
is v
aria
ble
acro
ss la
ndsc
apes
Satu
rate
d ar
eas
wher
e su
rfac
e ru
noff
can
occ
urSa
tura
ted
area
s wh
ere
surf
ace
runo
ff c
an o
ccur
8080
750
750
330
330
6565
P lo
ss (g
/ha)
var
ies
acro
ss t
he la
ndsc
ape
P lo
ss (g
/ha)
var
ies
acro
ss t
he la
ndsc
ape
even
tho
ugh
STP
was
125
even
tho
ugh
STP
was
125 --
135
135
ppm
ppm
--Pe
nnsy
lvan
iaPe
nnsy
lvan
ia
P tr
ansp
ort
fact
ors
P tr
ansp
ort
fact
ors
��la
ndsc
ape
base
dla
ndsc
ape
base
d��
Runo
ff p
oten
tial
Runo
ff p
oten
tial
��Er
osio
n po
tent
ial
Eros
ion
pote
ntia
l��
Leac
hing
pot
enti
alLe
achi
ng p
oten
tial
��Co
nnec
tivi
ty t
o st
ream
cha
nnel
Conn
ecti
vity
to
stre
am c
hann
el
Fact
ors
in P
Ind
exFa
ctor
s in
P I
ndex
Sour
ceSo
urce
Tran
spor
tTr
ansp
ort
P so
urce
fac
tors
P
sour
ce f
acto
rs --
man
agem
ent
(fie
ld) b
ased
man
agem
ent
(fie
ld) b
ased
�� Soi
l P c
onte
ntSo
il P
cont
ent
�� Fer
tiliz
er P
Fe
rtili
zer
P ��
rate
, met
hod,
tim
ing
rate
, met
hod,
tim
ing
�� Res
idua
ls P
Re
sidu
als
P �� r
ate,
met
hod,
tim
ing,
ava
ilabi
lity
coef
fici
ent
rate
, met
hod,
tim
ing,
ava
ilabi
lity
coef
fici
ent
Fact
ors
in P
Ind
exFa
ctor
s in
P I
ndex
!!Ru
noff
pot
enti
alRu
noff
pot
enti
al!!
Eros
ion
pote
ntia
lEr
osio
n po
tent
ial
!!Le
achi
ng p
oten
tial
Leac
hing
pot
enti
al!!
Prox
imit
y to
str
eam
Prox
imit
y to
str
eam
Tran
spor
tSo
urce
!!So
il P
cont
ent
Soil
P co
nten
t!!
Add
ed P
Add
ed P
��Ra
te, m
etho
d, t
imin
g Ra
te, m
etho
d, t
imin
g of
fer
tiliz
er &
of
fer
tiliz
er &
m
anur
em
anur
e
A lo
t of
fie
ld r
esea
rch
P In
dex
scre
enin
g to
olP
Inde
x sc
reen
ing
tool
STP,
ST
P, p
pmppm
Cont
ribu
ting
Cont
ribu
ting
dist
ance
dist
ance
> 200
> 2
00 p
pmppm
PP
<150
ft
<150
ft
If y
es t
o ei
ther
If
yes
to
eith
er
fact
or t
hen
proc
eed
fact
or t
hen
proc
eed
to P
Ind
exto
P I
ndex
Eval
uati
on c
ateg
ory
Eval
uati
on c
ateg
ory
Site
ris
k =
Site
ris
k =
tran
spor
t po
tent
ial
tran
spor
t po
tent
ial
Fact
orFa
ctor
Loss
Rat
ing
Loss
Rat
ing
Fiel
d va
lue
Fiel
d va
lue
Runo
ffRu
noff
Very
low
Very
low
00Lo
wLo
w 22M
ediu
mM
ediu
m44
Hig
hH
igh
66Ve
ry h
igh
Very
hig
h88
Sub
Sub --
surf
ace
surf
ace
drai
nage
drai
nage
Non
eN
one
00So
me
Som
e22
Patt
erne
dPa
tter
ned
44
Eros
ion
Eros
ion
Soil
loss
, to
ns /
acr
eSo
il lo
ss,
tons
/ a
cre
Cont
ribu
ting
Cont
ribu
ting
dist
ance
dist
ance
> 500
ft
> 500
ft
00< 1
50 f
t< 1
50 f
t88
350
350
��25
0 ft
250
ft44
500
500
--30
0 ft
300
ft22
250
250
--15
0 ft
150
ft66
Mod
ifie
dM
odif
ied
conn
ecti
vity
conn
ecti
vity
Ripa
rian
buf
fer
Ripa
rian
buf
fer
0.7
0.7
Gras
sed
wate
rway
Gras
sed
wate
rway
1.01.0D
irec
t co
nnec
tion
Dir
ect
conn
ecti
on1.11.1
�.. x
�.
