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Agricultural Cadastral Map Updating by High Resolution Satellite Images &

GIS

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF

BAGHDAD IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE DEGREE OF MASTER SCIENCE IN PHYSICS (Remote Sensing)

BY

Hashim Fadhil Abbas B. Sc. (physics science), (2009-2010)

Supervised by Dr. Nawal K. Ghazal

2013 1434

Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education

And Scientific Research University of Baghdad

College of Science

بسم اهللا الرمحن الرحيم

أنزل من السماء ماء فسالت أودية بقدرها فاحتمل السيل زبدا رابيا ومما

يوقدون عليه يف النار ابتغاء حلية أو متاع زبد مثـله كذلك يضرب الله

احلق والباطل فأما الزبد فـيذهب جفاء وأما ما ينفع الناس فـيمكث يف

األرض كذلك يضرب الله األمثال

صدق اهللا العلي العظيم

الرعد(١٧)

Acknowledgements

First of all praise be to “ALLAH” for giving me the strength to

complete this work.

I would like to submit my sincere gratitude to my supervisors

Dr. NAWAL KHALAF GHAZAL and for her helpful advice, valuable

suggestions, and encouragement throughout this study.

I would like to extend very special thanks and gratitude to my

family for their valuable help, unlimited support, and encouragement

during the period of courses and this research.

I would like to express my gratefulness and deep thanks to

department of agriculture eng. Aliaa ali hussain and eng. hussain

salih, for their unlimited help and support during the time of this

study.

I would like to thank Dr. Alaa S. Mahdi and Dr. falih and

ms.fouad

Finally, I would like to extend my deep thanks and gratitude to

my best friend for their prayer, unlimited support, and encouragement.

Hashim Fadhil Abbas

I

Abstract

The agriculture cadastral map is very important because it has technical and

materialist specification of the property borders and these maps which are

land registration based on it in Iraq, and have economic benefit. Therefor the

updating and digitize the agriculture cadastral map is very pivotal.

In our work, the study area called Al-shehmea zone located in Wasit

province, southern Iraq. In order to getting updating agriculture cadaster

map ,we obtained an old agriculture cadaster map produced in 1932 of scale

1:10000 with modern (QuickBird) satellite image viewed 2006, that has

61cm resolution for the same area.

In geometric correction process we have two stage, the first one is to

convert the old digital cadaster map from pixel coordinates into UTM

coordinates depending upon the new gridding on the old cadaster map (as a

paper) which made by Ministry of Water Resources department of General

Authority of Survey, while the other stage which can be represented as

(refinement process) is registration between the resulted cadaster map from

the first stage (as source) with the satellite image (as reference) using

ERDAS with total error 0.8542 m .

After that, drawing a set of layers for the study area to producing new

agricultural cadaster map by using Arc GIS and connect them with their own

the information for the study area (eastern Shehimea) in the medial of

Iraq.Finally database can be designed using Microsoft Access 2010 and then

linked with ArcGIS.

II

Contents

Page No. Abstract I List of Contents II List of Tables III List of Figures IV List of Abbreviation VI Chapter One: Introduction 1.1Introduction 1 1.2 Problem statement 2 1.3 Methodology of the work 3 1.4 Data used 1.5 Description of the study area

3 6

1.5 Literature review 6 1.6 Thesis layout 14 Chapter Two: Agriculture Cadastral Maps 2.1 Coordinate systems and map projection 15 2.1.1 Geographic coordinate system 15 2.1.2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 16 2.1.3 Datum 17 2.1.4 The geoid 18 2.2 The map 19 2.2.1 Types of maps 20 2.3 Cadastral maps 21 2.3.1 Types of cadaster maps 24 2.3 .2 Classification of cadastral system 24 2.3.3 stages of the evolution of cadastral map 26 2.4 Historical background of land registration in Iraq 29 2.4.1 Land ownership in Iraq under the ottoman occupation 30 2.4.2 Land rights during the British mandate 31 2.4.3 How the land registration system works 31 2.5 Agriculture cadastral map in Iraq 32 2.5.1 Problem of the cadastral maps in Iraq 35 2.5.2 Problem of coordinate system in Iraq 37 2.6 Computerization 37 2.6.1 Mapping system 38 2.6.2 Cadastral map layers 38 2.6.3 Additional map layers 39 2.6.4 Parcels Identifiers 39 2.6.5 Imagery 39 2.7 GIS for cadaster 40 Chapter Three: Remote sensing 3.1 Remote sensing 42 3.2 Common uses satellite imagery 43 3.2.1 Landsat 43 3.2.1.1 Sensors 45

III

3.2.2 Spot5 46 3.2.3 Ikonos 48 3.2.4 Quickbird 51 3.3 Geometric correction 54 3.3.1 Systematic correction 54 3.3.2 Nonsystematic correction 55 3.4 polynomial 56 3.5 Resampling 57 3.5.1 Bilinear interpolation 58 3.5.2 Nearest neighbor 58 3.15 Cubic convolution interpolation 58 Chapter Four: Experimental Work 4.1 Geometric correction 59 4.1.1 Ground control point (GCPs) 60 4.1.2 Resampling 65 4.2 New cadastral map 68 4.3 Database 69 Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 100 5.2 Recommendations 100 References 101

List of Tables

Page Title Table 44 Landsat orbit Table (3-1)

45 Landsat 4,5 MSS sensor characteristics Table (3-2)

46 Landsat TM,ETM+ sensor characteristics Table (3-3)

48 Spot 5 orbit Table (3-4)

48 Spot 5 sensor characteristics Table (3-5)

50 Ikonos orbit Table (3-6)

50 Ikonos characteristics Table (3-7)

52 Quickbrid orbit Table (3-8)

53 Quickbird 2 sensor characteristics Table (3-9)

60 GCPs of the first stage of geometric correction Table (4-1a)

65 GCPs of the second stage of geometric correction Table (4-1b)

74 Database of the province number one Table(4-2)

76 Database of the province number two Table (4-3)

78 Database of the province number three Table (4-4)

80 Database of the province number four Table (4-5)

IV

82 Database of the province number five Table (4-6)

84 Database of the province number six Table (4-7)

86 Database of the province number seven Table (4-8)

88 Database of the province number eight Table (4-9)

90 Database of the province number nine Table (4-10)

92 Database of the province number ten Table (4-11)

95 Database of parcels number 47 in province number one Table (4-12)

97 Database of parcels number 235 in province number 1 Table (4-13)

99 Database of parcel number 16 in province number 10 Table (4-14)

List of Figures

Page Title Figure

4 Old cadastral map (1.1) 5 Satellite image (1.2) 16 Universal Transverse Mercator Zones (2.1) 17 Mercator Plane Coordinate System (2.2) 18 Ellipsoid, Geoid and Topographic Surface (2.3) 26 System View of The Cadaster (2.4) 27 Integrated LIS (2.5) 28 Component of Multi-Purpose Cadaster of ANRC (2.6) 29 Cadastral Concept (2.7) 44 Landsat Satellite (3.1) 47 Spot5 Satellite (3.2) 49 Ikonos Satellite (3.3) 51 Quickbird satellite (3.4) 61 The first stage of geometric correction (4.1a) 62 The first pictures represent the first stage of geometric correction, and the

second picture represents the first one on the satellite image (4.1b)

63 Producing the Location of The GCPs on The Old Map (4.2) 64 Illustration of The Reference Satellite Image with location of GCPs (4.3) 66 The Corrected Map (4.4) 67 Producing the first and second correction old cadaster map and the satellite

image (4.5)

70 Illustration The Drawing all Parcels which Containing Study Area and Corrected Map

(4.6)

71 Represent the satellite Image, Old Cadastral map, and new Cadastral map (4.7) 72 Showing the all Parcels of the Study area with their numbers (4.8) 73 Illustration the Agriculture Cadastral map for province number one with

their parcels number (4.9)

75 Illustration the District number 2 (4.10) 77 Producing District number 3 (4.11) 79 Showing the District number 4 (4.12) 81 Producing District number 5 (4.13) 83 Represent the District number 6 (4.14)

V

85 Showing the District number 7 (4.15) 87 Showing the District number 8 (4.16) 89 Producing District number 9 (4.17) 91 Producing District number 10 (4.18) 93 Showing both the district number one and parcel number 47 (4.19) 94 Parcels holding number 47 within district number one (4.20) 94 Producing the parcel number 47 within satellite image (4.21) 96 Showing parcels number 235 in province number 1 (4.22) 98 Showing parcels number 1 in province number 9 (4.23) 98 Showing the parcels number 16 in province number 10 (4.24) 99 Showing the intersect of three provinces 4,5,7 (4.25)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DEM Digital Elevation Model DLS Department of Lands and Survey DMS Degrees, Minutes and Second DOS Department of Space GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System LIS Land Information Systems NNRMS National Natural Resources

Management System NRC National Research Council America PC Planning Commission STC Saudi Telecommunications Company UN United Nations UTM Universal Transverse Mercator WGS84 The word Geodetic System 1984

Chapter One Introduction

1

Chapter One

1.1 Introduction

Cadaster is a French word originating in the Latin capitastrum, meaning a

register of poll tax. Later it came to mean" an official register of the owner-

ship, extent, and value of real property in a given area, used as a basis for

taxation, “or "survey...showing or including boundaries, property lines, etc.

“The cadaster was thus the means used by rulers to collect data on the

division of landed property. An activity that goes back to Babylon and

ancient Egypt since about 3000 BC[1].The Romans, particularly under

Emperor Diocletianus in the 3rd century AD, introduced land inventories in

occupied territories. Also in China a taxation system was developed for land.

Spain introduced its first cadaster for taxation purposes in 1714. The

colonialists in the late 19th and early 20th century introduced systematic

inventories on land in the colonies to enforce their power.

The purpose of the cadaster has changed over time. Initially, taxation was

the main purpose, later on juridical cadastral systems for land use control

were established; and after private land ownership became more common,

the systems were providing security and reliability and became a basis for

land markets[2] The cadaster is a parcel-based system, i.e. information is

geographically referenced to unique, well-defined units of land. These units

are defined by the formal or informal boundaries marking the extent of lands

held for exclusive use by individuals and specific groups of individuals (e.g.

families, corporations, and communal groups).


2

Each parcel is given a unique code or parcel identifier. Examples of these

codes include addresses, co-ordinates, or lot numbers shown on a survey

plan or map. Cadastral maps commonly range from scales of 1:10,000 to

1:500. Large scale diagrams or maps showing more precise parcel

dimensions and features (e.g. buildings, irrigation units, etc.) can be

compiled for each parcel based on ground surveys or remote sensing and

aerial photography [3]. [4].

