african american nhl assessment study
TRANSCRIPT
African American NHL Assessment Study
National Park Service Organization of American Historians
National Museum of African American History and Culture
February 6, 2008
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………1 BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 3 PART A. ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING THEMES…………………………………………………………….. 5 PART B. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL THEMES………..……………………………………. 7 PART C. FURTURE RESEARCH AND NOMINATION EFFORTS……..………………………………….. 10 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS…………...…………………………………………………………………………… 12 LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS………….………….14 APPENDIX B: ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLS………………………….…………….42 APPENDIX C: SCHOLAR COMPOSITE ASSESSMENT……………………………….………..… 45 APPENDIX D: NPS UNITS ASSOCIATED WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY……………. 46 APPENDIX E: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXISTING NHLs………..……………..…………..... 53 APPENDIX F: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POTENTIAL NHLs.…………..……………………... 57 APPENDIX G: ASSOCIATED THEME STUDIES………………..…………..………….………...…76
AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ASSESSMENT STUDY National Park Service – Cultural Resources
National Historic Landmarks Program
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study evaluated the National Historic Landmarks Program’s comprehensiveness in commemorating nationally significant African American history. The goal of the assessment study was to identify patterns in the identification, evaluation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history and to determine if all aspects of this history are represented. Working under a long-standing cooperative agreement, the National Historic Landmarks Program (NHL Program) and the Organization of American Historians (OAH) assembled a team of scholars to review the current list of National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) and offer feedback. The reviewing scholars convened on September 10, 2007, at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC, to discuss their assessments and make recommendations for future research and nomination efforts. The final report will assist the National Park Service (NPS) in creating a network of scholars and organizations that may be interested in the recommendations of the Scholars Meeting Group, and undertake the necessary research and documentation to prepare nominations that lead to NHL designation of new properties associated with African American history. The report will assist planners in evaluating proposals by Congress and others for additions to the National Park System, National Historic Trails, and National Heritage Areas as well as assist states, Federal agencies, and the general public in identifying properties that should be nominated for NHL status. Methodology In fiscal year 2005, the NPS Park Planning Office provided $25,000 to the NHL Program to evaluate the comprehensiveness of the program’s efforts in commemorating nationally significant African American history. To facilitate this assessment, the NHL Program defined African American history as the broad range of themes, events, ideas, and technologies that are directly associated with a person or people of African ancestry; or that have a nationally significant cultural, economic, legal, social, or political impact on people of African ancestry from European settlement of North America to the present. Therefore, the list of NHLs identified for the assessment study may not be directly associated with a person of African ancestry but all represent national trends and events that had a nationally significant impact on or were uniquely influenced by the African American community. In Phase I of the Assessment Study, the NHL Program identified and compiled documentation on currently listed NHLs and NPS units designated for their association with African American history. Relevant sites were identified using National Landmarks, American Treasures (2000) by S. Allen Chambers, Jr., the NHL Program’s “List of National Historic Landmarks by State” (May 2006), and the National Register Information System (NRIS). During Phase II, the NHL Program invited NPS regional offices, State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs), other government agencies, private organizations, and other interested parties to comment on the Assessment Study and recommend properties associated with African American history for potential NHL nomination. The query garnered responses from 32 SHPOs, 3 NPS regional offices, several National Park System units, private preservation organizations, and other interested individuals. For Phase III of the Assessment Study, OAH recruited distinguished scholars of African American history to participate in the Scholars Meeting Group. Prior to the meeting held on
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September 10, 2007, participants reviewed the list of previously identified NHLs with three objectives:
1. Evaluate the current comprehensiveness of research and nominations of properties within ten major themes in African American history: Archeology; Colonial and Early America; Culture, Arts, and Ideas; Economics and Commerce; Emancipation and Reconstruction; History of the American West; Law, Society, and Government; Notable Individuals; Sciences and Technology; and Slavery and Civil War.
2. Recommend additional themes in African American history to target for future research,
documentation, and nomination efforts; and
3. Identify potential properties and partners to facilitate future research and documentation of African American history, leading to the preparation of NHL nominations.
Study Findings The Scholars Meeting Group found the following:
1. Current NHLs provide fair coverage of nationally significant African American history and reflect a limited range of events, ideas, themes, and significant individuals.
2. Five of the ten evaluated themes are minimally covered or require significant
improvement in documentation and NHL nomination efforts: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce.
3. The evaluated themes and existing NHLs do not sufficiently represent recent scholarship
in African American history. Recommendations The Scholars Meeting Group recommended the following:
1. Expansion of research and nomination efforts in five of the ten evaluated themes: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce.
2. Development of ten additional themes for future research and NHL nomination efforts:
Black Freedom Struggles; Grassroots and Vernacular History; Institutional History; Intellectual History; Education and Literacy; Era of Jim Crow; Racial Violence and Intimidation; Migration and Movement; Family Life and Relationships; and Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment.
3. Dissemination of the findings of the Assessment Study to preservation organizations and
other interested parties that may partner with the National Park Service to facilitate and increase research, documentation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history.
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AFRICAN AMERICAN NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ASSESSMENT STUDY
Background National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) are cultural properties designated by the Secretary of the Interior as being nationally significant. They are acknowledged as among the nation’s most important historic places and the most outstanding representations of American history and identity. The NHL Program focuses attention on these historic places by recognizing and promoting preservation efforts by government agencies, private organizations, local communities, and individuals. Working with these parties, the NHL Program facilitates nomination of properties for designation by the Secretary of the Interior. Today, approximately 2,500 historic places bear this national distinction and represent many aspects of United States history. To address the need for the NHLs to be fully representative of the nation’s history, in 1991 Congress authorized the National Park Service (NPS), through Public Law 102-98, to conduct an African American History Theme Study, but did not provide funding for this project. Many NHLs are nominated through congressionally-mandated theme studies, which identify and consider related properties for designation within a specific historic theme. Despite limited resources, the NHL Program has recently undertaken several NHL theme studies associated with African American history (see Appendix G). These include the four-part American Civil Rights Theme Study that examines the desegregation of public accommodations, voting rights, access to open housing, and access to equal employment opportunities. OAH collaborated with the NHL Program in undertaking the American Civil Rights Theme Study, which has produced twelve NHL designations to date. In addition to properties designated in conjunction with theme studies, the NHL Program facilitated designation of several individual properties associated with African American history—with nominations prepared by SHPOs, NPS regional offices, private organizations, and interested individuals. The home of attorney Roswell Field, located in St. Louis, Missouri, is the most recent related property to be designated as an NHL. The Field House is associated with Field’s preparation of the legal defense for freedom seeker Dred Scott. Field formulated the legal argument that brought the case Scott v. Sanford before the U. S. Supreme Court but then turned the defense over to an attorney with more experience in arguing before the Court. The 1857 decision, written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, ruled that no person of African ancestry could be a U.S. citizen and declared unconstitutional the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which prohibited slavery in the territory north of Missouri. The ruling, commonly known as the Dred Scott Decision, became a critical impetus for the American Civil War. In fiscal year 2005, the NPS Park Planning Office provided funding to undertake an assessment of the comprehensiveness of the NHL program’s nomination efforts in the area of African American history. The goal of the African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study was to identify patterns in the identification, evaluation, and nomination of properties associated with African American history and to determine if all aspects of this history are presently represented. Initial efforts focused on digitizing the official NHL documentation related to African American history. Completed at the end of fiscal year 2006, the NHL Program, in partnership with the Organization of American Historians, digitized the nominations and made them available to the public through the NPS website: www.nps.gov/nhl.