. x s
ourc
e po
tent
ial
sour
ce p
oten
tial
Soil
Test
P (
mg/
kg)
* 0
.2So
il Te
st P
(m
g/kg
) *
0.2
Fert
ilize
r P
(lbs
PFe
rtili
zer
P (l
bs P
22OO55/
acre
) x
Los
s Ra
ting
/acr
e) x
Los
s Ra
ting
Man
ure
P (lb
s P
Man
ure
P (lb
s P 22
OO55/
acre
)/a
cre)
0.5
Trea
ted
man
ure
0.8
Dai
ry
1.0 Swin
e0.
9Po
ultr
y
xxP
avai
labi
lity
P av
aila
bilit
y
0.2
0.2
Plac
edPl
aced
>2� d
eep
>2� d
eep
0.4
0.4
Plow
edPl
owed
in <1
wk
in <1
wk
0.6
0.6
Plow
edPl
owed
>1 w
k af
ter
>1 w
k af
ter
May
M
ay --
Oct
.O
ct.
appl
icat
ion
appl
icat
ion
0.8
0.8
Plow
edPl
owed
>1 w
k or
not
>1 w
k or
not
plow
ed a
fter
plow
ed a
fter
Nov
. N
ov. --
Apr
ilA
pril
appl
icat
ion
appl
icat
ion
1.01.0
Broa
dcas
tBr
oadc
ast
on f
roze
non
fro
zen
or s
now
or s
now
cove
red
cove
red
soil
soil
xxLo
ss R
atin
gLo
ss R
atin
g
Deve
lopm
ent
of P
ava
ilabi
lity
Deve
lopm
ent
of P
ava
ilabi
lity
coef
fici
ents
coef
fici
ents
Runo
ff P
,Ru
noff
P,
ppm
ppm
1010 88 66 44 22 00Co
ntro
lCo
ntro
l
All
sour
ces
broa
dcas
t at
100
kg
P/ha
All
sour
ces
broa
dcas
t at
100
kg
P/ha
- - - -
Hag
erst
own,
H
ager
stow
n, s
lsl
Alu
mA
lum
--lit
ter
litte
rPo
ultr
y Po
ultr
y m
anur
em
anur
eSw
ine
Swin
eFe
rtili
zer
Fert
ilize
rPo
ultr
y Po
ultr
y lit
ter
litte
r
Wat
er e
xtra
ctab
le P
of
appl
ied
sour
ce, g
/kg
Wat
er e
xtra
ctab
le P
of
appl
ied
sour
ce, g
/kg
Hag
erst
own,
H
ager
stow
n, s
lsl
0033
6699
160
160
- - - -
-
-
-
-
Deve
lopm
ent
of P
ava
ilabi
lity
Deve
lopm
ent
of P
ava
ilabi
lity
coef
fici
ents
coef
fici
ents
Runo
ff P
, Ru
noff
P,
ppm
ppm
1010 88 66 44 22 00
Bios
olid
0.2
0.8
Dai
ry
1.0
Swin
e
1.0
0.9
Poul
try
Fert
ilize
r
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.01.0
0.8
0.8
��0.
20.
2Bi
osol
ids
Bios
olid
sD
uck
Duc
k0.
50.
5A
lum
tre
ated
Alu
m t
reat
edTu
rkey
Turk
ey0.
80.
8Be
efBe
efLa
yer
Laye
r0.
80.
8Be
dded
pac
kBe
dded
pac
kBr
oile
rBr
oile
r0.
90.