The geometric description of the individual land parcel is the basis of most

modern cadastral systems and the fundamental unit of the cadastral map. In

turn the cadastral map is becoming an essential component of a country’s

spatial data infrastructure.

1.2 Problem of statement

1- The standard conditions of cartography aspects is not completion for the

production of maps, in addition to being not used digital techniques and

remained as paper

2- Maps are damaged due to obsolescence time, environmental conditions,

and misuse by users

3-The fact that is old maps with mistakes produced in the old traditional

ways, such as chains and ropes.

4- The coordinates systems cannot be considered this system is first degree

due to the poor way in which the monitoring method and weak basic

guidelines and the short lines in addition to the loss of a large part of his

marks in


3

1.3 Steps of the work

1- Scanning for the old cadastral map which drawn in 1932.

2- Geometric correction with reference quickbird satellite image that

viewed in 2006 and has resolution 61cm.

3- Screen digitizing for ground features. I went to kute governorate four

times to get the proper information from the department of agriculture

and I met the Surveyor engineering he gave me important tips about the

area and the map which is used in our research.

4- after completed mapping briefed them and found some mistakes and

corrected I took from them information concerning about the region and

went to the Department of Municipalities and finally went to the Real

estate Registration Department and they give me some information and

did not give me all the information as confidential.

5- Building database for the ground features using standard accesses

Microsoft and linking them with ArcGIS.

1.4 Materials Used

1- Old cadastral map as paper at 1932 figure (1-1).

2- Quickberd satellite image in 2006 figure (1-2), with table (1-1) location of

study area.

3-ERDAS Imagine, ArcGIS.


4

Figure (1-1): old cadastral map


5

Figure (1-2): satellite image

Table (1-1): location of study area

X Y Left 500699m 3632337m Right 509233m 3621947


6

1.5 Description of the study area

Province 16 eastern Shehimia in Kut governorate it lie on the west bank of

Tigris River, it’s overloaded by the property rights according to settlement

securities some of it detachment and appropriated from the farmers and

registered to ministry of finance of Iraq for agrarian reform and the

Settlement population according to the contract that deal with the ministry

and the farmers. The agriculture ministry plays the role that makes it

between the ministry of finance and the farmers.

On the other hand the land which relate to the peoples have the property

rights, this lands divided to small area because its own by the peoples, part

of it orchards and for human use. All of the land irrigated by Tigris through

small rivers and its divided into three part according to their proximity to

Tigris first the lands which near the river have ample fertility and the second

types of land have less fertility. And the last have no fertility because of

frequent salt and water is very slight so that they create irrigation project to

irrigate the land which in province 16 and the neighbors.

1.6 Literature Review

In this section will be reviewing some applications States: we will show

some Experiences of some advanced countries of the world, as well as the

experiences of neighboring countries because the cadastral maps are state

project and needs to expenses and a national effort, but we are trying to

develop a methodology for this work for the future.


7

Dosch, 1996,[5] Construct a 3D geometric model of an urban area by

merging features extracted from cadastral map of the area and from the

corresponding digital elevation model (DEM).

The cadastral map and the DEM are both transformed into two sets of

contour segments the segments extracted from the map represent contours of

buildings and blocks of buildings, whereas the segments extracted from the

DEM represent the external edges of blocks of buildings.

The fusion of 3D geometric model can’t be established without completed

cadastral map. The resulting 3D model has relatively good precision,

depending on the DEM, and has a rather high symbolic level allowing the

manipulation of basic entities such as buildings.

Rofail , and Youssef, 2005, [6] Egypt, In the 80’s of last century most of

Egyptian authorities and organizations started building up their own GIS

applications,Through international technical cooperation ESA succeeded to

digitize most of its cadastral data, but, in the middle of 90th, ESA found that

these data is not up to date, in different formats (paradox, oracle, Informix)

and still some analogue data. They made database model that could fulfill

user current needs and expected near future needs, and enable sustainability

of updating of the cadastral data, that will ensure more security of land

tenure and improve land administration system in Egypt.

ALostah, and Alkhtib [2005], [7], mentioned that Department of Lands and

Survey (DLS) is almost the oldest official governmental organization in

Jordan. In 1987 DLS started the process of Automating the Real Estate

Register to serve all the activities related to land registration affairs. All of

land ownership data are converted to digital form and stored in Ingress


8

RDBMS migrated recently to Oracle. In 1995, DLS started a large scale

project to convert (18.000) analogue cadastral sheets to digital format using

optical scanners and home customized raster-to-vector software.

The high price of lands, the expectations of owners to get accurate and

definitive results, and the conflicts between owners because of parcels

boundaries; are all factors pushing in the direction of improving accuracy of

the JDCDB and making it available in an easy and friendly form.

Abdul Aal,2005,[8] show that the Saudi Telecommunication company as

the incumbent telephone provider in Saudi Arabia Started its GIS project and

faced huge problem with the data conversion of the telephone networks. Part

of this problem was the lack of the availability of land base for all urban and

rural area in the Kingdom. To solve this issue STC has adopted an ambitious

program to develop land base maps using high resolution satellite images.To

manage this huge number of subscriber over wide geographical area

exceeding 1.5 million square kilometer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,

STC executed one of the most significant GIS project in the Kingdom.

Ministry of Urban Development, 2006, [9] The Planning Commission

(PC), Government of India set up the National Natural Resources

Management System (NNRMS) in 1983 to facilitate optimal utilization of

the country's natural resources through a proper and systematic inventory of

the resource availability and reduce regional imbalances through effective

planning under the guidance of the Department of Space (DOS). Ten

Standing Committees corresponding to various sectors/ministries support the

NNRMS programme. The Standing Committee on Urban Management (SC-

U) under NNRMS is to coordinate the application of remote sensing data


9

and GIS techniques in the context of urban planning and management. The

SC-U is chaired by the Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development (MOUD),

NewDelhi.

KANSU,and Gazioglu, 2006, [10] New technologies can be applied in every

branch of occupations nowadays. Turkey is concentrating on establishing a

Land Registry and Cadastral Information System. The general objective of

the project is to establish the Turkish Land Information System throughout

the country (TAKBIS). For this project (TAKBIS), digital cadastral maps

are started to produce and digital cadastral maps are being produced by

terrestrial and photogrammetric surveying.

Recent high-resolution satellite images provide an exciting new data source

for geospatial information acquisition.This makes it possible to extract man-

made objects such as buildings, roads and parcels from satellite imagery. So

images of Adapazarı side acquired from high resolution satellite imagery

such as (1 meter) IKONOS satellite image. This image was geometrically

corrected and vector data were produced acquired from image. At the end,

the sensitivity of the high resolution satellite images compared to data

produced by terrestrial surveying was investigated and the regions and zones

it could be used was studied together with analysis of time, lab our and cost.

Tiede, et al. 2007, [11], show digital cadaster data start from 2005. They

applied object-based image analysis and used cognition network language

for modeling objects individually in a semi-automated way. About one fifth

of the initial cadaster units have been further subdivided due to internal

heterogeneity. But the majority of the units have been merged due to

redundancy of the boundaries within. By this, the initial number of units has


10

been reduced to less than one fourth. Expert assessment revealed that more

than 96 % of the boundaries dissolved were removed correctly.

The accuracy of newly introduced boundaries and also the accuracy of

retained boundaries was about 86 %. The result met the demand of the given

task, although combining data sets of different scales implied some

methodological weaknesses. Overall, high potential of the approach can be

attributed to the high degree of automation ensuring cost-efficiency,

transferability and compatibility of the results. With regard to related

applications.

Dann, 2007, [12] Georgian have formulated a bulk digital mapping

methodology to accurately and effectively map virtually any country or city

in the world, by combining and analyzing affordable and existing data

sources, and maintaining the data in a unique way. Our capabilities, products

and services are all related to map data for digital & paper publication and

GPS based applications. Offering GIS data for countries and cities as well as

a service to capture data in virgin territory. It can be used for Military and

Commercial purposes.

Affordable High- and Medium resolution satellite imagery, combined with

GPS data and Field Information obtained from our own field teams and a

network of local partners, presented us with a way to capture and maintain

the spatial data for George.

Song, 2008,[13] The quality of the cadastral map is not adequate to satisfy

today customer requirments.the role of the cadastral map is set up by

National Spatial data infrastructure the ministry of government and home

affairs the project was reject twice in Korean parliament because that is


11

requested budget. Cadastral in Korea faces the challenge of having to change

the coordinate system or to use two coordinate system in parallel (the

classical reference system and the Korean ITRF/TM based system) to allow

GPS based surveys. the cadastral map renovation not only reduces the

budget for its maintenance but also improves the geometric quality of the

cadastral map. The Korea cadastral survey corporation developed cadastral

survey management software, manage the survey decision profile and

contains field sketches few years ago this create by large scale topographic

map and high resolution aerial photos.

Sohrabiniaa, et al. 2008,[14] Use of different image analysis and

processing methods in order to extract information content needed to update

large scale maps. Recently available high resolution satellite imagery

attracted mapping communities to shift their focus from aerial photographs

to satellite imagery. Obviously, this new source of information requires

different methods and algorithms to extract needed information for map

revision, therefore, is to examine reliability of image analysis methods to

extract fine groups of classes required to update large scale maps. Data used

include Ikonos and QuickBird images of the study area together with aerial

photographs and digital maps of the same region. Using Iranian geoid.

Utesnan. 2010 [15], Department of Land (DOL), had upgraded the cadastral

system on Land Tilting project completely for 20 years. A new series of

1/4000 cadastral mapping were produced base on rectified photomap. The

procedures for title deed survey is on new technology, on line processing.

On this learning, the cadastral survey have been interesting that DOL


12

cadastral system under law are reviewed including cadastral survey for

mapping processing for hardcopy data.

After the system had developed on Land Tilting Project for new tenure

system which cadastral base maps were created Universal Transverse

Mercator projection on Indian datum and new technology started implement.

Currently, the system is on digital era the official or license surveyor can

work online via internet. The cadastral survey system has been transformed

to digital model as database.

Thailand where the prime emphasis in re-establishing boundaries is

agreement by the parties rather than re-instatement from information

recorded in the land records. Most surveys in Thailand are undertaken to

lower accuracy, but lower cost, graphical standards.

Alves DAL SANTO, et al. 2010, [16] Develop methods of cartographic

generalization using GIS. Thus, the generalization models were generated,

evaluated, and presented through different criteria. Among these criteria, the

structure of the digital data storage, the effectiveness of the recovery

operations in the generalization process, and the necessity of a spatial

perception for applying the operations. Used the Criciuma cadastral

cartographic base maps (scale 1:5.000, year 2003). Potential users of

Geographic Information Systems (GIS), among them private companies and

public institutions, have different necessities in terms of quality, quantity

and type of data stored in the spatial database, especially in the development

of their land planning and management. With the recent city halls

computerization process, the Geographic Information Systems represent one

of the most important tools for manipulating cadastral data.


