agenda setting 2

8/20/2019 Agenda Setting 2

1/38

Agenda Setting, and Scope and

Pace of Policy Change

(t he problem, the solution and the political

climate )


2/38


3/38

%&()*+S S),-/S

%)-0S 0 o a l i t i o

n

( " i l d i n

g

% o l i c y ) e a r n i n g

Agenda

Setting

Window of opport"nity

Window of

pport"nity


4/38

Window of pport"nity

✔ Window of opport"nity is open for a brief time when the

circ"mstances are ripe for the policy decision

✔ Ability to assess sit"ational conte1t

✔ +aing the circ"mstances more fa#o"rable


5/38

Window of pport"nity: -hree Streams

✔ %roblem stream

✔ Sol"tion stream

✔ %olitical stream


6/38

0lassification of %roblems

✔ Anticipated and "nanticipated problems

✔ 2isibility: 0rises and normal problems

✔ 0risis 3 high #isibility

✔ 4o#ernments s"r#i#al5rep"tation depends on how well it

manages the crisis

✔ Holding a top position is lie li#ing in a press"re cooer

✔ 0risis derails the well6concei#ed policy agenda

✔ +a1 Weber: ccasionalist )eader

✔ *1pected crises5 "ne1pected crises


7/38

Hardy %erennial %roblems

✔ *conomic reforms

✔ %o#erty alle#iation

✔ /a1alite problem

✔ ns"rgency in the /orth *ast5 Kashmir


8/38

0hange of 4o#t. and %olicymaing

✔ -he incoming go#ernment does not ha#e a blan slate to write7

there is a pre#io"s scribbling which cannot be erased. -he past is

not past7 pre#io"s actions lea#e conse8"ences that tae a long

time to be rectified.

✔ 0rises and the legacy of pressing problems crowd the

incoming go#ernment's and di#ert time$ reso"rces and attention

and do not allow it to f"lfil its election manifesto


9/38

(icycle -heory

✔ (icycle -heory 3 Jagdish (hagwati and 9red (ergsten

✔ nternational trade relations

✔ Steady mo#ement5 st"mbling blocs

✔ +o#ement is slow$ ard"o"s and strategically incremental

✔ )eap forward opport"nities


10/38

-he Sol"tion Stream

✔ ,tterly "nanticipated problems

✔ Anticipated problems 3 a notion of sol"tion present

✔ %olicy pacage 3 problem sol"tion

✔ %olicymaing is a pacaging of ;combination and

recombination< of pre6e1isting elements.

✔ (ringing new ideas to the policy comm"nity

✔ %eer scr"tiny of no#el ideas

✔ /o#el ideas tae some time in gaining acceptability

✔ /ew ideas 3 radical depart"re

✔ %aradigm shift ;licence ra= 3 maret6friendly economic policies<


11/38

-he %olitical Stream

✔ 0omprises:

» %"blic +ood

» *lection &es"lts

» -he &elationship between ma=or political parties

in %arliament and o"tside

» 0hanges in the go#ernment

» ,%A 3 9reedom of nformation Act >@ to &ight

to nformation Act > ;/A0 6 Jean Dre!e and

Ar"na &oy<


12/38

0risis as pport"nity

✔ -he "nthinable becomes ine#itable

✔ 0risis 3 political weather changes dramatically

✔ ,s"al politics gets s"spended7 interest gro"p acti#ity goes into

hibernation7 e1pectation for leadership and resol"tion of the crisis

✔ 0risis 3 go#ernments rep"tation at stae

✔ -he creation of a perception of a crisis can sometimes be

"sef"l to force changes in policies.

✔ 0risis is o#er 3 "s"al politics is bac✔ %r"dence demands that safeg"ards are b"ilt into policies so

that it is diffic"lt to re#erse them once the crisis is percei#ed to be

past.


