agenda - what's new | kansas emergency … restoration system (• energy management system...

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Les Boatright, KCEM, CEM, CBCP, MEP

September 11, 2013

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

The world has become dependent on electricity…..

Self

Actualization

Esteem

Belongingness & Love

Safety

Physiological

BasicNeeds

• People get upset when the power is off…..

• People need it to survive – medical customers, etc.

• Industrial and Commercial customers rely on it to produce goods and services we consume


• Kids all over the world go to sleep with a light on (and maybe a few adults)

• People get upset when the power is off…..

• People need it to survive – medical customers, etc.

• Industrial and Commercial customers rely on it to produce goods and services we consume


• Kids all over the world go to sleep with a light on (and maybe a few adults)

• It’s tougher to get a snack out of yourrefrigerator without the light coming on whenthe door is opened

• How Electricity is Generated

• How Electricity gets to You

• Advisory/Regulatory Groups

• System Automation

AGENDA

• Big 3 – GMD, EMP, GIC

• Historic Events

• So What?

• Risk Management/Phases of Emergency Management

• Conclusion

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How Electricity is Generated

How Electricity Gets to You

Step‐Up Transformer

Step‐Down Transformer

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US Grid Model Average Transmission Line Length (miles)

US Grid Model Average Transmission Line Length (miles)

1,339 lines

445 lines

35 lines

Supply and Demand

• Department of Energy (DOE)

• Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

• Edison Electric Institute (EEI)

• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Advisory/Regulatory Groups

• Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)

• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)

NERC Regions

SPPKCP&LEmpireWestar

SERCAmeren

• Develop rules and regulations that utilities have to follow for compliance

• Engaged as a think-tank

• Operate as lobbyists for the industry

Advisory/Regulatory

• Develop operations standards and reliability measures

• Create best practices among the participants

• Investigate system automation opportunities

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Utilities use a variety of computer automation to control their systems:

• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

• Outage Management System (OMS)

• Outage Restoration System (ORS)

How Automation Aides a Utility….

• Outage Restoration System (ORS)

• Energy Management System (EMS)

• Dynamic Voltage Control (DVC)

• Network Automation

• Automated Meter Intelligence (AMI), Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and SmartGrid

SmartGrid

Before we start with the main point of today’s presentation, it is important that the audience understand this important rule:

Before we start with the main point of today’s presentation, it is important that the audience understand this:

Faraday’s Law

Before we start with the main point of today’s presentation, it is important that the audience understand this:

Audience Participation Portion of the Presentation!

Faraday’s Law

1. Geo-Magnetic Disturbances (GMD)

2. Electro-Magnetic Pulses (EMP)

“Big 3” Charged Issues Facing Utilities (pun intended)

3. Ground Induced Currents (GIC)

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CYBER

Bigger Item than GMD, EMP or GIC…

SECURITY

You AreHere!

Geo‐Magnetic Disturbance (GMD)

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) – a pulse of Electro-Magnetic Interference

• Are used in MRIs to scan the body

• Are the sound you hear when a Blackberry phone is too close to a speaker

Electro‐Magnetic Pulse (EMP)

too close to a speaker

• Are made up of electrons and Gamma Rays

Gamma Rays

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Gamma Rays

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) – a pulse of Electro-Magnetic Interference

• Are used in MRIs to scan the body

• Are the sound you hear when a Blackberry phone is too close to a speaker


too close to a speaker

• Are made up of electrons and Gamma Rays

• And obviously very easy to produce….