13

Esri. Canada 2012 [17] Canada has a long history of providing reliable,

accurate and high-quality digital mapping data that has been achieved

through the province’s commitment to an advanced cadastral mapping

system. Since its inception more than 20 years ago, the system has

flourished, leading to the creation of many new dataset and products that

promote the efficient delivery of government services.

Naouali ,2012 ,[18] The Topographic and Cadaster Office of Tunisia (TCO)

has established a GNSS Network covering the Tunisian Territory as follow

During the year 2005, the TCO has installed three GNSS stations at Tunis,

Monastir and Sfax During 2010 and 2011 the TCO has installed 20 GNSS

stations. The main purpose of the GNSS Network of Tunisia is Updating the

technology in the field of Cadaster and Land Registration by developing the

use of real time GPS/RTK surveying methods. This project is a higher

social cost in reaching agreement on boundaries. When agreement is reached

on boundaries in Tunisia, accurate and costly surveys are undertaken and the

coordinates determined from these surveys are used to re-instate boundaries.


14

1.6 Thesis Layout

This section refers to discovering each chapter briefly.

Chapter one

entitled “general Introduction”, thesis propose, Methodology of the work,

data use, and literature survey of some Arabic and all around the world

country, Asia, Africa, south America and Europe.

Chapter two

Chapter includes, fundamental of map Coordinate system, type of datum

ellipsoid, and the maps and there types, Cadastral map and there types

Stages of the evolution, Historical Background of Land Registration in Iraq

from Ottoman Occupation through British Mandate to the modern years,

what the problem in the cadastral maps, and using GIS for mapping.

Chapter three

Remote sensing fundamental kind of satellites according to their images and

how we corrected the image with polynomial and resampling method that

we used in ERDAS program to correct image- to-image.

Chapter four

Experimental work and review to the result of our work, three major parts

geometric correction, draw cadastral map, relate it to the database.

Chapter five

Conclusion and the future work.

Chapter Two Agriculture Cadaster Map

15

2-1 Coordinate Systems and Map Projection To analyze, manipulate, measure and store reasonably, geospatial data,

they must put into one certain spatial coordinate system. There are two kinds

of coordinate system for geo-spatial data, Spherical and Cartesian coordinate

system. The two most commonly used projection system are Geographic and

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). [19]

2-1-1 Geographic Coordinate System In this system, all horizontal lines are called latitude or parallels and the

vertical lines are called longitude or meridians. As the meridians line toward

the poles, the distance represented by one degree of longitude decreases unit

it equals zero at the North Pole and the South Pole. The origin of the

Spherical coordinate is defined by the intersection of (00) latitude or the

equator and (00) longitude or the Prime Meridian passing through the

Greenwich in U.K.

Latitude and longitude are angled measured from the Earth’s center (not

perpendicular) to a point on the Earth’s surface and they are measured in

degrees, minutes and second (DMS) or decimal degree (DD). For example

latitude 0° is located at the Equator, 90° is at the North Pole, and -90° is at

the South Pole [19].


16

2-1-2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) In this system, the world is divided into 60 zones, each covering 6 degrees

of longitude. In latitude, extends from 840 N to 800 S (Figure 2.1) and

(figure 2.2) show the projection of UTM. The origin of each zone is the

intersection of the central meridian at the equator. High degree of accuracy

is possible due to separate projection for each UTM zone. UTM values are

calculated in meters. To eliminate negative coordinates, the projection alters

the coordinate values at the origin. The value given to the central meridian is

the false easting, and the value assigned to the Equator is the false northing.

For locations in the Northern Hemisphere, the origin is assigned a false

easting of 500,000 meters and a false northing [19].

Figure (2-1): Universal Transverse Mercator zones [20]


17

Figure (2-2): Mercator Plane Coordinate System

2-1-3 Datum

The word Geodetic System 1984(WGS84) is seen as a commonly accepted

and absolute global geodetic positioning system where coordinates are

defined with reference to the center of Earth.WGS84 datum is currently

accepted as the best-defined mathematical model to describe the earth’s

surface – though its values are being further fine-tuned. The possibility that

the earth’s equator is an ellipse rather than a circle and therefore that the

ellipsoid has been a matter of scientific controversy for many years. The

orbit data coming from various satellites indicate more complex geometric

phenomena. They indicate additional flattening at the South Pole

accompanied by a bulge of the same degree at the North Pole [19].


18

2-1-4 The Earth Geoid

Geodesists often need to account for the reality of the Earth's surface.

Although a geoid may seem to be a smooth, regular shape, but it isn't. The

Earth's mass is unevenly distributed. Because of these variations in

gravitational force, the "height" of different parts of the geoid always

changes, moving up and down in response to gravity. The geoidal surface is

an irregular shape with a wave appearance; there are rises in some areas and

dips in others. The geoid is the true shape of the earth and it’s closely

corresponds to mean sea level. The height of the geoid above the

ellipsoid is known as the geoid-ellipsoid separation, or often just the

separation, and is usually given the symbol N, as shown in figure

(2-3)

Figure (2-3): Ellipsoid, geoid and topographic surface

Also, as shown in figure (2-3), the relationship between the ellipsoid height

(h) and the geoid height (orthometric height) (H) can be expressed as

ℎ = 𝐻 + 𝑁 ………………………………………………………….…. (2-1)


19

Where N is the ‘geoid-ellipsoid separation’. It is emphasized that the height

(h) is the value that normally results from satellite observations; the

significance of this equation is therefore to obtain a height above the geoid

H, it is necessary to know the separation, N. Alternatively, since most

precise satellite positioning is done by relative techniques, the equation (2-1)

can be recast in the form

∆ℎ = ∆𝐻 + ∆𝑁 ……………………………………………………… (2-2)

This means that a satellite system such as GPS can be used to find the

change in ellipsoid height (∆ℎ). Therefore, in order to find the orthometric

height of the point it is necessary to know only the change in the geoid

separation (∆𝑁). [21]

2-2 The MAP Cartography is the art and science of expressing the known physical

features of the earth graphically by maps and charts. No one knows who

drew, molded, laced together, or scratched out in the dirt the first map. But a

study of history reveals that the most pressing demands for accuracy and

detail in mapping have come as the result of military needs. Today, the

complexities of tactical operations and deployment of troops are such that it

is essential for all soldiers to be able to read and interpret their maps in order

to move quickly and effectively on the battlefield [22].

A map is a graphic representation of a portion of the earth's surface drawn to

scale, it uses colors, symbols, and labels to represent features found on the


20

ground. The ideal representation would be realized if every feature of the

area being mapped could be shown in true shape. Obviously this is

impossible, and an attempt to plot each feature true to scale would result in a

product impossible to read even with the aid of a magnifying glass.

Therefore, to be understandable, features must be represented by

conventional signs and symbols. To be legible, many of these must be

exaggerated in size, often far beyond the actual ground limits of the feature

represented scale map; because a map is a graphic representation of a

portion of the earth's surface drawn to scale as seen from above.

2-2-1 Types of Maps

There are several types of maps. Each show different information. Most

maps include a compass rose, which indicates which way is north, south,

east and west. They also include a scale so you can estimate distances.

Here's a look at some different types of maps [23].

1-Climate maps Give general information about the climate and precipitation (rain and

snow) of a region. Cartographers, or mapmakers, use colors to show

different climate or precipitation zones.

2-Economic or resource maps Cartographers use symbols to show the locations of natural resources or

economic activities. For example, oranges on a map of Florida tell you that

oranges are grown there.


21

3-Physical maps Illustrate the physical features of an area, such as the mountains, rivers and

lakes. The water is usually shown in blue. Colors are used to show relief

differences in land elevations. Green is typically used at lower elevations,

and orange or brown indicate higher elevations.

4-Political maps Do not show physical features. Instead, they indicate state and national

boundaries and capital and major cities. A capital city is usually marked with

a star within a circle.

5-Road maps Show major some minor highways and roads, airports, railroad tracks,

cities and other points of interest in an area. People use road maps to plan

trips and for driving directions. 6-Topographic maps Include contour lines to show the shape and elevation of an area. Lines that

are close together indicate steep terrain, and lines that are far apart indicate

flat terrain.

2-3 cadastral maps

The cadaster is most simply described as a methodically arranged

public inventory of data concerning properties within a jurisdiction, based on

a survey of their boundaries [24]. Land registration is the process by which

the documentation affecting interests in land are recorded in a public

register. This is the official legal registration of properties and legal rights.

[25]. from a database perspective, this is a land information system where


22

information is referenced to unique, well-defined units of land, normally

referred to as land parcels. The outlines of these land parcels are normally

shown on large scale maps, are linked to textual land title registers and

provide a spatial reference for other spatial or a spatial, parcel related data.

The International Federation of Surveyors [26] defines a cadaster as a

“parcel based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of

interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities) [27].

It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other

records describing the nature of the interests, ownership or control of those

interests, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements. It may be

established for fiscal purposes (valuation and taxation), legal purposes

(conveyance), to assist in the management of land and land-use control

(planning and administration), and enables sustainable development and

environmental improvement” [28].

However, the concept of Cadastre is difficult to identify. It may be designed

in many different ways, depending on the origin, history and cultural

development of the region or country. Basically, a cadastre as such is just a

record that identifies the individual land parcels/properties. The purpose of

this identification may be taxation (as was the reason for establishing the

European cadasters) or it may be security of land rights (as was the case

when establishing the Torrens systems in the new world such as Australia).

Today, most cadastral registers around the world are linked to both the

land value/taxation area and the area of securing legal rights in land.

Therefore, it makes sense to talk about Cadastral Systems or Cadastral

Infrastructures rather than just Cadaster. These systems or infrastructures

include the interaction between the identification of land parcels, the


23

Registration of land rights, the valuation and taxation of land and property,

and the control of present and possible future use of land [27]. According to

[28] the term Cadaster includes different types of purposes such as Juridical:

a register of ownership of the proprietary land parcel; Fiscal: a register of

properties recording their value to support taxation; Land use: a register of

land use; and when a cadaster serves as a supplier of up-to-date and reliable

land information at an affordable cost, it is then termed as Multipurpose

Cadaster. The objective of the multipurpose cadaster is to provide a service

through which the dynamics of the land parcel may be studied and also meet

the demands of the evolution of LAS which means the needs of the users.

Cadastral Systems can be grouped under three general heads Tax Cadaster,

Real Cadaster, and Legal Cadaster.