9Li
quid
Liqu
idPo
ultr
y Po
ultr
y --
Dai
ry
Dai
ry --
Swin
e sl
urry
Swin
e sl
urry
P av
aila
bilit
y co
effi
cien
ts u
sed
in
P av
aila
bilit
y co
effi
cien
ts u
sed
in
PA�s
P In
dex
PA�s
P In
dex
PA P
hosp
horu
s In
dex:
PA P
hosp
horu
s In
dex:
Inte
rpre
tati
on a
nd G
uida
nce
Inte
rpre
tati
on a
nd G
uida
nce
Nut
rien
t ap
plic
atio
nN
utri
ent
appl
icat
ion
guid
ance
guid
ance
> 100
> 1
00
80 t
o 10
080
to
100
60 t
o 79
60 t
o 79
< 60
< 60
P In
dex
P In
dex
Valu
eVa
lue
Very
Hig
h:Ve
ry H
igh:
No
P ap
plic
atio
nN
o P
appl
icat
ion
Hig
h:H
igh:
P cr
op r
emov
al a
pplic
atio
nP
crop
rem
oval
app
licat
ion
Med
ium
:M
ediu
m: NN
-- bas
ed a
pplic
atio
nba
sed
appl
icat
ion
Low:
Low:
NN-- b
ased
app
licat
ion
base
d ap
plic
atio
n
STP,
ST
P, p
pmppm
11 002233
0020
020
040
040
060
060
080
080
0
Runo
ff P
,Ru
noff
P,
g/ha
g/ha
75 k
g P/
ha T
SP
112
kg P
/ha
poul
try
litte
r
150
kg P
/ha
poul
try
man
ure
75 k
g P/
ha T
SP
112
kg P
/ha
poul
try
litte
r
150
kg P
/ha
poul
try
man
ureST
P, a
dded
P &
run
off
PST
P, a
dded
P &
run
off
P R2=0
.86
All
data
R2=0
.42
Penn
sylv
ania
soi
ls �
FD-3
6 wa
ters
hed
Test
ing
the
P In
dex
Test
ing
the
P In
dex
11 002233
P in
dex
valu
e fo
r th
e si
teP
inde
x va
lue
for
the
site
005050
100
100
150
150
200
200
R2=0
.80
75 k
g P/
ha T
SP
112
kg P
/ha
poul
try
litte
r
150
kg P
/ha
poul
try
man
ure
75 k
g P/
ha T
SP
112
kg P
/ha
poul
try
litte
r
150
kg P
/ha
poul
try
man
ure
Runo
ff P
,Ru
noff
P,
g/ha
g/ha
Very
hig
hVe
ry h
igh
Hig
hH
igh
Med
Med
Low
Low
Livi
ng w
ith
vari
abili
ty a
nd r
egul
atio
nsLi
ving
wit
h va
riab
ility
and
reg
ulat
ions
!!Th
e m
ain
prob
lem
is t
ryin
g to
dev
elop
spe
cifi
c Th
e m
ain
prob
lem
is t
ryin
g to
dev
elop
spe
cifi
c re
gula
tion
s fo
r ve
ry d
ynam
ic a
nd v
aria
ble
syst
ems
regu
lati
ons
for
very
dyn
amic
and
var
iabl
e sy
stem
s
!!Li
ke t
ryin
g to
for
ce a
squ
are
peg
into
a r
ound
hol
e!!
Like
try
ing
to f
orce
a s
quar
e pe
g in
to a
rou
nd h
ole!
!
!!Lo
okin
g at
clim
atic
var
iabi
lity
for
exam
ple,
we
see
a Lo
okin
g at
clim
atic
var
iabi
lity
for
exam
ple,
we
see
a lo
t of
P b
eing
exp
orte
d du
ring
infr
eque
nt b
ut la
rge
lot
of P
bei
ng e
xpor
ted
duri
ng in
freq
uent
but
larg
e st
orm
sst
orm
s
!!O
ver
a ~2
0 ye
ar p
erio
d, o
ne o
r tw
o la
rge
stor
ms
can
Ove
r a
~20
year
per
iod,
one
or
two
larg
e st
orm
s ca
n ac
coun
t fo
r a
larg
e pr
opor
tion
of
P lo
st d
urin
g th
e ac
coun
t fo
r a
larg
e pr
opor
tion
of
P lo
st d
urin
g th
e pe
riod
peri
od
Reco
mm
enda
tions
Reco
mm
enda
tions
!!Re
flec
t al
l fac
tors
as
sim
ply
as p
ossi
ble
Refl
ect
all f
acto
rs a
s si
mpl
y as
pos
sibl
e��
STP,
add
ed li
tter
, man
ure
P co
nten
t an
d so
lubi
lity,
sit
e ru
noff
ST
P, a
dded
litt
er, m
anur
e P
cont
ent
and
solu
bilit
y, s
ite
runo
ff
& er
osio
n, g
razi
ng im
pact
, ris
k of
P e
nter
ing
a st
ream
& er
osio
n, g
razi
ng im
pact
, ris
k of
P e
nter
ing
a st
ream
!!U
se t
he r
ight
too
l tha
t al
l can
wor
k wi
thU
se t
he r
ight
too
l tha
t al
l can
wor
k wi
th
!!En
cour
age
stak
ehol
der
com
mit
tee
Enco
urag
e st
akeh
olde
r co
mm
itte
e
to
ove
rsee
too
l im
prov
emen
ts
to
ove
rsee
too
l im
prov
emen
ts
an
d re
fine
men
tsan
d re
fine
men
ts
CC ons
erva
tion
on
serv
atio
n RR e
serv
e es
erve
EEnh
ance
men
t nh
ance
men
t PP r
ogra
mro
gram
CREP
CREP
!!St
ream
Stre
am-- b
ank
and
ripa
rian
are
a im
prov
emen
tba
nk a
nd r
ipar
ian
area
impr
ovem
ent
!!En
hanc
es w
ildlif
e di
vers
ity
& st
ream
hea
lth
Enha
nces
wild
life
dive
rsit
y &
stre
am h
ealt
h!!
