age of reason in europe the enlightenment. enlightenment age of reason scholars no longer rely...
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AGE OF REASON IN EUROPE
The Enlightenment
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Enlightenment
Age of reason Scholars no longer rely solely on authority The role of the Universities
Everything can be rediscussed
Government Religion Economics Education
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The Enlightenment and the Government
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Both Scholars lived the English Revolution Known as the founders known as the first illuminists
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Thomas Hobbes
The Social Contract An agreement between the people and its
government• Power no longer comes from divine right• Comes from the consent of the people Leviathan – 1651 Influenced by the horrors of the English Revolution
All humans are selfish and wicked by nature Without a government men would destroy themselves
The need of a strong ruler An absolutist monarch
In exchange they would gain law and order
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John Locke
Natural Right All people are born free and equal
People can learn from expirience and improve thenselves Self government
People could look after the welfare 3 Natural Rights
Life, liberty and property The purpose of government is to protect this rights
If it fails to do so, the people have the right to overthrow it
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The Advocates of Reason
Reason Truth can only be found through reason
Nature What is natural is good
Happiness Should be found on earth
Progress We all can improve
Liberty revolution
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Voltaire
To combat intolerance The world worst enemies
Intolerance, prejudice and superstition
Freedom of Speech “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it”
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Montesquieu
Separation of Powers The british do it right!
Executive power The king and the ministers
Legislative power Parliament
Judicial power The judges of the english courts
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Rousseau
Freedom If men aren’t free them their lives have no meaning
The society corrupts the man Men are born free, the society puts it in chains
Democracy The only good government
Consent of the people + freedom + equality
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Women and the Enlightment
Education Women received no education or very little
Even noble women received secondary education when compared to man
Enlightment philosophers and women rights
Women are weak Their education should be used only for domestic purposes Women who read become rebellious
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Emilie du Châtelet
Self taught Never entered a university
But her essays and translations were studied there
Sciences Mathematician and physicist
Her longtime lover, the philosopher and poet Voltaire, wrote to the King of Prussia that she “was a great man whose only fault was being a woman.”
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Emilie du Châtelet
Translated and wrote commentary on Sir Isaac Newton’s work, Principia Mathematica. Her translation, published posthumously in 1759, is still considered the French standard by which all others are measured. She also published several papers throughout her lifetime, including one describing her research on fire, in which she correctly predicted what would later be described as infrared radiation.
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Mary Astell
A serious Proposal to the Ladies Lack of education “If absolute sovereighnty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family? (…) If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?
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Mary Wollstonecraft
A Vindiction of the Rights of Woman 1792 Woman have mental capacity of atending universities Woman should work
Woman should enter politics, science and medical fields
Mother of Mary Shelley
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Enlightment and Monarchy
Enlightened Despots A absolute ruler that has Enlightment ideas
Is suposed to rule justly Maybe have a little constitution To be a patron of arts and science
A absolute ruler It wont give in any power Reasons why:
Apear liberal appease the bourgeoisie
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Enlightment and Monarchy
Frederick the Great King of Prussia
Granted religious freedon Reduced censorship Improved education Reformed the justice system
Abolished torture
The first servent of the state
Friends with Voltaire
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Enlightment and Monarchy
Joseph the II King of Austria
Freedom of press Freedom of worship Abolished serfdorm
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Enlightment and Monarchy
Catherine the Great Empress of Russia
An educated empress Education for noble women
Granted religious freedon Reformed the justice system Friends with Voltaire