An essential prerequisite for an efficient cadastral system is therefore

ensuring that the two datasets are maintained and up-to-date. No set of rights

should exist without a spatial parcel to assign them to, and all spatial parcels

should be linked to a set of rights [29].

This is a simple concept, but can be very difficult to implement in practice.

In many countries there is a weak or non-existent spatial framework and this

is a major cause of uncertainty in rights in land. Most surveys in Thailand

are undertaken to lower accuracy, but lower cost, and graphical standards. In

other countries, such as Tunisia, there is a higher social cost in reaching

agreement on boundaries. When agreement is reached on boundaries in

Tunisia, accurate and costly surveys are undertaken and the coordinates

determined from these surveys are used to re-instate boundaries.


24

In England a general boundary system operates with strong community

acceptance. The general boundaries are charted on large scale topographic

maps produced by a national authority. Registry maps and file plans are

produced from these maps. Land owners have the option of requesting

accurate surveys to fix their boundaries, but few such requests are made.

[30], the cadastral map record is a prime layer in supporting the development

of national Spatial Data Infrastructure. Few if any developed countries have

been able to implement such a system, even with significant recent

improvements in technology and a range of innovative approaches to phase

the introduction of improved accuracy.

The land administration infrastructures may be described as the

organizations, standards, processes, information and dissemination systems

and technologies required to support the allocation, transfer, dealing and use

of land. Information technology will play an increasingly important role both

in constructing the necessary infrastructure and in providing effective citizen

access to information

2-3-1 Types of cadaster map 1. Legal cadaster – supports land markets

2. Fiscal cadaster – supports land taxation

3. Multi-purpose cadaster

2-3-2 Classification of Cadastral System

They can be grouped under three general heads.

1- Tax Cadaster 2- Real Cadaster 3- Legal Cadaster. [31]


25

Tax Cadaster

It is a system of survey where information is collected for land taxation.

The tax may be assessed based on area of land, type of land, value of land

and produce of the land. The physical survey may be represented by sketch.

Usually; accuracy of the survey is low since main objective is tax collection.

The determination of rightful ownership is not done since main objective is

tax collection. AS long as someone agrees to pay taxes, it does not matter to

the government who the rightful owners are.

Real Cadaster In contrast, the real property Cadaster is executed mainly for the physical mapping of land holding boundaries and locating real other properties for land inventory. Real property includes not only land, but also buildings, trees etc., which are permanently fixed to it.

Legal Cadaster Survey which furnishes information for the Registration of the land. Determination of legal ownership and Registration of legal transactions is called as legal cadaster. The requirements of physical survey of land boundaries preceding registration may not be necessary since registration

Can be based on old documents. Thus, in general, the legal cadaster is a complement to both property cadaster and tax cadaster. Hence, the most efficient approach is to take all three objectives together and integrate the three types of cadasters in one system. This is Land Information System or LIS.


26

2-3-3 Stages of the evolution of cadastral map

The cadastral map has long been used as a charting or index map. By the

development of civilization and the increasing importance of cadastral maps.

There is a need to develop and convert cadastral maps from charting or

index map to digital maps and the cadastral parcel as a fundamental unit of

the data models. This requires the integration databases model with charts or

indexes and thus appeared models to suit human evolution.

The first model of the cadaster from a systems or holistic viewpoint. Figure

(2-4) shows the connections between the broader uses and users of cadastral

data. While this model heralds the multipurpose role of the cadaster,

multipurpose was more precisely defined by the American National

Research Council. [32]

Figure (2-4): System view of the cadaster [32]


27

The integration of data, with the cadastral map as the central base map in

these LIS, demonstrates the multipurpose and centralized view of the spatial

cadastral data as depicted in Figure (2-5).

In analogue cadastral systems the cadastral map has long been used as a

charting or index map to other cadastral information and legal instruments a

critical observation was the recognition of the role of the digital, cadastral

parcel as a fundamental unit of the data models associated with LIS;

additionally there was a recognition of the multipurpose use of the cadastral

data to service the information needs of the public and private sector, and

individual users [33]

Figure (2-5): Integrated LIS [33]


28

The structural diagram in Figure (2-6) is data model that identifies the

cadastral data (along with topographic maps and the geodetic framework) as

infrastructure. It clearly shows the interdependency of the spatial data,

spatial data ranging from the geodetic framework to the cadastral overlay

data [31].

Figure (2-6): Components of a Multi-Purpose Cadaster of American National Research Council. Developed a model of a cadastral system emphasizing the organizational

structures. An abbreviation of Williamson’s conceptual model is depicted in

Figure (2-7). The original full model expands the cadastral database to detail

the data and functions of this component.. In this model the cadastral

database organization, with its primary functions of cadastral surveying and

title registration, maintains the ownership data and parcel data of the system.

This cadastral database provides the foundation of a centralized


29

land information system, which manages all the data in the overall

information system. Two characteristics of this conceptual model are

important to note. First the up-to-date cadastral data is distributed to other

organizations, Second the data maintained by each of the users. [33]

Figure (2-7): Cadastral Concept [30]

2-4 Historical Background of Land Registration in Iraq Land registration in Iraq has deep roots. Evidence of the sale of private

properties was noted as early as 2700 BC from the city-states of Ur and

Uruk. Different classes of property were noted in written tablets of the

Sumerian period. Under Hammurabi (1792–1750 BC), land classification

expanded and is referred to in the Hammurabic code.1 Thus, land


30

registration has occurred in Iraq for millennia, and Iraq could well be the

origin of the concept of land as private property.[34]

2-4-1 Land Ownership in Iraq under the Ottoman Occupation The Ottoman occupation of Iraq, which began in 1534, altered the concept

of land ownership to one that all land belongs to the state. The state does not

have to prove this ownership with any document, including title deeds. This

is, in effect, the default position for land ownership—no land is without

ownership. Communities (collective ownership), individuals, and corporate

bodies may own land, but this ownership must be proven through registered

title deeds. During the Ottoman period, most of the lands were owned by

such groups of people as the Rawa and Aana in the northwest of Iraq. At that

time, land reform was established by dividing the lands into three types: [34]

1. Privately held land 2. Ameriya lands (owned by the state)

3. Endowed lands Accordingly, large areas, cities, and complete villages were registered as one

plot of land on one title deed. This was the standard for a long period of

time. The people of one community were considered the legal

owners/partners of the city, town, or village with a single title deed.


31

2-4-2 Land Rights during the British Mandate A year after the British occupation of Iraq in 1917, the commanding

general announced in his Declaration No. 15 (given December 18, 1918) that

the people who have title deeds for their possessions of Ameriya lands are

considered to be tenants for these lands. Institutions were to be established to

examine those title deeds. At the same time, the British authority distributed

lands to some tribal leaders and feudalists7 who had supported the British

occupation [34]. 2-4-3 How the Land Registration System Works From the Ottoman period until 1974, the ownership document was called

the Permanent Title Deed. It was a hand-written copy of the original

registration document of the property ownership held by the TAPU. In 1974,

the Real Estate Registration Law was promulgated, replacing the old

Ottoman Permanent Title Deed with a new Title Deed document. The title

document held by the owner is also a hand-written copy of the original,

official record-book document. It is the only proof of ownership. The RERD

holds the original in its registry.

The Title Deed document incorporates the following information:

1. The complete name of the owner(s).

2. The category of the property—plot of land, residential, arable,

commercial, or industrial.

3. The three types of the property:-


32

A- Private Real Estate—Estates owned by the owner whose name(s) is

registered in the Title Deed document with no other partner.15

B- Public Estates—these belong to the state and are divided into two parts:

1. Properties given by Alezma and

2. Governmental estates entrusted to the RERD. Both types of

ownership affirm that the state is a partner owner with the

individual accorded some ratio or period of use.

C- Endowment (inheritance)—the property is registered in the

Endowment Department and under its protection.

In some cases a landowner makes an agreement with another person to

construct a building on his land. The two sides agree to make use of the

property for a limited period of time. This type agreement is called “Al

Musataha.” At the end of the agreed period, the property ownership reverts

to the landowner, and the building should be registered at the Real Estates

Registration Department. 2-5 Agriculture Cadastral Map in Iraq

Creativity of people in work or making plans and they excelled in the

measurement standards and engineering scientific map. Became map entity

and its own independent science. It was basically a documentary in

establishing science relating to land and thus varied purposes maps and each

map have purpose. Among these maps are cadastral mapping specialized in

identifying private and public property and identify other properties even


33

considered legal documents for the purpose for which it worked or

manufactured. It must clarify the fact that cadastral mapping through legal

supply contained thereon in determining its objectives in settlement of land

rights law that those maps index and described forms and limits and

diversified real estate sites, varieties and use rights and especially the rights

bare.

These maps became official documents its image legal and technical for the

desired purpose and thus the cadastral mapping recorded advanced steps in

the science of documentation and have been continuing in Iraq so far, and

the development of science and technology and the existence of aerial

photographs, which shifted from being aerial photographs to maps through

specialized programs where known maps and aerial surveys.

This map is considered a step forward other than cadastral mapping in many

purposes and is more precise workmanship and less cost and effort, but

cadastral mapping remains the original and are legally accredited and the

differences between the cadastral maps and the satellite are as in follow:

The satellite image do not obey to the legal border limits because it’s an

absolute image, so must refer to the cadastral map the one used by Real

Estate Registration Departments, and by using the new technology by using

ARCGIS, ERDAS programs so these programs enable us to fuse this

satellite image with the cadastral map to form new updated map, where the

earth’s climate, Erosion, and the human activity factor are cause a

continuous change to the map, so that we are in need of the satellite image to

update the old maps. Where our country was forbidden in the last three


34

Decades from this technology and Iraq become behind form his neighbors in

this field, or we can say we are behind from civilization line, which always

and forever work to the good of humanity by creativity and innovation.

There are many things in the cadastral maps hidden for those who work in

this field as a comparison to the satellite image, so we should come back to

the original map to solve these problems, and we will show the importance

of the cadastral maps from (legal, judicial and technical) point to explain the

priority of updating, and transforming it from a paper maps to a digital maps

valid to update and store easily.

The cadastral survey definition in the United Nations (it’s the creation,

description, and confirmation the lands borders). The Iraqi Land rights of

settlement law 29/1938 the summary of the 3rd section of the law is

(confirmation of the land borders and specify there area, and install the

places of rights that deals with lands like, (the rights of drinking, path,

passing Liquefied, course of the river …etc.).

Section 18th for the above mentioned law states: the borders and the places

of rights on the earth must be pointed on the map as inserted in the

adjustment, and signed by the Settlement President and Surveyor Engineer

or Area Inspector. This is the purpose or the duty of the cadastral map, so

that the map will be the technical and Materialist specification of the

property borders.