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) is described by three types of pulses:

1. E1 – short in duration, high in magnitude (Lightning strikes)


2. E2 – medium duration, medium magnitude

3. E3 – short duration, low magnitude


E1 – short in duration, high in magnitude (Lightning strikes)


- Can destroy or cause malfunctions in electronic devices

- Can couple with antennas, equipment in buildings, computers

- Effects can be reduced by surge protectors and electromagnetic shielding


E2 – medium duration, medium magnitude


- Has no known effect on components in a Bulk Power System

- Couples with vertical antenna towers and aircrafts with trailing wire antennas


E3 – short duration, low magnitude- Can cause Ground Induced Currents in BPS


- Can cause Ground Induced Currents in BPS transformers

- Couples with long communication and long power lines

- Voltage collapse of the power grid due to transformer issues

- Damage to High Voltage and Extremely High Voltage transformers due to overheating

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There are three sources of EMP:

High Altitude EMP (HEMP) – Contains E1, E2 and E3 pulses Caused by an aerial Atom Bomb


Intentional Electro-Magnetic Interference (IEMI) – Contains E1 pulses only

Think of a very strong, focused microwave oven

Geo-Magnetic Disturbance (GMD) – Contains E3 pulses only

Solar Flares, Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)

High Altitude EMP (HEMP)

Height of Burst

30 Miles

120 Miles

300 Miles

Areas of Concern

Intentional Electro‐Magnetic Interference (IEMI)

A large number of test and analysis studies dealing with portions of the U.S. power grid and their vulnerability to high-level EM fields and voltages:

1. High voltage substation controls and communications

2 P ti f iliti2. Power generation facilities

3. Power control centers

4. Distribution transformers

5. Distribution line insulators

Intentional Electro‐Magnetic Interference (IEMI)

A large number of test and analysis studies dealing with portions of the U.S. power grid and their vulnerability to high-level EM fields and voltages:

1. High voltage substation controls and communications

2 P ti f iliti2. Power generation facilities

3. Power control centers

4. Distribution transformers

5. Distribution line insulators

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HEMP/IEMI – An E1 pulse generated can:‒ Cause malfunctions to electronic devices (positive relays

or SCADA remote terminal units)

‒ Cause distribution system insulator flashover (HEMP Only)

EMP Effects on the Bulk Power System

GMD – An interaction between solar flares and the earth’s magnetic field

‒ Cause a moving magnetic field across the earth’s surface

‒ Cause a voltage potential between any two distant points

‒ The potential causes ground currents to flow in the earth’s surface that mirror the GMD

GIC – A Direct Current (DC) caused by nature‒ High magnitudes of GIC can cause transformers to overload

‒ Causes heat, harmonics and increased VAR consumption

• Heat breaks down the transformer windings

Ground Induced Currents (GIC)

• Harmonics

• Volt Amperage Reactive


The factors that increase the levels of GIC are:‒ More northern latitude (higher iron ore content in soil)

‒ High soil resistivity between the two points

‒ Strength of the GMD

The factors that increase the potential for damage to a transformer are:

‒ Transformer design

‒ Transformer loading at the time of the event

‒ Amount of heat generated

‒ Transformer age

•Electric grids and electric apparatus are grounded for safety and performance

•That same connection to the ground is where GIC enters the transmission system and travels through the neutral connection


•The neutral wire is the path of least resistance, as compared to soil

•The grounded neutral wire of wye connected power transformers

•The excess current is what damages the higher voltage transformers

•Saltwater is another great conductor of GIC

•March 13 -14, 1989 – Quebec• Experienced a Geo-Magnetic Storm that collapsed the entire

Quebec Grid in 90 seconds

• The collapse stopped at the Quebec Interconnection and thus did not impact the rest of North America

H li d d d th ld f

Historic Events

• However, power anomalies were recorded around the world for another 24 hours

• A total of 21,500 mW of load and generation were lost


Historic Events

The average home’s energy use is1kW per hour or 1kWh

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Historic Events

One mW would provide energy for1,000 homes for 1 hour

If 21,500 mW of load and generation were lost, the homes in the following cities would go dark at the same time:

Historic Events

• New York, NY

• Los Angeles, CA

• Chicago, IL

• Houston, TX

• Phoenix, AZ

• San Antonio, TX

• 1921• A Geo-Magnetic Storm occurred that was 10 times the size of

the Quebec event

• If this were to occur today, it is estimated that 350 high voltage power transformers would be lost and the recovery period would take 4-10 years

Historic Events

would take 4-10 years

Power Transformers are highly specialized and built to specific electric grid specifications

• There are no industry standards – each system is unique

• Transformers are built overseas

So What – Just replace the bad order transformers and move on…..