13/38

0risis as 0ondition

✔ 0risis 3 %roblem 3 Sol"tion

✔ 0risis 3 "nresol#ed 3 0ondition


14/38

0risis and %aradigm Shift

✔ +acroeconomic crisis of BCCB 3 *conomic liberalisation

✔ 9ood 0risis 3 BC 3 E 3 4reen &e#ol"tion


15/38

deas$ %aradigm and %aradigm Shift

✔ deas go#ern the world

✔ Keynes:

F-he ideas of economists and political philosophers$ both

when they are right and when they are wrong$ are more

powerf"l than is commonly "nderstood. ndeed$ the world

is r"led by little else. %ractical men$ who belie#e

themsel#es to be 8"ite e1empt from any intellect"al

infl"ence$ are "s"ally the sla#es of some def"nct

economist.G


16/38

deas$ %aradigm and %aradigm Shift

✔ -homas S. K"hn: The Structure of Scientific Revolution

✔ %aradigm shift and scientific re#ol"tions

✔ b=ecti#ity$ scientific research and the reigning paradigm

✔ Acc"m"lation of anomalies and scientific re#ol"tion

✔ /ewtonian physics and *insteinian physics

✔ A policy paradigm prescribes the normati#e framewor within

which policies are de#eloped.

✔ A paradigm is the hegemony of ideas✔ -he capitalist state is able to maintain its dominance not only

beca"se of its coerci#e power b"t also beca"se of the hegemony

of its ideas.


17/38

%aradigm Shift

ld %aradigm ;0on#entional Wisdom<

ld %aradigm ;Anomalies7 do"bts<

✔-ransition

/ew %aradigm ;-he old challenges the new<

✔Softening5 (reaing barriers

/ew %aradigm ;wins o#er the ld<

✔/ew becomes old


18/38

%aradigm Shift and *conomic %olicy

✔ With a paradigm shift normati#e framewor changes

✔ t necessitates m"tation of the e1isting policies

✔ ,nitil BCs 3 State6centric paradigm

✔ Keynsian economics 3 res"lt of the the World War7 the great

depression

✔ (elief in the bene#olence of the State and its ability to rationally

order economy and society.

✔ 4o#ernment was micromanaging the economy✔ -he 9all of the So#iet ,nion

✔Displacement of State6centric paradigm by the maret6friendly

neo6liberal economic paradigm.


19/38

%aradigm Shift and &esistance

✔ All new ideas go thro"gh a phase of resistance

✔ Swadeshi +o#ement in ndia

✔ 9D in retail

✔ 0hina 3 maret socialism

✔ %olicy change is a slow and incremental process

✔ Schopenha"er: three stages in the acceptance of new ideas:

✔ Stage of ridic"le

✔ Stage of opposition✔ 0onsidered as self6e#ident


20/38

ther obligations

✔ -reaty obligations

✔ 0onformity to financial marets$ and m"ltilateral and regional

financial instit"tions s"ch as the World (an$ +9$ ADS etc.


21/38

%"blic %olicy and %aradigms

✔ -he world of policy paradigm is m"ltipolar

✔ -hree paradigms affecting policy paradigm

B. /eo6liberal economic policy paradigm

>. -he H"man &ights %aradigm

@. 4ood 4o#ernance %aradigm


22/38

-he H"man &ights %aradigm

✔ -he ,ni#ersal Declaration of H"man &ights ;,DH& "ni#ersal instr"ments of H& and india is

party to >I of these

✔ )egally binding co#enants and morally binding declarations


23/38

Some significant declarations and co#enants

✔ -he ,ni#ersal Declaration of H"man &ights ;,DH&


24/38

H"man &ights

✔ -he negati#e rights to restrain the state from arbitrary and

"nci#ili!ed treatment of its citi!ens

✔ Affirmati#e social and political rights ;freedom and dignity ha#e

no meaning if an indi#id"al life does not offer it<

✔ 0ollecti#e rights5 indi#id"al rights


25/38

H"man &ights %aradigm

✔ H& paradigm has promoted three re#ol"tions:

B. Ad#ocacy

>. *nforcement

@. J"ridical re#ol"tions


26/38

H"man &ights %aradigm

✔ H& paradigm enforced by:

B. -he power of ideas

>. -reaty bligations

@. 0onformity to global ci#ic and societal practices


27/38

H"man &ights and )imitations

✔ H& can not be f"lly implemented: scarcity of reso"rces

✔ 4reater e#il and lesser e#il ;#ictims of terror and state coercion<

✔ )ang"age of rights and ="stice tend to o#ershadow all other points

of #iew ;hinders consens"s and compromise<

✔ 9ew organi!ations ad#ocating h"man rights act"ally defend

partic"larist ca"ses and are not necessarily more represntati#e or

more acco"ntable than elected go#ernments.