The Iraqi Land rights of settlement law 43/1971 in its corrected 25th section

(The cadastral map are the maps which Land Registration based on it) which

shows the legal force of this map.


35

2-5-1 Problems of the Cadastral Maps in Iraq

One of the important problems that face cadastral maps and those who

work on it is the component of the cadastral map, the name or the nickname

of the province and its serial no. according to the administrative unit as the

name of the province may repeated in the same administrative unit, or may

be the number of the province repeated without the name because of the

adjustment

In the borders of the administrative unit or the both of the name and the

number may repeat. The borders of the province is outer than the

administrative unit borders this cause a legal problem in the distribution of

the land, the cadastral map is bare from the height and depth borders with

respect to the sea level and this problem appears in the mountain or aquatic

borders. Some of the big provinces borders if it divided to two or more parts

so each part follow a different administrative unit in the same governorate

and some of the province borders contain a lot of complex curves and

detours will strain the workers on the map.

Not all the cadastral maps deals with agriculture lands but there is a

cadastral maps for the residential homes this reveals a new problem which

the province may contain another province inside it and if the map contain

other part or appendix for this province.

Because of using more than one drawing scale in the same map this causes a

problem in measuring the correct area of the land and also cause interference

in borders, some of the borders between the provinces is a river and when

the river changes its path affect the borders by adding areas was


36

Immersed by water follow one province to the other neighbor one This is

illegal adding in the other hand the river immerse new areas from one of

them. In some maps the two neighbor lands borders enclosed or maybe there

is a land in side land.

When the enlargement of the cadastral map began new set of problem

appeared one of it there is more than one appendix for the same map, some

of the appendixes are missed or torn, this cause blur to the geographical

position and this lead to a new problem in position, area, and shape of the

property units, so it need to resettle these lands.

Also there is a problem in the real rights which follow property units this

represent the rights of drinking, path, passing….etc. and for each right there

is featured sign so if the worker on the map mistook in the sign and give a

land right that it is not allowed to have it, this will cause a problem between

the citizens of this area of the land for example the land which irrigated by

rain don’t have the right of drinking.

There are some forbidden lands like the lands which surround the roads, and

puncture project trespass by the people, or some lands become forbidden.

Some lands are distributed to the people but it is not registered in the Real

Estate Registration Department, and also there is problem in the unsettled

lands for example part of national rivers, or the deserts.

One of the worst problem in cadastral map is 40% of the area of the country

Free zones of the settlement so far still waiting for completion of the work or

install settlement rights, such as Salman, Southern Badia, Al-rotba and

Nukhayb.[35]


37

2-5-2 Problem of coordinate system in Iraq

The coordinates systems in Iraq are divided into two systems: the first

system was known as the “third system” and the reference point located in

AL-NAHRWAN south-east of Baghdad city and CLARK1880 Ellipsoid was

used Cannot be considered this system is first degree due to the poor way in

which the monitoring method and weak basic guidelines and the short lines

in addition to the loss of a large part of his marks in, the second system was

established by “Pole Service Company “during 1979-1989, the reference

point located in KARBALA “recently is known “, and CLARK1880

Ellipsoid UTM was used, every project stand alone and it was completed

subdivisions, which led to the spread of control points Ground here and

there. The production or updating cadastral maps using the traditional land

survey instrument are costly and take a lot of time. Furthermore, in Iraq most

of the municipalities don’t have unified coordinate systems which cause

having cadastral maps with different systems. Beside that some of the

municipalities have no cadastral map at all. [36]

2-6 Computerizations Of map and parcel data can enhance the capability to manage, analyze,

summarize, display, and disseminate geographically referenced information

Working with digital cadastral maps and tabular parcel related data in a GIS,

users can selectively retrieve and manipulate layers of parcel and spatial

information to produce composite maps with only the data they need.

Sharing GIS files over an internal or external data network makes parcel

maps and related attribute information widely available, and reduces the

duplication of effort inherent in separate map systems. Such sharing is


38

becoming increasingly sophisticated, ranging from allowing users to

download data or prepared maps, to allowing users to make sophisticated

queries that may draw on the power of the host GIS’s software and

hardware.[3]

2-6-1 Mapping System A digital cadastral mapping system should have the following components:

· Reference to a geodetic control network

· Current base map layer (ideally, photogrammetrically derived)

· A cadastral layer delineating all real property Parcels.

· Vertical aerial photographs and/or images (ideally, orthorectified).

· A unique parcel identifier assigned to each parcel.

· A means to tie spatial data to attribute data (ownership and parcel

characteristic files).

· Additional layers of interest to the assessor, such as municipal

boundaries, zoning, soil types, and flood plains. [37]

2-6-2 Cadastral Map Layers The cadastral map layers should be tied to the base map layer and should

show all parcels in the assessing jurisdiction. Each parcel polygon should be

attributed with a unique parcel identifier. Parcel boundary lines should be

attributed or annotated with bearing, distance, and curve data.[38]


39

2-6-3 Additional Map Layers A multipurpose cadaster should have a variety of layers. Polygon map

layers that can be of great value to the assessor include municipal and taxing

district and school district boundaries, appraisal neighborhoods, soil types,

zoning, subdivision boundaries, and flood insurance rate areas. Linear map

layers may include features such as street centerlines, utility lines, and transit

lines. Point map layers may include locations of fire and police stations,

public buildings and schools. In smaller jurisdictions, the assessor may be

responsible for creating and maintaining some or all of these GIS layers; in a

large jurisdiction, they may be developed and maintained by other offices or

agencies.[39]

2-6-4 Parcel Identifiers Each parcel should be keyed to a unique identification number or code that links the cadastral layer with files containing data such as ownership, value, use, and zoning .The parcel identifier provides a common index for all property records and may help track changes in legal descriptions in a rigorous and more manageable way. [39] 2-6-5 Imagery Vertical aerial photographs based on film have long been an essential

product for base map development. They are being increasingly replaced by

digital images from aircraft. Imagery has greater value when all distortions

removed so that it closely matches the geodetic control, can erve as a base

map, and meets the measurement tolerances required for the cadastral layer.

Such images are called orthophotos, orthorectified images, or “orthos.”

Jurisdictions should acquire new imagery of urban areas at least every five

years and of rural areas at least every ten years. Jurisdictions


40

experiencing rapid or slow growth may need to adjust this timetable. Aerial

imagery (and photogrammetric work done to create base maps) should meet

industry recognized standards for scale, positional accuracy, resolution, and

other requirements.

Digital cadastral maps, whether viewed on-screen or in printed form should

include the following elements:

• Boundaries of all parcels.

• Parcel identifiers.

• Parcel dimensions and areas.

• Easements that influence value.

• Subdivision or plat boundaries, as well as block and lot numbers.

• Boundaries and names of political subdivisions, such as counties, towns,

townships, and municipalities.

• Boundaries and names of geographic subdivisions, such as sections,

townships, government lots, land districts, and land lots.

2-7 GIS FOR Cadaster

Since 1969, ESRI, a pioneer in geoprocessing tools, has been helping

people solve real-world geographic problems. Today, more than 100,000

organizations around the world use ESRI® software because it uses leading

ideas in technology for geographic information management. Many

European countries are developing new strategies to improve cadaster

management. Geographic information system (GIS) technology offers

cadasters a method of quickly accessing and producing maps, leveraging

database information, and automating enterprise work processes.


41

Because ESRI's GIS software is an open system that conforms to

information technology standards, it adapts to a variety of cadaster systems

and responds to endless combinations of requirements and operations. The

vocation of the cadaster for all countries has become multipurpose: serving

administrative mandates, maintaining an up-to-date database, assigning

values for taxation, calculating subsidies, addressing rural development and

agrarian management, and providing products and services to citizens and

companies.

Some countries are creating National Spatial Data Infra structures that

serve as geospatial information warehouses. The cadaster is one of the base

layers of a National Spatial Data Infrastructure. ESRI has a well-documented

history of working with the international GIS community to develop these

national architectures for geospatial database access [3].

Chapter Three Remote Sensing and Satellite Image

42

Chapter Three

Remote sensing and Satellite images

In this chapter we talk about remote sensing fundamentals and one of its

applications is mapping in brief, and explained the characteristics of satellite

images.

3 .1 Remote Sensing

The acquisition and measurement of data/information on some property of

a phenomenon, object, or material by a recording device not in physical

intimate contact with the features under surveillance; techniques involve

amassing knowledge pertinent to environment by measuring force fields,

electromagnetic radiation, or acoustic energy employing cameras,

radiometers and scanners, lasers, radio frequency receivers, radar systems,

sonar, thermal devices, seismographs, magnetometers, gravimeters,

scintillometers, and other instruments.[40] .

The sun provides a very convenient source of energy for remote sensing.

The sun's energy is either reflected, as it is for visible wavelengths, or

absorbed and then reemitted, as it is form thermal infrared wavelengths.

Remote sensing systems which measure energy that is naturally available are

called passive sensors such as camera. Active sensors, on the other hand,

provide their own energy source for illumination. The sensor emits radiation

which is directed toward the target to be investigated. Some examples of

active sensors are a laser fluorosens or and a synthetic and satellite [41].

In order for a sensor to collect and record energy reflected or emitted from a

target or surface, it must reside on a stable platform removed from the target


43

or surface being observed. Platforms for remote sensors may be situated on

the ground, on an aircraft or balloon (or some other platform within the

Earth's atmosphere),or on a spacecraft or satellite outside of the Earth's

atmosphere. sensing instruments can be placed on a variety of platforms to

view altitudes, which view the same portion of the Earth's surface at all

times have geostationary orbits. These geostationary satellites, at altitudes of

approximately 36,000 kilometers, monitor weather and cloud patterns

covering an entire hemisphere of the Earth. Many remote sensing platforms

are designed to follow an orbit (basically north-south) which, in conjunction

with the Earth's rotation (west-east), allows them to cover most of the Earth's

surface over a certain period of time.

3-2- Common uses satellite imagery

3-2-1 Landsat

The LANDSAT satellites 2 (figure 3.1) for land observation. The program

was first started by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(NASA) in 1972, then turned over to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA) after it became operational. Since 1984, satellite

operation and data handling were managed by a commercial company

EOSAT. However, all data older than 2 years return to “public domain” and

are distributed by the Earth Resource Observation System (EROS) Data

Center of the US Geological Survey (USGS) [42].