Incr
ease
s st
ream
cha
nnel
mea
nder
ing
Incr
ease
s st
ream
cha
nnel
mea
nder
ing
!!Re
duce
s st
ream
ban
k er
osio
nRe
duce
s st
ream
ban
k er
osio
n!!
How
ever
,H
owev
er,
��Fa
rmer
s ca
n be
rel
ucta
nt t
o ta
ke la
nd o
ut o
f pr
oduc
tion
Farm
ers
can
be r
eluc
tant
to
take
land
out
of
prod
ucti
on��
Cost
Cost
��Se
vera
l age
ncie
s in
volv
ed in
app
rova
l and
inst
alla
tion
Seve
ral a
genc
ies
invo
lved
in a
ppro
val a
nd in
stal
lati
on��
Mou
ntai
n of
pap
erwo
rk f
or t
he f
arm
erM
ount
ain
of p
aper
work
for
the
far
mer
!!Ev
en s
o,
Even
so,
��
Farm
ers
see
som
e be
nefi
ts
Farm
ers
see
som
e be
nefi
ts ��
�fis
hing
hol
e��f
ishi
ng h
ole�
Ripa
rian
are
a un
der
CREP
Ripa
rian
are
a un
der
CREP
Dial
ogue
is e
ssen
tial
am
ong
farm
ers,
Di
alog
ue is
ess
enti
al a
mon
g fa
rmer
s,
NRC
S, C
orps
of
Engi
neer
s &
scie
ntis
tsN
RCS,
Cor
ps o
f En
gine
ers
& sc
ient
ists
Acce
ptin
g th
e sc
ienc
eAc
cept
ing
the
scie
nce
!!N
eed
to e
valu
ate
effe
ct o
f im
plem
enti
ng I
ndex
Nee
d to
eva
luat
e ef
fect
of
impl
emen
ting
Ind
ex--
base
d m
anag
emen
t ch
ange
s on
P e
xpor
t fr
om
base
d m
anag
emen
t ch
ange
s on
P e
xpor
t fr
om
wate
rshe
dswa
ters
heds
��In
oth
er w
ords
, the
y m
ake
sens
e bu
t wi
ll th
ey
In o
ther
wor
ds, t
hey
mak
e se
nse
but
will
they
ac
tual
ly m
ake
a di
ffer
ence
?ac
tual
ly m
ake
a di
ffer
ence
?