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Recognizing the breadth of both the thematic and chronological scope of “African American history,” the NHL Program formulated a definition to capture both the African American experience in the United States and delineate the NHL Program’s criteria for a property’s eligibility as a NHL. For the assessment study, African American history was defined as the broad range of themes, events, ideas, and technologies that are directly associated with a person or people of African ancestry; or that have a nationally significant cultural, economic, legal, social, or political impact on people of African ancestry, from European settlement of North America to the present. Therefore, some NHLs identified for the Assessment Study may not be directly associated with a person of African ancestry but all represent national trends and events that had a nationally significant impact on or were uniquely influenced by the African American community. Using this definition as a starting point, 174 existing NHLs (see Appendix A) and 47 National Park units (see Appendix D) were identified for their association with African American history. The NHL Program recognizes 30 categories of areas of significance (including "Other") that identify the topic under which a building, site, structure, object, or district is nominated for NHL designation. These areas of significance are topics in an overarching theme, by which a nomination preparer explains and justifies a property’s historical importance to the nation as a whole and by which a property’s significance is evaluated in comparison to other properties. In analyzing the list of identified properties, the NHL Program found that existing NHLs were designated using most of the recognized areas of significance but that some categories had no associated NHLs or were significantly less represented compared with other categories. An analysis of the extant NHLs provided in Appendix B, using the 29 areas of significance categories (excluding the category “Other”) to evaluate current commemoration of African American history, shows that:
• Zero NHLs are associated with African American history in the following categories: Art, Conservation, and Maritime history;
• Ten or fewer NHLs are associated with African American history in these categories: Agriculture (4), Archeology (2), Communications (4), Community Planning and Development (5), Economics (5), Engineering (2), Entertainment/Recreation (5), Health/Medicine (2), Invention (5), Landscape Architecture (2), Philosophy (1), Science (4), and Transportation (4); and
• Eleven or more NHLs are associated with African American history in these categories: Architecture (11), Commerce (18), Education (44), Ethnic Heritage-Black (173); Exploration/ Settlement (23), Industry (19), Law (35), Literature (12), Military history (12), Performing Arts (16), Politics/Government (56), Religion (14), and Social history (140).*
* An NHL property may be significant in more than one area of significance, which explains why the total is more than the 174 existing NHLs associated with African American history.
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Part A. Assessment of Existing Themes
In 1999, the National Park Service’s Revised Thematic Framework highlighted the agency’s responsibility to ensure that research and NHL nomination efforts “reflect current scholarship and represent the full diversity of America’s past” (National Register Bulletin, “Appendix A,” How To Prepare National Historic Landmark Nominations. 1999: U.S. Department of the Interior, p. 79). The African American Assessment Study evaluates the fulfillment of this mission in the field of African American history. Most of the NHL Program’s historical themes were established in the 1950s and 60s, reflecting the dominant scholarship of that period. Given the development of recent scholarship, the Scholars Meeting Group’s first major objective was to evaluate the existing historical themes and recommend which merited better coverage in the NHL Program. To facilitate assessment by the participating scholars, the NHL Program’s 30 areas of significance categories were condensed into ten major themes through which the existing 175 African American NHLs were evaluated. The selected themes were: Economics and Commerce; Science and Technology; Culture, Art, and Ideas; Law, Society, and Government; Archeology; Notable Individuals; Colonial and Early America; Slavery and Civil War; Emancipation and Reconstruction; and History of the American West. By no means exhaustive, the ten were chosen with the recognition that some themes would overlap, that some NHLs could be representative of multiple themes, and that some NHLs would not neatly fit any of the chosen themes. Prior to the meeting on September 10, 2007, the scholars were given the list of existing NHLs, a brief analysis of the NHLs by theme, and the objectives of the Assessment Study. The scholars were asked to evaluate the existing NHLs within the ten themes—providing an explanation for their ratings—and recommend additional themes in African American history for future research and nomination efforts. The scholars used a sliding scale rating system, from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent), which assessed the sufficiency of NHL documentation of events, ideas, themes, or significant individuals critical to commemorating the history and significance of the 10 evaluated themes. Scholars were specifically asked to provide an explanation of ratings below 4 (good). To view the complete rating system, see “Scholar Assessment Composite” in Appendix C. Findings The Scholars Meeting Group generally concluded that the current list of NHLs provided fair coverage of nationally-significant African American history and reflect a limited range of events, ideas, themes, and significant individuals. The scholars noted that the pattern of NHL Program nomination efforts focused extensively on legalistic and policy driven documentation of historic themes. The scholars determined that this focus did not capture many aspects of African American history and recommended that the NHL Program broaden its thematic scope. The Scholars Meeting Group also identified five themes where documentation and nomination efforts required significant improvement: Archeology, Colonial and Early America, History of the American West, Science and Technology, and Economics and Commerce. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the numbers of existing NHLs associated with five themes were very small, or that extant NHLs represented history limited to a specific topic. While coverage was good or even excellent on a single topic (such as the Underground Railroad and desegregation of public education), the current NHLs were deficient in representing the broader histories of five themes. A synopsis of the five themes evaluated as poorly covered or needing improvement follows.
Archeology: Citing recently discovered archeological sites, such as New Philadelphia Townsite in Barry, Illinois and the Slave Tunnel at the George Washington House in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Scholars Meeting Group assessed the scarcity of archeological properties designated for African American history as poor, defined as having little or no coverage of major events, ideas, themes or significant persons in the category. The scholars pointed out that since African American resources were historical
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targets of racial violence, intimidation, and destruction (see “Additional Themes”), archeological remains are quite possibly the only resources for research and documentation of large portions of nationally significant African American history. Colonial and Early America: The Scholars Meeting Group noted the need for documentation of the history of African American life and contributions during Colonial and Early America. The Meeting Group particularly noted the lack of properties associated with the American maritime history of the Middle Passage and the Internal Slave Trade, African Americans’ roles in colonial settlement, and African American involvement in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. History of the American West: The Scholars Meeting Group observed the absence of NHLs documenting African American history in the American West, particularly in the territorial and state history of California. Citing the expansion of slavery and the admittance of territories into the United States as a pivotal issue in American history, the absence of NHLs commemorating this history was particularly problematic. The NHL Program does not include the history of African American migration and settlement of the region, particularly during the California Gold Rush of the late 1840 and 50s, the creation of post-Reconstruction all-black towns, and the development of urban western communities in the early to mid-20th century. Science and Technology: Although the Scholars Meeting Group noted that existing NHLs did commemorate African American history in the area of science and technology, demonstrated by the Charles R. Drew House NHL, the group also noted that the NHL Program does not fully document the range of African American inventors, architects, engineers, academicians, and institutions of scientific research. The Scholars Meeting Group was particularly critical of the absence of NHLs associated with the black medical profession, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, and the schools of science and engineering at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Economics and Commerce: The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the existing NHLs provided only a small sampling of black businesses and commercial activity in the United States and noted that very few NHLs commemorated the history of African American craftsmanship or labor. The Scholars Meeting Group criticized the absence of NHLs that represent the larger history of collective black enterprise, such as mutual aid and benevolent societies, and the existence of black business districts—including their destruction due to white racial violence, as exemplified by the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.