The first satellite in the series, LANDSAT -1 (initially named as the Earth

Resource Technology Satellite ERTS-1) was launched on 23 July 1972.The

satellite had a designed life expectancy of 1 year but it ceased operation only


44

on January 1978.LANDSAT -2 was launched on 22 January 1975 and three

additional LANDSAT satellites were in 1978,1982, and 1984 (LANDSAT -

3,4, and 5 respectively).LADNDSAT-6 was launched on October 1993 but

the satellite failed to obtain orbit. A new satellite LANDSAT -7 was

launched in 15 April 1999.Currently, only LANDSAT -5 and 7 are

operational. The Landsat orbit is show in table (3.1)

Figure (3-1): Landsat satellite [43]

Table (3-1): LANDSAT Orbit

Type Sun-Synchronous

Altitude 705km

Inclination 98.2 deg

Period 99 min

Repeat Cycle 16 ays


45

3-2-1-1 Sensors

A- MSS (Multi –Spectral) , 0n LANDSAT -1 to 5 . Being one of the

older generation sensors, routine data acquisition for MSS was

terminating in late 1992. The resolution of the MSS sensor was

approximately 80m as shown in table (3.2) with radiometric coverage

in four spectral bands from the visible green to the near-infrared (IR)

wavelengths. Only the MSS sensor on Landsat 3 had a fifth band in

the thermal-IR.

Table (3-2): LANDSAT 4,5 MSS Sensor Characteristics

Band Wavelength (μm) Resolution (m)

Green 1 0.5 - 0.6 82m

Red 2 0.6 - 0.7 82m

Near IR 3 0.7 - 0.8 82m

Near IR 4 0.8 - 1.1 82m

B- TM (Thematic Mapper), first operational on LANDSAT -4. TM

sensors primarily detect reflected radiation from the Earth surface in

the visible and near- infrared (IR) wavelengths, but TM sensor

provides more radiometric information than the MSS sensor. The

wavelength range for the TM sensor is from the visible (blue), through

the mid-IR, into the thermal –IR portion of the electromagnetic

spectrum. Sixteen detectors for the visible and mid-IR wavelength

bands in the TM sensor provide 16 scan lines on each active scan.

Four detectors for the thermal-IR band provide four scan lines on each


46

active scan. The TM sensor has a spatial resolution of 30m for the

visible, near-IR, and mid-IR wavelengths and a spatial resolution of

120m for the thermal-IR band.

C- ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) is carried on board Landsat

7. The ETM+ instrument is eight-band multispectral scanning

radiometric capable of providing high resolution image information of

the Earth’s surface. Its spectral bands are similar to those of TM;

except that the thermal band (band 6) as shown in table (3.3) has an

improved resolution of 60m (versus 120m in TM).There is also an

additional panchromatic band at 15m resolution.

Table (3-3): LANDSAT TM, ETM+ sensor Characteristics band Wavelength(nm) Resolution (m)

Blue 1 0.45 - 0.52 30m

Green 2 0.52 - 0.60 30m

Red 3 0.63 - 0.69 30m

Near IR 4 0.76 - 0.90 30m

SWIR 5 1.55 - 1.75 30m

Thermal IR 6 10.40 - 12.50 120(TM),60(ETM+)

SWIR 7 2.08 - 2.35 30m

Panchromatic 0.5 - 0.9 15

3-2-2 SPOT5 SPOT5 (figure 3.2) is a new satellite of the SPOT family of satellites. It is

planned to be launched in the first quarter of 2002.A new High Resolution

Geometry or HRG imaging instrument is developed by CNES to be carried

on-board SPOT5, and there orbit is shown in (table 3.4). The spectral band

in the short wave infrared band is maintained at a resolution of 20m due to


47

limitations imposed by the geometry of the CCD sensors used in this band.

The field width of HRG is 60 km, as SPOT 1, 2, 3, there characteristics

show in table (3.5)

and 4. With two HRG instruments, a maximum swath of 120km at 5m

resolution can be achieved. The oblique viewing capacity is maintained

providing rapid access to a given area. A dedicated instrument High

Resolution Stereo (HRS), for a long track stereo acquisition will also be

carried on board SPOT5.A vegetation large coverage instrument will also be

available.

Figure (3-2): Spot5 satellite

To ensure continuity with the SPOT 1-4 satellites, the SPOT 5 spectral

bands will be the same as those for SPOT4: B1(0.50 – 0.59 um); B2 (0.61-

0.68 um);B3(0.70- 0.89um); and SWIR (1.58 -1.75 um). The panchromat ic

band will, however, return to the values used for SPOT 1 through 3(pan:

o.51-0.73 um).

SPOT5 will have the same swath (60km) as SPOT 1-4 satellites, but with

higher resolution. In order to transmit the increase volume of data within a

data rate limit of 100 Mbit/s, data compression techniques will be used while

downlinking the data to the ground station.


48

The specifications of SPOT 5 called for a planimetric accuracy of 10m (rms)

and an elevation accuracy of 5m (rms).These figures are compatible with

conventional mapping standards at 1:50 000 scale. The radiometric quality

of SPOT5 imagery will be equal or better than that of SPOT 4.s.

Table (3-4): SPOT 5 Orbit

Type

Sun-Synchronous,10:30am (local solar

time) descending node crossing

Altitude 832 km


Period 101 min

Repeat Cycle 26 days

Off-Nadir Revisit 1 to 3 days

SPOT 5 will have the same orbit as SPOT 1 - 4.

Table (3-5): SPOT 5 Characteristics

Swath Width

60km

Metric Accuracy 10 m (rms) planimetric, 5 m elevation

Radiometric Digitization 8 bits

3-2-3 IKONOS Launched on September 24, 1999, figure (3.3) IKONOS is the world’s

first commercial satellite providing very high resolution (up to 1m) imagery

of the earth, the orbit optioned is shown in table (3.6). The IKONOS satellite


49

is operated by Space Imaging Inc. Of Denver, Colorado, USA and it

simultaneously collects one-meter resolution black – and white

(panchromatic) images and four- meter resolution color (multispectral)

images, and there characteristics in table (3.7). The multispectral images

consist of four bands in the blue, green and near- infrared wavelength

regions. These images can be merged with panchromatic images of the same

locations to produce “pan-sharpened color” images of 1-m resolution. The

satellite camera can distinguish objects on the Earth’s surface as small as

one meter square, but it cannot see individual people. The IKONOS satellite

is equipped with state- of – the art star trackers and on board GPS, enabling

it to acquire imagery with very high positional accuracy. It is suitable for

applications requiring a high level of details and accuracy, such as mapping,

agricultural monitoring, resource management and urban planning.

Figure (3-3): The IKONOS Satellite


50

Table (3-6): IKONOS Orbit


Altitude

68 km


Descending node

crossing time

10:30 am local solar time

Period 98 min

Off-Nadir Revisit 1.5 to 2.9 days at 40o latitude

Table (3-7) IKONOS characteristics

Viewing Angle

Agile spacecraft, along track and across

track pointing

Swath Width 11 km nominal at nadir

Image Modes

Single scene: 13 km x 13 km

Strips: 11 km x 100 km up to 11 km x

1000 km

Image mosaics: up to 12,000 sq. km

Metric Accuracy 12 m horizontal, 10 m vertical without


Spectral Bands wavelength (μm) Resolution

1 (blue) 0.40 - 0.52

4 m

2 (green) 0.52 - 0.60

4 m

3 (red) 0.63 - 0.69 4 m

4 (NIR)

0.76 - 0.90 4 m

Panchromatic 0.45 - 0.90 1 m


51

3-2-4 Quickbird The Quickbird satellite is a series of very high resolution satellites operated

by Earth Inc, shown in figure (3.4). In September 2001, Earth Watch

changed its name to Digital Globe. The first of the satellites, Quickbird-1

was launched on 20 Nov 2000, but failed to reach orbit. The second identical

satellite, Quickbird-2, is planned to be launched in October 2001.Both

satellites were initially planned for 1m resolution imaging. In December

2000, Earth Watch received a license to operate a 0.5 meter resolution

satellite system,Quickbird orbit shown in table (3.8). The plans for

Quickbird 2 are modified to increase the resolution of the satellite imaging

system from the originally planned 1-m resolution to o.61 m by lowering the

orbit in which the satellite will be flown. The panchromatic resolution is

increased from 1m to 0.61m and the multispectral resolution is increased

from 4m to 2.5m. For more details see table (3.9)

Figure (3-4): Quickbird Satellite

The Quickbird-2 satellite will simultaneously collect panchromatic images

at o.61m resolution and multispectral images at 2.5m resolution. The


52

multispectral images consist of four bands in the blue, green, red and near –

infrared wavelength regions. The multispectral images can be merged with

panchromatic images of the same locations to produce “panshapened color”

images of 0.61m resolution [44]. The satellite’s ability to acquire high

resolution imagery will supply users with satellite data at resolution

comparable to aerial photography. Buildings, cars, and even large individual

trees can be recognized. Locational information collected by the satellite’s

star trackers and onboard global positioning system (GPS) will enable users

accurate, large- scale mapping without using ground control points (GCPs)

[45].

Table (3-8): Quickbird Orbit


Altitude

450 km

Inclination 98 deg

Period 93.4

Off-Nadir Revisit

1 to 3.5 days

Field of Regard 544 km swath


53

Table (3-9): Quickbird -2 Sensor Characteristics

Viewing Angle Agile spacecraft, in-track and cross-track

pointing +/-

30 deg nominal fore-and-aft and side-to-

side,

45 deg maximum

Swath Width 17 km nominal at nadir

Image Strip Length Up to 225 km

Metric Accuracy 23 m circular error (CE), 17 m linear error

(LE)

at 90% confidence (without ground control

points)


Spectral Band) Wavelength (μm Resolution

(at nadir)

Resolution

(at 30o off nadir)

1 (blue) 0.45 - 0.52 2.5 m 2.9 m

2 (green) 0.52 - 0.60

2.5 m 2.9 m

3 (red) 0.63 - 0.69 2.5 m 2.9 m

4 (NIR) 0.76 - 0.89 2.5 m 2.9 m

Panchromatic 0.45 - 0.90 0.61 m 0.73 m


54

3-3 Geometric Correction

Digital images collected from airborne or space-born sensors often contain

systematic and non-systematic errors that arise from the earth curvature,

platform motion, relief displacement, non-linearities in scanning motion, and

the earth rotation. Some of these errors can be corrected by using ephemeris

of the platform and precisely known internal sensor distortion

characteristics. Other errors can only be corrected by matching image

coordinates of physical features recorded on the image to the geographic

coordinate of the same feature collected from a map [3].

3-3-1 Systematic Correction

Geometric systematic distortions are those effects that are constant and can

be predicted in advance. These are of mainly three types, which are as

follows:

1- Scan skew: it is caused by forward motion of the spacecraft during the

time of each mirror sweep. In this case, the ground swath scanned is

not normal to the ground track.