!!U
se o
f P
Indi
ces
has
been
acc
epte
d in
mos
t st
ates
Use
of
P In
dice
s ha
s be
en a
ccep
ted
in m
ost
stat
es��
Ther
e is
sti
ll de
bate
as
to h
ow s
ome
vari
able
s ar
e Th
ere
is s
till
deba
te a
s to
how
som
e va
riab
les
are
dete
rmin
ed a
nd w
orkl
oad
need
ed f
or t
he f
irst
de
term
ined
and
wor
kloa
d ne
eded
for
the
fir
st
eval
uati
on (s
ubse
quen
t as
sess
men
ts w
ill b
e m
uch
eval
uati
on (s
ubse
quen
t as
sess
men
ts w
ill b
e m
uch
easi
er)
easi
er)
Rese
arch
dem
onst
rati
onRe
sear
ch d
emon
stra
tio n
Mee
ting
the
cha
lleng
esM
eeti
ng t
he c
halle
nges
!!In
tera
genc
y co
oper
atio
n an
d co
llabo
rati
onIn
tera
genc
y co
oper
atio
n an
d co
llabo
rati
on��
Rese
arch
ers,
ext
ensi
on, E
PA, N
RCS,
sta
te a
genc
ies,
pri
vate
Re
sear
cher
s, e
xten
sion
, EPA
, NRC
S, s
tate
age
ncie
s, p
riva
te
sect
or a
gric
ultu
ral a
nd e
nvir
onm
enta
l spe
cial
ists
sect
or a
gric
ultu
ral a
nd e
nvir
onm
enta
l spe
cial
ists
!!W
illin
gnes
s of
W
illin
gnes
s of
agag. i
ndus
try
to a
dopt
new
app
roac
hes
. ind
ustr
y to
ado
pt n
ew a
ppro
ache
s��
Cons
truc
tive
fee
dbac
k pr
ovid
edCo
nstr
ucti
ve f
eedb
ack
prov
ided
��Ra
pid
resp
onse
of
rese
arch
ers
with
som
e st
ate
fund
ing
Rapi
d re
spon
se o
f re
sear
cher
s wi
th s
ome
stat
e fu
ndin
g��
Qui
ck in
tegr
atio
n in
to e
duca
tion
and
pol
icy
Qui
ck in
tegr
atio
n in
to e
duca
tion
and
pol
icy
!!Ex
ampl
es o
f in
nova
tion
Ex
ampl
es o
f in
nova
tion
��To
wn B
rook
, New
Yor
kTo
wn B
rook
, New
Yor
k��
Redu
cing
off
Redu
cing
off
-- far
m f
eed
P in
puts
to
mat
ch d
ieta
ry n
eeds
farm
fee
d P
inpu
ts t
o m
atch
die
tary
nee
ds--
linke
d to
elig
ibili
ty f
or c
ost
linke
d to
elig
ibili
ty f
or c
ost --
shar
e pr
ogra
ms
shar
e pr
ogra
ms
��Cr
edit
s fo
r N
MP
com
plia
nce
Cred
its
for
NM
P co
mpl
ianc
e ��
used
to
purc
hase
equ
ipm
ent
used
to
purc
hase
equ
ipm
ent
Mee
ting
the
cha
lleng
esM
eeti
ng t
he c
halle
nges
!!Co
llabo
rati
on m
ust
be g
eogr
aphi
cally
bro
adCo
llabo
rati
on m
ust
be g
eogr
aphi
cally
bro
ad�� S
tron
g in
ters
tate
& in
tera
genc
y ef
fort
in t
he
Stro
ng in
ters
tate
& in
tera
genc
y ef
fort
in t
he
Nor
thea
st b
een
effe
ctiv
e in
dev
elop
ing
a re
gion
al P
N
orth
east
bee
n ef
fect
ive
in d
evel
opin
g a
regi
onal
P
man
agem
ent
prog
ram
man
agem
ent
prog
ram
!!Ed
ucat
e st
akeh
olde
rs a
nd p
olic
y m
aker
sEd
ucat
e st
akeh
olde
rs a
nd p
olic
y m
aker
s�� M
ake
info
rmed
sci
ence
Mak
e in
form
ed s
cien
ce-- b
ased
dec
isio
ns a
nd s
uppo
rt
base
d de
cisi
ons
and
supp
ort
prac
tica
l and
eff
ecti
ve m
easu
res
prac
tica
l and
eff
ecti
ve m
easu
res
�� Wat
er q
ualit
y im
prov
emen
ts w
ith
BMPs
will
not
be
Wat
er q
ualit
y im
prov
emen
ts w
ith
BMPs
will
not
be
imm
edia
te
imm
edia
te ��
syst
em r
espo
nse
tim
esy
stem
res
pons
e ti
me
Som
eSo
me
tim
es
tim
es itit
isisha
rdha
rdtoto
see
see
the
the
wood
wood
for
for
the
the
tree
str
ees
......
Stan
d ba
ck a
nd lo
ok
Stan
d ba
ck a
nd lo
ok
at t
he b
ig p
ictu
reat
the
big
pic
ture
By w
orki
ng t
oget
her�
�By
wor
king
tog
ethe
r��
It�s
a to
ugh
chal
leng
e bu
t it
can
be
over
com
e
�.. a
ndho
pefu
lly, t
he
rest
will
fol
low
Than
k yo
u !!