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Part B. Recommendations for Additional Themes
The second major objective in undertaking the Assessment Study was to ensure that future research and nomination efforts reflect current scholarship in the field of African American history. Reviewing scholars were asked to identify emerging scholarship in the field of African American history that deserves research and documentation within the NHL Program and to identify non-designated properties that best represent this new scholarship. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended ten additional thematic areas for future research and documentation: Black Freedom Struggles; Grassroots and Vernacular History; Institutional History; Intellectual History; Education and Literacy; Era of Jim Crow; Racial Violence and Intimidation; Migration and Movement; Family Life and Relationships; and Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment. The Scholars Meeting Group viewed these recommendations as a beginning point to address gaps in NHL research and documentation of African American history, and not as a definitive list.
Black Freedom Struggles or Struggles for Full Freedom, Justice, and Equality: At every moment in American history, various groups have contested the meaning of citizenship and freedom; never more so than with the struggles of African Americans for inclusion in or separation from American society. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that the NHL Program has largely succeeded in nominating a wide range of resources important for documenting civil rights history, or African American struggles for inclusion in American society. However, past nomination efforts have ignored the history of African American struggles for self-determination that do not have integration as its goal. The absence of NHLs documenting this history, therefore, does not represent the full complexity and significance of African American history, particularly since reactions to more radical African American definitions of freedom frequently spurred transformations in American society. Expanding research and nomination efforts to represent a larger Black Freedom Struggles theme would continue nomination efforts within the theme of civil rights but would also illustrate the national significance and impact of black nationalism and other radical movements—both domestic and international—on American society.
Grassroots and Vernacular History: The Scholars Meeting Group noted that existing NHLs and National Park System units provide broad representation of notable African American leaders and major events in African American history, such as the Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site and the Tuskegee Airman National Historic Site. However, the Scholars Meeting Group also pointed out that the most striking feature of African Americans’ profound impact on American society has been through the ordinary experiences of their daily lives. Although the importance of African American leaders and mass movements can never be understated, it has often been the everyday African American knowledge that has soaked into the fabric of American life, often in previously undocumented ways. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that NHL Program nomination efforts should capture the national significance of “ordinary” lived experiences. For example, emerging scholarship on the importance and impact of African American foodways illustrates the need for increased nomination efforts in the category of social history. Scholarly studies of African American recipes and cooking techniques, commonly called “soul food,” have recently gained prominence. NPS has begun to commemorate this history, particularly in the Historic American Buildings Survey and Historical American Engineering Record Program’s focus on documenting vernacular architecture, such as exemplary examples of shotgun houses, as well as in the Park Ethnography Division’s recently launched “National Parks Associated with African Americans: An Ethnographic Perspective” Program.
Institutional History: In tandem with the daily experiences of African American life, institutions form a critical locus from and around which African Americans organized as a
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community to effectively transform American society. Black religious institutions (African Methodist Episcopal Church, United House of Prayer, Nation Of Islam), Black fraternal organizations (Prince Hall Masons, Easter Star, Greek fraternities and sororities), political and social clubs (National Association of Colored Women, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League), Black business/professional/economic organizations (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, benevolent societies), and educational institutions (Historically Black Colleges and Universities) form the nucleus of organized activities to build African American communities and challenge institutional racism in the United States. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended that future NHL nomination efforts focus on documenting this legacy.
Intellectual History: In addition to building institutions, African American also invented and developed theories, ideas, concepts, and products that further transformed American society. The Scholars Meeting Group determined that future NHL efforts should recognize and preserve the creation of ideas and products developed within African American intellectual traditions, by researching and documenting sites associated with African American architects, authors, artists, academicians, community scholars, scientific researchers, and inventors. For example, the W. E. B. DuBois Boyhood Homesite is an NHL designated for its association with the famed civil rights activist and first African American Ph.D. recipient from Harvard university. DuBois researched and wrote The Philadelphia Negro, which is widely regarded as one of the foundational texts for the field of American sociology.
Education and Literacy: Connected to the theme of Intellectual History is the unique struggle of African Americans to obtain education and literacy in the United States. Acknowledging past NHL nomination efforts around the theme of education, the Scholars Meeting Group determined that more focused research was necessary to document the legal and extra-legal barriers used to deny education to African Americans and the unique solutions that African Americans, their supporters, and their opponents used to challenge or maintain educational inequality. The Scholars Meeting Group pointed out that the struggle for African American education and literacy was the result as well as the catalyst for changes in national education policy, both governmental and privately-sponsored. The Scholars Meeting Group cited such examples as racially-segregated public schools; Freedman Bureau schools; Historically Black Colleges and Universities; Rosenwald Schools; Church-sponsored schools; and current debates surrounding multi-cultural education, integration and community-controlled schools.
Era of Jim Crow: The Scholars Meeting Group determined that there were significant chronological gaps in the documentation of current NHLs. The small number of NHLs whose periods of significance span the 1880s to the 1930s and the post-1960s history merited attention. Because of the general 50-Year Rule in NHL nomination criteria, the Scholars Meeting Group determined to prioritize the 1880s-1930s, designating the period as the “Era of Jim Crow” to encompass both its thematic and chronological aspects. The Era of Jim Crow includes institution and community-building post-Reconstruction, the extreme racial violence and intimidation of African Americans, the First Great Migration, regionalism, the development of scientific racism, and government policy decisions leading to the Modern Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s. Racial Intimidation and Violence: The Scholars Meeting Group also recommended a Racial Intimidation and Violence theme associated with African American history, as an important historical demonstration of and catalyst for community and government action to control issues of race, power, and citizenship. The Racial Intimidation and Violence theme spans the establishment, maintenance, and demise of the American slave system; lynching and white racial riots of the late 19th and early 20th centuries; as well as violence during the 1950s and 60s Civil Rights Movement such as the 1955 murder of
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Emmett Till and the murder of African American civil rights leader Medgar Evers in 1963 in Mississippi. The theme also encompasses the history of resistance to such violence through anti-lynching campaigns, establishment of institutions such as the NAACP, theories such as non-violence and self-defense, and events such as the integration of Little Rock Central High School (an NHL and National Park System unit) in Arkansas.