✔ 0ynical "se of h"man rights in international relations may be seen

as imperialism in a new garb

✔ H"man rights ha#e become an o#erarching paradigm coloni!ing

all other disciplines and considerations ;H& offer normati#e

framewor<


28/38

-he 4ood 4o#ernance %aradigm

✔ *ssential elements of go#ernance:

✔ -he relati#e role between the state$ marets and society

✔ State: 0ompetence and moti#ation of the state and its

f"nctionaries ;ministers and top le#el ci#il ser#ants 3 policy

maers$ middle le#el ci#il ser#ants 3 implementers and

managers$ street6le#el f"nctionaries 3 deli#erers of programmes

and ser#ices<

✔

4ood 4o#ernance 3 impro#ing go#ernance to promote p"blicgood


29/38

+oti#ation and Agency

✔ H"man moti#ation and the competence of the agency

✔ J"lian )e 4rand 3 %rofessor of Social %olicy at )ondon School

of *conomics 3 Motivation, Agency and Public Policy of Knights

and Knaves, Pawns and Queens$ >@

✔ State f"nctionaries 3 Knights or Kna#es ;+oti#ations<

✔ Agency 3 %awns or "eens

✔ Knights 3 p"blic6spirited and altr"istic

✔

Kna#es 3 moti#ated by self interest✔ "eens 3 all powerf"l

✔ %awns 3 s"bser#ient


30/38

State60entric %aradigm of 4o#ernance

✔ -he State 3 Knights ;p"blic6spirited and altr"istic<

✔ 0iti!ens are %awns

✔ -he competence and bene#olence of State is beyond do"bt

✔ -he State has a direct role and control in5on e#erything and is

e1pected to create a welfare society

✔ 9oc"s is on reso"rce mobili!ation and "tili!ation7 no need of

monitoring o"tcomes and establishing acco"ntability


31/38

/ew %"blic +anagement %aradigm

✔ BCC 6 9iscal crisis7 disenchantment with the b"rea"cracy and

deli#ery of p"blic ser#ices$ the rise of p"blic choice theory

✔ "estioning of the State's moti#ations

✔ 0"rtailing of powers of the Agency

✔ 0iti!ens shedding the garb of a pawn and ass"ming power

✔ J"lien 3 4o#ernment f"nctionaries 3 Kna#es

» 0iti!ens 3 "eens

✔

-he State sho"ld limit itself to the core indispensable acti#itiesand o"tso"rce others to for6profit and not6for6profit organi!ations

✔ +onitoring and acco"ntability thro"gh performance indicators


32/38

World De#elopment &eport$ BCCB

F%"t simply$ go#ernments need to do less in those areas

where marets wor$ and can be made to wor reasonably

well. n many co"ntries$ it wo"ld help to pri#atise many of the

state6owned enterprises. 4o#ernments need to let domestic

and international competitions flo"rish. At the same time$

go#ernments need to do more in those areas where marets

alone cannot be relied "pon. ;*d"cation$ health$ n"trition$

family planning$ po#erty alle#iation7 b"ilding social$ physical$

administrati#e and legal infrastr"ct"re of better 8"ality7

pro#iding stable macroeconomic fo"ndation...G


33/38

4ood 4o#ernance %aradigm

✔ 4o#ernment$ maret and society

✔ Decision maing as a partnership between the go#t. and

the society

✔ Key principles of good go#ernance:

Staeholders' participation$ r"le of law$ transparency7

answerability5acco"ntability ;responsibility and

responsi#eness$ e8"ity and incl"si#eness$ effecti#eness

and efficiency etc.

✔ %articipation of the nd"stry5("siness *nterprises5 05

9005 0*s 9or"m and /A0 in policy maing


34/38


35/38

Staeholders

✔ -hree bases for classification

✔ )ocation: nternal and *1ternal

✔ mpact: %rimary and Secondary

✔ rientation: %roponents and pponents

✔ %assi#e and Dormant Staeholders

✔ Staeholders and the 0i#il Society

✔ Who can represent the 0i#il Society???


36/38

%olicy *ntreprene"rship

✔ %olicy entreprene"rs p"sh their ideas when the opport"ne

moment arri#es

✔ 0ompetencies for policy entreprene"rship:

✔ nno#ati#e approach 3 characterisation of policy problem

✔ nno#ati#e approach 3 resol"tion of the policy problem

✔ Ability to translation that approach into a coherent policy

proposal

✔ A sense of timing 3 assessment of sit"ational conte1t

✔ 4ood negotiating sills


37/38


38/38

Thank You

Kingsoft OfficeMake Presentation much more fun

agenda setting 2

Documents