2- Known mirror velocity variation: the known mirror velocity variation

are used to correct the mirror distortion due to the velocity of the scan

mirror not being constant from start to finish of each scan line.

3- Cross-track distortion: these generally occur in all the unrestored

images acquired by the across- track scanners. They result from

sampling pixels along a scan line at constant time intervals. The width

of pixel is proportional to the tangent of the scan angle and therefore


55

is wider at the either margins of the scan line that compresses the

pixel. This distortion is restored using trigonometric function.

3-3-2-Non-systematic Correction

There are two type of image non-systematic correction as described below.

1- Image to ground geocorrection (or georeferencing) is the correction of

digital image to ground coordinates using GCPs collected from maps or

collected from ground using GPS. Georeferencing is the process of

projecting image data onto a plane and making it conform to a map

projection system. If the GCPs are collected from ground, the process is

known as image –to-ground georeferencing; and if the GCPs are

collected from an existing map, then the process is generally referred as

image-to-map georeferencing.

2- Image-to-image correction (or image registration), is image-to-image

correction involves matching the coordinate system of two digital

image with one image acting as a reference image and the other as the

image to be rectified this process is to making image data conform to

another image many applications of remote sensing image data require

two or more images of the same geographic area, acquired at different

dates or by different sensors, to be processed together.

In our work we use this method image-to-image correction because it is

provide effort and work and the lowest price of other methods. This

method use polynomial transformation where we will explain.


56

3-4 Polynomials

A polynomial is a mathematical expression consisting of variables and

coefficients. A coefficient is constant, which is multiplied by a variable in

the expression. The variables in polynomial expressions can be raised to

exponents. The highest exponent in a polynomial. A polynomial with one

variable, x, take the following form [3]:

A + Bx +Cx2 + Dx3 + …. + Ωxt (3-1)

Where

A, B, C, D ….Ω = coefficients t= the order of polynomial

The following first-order polynomial transformation equation can be used to

determine the coefficients required to transform pixel coordinate

measurement to the corresponding other coordinate value.

x0 = a1 + a2 X + a3Y (3-2)

y0= b1 + b2 X + b3 Y (3-3)

Where (X,Y) are the input pixel coordinates and (x0, y0 ) are the output

(geographic) coordinate.

The order of the polynomial used in this process is the order of the

transformation. Polynomial equations are used to convert the source

coordinate to rectified coordinate. The pixel coordinate system has an x

coordinate (column) and y coordinate (row).


57

Using a polynomial transformation, the relationship between the pixel

coordinate system and the geographic coordinate system can be defined. The

best order of transformation can be obtained using a trial and error process.

Initially, a few (at least three for first-order polynomial) ground control point

(GCPs) are required to determine six transformation coefficient (a1, a2, a3,

b1, b2, b3). The resulting six coefficients can then be transform each set of

row (X) and column (Y) pixel coordinate to output (geographic)

coordinates. We use in our work second-order transformation equation

(where at least 6 number of GCPs are required to determine 12

transformation coefficient) for X and Y are:-

x0 = a1 + a2X + a3Y + a4X2 + a5XY + a6Y2 (3-4)

b0 = b1 + b2X + b3Y + b4X2 + b5 XY + b6Y2 (3-5)

3-5 Resampling

The next step in the rectification/registration process is to create the output

file. Since the grid of pixels in the source image rarely matches the grid for

the reference image, the pixels are resampled so that new data file values for

the output file can be calculated. Resampling is used to determine the pixel

values to be filled in the (output) image from the uncorrected (input) image.

The resampled method which was used in the research is Cubic Convolution

Interpolation. The resampling step the image data are transformed to the

regular grid of the reference frame a desired spatial resolution and a method

for interpolation have to be selected. Some well-known interpolation

methods are nearest neighbor, Bilinear Interpolation, and cubic convolution

interpolation [46].


58

3-5-1 Bilinear Interpolation

In this method, the value of the rectified pixel is based upon the distance

between the transformed coordinate location and the four closest pixels in

the input image. Bilinear determines the gray level from the weighted

average of the four closest pixels to the specified input coordinate and

assigns that value to the output coordinates. It generates an image

appearance smoother than Nearest Neighbor, but the gray level value are

resulting in blurring or loss of image resolution [47].

3-5-2 Nearest Neighbor

To determine the output pixel’s nearest neighbor, the rectified coordinate

(x,y) of pixel are transformed back to the source coordinate system using the

inverse transformation. It calculates the gray level from the closet pixel to

the specified input coordinate, which introduce as well error into the newly

registered image [47]

3-5-3 Cubic Convolution Interpolation

In cubic convolution method, the value of the rectified pixel upon the

distances between the transformed coordinates location and the sixteen

closest pixels in the input image. It determines the gray level from the

average of the sixteen closest pixels to the specified input coordinates and

assigns that value to the output coordinates [47]

Chapter Four Experimental Work

59

Experimental work

In this chapter we talk about experiment work it can be divided into three

meager part the first one the geometric correction, secondly about how we

draw the cadastral map in the last we joined the map with database:

4-1 Geometric correction

In the beginning we have old cadastral map which draw by hand in 1932

and high resolution satellite image, the satellite image was corrected from

the exporter with projection UTM, spheroid WGS 84, zone number 38

(range 42 E-48 E), and Datum WGS 48.The geometric correction processing

through two stages. the first one is to convert the old digital cadaster map

from pixel coordinates into UTM coordinates depending upon the new

gridding on the old cadaster map which made by Ministry of Water

Resources department of General Authority of Survey in June 2011 and we

get the result in table (4-1a) below, the figure (4-1a) show the GCPs point

which we made the correct upon it after that we projected the map on the

satellite image we find huge different between the corrected image and map

as show in figure(4-5) so that we made second stage in geometric correction,

which we correct the map to the satellite image. We want to illustrate the

processing of geometric correction as we don at the beginning we chose the

proper GCPs, secondary make two stage of geometric correction with

polynomial and finally resample the corrected image.


60

4-1-1 Ground Control point (GCPs)

A ground control point of an identifier two set of coordinate and residual

relate to the image space a control point has two plane coordinate in x and y

and related to the spatial reference system the same point is define with three

coordinates X, Y and Z. GCPs are used in positioning and correlation map

feature and to determine geometrical correction. It is sometimes useful for

point identification to have control point sketches which show the location

of the point. Control points can be derived from maps, orthimage and from

field surveys. We benefit from GCPS point to make geometric correction

and plot the cadastral map. We try to select the appropriate GCPs point in

order to be a better correction and give good results as shown in the table

(4-1a), (4-1b) and figure (4-1a) and figure (4-2).

Table (4-1a): GCPs of the first stage of geometric correction

Point Id X input Y input X ref. Y ref. X residual

Y residual

RMS

GCP 1 503995.295 3630003.611 504000 3630000 -0.007 0.144 0.144 GCP2 505002.430 3630001.101 505000 3630000 -0.042 0.116 0.123 GCP3 505996.196 3630001.101 506000 3630000 -0.030 0.776 0.776 GCP4 504999.794 3628003.026 505000 3628000 0.234 -3.107 3.116

GCP5 505998.832 3627997.754 506000 3627000 0.023 -0.632 0.632 GCP6 505002.430 3627003.988 505000 3627000 -0.179 2.703 2.709 total control point error for (x) 0.1223 m

total control point error for (y) 1.731 m

total control point error 1.736 m


61

Figure (4-1a): the first stage of geometric correction

After we correct the map, the first stage is over, we take the result of first

stage picture (1) in figure (4-1b), and put it on the satellite image we

recognize the geometric correction has shifting so we made the second stage,

The second stage of geometric correction it is to correct the old cadastral

map with the satellite image as the Source we depended on it we use

registration method image- to- image as we illustrate in chapter 3. There are

sex control point that we dependent on it as shown in figure (4-2), and the

figure (4-3) show the control point on the satellite image where control point


62

is (any station in a horizontal and /or vertical control system that is identified

on a photograph or digital image and used for correlating the data shown on

that photograph/image).

Figure (4-1b): The first pictures represent the first stage of geometric correction, and the

second picture represents the first one overlaid on the satellite image


63

Figure (4-2): Producing the locations of the GCPs on the old map.


64

Figure (4-3): Illustrated the reference satellite image with locations of GCPs.

We found many problems because the area of our interest is an agricultural

region so it does not have any landmarks like bridge or highway, crossroads

to make the geometric correction easy process. It just farmland, it taken a

long time, so we use the method of try and error, and finally we make it with

total control point error (x= 0.6687, y= 0.5316) and total root mean square

RMS error less than 1 it equal to 0.8542.


65

Table(4-1b): The coordinates of the input and reference image with their RMS

Point Id X input Y input X ref. Y ref. X residual

Y residual

RMS Contrib.

GCP 1 505843.299 3630060.274 505829.198 3630094.243 -1.115 0.369 1.174 1.375 GCP2 504925.324 3629218.888 504921.990 3629227.412 0.436 -0.043 0.438 0.513

GCP3 503663.337 3625130.990 503663.341 3625120.513 -0.484 0.951 1.067 1.249 GCP4 505932.890 3629025.578 505916.737 3629066.913 0.984 -0.317 1.034 1.211

GCP5 502483.917 3624903.156 502498.934 3624854.608 0.212 -0.695 0.727 0.851 GCP6 506878.705 3627283.475 506844.504 3627363.601 -0.033 -0.264 0.266 0.312 total control point error for (x) 0.6687

total control point error for (y) 0.5316

total control point error 0.8542

(The accuracy should be usually within ±1 pixle. If the error is larger than

the requirement, the coordinates on the image and map/ground should be

rechecked) [3], so our result less than 1 as show in table (4-1b) so we in the

safe side. In figure below we will review the corrected map figure (4-4). The

figure (4-5) Show the different between the corrected map of the first stage

and the corrected map of the second stage. Firstly we used ArcGIS program

to do geometric correction but we get large RMS so we obligate to use

ERDAS program and we get good result.

4-1-2 Resampling

The next step in the rectification/registration process is to create the output

file. Since the grid of pixels in the source image rarely matches the grid for

the reference image, the pixels are resampled so that new data file values for

the output file can be calculated. Resampling is used to determine the pixel

values to be filled in the (output) image from the uncorrected (input) image.

The resampled method which is used in the research is Cubic Convolution

Interpolation.


66

Figure (4-4): The corrected Map


67

Figure (4-5): Producing the first and second corrected old cadaster map and satellite

image.