Migration and Movement: African American history is also the story of movement, both forced and voluntary. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended a Migration and Movement theme as a target for future research and nomination efforts. More broad than the settlement/exploration area of significance category currently used by the NHL Program, African American movement extends beyond the simple “peopling” of the United States, as the category has primarily been documented in NHL nominations. The theme encompasses the reality that, in African American history, movement becomes a method for either claiming or being denied freedom in American society. The Scholars Meeting Group quickly noted that the Migration and Movement theme also closely aligns with the Racial Intimidation and Violence theme because voluntary movement by African Americans was often an attempt to escape intimidation and violence—leading to the establishment of maroon communities during enslavement; all-Black townships; African repatriation movements; and expatriation to other countries such as Mexico, Canada, and France. The Migration and Movement theme would provide for increased NHL representation of the International and Internal Slave Trade, immigration, national transformations in transportation as well as government policy-making, such as urban renewal projects and military assignments. The theme also captures the history of movements based on economic factors (history of labor, agriculture, American industry), and the demographic and institutional results (urbanization, suburbanization, unionism).
African American Family Life and Relationships: The African American family as a unit of historical change, protest, and support is closely aligned with the Grassroots and Vernacular History theme, and includes the documentation of the historical impact of multi-generational black families on the national landscape. The contributions of notable African American families, significant for successive generations of importance instead of a single person, would recognize and preserve the collective impact. Examples include the military contributions of the Benjamin O. Davis family, the educational and civil rights impact of the Forten-Grimke family, and the economic and cultural impact of the Madame C. J. Walker family. Emerging scholarship on multi-generational African American families also documents the unique systems and laws regarding inheritance, heirs’ property, and other issues that resulted from their existence. In addition to property ownership issues, legislation associated with Black families occupies a unique and significant place in American social and labor history—particularly within the American slave system, through miscegenation laws, within early 20th century eugenics debates, and other governmental policy development such as in social assistance programs.
Black Recreation, Leisure, and Entertainment: African American culture in the United States has frequently provided the foundations of American cultural identity. In recognizing this influence, the Scholars Meeting Group recommended that future research and documentation commemorate the development of African American culture and its impact on the transformation of American culture. Resources in this category could include back-owned media outlets, performance venues, sporting arenas/facilities, tourist and resort communities, record companies and recording studios, as well as notable artists and athletes that entertained American audiences.
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Part C. Future Research and Nomination Efforts The larger purpose of undertaking the Assessment Study is to ensure that existing and future NHLs are broadly representative of African Americans’ contributions to the nation’s history and to find strategies to increase future research and documentation efforts leading to NHL nominations. The Assessment Study findings noted the need to develop these strategies. To that end, the Scholars Meeting Group developed a list of organizations and other interested parties that may partner with the NPS to promote the findings of the Assessment Study and undertake its recommendations. The Scholars Meeting Group recommended that the National Park Service widely disseminate the Assessment Study findings and encourage private organizations and individuals to research and nominate properties associated with African American history. Recommendations for Future Research and Potential NHL Nomination
To further address deficiently covered and newly emerged themes in nationally significant African American history, the NHL Program queried NPS Regional Offices, State Historic Preservation Officers, and other government agencies to obtain recommendations of properties associated with African American history for potential NHL nomination. The query garnered responses from 32 SHPOs, 3 NPS Regional Offices, several National Park System units, private preservation organizations, and interested individuals. Queried parties recommended 89 current National Register properties and 112 properties that are not listed in the National Register for further research. In addition, SHPOs recommended revision to the official documentation of 47 NHLs to include information on the property’s previously undocumented association with nationally significant African American history (see Appendix E). The recommended properties represent a wide range of themes and property types. Each recommendation must be further researched, documented, and evaluated in accordance with NHL Program criteria. A sample of these property recommendations are provided in Appendix F.
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Conclusion The African American National Historic Landmarks Assessment Study illustrates the ongoing challenges of ensuring that the National Park Service’s programs represent the full diversity of United States heritage through the identification, documentation, and nomination of National Historic Landmarks. As new scholarship emerges, the NHL Program must respond by ensuring that future research and nomination efforts reflect and represent current thinking about the American past. The NHL Program must create a network of scholars and organizations that will become invested in the findings and recommendations of the Scholars Meeting Group and will undertake the needed research and documentation leading to National Historic Landmark nominations. The Scholars Meeting Group recommendations offer a strategy to best market the documentation opportunities so that limited resources can be used to greatest advantage.
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ASSESSMENT STUDY PARTICIPANTS
PROJECT MANAGERS Susan Ferentinos, Ph.D. Public History Manager Organization of American Historians 112 N. Bryan Ave PO Box 5457 Bloomington IN 47407-5457 812-855-8726 [email protected]
Turkiya L. Lowe, Ph.C. Contractor/Project Manager National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2266 [email protected]
SCHOLARS MEETING GROUP
Cheryl LaRoche, Ph.D. Visiting Assistant Professor Department of American Studies 1130 Holzapfel Hall University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 301-946-4471 [email protected]
Jeffrey Harris, Ph.C. Director for Diversity National Trust for Historic Preservation 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 202-588-6027 [email protected]
Waldo Martin, Ph.D. Professor of History Department of History University of California, Berkeley 3118 Dwinelle Hall Mail Code: 2550 Berkeley, CA 94720 510-642-2559 [email protected]
Michéle Gates Moresi, Ph.D. Curator of Collections National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution 600 Maryland Ave, SW Suite 7001 MRC 509 P.O. Box 37012 Washington, DC 20013 202-633-4751 [email protected]
Larry Rivers, Ph.D. President Fort Valley State University 1005 State University Drive Fort Valley, GA 31030 478-825-6315 [email protected]
Harvard Sitkoff, Ph.D. Professor of History University of New Hampshire Horton Hall 403 Durham, NH 03824 603-862-3024 [email protected]
Patricia Sullivan, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History and African American Studies University of South Carolina 228 Gambrell Hall Columbia, SC 29208 803-777-2766 [email protected]
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NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Brian Joyner, B.A. Writer/Editor Cultural Resources Diversity Program National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2276 [email protected]
Antoinette Lee, Ph.D. Assistant Associate Director Historical Documentation Programs National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2272 [email protected]
J. Paul Loether, M.A. Chief National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2272 [email protected]
Jan Matthews, Ph.D. Associate Director Cultural Resources National Park Service 1849 C Street, NW Room 3128 Washington, DC 20240 202-206-7625 [email protected]
Susan Salvatore, M.A. Contractor/Project Manager National Historic Landmarks Program National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2256 [email protected]
Dan Vivian, Ph.C. Historian National Register of Historic Places National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8th Floor Washington, DC 20005 202-354-2256 [email protected]
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APP
END
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tatio
n bu
t man
ifest
thes
e ar
eas
of s
igni
fican
ce in
rela
tion
to n
atio
nally
sig
nific
ant A
frica
n A
mer
ican
his
tory
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
e cu
rrent
nom
inat
ion
may
not
sp
ecify
"Eth
nic
Her
itage
-Bla
ck" a
s an
are
a of
sig
nific
ance
; how
ever
, the
ass
ocia
tion
with
nat
iona
lly s
igni
fican
t Afri
can
Am
eric
an h
isto
ry e
xist
s (e
x. S
loss
Bla
st F
urna
ce).