• A lead time of 10 months plus currently exists

• Transformers travel by rail – no power, no rail

Power Transformers are highly specialized and built to specific electric grid specifications

• Utilities do not have the resources to have multiple spare transformers

So What – Just replace the bad order transformers and move on…..

• A typical power transformer costs $600,000 up to $3M plus – depending on its size

• Transformers cannot be “field fixed” – they must be sent back to manufacturer

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• A complete failure of the country’s electric grid:• Is estimated to take 4-10 years to restore

• Would cost $1 to $2 trillion to restore

• Multiple industries would be affected at the same time

Impact to Country Risk ManagementSpace Weather Forecasting

• Scientific space-based satellite assets andfacilities to assess the potential impact to earth

• Interface across organizations• Timing and expected impact duration• Historical data Alert Notification and Response

• K-Indices and other severitymeasurement scales

• Process to alert the industry• Role of organization• Timeframe for decision making

Training and Education• Awareness programs• Certification programs• Exercises• Outreach programs

• Timeframe for decision making

Modeling and Simulation• Existing or postulated data• GIC Impact• Equipment and System Vulnerabilities

Equipment Design• Design standards• EHV Transformers• Test and evaluation• Acquisition strategies• Protective components

System Operations• Pre, During and Post-event

operational protocols• Regulatory requirements• Emergency management procedures• Communications

Mitigation

Four Phases of Emergency Management

Preparedness

Response

Recovery

Equipment and System Design

• Assess vulnerability of equipment and protection systems

• Assess vulnerability of protection equipment

Mitigation

• Increase detection capability and share measurement data

• Design transformers to handle DC flow

• Utilize GIC measuring devices on system

Modeling and Simulation

• Develop GIC simulation

• Enhance wide-area monitoring of GIC

• Perform system risk assessment

Mitigation

Alert Notification and Response

• Improve GMD severity measurement scales

• Improve notification process

• Develop clear and precise operational protocols

Training and Education

• Enhance operator training

• Conduct industry awareness training

• Raise awareness among regulators and

Preparedness

government agencies

• Perform regular drills and exercises

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Preparedness (continued)

Example of a GMD Action Plan If notice of event is given from NOAA to NERC/ISO:

Long lead time (1-3 days)• Increase situational awareness• Safe system posturing

– Return outaged equipment to service– Delay planned outages

D f t (h i d )

Response

Day of event (hours in advance)

• Increase situational awareness– Monitor for unusual voltage and/or MVAR swings– Monitor for abnormal temperature rise/noise/dissolved gas in

transformers

• Safe system posturing• Selective load shedding• Manually start fans/pumps on key transformers• Start off-line generation

Day of event (hours in advance)

• System reconfiguration– Remove transformer(s) from service if overheating occurs

– Remove transmission lines from service

Response (continued)

• NOAA SWPC monitoring GMD based on realtime data from the

Boulder‐NOAA magnetometer

• NOAA notifies NERC Reliability Coordinators (RC) of predicted

GMD

GMD Notification (Space Weather Forecasting)

– Info available to the Midwest ISO (MISO), Eastern, Western, and ERCOT

Interconnections via a SPWC forecasting service.

• NERC RC issues notification to the TO when GMD is predicted to

have intensity of ≥ K‐7 (200 – 330nT/min)

• Reliable warning up to an hour in advance of a storm

• Return to normal operations 2-4 hours after last observe geomagnetic activity

• Assess damage to system

• Work with SPP on restoration procedures, grid impact etc

Recovery

impact, etc.

• Not a typical restoration event

• Low likelihood of a GMD

• High impact if an EMP/GMD incident occurred

• Critical infrastructure is old

Conclusion

• New equipment being designed and built to mitigate effects

• New monitoring equipment is available

• What isn’t available is manpower, time and financial resources to offset probability

• Other issues (Cybersecurity) are priority

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Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.

Final Thought

Robert Collier

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