68

4-2 New cadastral map

By using ArcGIS which includes a suite of integrated applications that

allow you to preform your tasks, from simple to advance including mapping,

geographic analysis, data editing and compilation, data management,

visualization, and geoprocessing.

ArcGIS provides a scalable frame work for implementing GIS for a single

user or many users. The main application in ArcGIS is ArcMAp which is

used for all mapping and editing tasks as well as for map-based quire and

analysis.ArcMap represents geographic information as a collection of layers

and other elements in a map view. We use this program because it has many

Features as we mentioned earlier.

And we draw eastern AL- Shehmea it has 10 provinces where each

provinces have a parcels for example province number 1 have 247 parcels

where every parcels represent piece of land which exist in satellite image,

that take a lot of times and work and put all provinces in one layer call it

border, and we make three other layers for Tigris, sub-river, and street. We

will show the ten pieces with its database together. The figure (4-6) show the

new cadastral map and the old cadastral map and the different between them

is the province no.10 which in old map cut off and drawn beside it while we

draw it as it is. The figure (4-7) shows the old cadastral and the new one

with satellite image. Finally the figure (4-8) shows the new cadastral map

with the parcels number and show the hard work of plotting them.


69

4-3 Database

When we went to real state registration department to get the information,

they refuse give it to us because information is confidential. That is a big

problem to our research, therefor we went to the Department of Agriculture

in Kut, to collect the necessary information, we get the contents of database

are owner name, land area by kilometers, property type, price of acre by Iraqi

dinar , irrigation type, the cultivable area by kilometers , the non-cultivable

area by kilometers, all crops by tons like amount of wheat crop, amount of

barley crop, amount of jet crop, amount of trefoil crop, amount of orange

crop, amount of palm crop, amount of bitter crop, amount of lemon crop,

amount of pomegranate crop, amount of apricot crop, amount of olive crop,

amount of fig crop, amount of mulberry crop, amount of apple crop, amount

of summer vegetables, amount of winter vegetables, livestock type, fish lake,

apiary, poultry, number of farmers, number of wells, number of fodder

plants, number of tunnels, number of greenhouse, number of tractors, number

of massacres, number of pumps. We take all kind of information that is

available for agricultural land in general for governorate of Kut, this allows

for workers in the field to design database suitable for them.


70

Figure (4-6): illustrated the drawing all parcels which contain in study area and corrected map.


71

Figure (4-7): represents the satellite image, old cadaster map, and new cadaster map.


72

The figure (4-8) show all parcels, that were plotting within the study area,

which includes ten major boycotts according to what exists in the real state

registration department in the province of Kut.

Figure (4-8): Showing the all parcels of the study area with their numbers.

Form figure (4-9) shows the new agriculture cadaster map for number one

province adjacent to the Tigris River, which includes a very large number of

parcels with the determining of its frontiers with the database statement that

region.


73

Figure (4-9): Illustrated the agriculture Cadaster map for province number one with their number of the parcels.


74

Database for the province number one, as provided from the Department of Real Estate Registration.

Table (4-2): Database of province number one


75

New agricultural cadastral map for the province number two represents the

eastern border for the Al-Shehimiah and includes a number of parcels, as

well as going through a river branching from the Tigris River. Database

associated with this region, which contains some of the information that was

obtained from the same source.

Figure (4-10): Illustrated the district number 2.


76

Database associated with this region shown in table (4.3)

Table (4-3): Database of province number two

County number three located between districts two and four. Also includes a number of parcels and passes by the River St. from the Tigris River. This section is divided into two parts in the upper part of this county, one enters the district No. 2 and the second part goes along the three provinces. And information that region appear in the attached database.


77

Figure (4-11): Producing district number 3.


78

The database belongs to this region shown in table (4.5)

Table (4-4): Database of province number three

County number four figure (4-12) represents the province that bordered to

the north county number one on the south county number ten. Passes in the

northern part of the area branches of the river branching from the Tigris

River. one of these branches splits into two parts enter one in the province of

No. 3 and the second goes to County No7, while the other section also is


79

divided into two parts and one goes to the district No. 5 and the other passes

through the area 4.

Figure (4-12): Showing the district number 4.

In general, organized information of this region in a database showing in the table (4.5)


80

Table (4-5): Database of province number four

Number Five of district consists of a single parcel, and passes by two branches of the river coming from the Tigris River, one of these two branches represent boundary between the province and neighboring provinces from the eastern side, while the second section, it passes through this region from the Eastern Province. Then the database are displayed that region.


81

Figure (4- 13): Producing district number 5.


82

Database for specific to the number five of region shown in table (4.6)

Table (4-6): Database of province number five


83

The region carrying the number six represents the western boundaries of the study area in the upper part (Al-shehimiah) .This region are divided into a set of parcels which Have some of their own information, that are received from the Department of Real Estate Registration.

Figure (4-14): represented the district number 6.


84

The database for region number 6, shown in table (4.8)

Table (4-7): Database of province number six


85

County number seven represents most of the western border region of the

study area. The river passes this region along their length. it linked to the

database for this region as shown below.

Figure (4- 15): Showing district number 7.


86

Database for district number 7, shown in table (4.8)

Table (4-8): Database of province number seven


87

New agricultural map of the area assigned the number eight with the

database for their own information.

Figure (4-16): Showing the district number 8.


88

Database for District No. 8, shown in table (4.9)

Table (4-9): Database of province number eight


89

Red color indicates to the district which has number nine is one parcel

according to what exist in the old map, but in fact made up of four parcels by

new agricultural cadastral map and this will ensure that people’s property

rights.

Figure (4-17): Producing the province number 9.


90

Some information belonging to that the region appear in this database table

(4.10)

Table (4-10): Database of province number nine


91

The number ten represents the southern part of the study area which has the

number of parcels. In the northern part of the region passes river that is the

boundary between the district No.4 and 7. It linked with the new agricultural

cadastral map with its database.

Figure (4-18): represent the region which holding number 10.


92

Table (4.11) show the database for district number 10.

Table (4-11): Database of province number ten


93

Drawing which carries No. 8, shows the parcel which bearing No. 47,

located within the district's number one. While satellite image in Figure

(4.21) shows the location of that parcel in this image.

Figure (4-19): Showing the both the district number one and parcel number 47.


94

Figure (4- 20): Parcel holding number 47 within district number one.

Figure (4- 21): Representing the parcel number 47 within satellite image.


95

Database of this parcel, shown in table (4.13)

Table (4-12): Database of parcels number 47 in province number one


96

These picture below show some of parcels have unique character the figure

(4-22) show parcels number 235 in province number 1 which is on the west

bank of Tigris therefor it ample fertility and their database table (a). The

figure (4-23) show parcels number 1 in province number 9 which is far away

from Tigris and near sub river Hspak. The figure (4-24) show the parcels

number 16 in province number 10 which is the last parcels in south and it is

within the land reclamation project in nahiyah al Shehmea and their

database. The last figure (4-25) show the intersect of three provinces 4, 5,

and 7 and the swera-zobeadia across them and we see three sub rivers which

are Abboud, Jpelaa, and Salman these area have important place because it

on the road and have enough water so it very useful for agriculture

investment.

Figure (4-22): Show parcels number 235 in province number 1


97

Table (4-13): Database of parcels number 235 in province number 1


98

Figure (4-23): Showing parcels number 1 in Provence number 9

Figure (4-24): Showing the parcels number 16 in province number 10


99

Table (4-14): Database of parcels number 16 in province number 10

Figure (4-25): Showing the intersection of three provinces 4, 5, and 7

Chapter Five Conclusion and the future work

100

Conclusion

1-We get new digital cadastral map of the study area and relate it to

database.

2-This work can be applied to all areas of Iraq, to get updated maps, similar

to developed countries.

3- The features in old map belong to the 1932 while features in satellite

image at 2006, so it is natural that there will be a big change during such a

long period of time.

4- Database should be repaired and updated every time to be useful

Recommendations

1- Geometric correction for satellite images by using DGPS.

2- In geometric correction using other models, such as rational function.

3- Increase the number of Ground Control Points.

4- cadastral maps need to more attention by supporting agricultural

institution

Reference

101

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المستخلص

) مهمة جدا النها تحتوي على المواصفات التقنية والفنية المساحيةتعد خرائط الملكية الزراعية (والقانونية بالنسبة الى تحديد حدود الملكية. وتلك الخرائط هي االساس لترسيم وتحديد الحدود ما بين

فهناك جدوى ماسة في تحديثها القطع والمقاطعات في العراق،ولها اهمية اقتصادية كبرى لذلك ورقمنتها.

في رسالتنا هذه، خذت منطقة الشحيمية (تقع في محافظة واسط جنوب العراق) ،اذ استخدمت خارطة على ان تحدث ويعاد ،۱۹۳۲ويعود تاريخ انتاجها الى عام ۱:۱۰۰۰۰زراعية كادسترائية لها مقياس

) ماخوذة من القمر سم ٦۰ة حديثة عالية الدقة (فضائي انتاجها باالسلوب الرقمي اعتمادا على صورة .)QuickBird(الصناعي

تم تطبيق التصحيح الهندسي عاى مرحلتين، في المرحلة االولى صححت الخارطة الكادسترائية القديمة باالعتماد على التشبيك الذي وضع عليها (ورقيا) من قبل الهيئة العامة للمساحة في وزارة

ية، اما المرحلة الثان.UTMتحولت احداثياتها من نظام بكسل الى نظام الموارد المائية وبذلك ولغرض مطابقتها هندسيا مع الصورة المصححة الحديثة (اتخذت كمرجع للتصحيح) تم تصحيح

الخارطة المنتجة من المرحلة االولى باالعتماد على هذه الصورة الفضائية وبذلك فقد نتجت خارطة مع نسبة خطا كلي )ERDAS(باستخدام برنامج كادسترائية مصححة باالعتماد على الصورة

)0.8542( .

بعد ذلك،تم رسم مجموعة من الطبقات لمنطقة الدراسة النتاج خريطة زراعية كادسترائية جديدة باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية وربط المعلومات الخاصة بمنطقة الدراسة في وسط العراق.

م ثم الربط مع نظ) Microsoft Access 2010(باستخدام واخيرا تم تصميم قاعدة البيانات .المعلومات الجغرافية

بواسطة كادسرائيةال ةالزراعي تحديث خرائط الصور الفضائية عالية الدقة و نظم المعلومات

الجغرافية

رسالة مقدمة/ جامعة بغداد كجزء من متطلبات نيل درجة الماجستير في العلومإلى كلية

الفيزياء (التحسس النائي)

من قبل

هاشم فاضل عباس ٢٠١٠¡ فيزياءبكالوريوس

إشراف نوال خلف غزالد.

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