As
a re
sult,
pro
perty
nom
inat
ions
may
requ
ire re
visi
on to
incl
ude
the
addi
tiona
l are
a of
sig
nific
ance
. N
HLs
that
requ
ire s
uch
revi
sion
are
mar
ked
here
with
an
aste
risk
(*) a
nd
othe
rs a
re li
sted
in A
ppen
dix
F. A
ltern
ate
nam
es o
f the
NH
L pr
oper
ties
follo
w in
par
enth
eses
.
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Ala
bam
a
Bet
hel B
aptis
t C
hurc
h,
Par
sona
ge, a
nd
Gua
rd H
ouse
3200
28t
h A
venu
e N
orth
, Birm
ingh
am,
Jeffe
rson
Cou
nty,
A
laba
ma
Law
-Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct o
f 19
64; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Rev
eren
d Fr
ed
Shu
ttles
wor
th; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Mov
emen
t (19
61
Free
dom
Rid
es, P
ublic
A
ccom
mod
atio
ns);
Tran
spor
tatio
n
Stu
dent
Non
-Vio
lent
Coo
rdin
atin
g C
omm
ittee
(S
NC
C) d
ecid
ed to
con
tinue
the
Free
dom
Rid
es o
f M
ay 1
961
rath
er th
an b
uckl
e un
der w
hite
se
greg
atio
nist
vio
lenc
e. F
rom
Bet
hel B
aptis
t Chu
rch,
R
ever
end
Fred
Shu
ttles
wor
th c
oord
inat
ed th
e re
new
ed ri
de w
ith S
NC
C a
nd A
ttorn
ey G
ener
al
Rob
ert K
enne
dy. T
he A
laba
ma
Chr
istia
n M
ovem
ent
for H
uman
Rig
hts
(AC
MH
R),
head
quar
tere
d in
B
ethe
l Bap
tist C
hurc
h fro
m 1
956
to 1
961,
con
front
ed
mul
tiple
asp
ects
of r
acia
l dis
crim
inat
ion
that
ser
ved
as a
mod
el fo
r the
196
3 B
irmin
gham
cam
paig
n an
d le
d to
the
Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct o
f 196
4. T
he c
hurc
h an
d pa
rson
age
wer
e pl
aces
of r
efug
e fo
r wou
nded
and
st
rand
ed ri
ders
resc
ued
by A
CM
HR
mem
bers
.
Apr
. 5, 2
005
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/05
0004
55.p
df
http
://np
s.go
v/nh
l/the
mes
/Pu
b%20
Acc
om.p
df
Bro
wn
Cha
pel
Afri
can
Met
hodi
st
Epi
scop
al C
hurc
h
410
Mar
tin L
uthe
r K
ing,
Jr.
Stre
et,
Sel
ma,
Dal
las
Cou
nty,
A
laba
ma
Law
-Vot
ing
Rig
hts
Act
of
1965
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-M
artin
Lut
her
Kin
g, J
r.; S
ocia
l His
tory
-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Mov
emen
t (V
otin
g R
ight
s), S
elm
a-to
-M
ontg
omer
y M
arch
Led
by c
omm
unity
lead
ers
in c
oope
ratio
n w
ith th
e S
outh
ern
Chr
istia
n Le
ader
ship
Con
fere
nce
and
othe
r nat
iona
l civ
il rig
hts
orga
niza
tions
, thi
s ch
urch
w
as th
e he
adqu
arte
rs o
f the
Sel
ma
Vot
ing
Rig
hts
Mov
emen
t tha
t led
to th
e pa
ssag
e of
the
Vot
ing
Rig
hts
Act
of 1
965.
D
ec. 9
, 199
7
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/82
0020
09.p
df
http
://np
s.go
v/nh
l/the
mes
/Pu
b%20
Acc
om.p
df
Dex
ter A
venu
e B
aptis
t Chu
rch
454
Dex
ter A
venu
e,
Mon
tgom
ery,
M
ontg
omer
y C
ount
y,
Ala
bam
a
Com
mer
ce; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-M
artin
Lut
her
Kin
g, J
r.; S
ocia
l His
tory
- C
ivil
Rig
hts
Mov
emen
t (M
ontg
omer
y B
us B
oyco
tt an
d P
ublic
A
ccom
mod
atio
ns);
Tran
spor
tatio
n
This
chu
rch
is a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith it
s pa
stor
and
civ
il rig
hts
activ
ist,
Mar
tin L
uthe
r Kin
g, J
r., a
nd th
e M
ontg
omer
y B
us B
oyco
tt (M
BB
) — d
escr
ibed
as
the
first
mas
s pr
otes
t aga
inst
raci
al d
iscr
imin
atio
n. T
he
MB
B h
eral
ded
a ne
w e
ra o
f dire
ct a
ctio
n of
the
mod
ern
civi
l rig
hts
mov
emen
t. K
ing
was
cho
sen
pres
iden
t of t
he n
ewly
form
ed M
ontg
omer
y Im
prov
emen
t Ass
ocia
tion
to le
ad th
e bu
s bo
ycot
t.
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0004
31.p
df
http
://np
s.go
v/nh
l/the
mes
/Pu
b%20
Acc
om.p
df
Fost
er A
udito
rium
U
nive
rsity
of A
laba
ma,
Tu
scal
oosa
, Tu
scal
oosa
Cou
nty,
A
laba
ma
Edu
catio
n; L
aw-B
row
n v.
B
oard
of E
duca
tion
(195
4); P
oliti
cs a
nd
Gov
ernm
ent-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Act
of 1
964;
Soc
ial
His
tory
-Civ
il R
ight
s M
ovem
ent
(Des
egre
gatio
n)
Fost
er A
udito
rium
is th
e si
te o
f the
Jun
e 11
, 196
3 “s
tand
in th
e sc
hool
hous
e do
or” b
y G
over
nor
Geo
rge
Wal
lace
in d
efia
nce
of a
pro
clam
atio
n by
P
resi
dent
Joh
n F.
Ken
nedy
to o
bey
a co
urt o
rder
to
adm
it tw
o A
frica
n-A
mer
ican
stu
dent
s to
the
univ
ersi
ty. T
he a
udito
rium
is a
sym
bol o
f sou
ther
n m
assi
ve re
sist
ance
to s
choo
l des
egre
gatio
n fo
llow
ing
the
1954
Bro
wn
deci
sion
and
the
call
by
the
Ken
nedy
adm
inis
tratio
n fo
r a s
trong
er fe
dera
l co
mm
itmen
t to
civi
l rig
hts
that
bec
ame
the
foun
datio
n of
the
Civ
il R
ight
s Ac
t of 1
964.
Apr
. 5, 2
005
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/05
0004
57.p
df
14
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
J. L
. M. (
Jabe
z La
mar
Mon
roe)
C
urry
Hom
e
Hw
y 21
, 3 m
iles
east
fro
m th
e ce
nter
of
Talla
dega
, Tal
lade
ga
Cou
nty,
Ala
bam
a
Edu
catio
n; S
ocia
l His
tory
-C
ivil
Rig
hts,
R
econ
stru
ctio
n
Jabe
z La
mar
Mon
roe
Cur
ry, a
s an
age
nt fo
r the
G
eorg
e P
eabo
dy E
duca
tion
Fund
and
the
John
F.
Sla
ter F
und,
was
influ
entia
l in
esta
blis
hing
pub
lic
educ
atio
n fo
r em
anci
pate
d A
frica
n A
mer
ican
s th
roug
hout
the
sout
h af
ter t
he C
ivil
War
.
Dec
. 21,
196
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0001
54.p
df
Six
teen
th S
treet
B
aptis
t Chu
rch
1530
6th
Ave
nue
Nor
th a
t 16t
h S
treet
, B
irmin
gham
, Jef
fers
on
Cou
nty,
Ala
bam
a
Law
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t-Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct o
f 196
4; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Mov
emen
t (P
ublic
A
ccom
mod
atio
ns);
This
chu
rch
serv
ed a
s th
e or
gani
zatio
nal a
nd
stag
ing
back
grou
nd o
f the
Eas
ter S
unda
y ch
ildre
n’s
mar
ch to
inte
grat
e pu
blic
acc
omm
odat
ions
that
pr
oved
to b
e on
e of
the
mos
t dra
mat
ic
conf
ront
atio
ns w
ith s
egre
gatio
n in
the
nonv
iole
nt
mov
emen
t. Th
e ch
urch
was
bom
bed
by w
hite
su
prem
acis
ts o
n S
epte
mbe
r 15,
196
3, k
illin
g fo
ur
little
girl
s. M
ass
cove
rage
of t
he e
vent
gar
nere
d na
tiona
l em
path
y fo
r the
civ
il rig
hts
mov
emen
t and
le
d to
pas
sage
of t
he C
ivil
Rig
hts
Act
of 1
964.
Feb.
2, 2
006,
N
atio
nal
Reg
iste
r lis
ted
1980
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/80
0006
96.p
df
http
://np
s.go
v/nh
l/the
mes
/Pu
b%20
Acc
om.p
df
Slo
ss B
last
Fu
rnac
es *
1s
t Ave
nue
at 3
2nd
Stre
et, B
irmin
gham
, Je
ffers
on C
ount
y,
Ala
bam
a.
Indu
stry
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t C
ompl
eted
in 1
882,
this
site
was
des
igna
ted
as a
N
atio
nal H
isto
ric L
andm
ark
in 1
981
in in
dust
rial
herit
age
for i
ts a
ssoc
iatio
n w
ith d
iver
sify
ing
the
Sou
th’s
pos
t-Civ
il W
ar e
cono
my.
Fur
ther
stu
dy c
ould
be
con
duct
ed fo
r its
ass
ocia
tion
with
adv
ance
s m
ade
in A
frica
n A
mer
ican
labo
r in
the
1930
s by
the
Con
gres
s of
Indu
stria
l Org
aniz
atio
ns in
its
effo
rts to
ga
in d
emoc
racy
for w
orke
rs o
f all
race
s.
May
29,
198
1
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/72
0001
62.p
df
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/nh
l/the
mes
/Lab
or%
20T
S.p
df
Sw
ayne
Hal
l, Ta
llade
ga C
olle
ge
Talla
dega
Col
lege
C
ampu
s, 6
27 W
est
Bat
tle S
treet
, Ta
llade
ga C
ount
y,
Ala
bam
a
Edu
catio
n; In
dust
ry
Orig
inal
ly c
onst
ruct
ed b
y en
slav
ed A
frica
n A
mer
ican
la
bor i
n 18
57 a
nd in
itial
ly u
sed
as a
whi
te B
aptis
t sc
hool
, the
hal
l was
pur
chas
ed b
y th
e A
mer
ican
M
issi
onar
y A
ssoc
iatio
n in
186
7 to
form
Tal
lade
ga
Col
lege
for f
reed
Afri
can
Am
eric
ans.
Tal
lade
ga
esta
blis
hed
a lib
eral
arts
pro
gram
in 1
890,
unl
ike
othe
r con
tem
pora
ry A
frica
n A
mer
ican
edu
catio
nal
inst
itutio
ns w
hich
focu
sed
on v
ocat
iona
l tra
inin
g.
Dec
. 2, 1
974
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0022
23.p
df
Tusk
egee
Inst
itute
V
icin
ity o
f Tus
kege
e,
Mac
on C
ount
y,
Ala
bam
a
Agr
icul
ture
; Edu
catio
n;
Inve
ntio
n; S
cien
ce;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
ns-
Boo
ker T
. Was
hing
ton
and
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
Car
ver;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Civ
il R
ight
s
Tusk
egee
Inst
itute
was
foun
ded
in 1
881
by B
ooke
r T.
Was
hing
ton,
a le
adin
g la
te 1
9th
cent
ury
civi
l rig
hts
advo
cate
and
edu
cato
r. S
cien
tist a
nd in
vent
or
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
Car
ver,
as h
ead
of th
e A
gric
ultu
ral D
epar
tmen
t, fo
unde
d ov
er 5
00 u
ses
for
the
pean
ut w
hile
wor
king
at t
he c
olle
ge.
Jun.
23,
196
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0001
51.p
df
Ariz
ona
Fort
Hua
chuc
a 3.
6 m
iles
Wes
t of
Sie
rra
Vis
ta,
Coc
hise
Cou
nty,
A
rizon
a
Mili
tary
His
tory
; S
ettle
men
t/Exp
lora
tion
The
fort
was
the
head
quar
ters
for t
he U
.S. A
rmy’
s fo
ur a
ll-bl
ack
regi
men
ts: t
he 9
th a
nd 1
0th C
alva
ry a
nd
the
24th a
nd 2
5th In
fant
ry.
The
fort
was
foun
ded
in
1877
bet
wee
n To
mbs
tone
and
the
U.S
.-Mex
ican
bo
rder
and
pla
yed
a pr
omin
ent r
ole
in th
e su
bjug
atio
n of
Ger
onim
o’s
Chi
raca
hua
Apa
che.
May
, 11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0004
43.p
df
Ark
ansa
s
Dai
sy B
ates
Hou
se
1207
Wes
t 28t
h S
treet
, Li
ttle
Roc
k, P
ulas
ki
Cou
nty,
Ark
ansa
s
Edu
catio
n; L
aw-B
row
n v.
B
oard
of E
duca
tion
and
Bro
wn
II; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Dai
sy B
ates
Bat
es s
heph
erde
d th
e Li
ttle
Roc
k N
ine
to
dese
greg
ate
Cen
tral H
igh
Sch
ool a
fter t
he B
row
n v.
B
oard
of E
duca
tion
and
Bro
wn
II de
cisi
ons
ende
d de
ju
ré s
egre
gatio
n in
pub
lic e
duca
tion.
The
hou
se
beca
me
the
de fa
cto
com
man
d po
st fo
r the
Cen
tral
Hig
h S
choo
l des
egre
gatio
n cr
isis
and
ser
ved
as a
ha
ven
for t
he n
ine
Afri
can
Am
eric
an s
tude
nts
who
de
segr
egat
ed th
e sc
hool
and
a p
lace
to p
lan
the
best
way
to a
chie
ve th
eir g
oals
. Fo
r the
firs
t tim
e, a
U
.S. P
resi
dent
use
d fe
dera
l pow
ers
to u
phol
d an
d im
plem
ent a
fede
ral c
ourt
rulin
g re
gard
ing
scho
ol
dese
greg
atio
n.
Jan.
3, 2
001
http
://w
ww
.nps
.go
v/hi
stor
y/hi
sto
ry/s
choo
l.pdf
http
://pd
fhos
t.foc
us.n
ps.g
ov/
docs
/NH
LS/T
ext
/010
0007
2.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 15
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Cen
tenn
ial B
aptis
t C
hurc
h Yo
rk a
nd C
olum
bia
Stre
ets,
Hel
ena,
P
hilli
ps C
ount
y,
Ark
ansa
s
Rel
igio
n; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-R
ever
end
Dr.
Elia
s C
amp
Mor
ris; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts
From
the
Cen
tenn
ial B
aptis
t Chu
rch'
s 19
05
cons
truct
ion
until
his
dea
th in
192
2, R
ever
end
Dr.
Elia
s C
amp
Mor
ris w
as p
resi
dent
(189
5-19
22) o
f the
N
atio
nal B
aptis
t Con
vent
ion
(NB
C),
the
larg
est
Afri
can
Am
eric
an o
rgan
izat
ion
in th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s at
the
end
of th
e 19
th c
entu
ry.
Thro
ugh
the
NB
C,
Mor
ris b
roug
ht a
ttent
ion
to th
e rig
ht o
f Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
to e
stab
lish
inde
pend
ent r
elig
ious
as
soci
atio
ns.
The
chur
ch fu
nctio
ned
as th
e he
adqu
arte
rs o
f the
Nat
iona
l Bap
tist C
onve
ntio
n w
hile
Mor
ris w
as p
asto
r. M
orris
als
o pr
ovid
ed a
vo
ice
for A
frica
n A
mer
ican
sch
olar
s th
roug
h th
e C
onve
ntio
n's
Nat
iona
l Bap
tist P
ublis
hing
Boa
rd,
whi
ch w
as d
evot
ed to
the
prod
uctio
n of
relig
ious
m
ater
ials
for A
frica
n A
mer
ican
con
greg
atio
ns.
Jul.
31, 2
003
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/03
0010
44.p
df
Littl
e R
ock
Cen
tral
Hig
h S
choo
l 14
th a
nd P
ark
Stre
ets,
Li
ttle
Roc
k, P
ulas
ki
Cou
nty,
Ark
ansa
s
Law
-Bro
wn
v. B
oard
of
Edu
catio
n, B
row
n II,
and
E
xecu
tive
Enf
orce
men
t; P
oliti
cs/ G
over
nmen
t; S
igni
fican
t Per
sons
-Litt
le
Roc
k N
ine
and
Dai
sy
Bat
es; S
ocia
l His
tory
-Civ
il R
ight
s M
ovem
ent
(Des
egre
gatio
n) a
nd
Mas
sive
Res
ista
nce
The
scho
ol is
the
site
of t
he fi
rst n
atio
nal t
est s
ite fo
r de
segr
egat
ion
afte
r the
Bro
wn
v. B
oard
of E
duca
tion
(195
4) a
nd B
row
n II
(195
5) d
ecis
ions
. Th
e cr
isis
at
Littl
e R
ock
is th
e fir
st in
stan
ce s
ince
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
of fe
dera
l int
erve
ntio
n to
enf
orce
civ
il rig
hts.
NH
L- M
ay 2
0,
1982
; N
atio
nal H
isto
ric
Site
, Nov
. 6,
1998
.
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/77
0002
68.p
df
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/h
isto
ry/s
choo
l.pdf
Cal
iforn
ia
Lela
nd S
tanf
ord
Hou
se*
(Sta
nfor
d-La
thro
p H
ouse
)
800
N S
treet
, S
acra
men
to,
Sac
ram
ento
Cou
nty,
C
alifo
rnia
Exp
lora
tion/
Set
tlem
ent-
Cal
iforn
ia; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-Le
land
Sta
nfor
d;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Alth
ough
its
asso
ciat
ion
with
Afri
can
Am
eric
an
hist
ory
is n
ot d
escr
ibed
in c
urre
nt N
HL
docu
men
tatio
n, S
tanf
ord
play
ed a
piv
otal
role
in
early
Cal
iforn
ia c
ivil
right
s hi
stor
y as
a p
oliti
cal a
nd
finan
cial
sup
porte
r of A
frica
n A
mer
ican
civ
il rig
hts
and
abol
ition
in th
e st
ate.
May
28,
198
7
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/71
0001
78.p
df
Con
nect
icut
Pru
denc
e C
rand
all
Hou
se
Sou
thw
est c
orne
r of
Sta
te R
oute
s 14
and
16
9, C
ante
rbur
y,
Win
dham
Cou
nty,
C
onne
ctic
ut
Edu
catio
n; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n- P
rude
nce
Cra
ndal
l; S
ocia
l His
tory
-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Cra
ndal
l was
an
educ
ator
and
refo
rmer
who
ope
ned
a sc
hool
exc
lusi
vely
for A
frica
n A
mer
ican
wom
en
desp
ite c
omm
unity
pro
test
and
vio
lenc
e in
1832
. S
he c
lose
d th
e sc
hool
in 1
834
afte
r a w
hite
mob
at
tack
ed th
e ho
use.
Jul.
17, 1
991
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/70
0006
96.p
df
Firs
t Chu
rch
of
Chr
ist,
Farm
ingt
on
75 M
ain
Stre
et,
Farm
ingt
on, H
artfo
rd
Cou
nty,
Con
nect
icut
Law
-Am
ista
d ca
se;
Pol
itics
/ Gov
ernm
ent;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-A
tlant
ic
Sla
ve T
rade
, Abo
litio
nism
Men
dé A
frica
ns fr
om th
e sl
ave
ship
, La
Am
ista
d,
wor
ship
ed h
ere
afte
r bei
ng d
ecla
red
free
by th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s S
upre
me
Cou
rt on
Mar
ch 9
, 184
1.
The
Afri
cans
rem
aine
d in
Far
min
gton
for t
hree
m
onth
s be
fore
set
ting
sail
for S
ierr
a Le
one
in
Nov
embe
r 184
1.
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/75
0020
56.p
df
Aus
tin F
. Will
iam
s C
arria
geho
use
and
Hou
se
127
Mai
n S
treet
, Fa
rmin
gton
, Har
tford
C
ount
y, C
onne
ctic
ut
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-A
ustin
F.
Will
iam
s; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry- S
lave
ry,
Abo
litio
nism
, U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad,
and
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
A le
adin
g ab
oliti
onis
t, W
illia
ms
esta
blis
hed
an
Und
ergr
ound
Rai
lroad
sta
tion
here
and
hea
ded
the
defe
nse
team
for t
he 4
3 M
endé
Afri
cans
from
La
Am
ista
d. H
e pr
ovid
ed h
ousi
ng fo
r the
Afri
cans
afte
r th
eir r
elea
se fr
om p
rison
by
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Sup
rem
e C
ourt.
Will
iam
s w
as a
ppoi
nted
dire
ctor
of
the
Free
dman
's B
urea
u of
New
Eng
land
afte
r the
C
ivil
War
.
Aug
. 5, 1
998
http
://w
ww
.nps
.go
v/hi
stor
y/nr
/trav
el/u
nder
grou
nd/
thho
me.
htm
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 16
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Del
awar
e
How
ard
Hig
h S
choo
l 40
1 E
ast 1
2th
Stre
et,
Wilm
ingt
on, N
ew
Cas
tle C
ount
y,
Del
awar
e
Edu
catio
n; L
aw-B
row
n v.
B
oard
of E
duca
tion
(195
4), a
nd B
elto
n v.
G
ebha
rt (1
953)
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Mov
emen
t (D
eseg
rega
tion)
How
ard
Hig
h S
choo
l is
linke
d w
ith o
ne o
f the
five
pu
blic
sch
ool s
egre
gatio
n ca
ses
com
bine
d in
Bro
wn
v. B
oard
of E
duca
tion,
the
land
mar
k U
.S. S
upre
me
Cou
rt de
cisi
on th
at s
truck
dow
n th
e “s
epar
ate
but
equa
l” do
ctrin
e go
vern
ing
publ
ic p
olic
y w
ith re
gard
to
race
. In
the
case
, Bel
ton
v. G
ebha
rt (1
953)
, a
grou
p of
bla
ck p
aren
ts re
ques
ted
that
the
scho
ol
boar
d al
low
thei
r chi
ldre
n to
atte
nd th
e al
l-whi
te
scho
ol w
ithin
wal
king
dis
tanc
e of
thei
r hom
es, r
athe
r th
an b
usin
g th
eir c
hild
ren
to th
e al
l-bla
ck H
owar
d H
igh
Sch
ool.
Apr
. 5, 2
005
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/85
0003
09.p
df
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/h
isto
ry/s
choo
l.pdf
New
Cas
tle C
ount
y C
ourt
Hou
se
211
Del
awar
e S
treet
, N
ew C
astle
, New
C
astle
Cou
nty,
D
elaw
are
Law
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t- Fu
gitiv
e S
lave
Act
of 1
793;
Soc
ial
His
tory
-Abo
litio
nism
and
C
olon
ial H
isto
ry
The
nam
e of
the
prev
ious
ly d
esig
nate
d N
atio
nal
His
toric
Lan
dmar
k w
as o
ffici
ally
cha
nged
to N
ew
Cas
tle C
ourt
Hou
se, a
nd it
s na
tiona
lly s
igni
fican
t as
soci
atio
n w
ith th
e pr
osec
utio
n of
two
Qua
ker
abol
ition
ists
for v
iola
ting
the
Fugi
tive
Sla
ve A
ct o
f 17
93 w
as fo
rmal
ly a
ckno
wle
dged
. The
cou
rthou
se
had
orig
inal
ly re
ceiv
ed N
HL
desi
gnat
ion
only
in
reco
gniti
on o
f its
role
as
the
seat
of g
over
nanc
e in
D
elaw
are
durin
g th
e co
loni
al a
nd e
arly
sta
teho
od
eras
.
Nov
. 28,
197
2
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/72
0002
85.p
df
Dis
tric
t of
Col
umbi
a
And
rew
Ran
kin
Mem
oria
l Cha
pel,
Foun
ders
Lib
rary
, an
d Fr
eder
ick
Dou
glas
Mem
oria
l H
all (
How
ard
Uni
vers
ity)
How
ard
Uni
vers
ity,
Was
hing
ton,
DC
S
igni
fican
t Per
sons
-Th
urgo
od M
arsh
all a
nd
Cha
rles
Ham
ilton
H
oust
on; L
aw-B
row
n v.
B
oard
of E
duca
tion
(195
4); P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Edu
catio
n;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts
(Des
egre
gatio
n)
A p
ortio
n of
the
How
ard
Uni
vers
ity c
ampu
s is
na
tiona
lly s
igni
fican
t for
the
inst
itutio
n’s
role
in th
e le
gal e
stab
lishm
ent o
f rac
ially
des
egre
gate
d pu
blic
ed
ucat
ion
and
for i
ts a
ssoc
iatio
n w
ith tw
o na
tiona
lly
reco
gniz
ed le
ader
s of
that
figh
t: C
harle
s H
amilt
on
Hou
ston
and
Thu
rgoo
d M
arsh
all.
Beg
inni
ng in
19
29, H
owar
d La
w S
choo
l bec
ame
an e
duca
tiona
l tra
inin
g gr
ound
for c
ivil
right
s th
roug
h th
e vi
sion
of
Cha
rles
Ham
ilton
Hou
ston
. Th
is p
rogr
am p
rodu
ced
activ
ist b
lack
law
yers
ded
icat
ed to
sec
urin
g th
e ci
vil
right
s of
all
peop
le o
f col
or a
nd, i
n 19
36, e
stab
lishe
d th
e fir
st c
ours
e in
civ
il rig
hts
law
. Th
erea
fter,
law
yer
Thur
good
Mar
shal
l of t
he N
atio
nal A
ssoc
iatio
n fo
r th
e A
dvan
cem
ent o
f Col
ored
Peo
ple
(NA
AC
P) L
egal
D
efen
se F
und
(LD
F) le
d th
e or
gani
zatio
n’s
stra
tegy
to
des
egre
gate
sch
ools
lead
ing
up to
the
Bro
wn
v.
Boa
rd o
f Edu
catio
n ca
se.
In th
is c
ase,
the
U.S
. S
upre
me
Cou
rt de
clar
ed s
choo
l seg
rega
tion
unco
nstit
utio
nal.
Jan.
31,
200
1
http
://w
ww
.nps
.go
v/nh
l/des
igna
tio
ns/s
ampl
es/d
c/h
owar
d.pd
f
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/h
isto
ry/s
choo
l.pdf
Bla
nche
K. B
ruce
H
ouse
90
9 M
Stre
et, N
W
Was
hing
ton,
DC
P
oliti
cs/ G
over
nmen
t; S
ocia
l His
tory
- R
econ
stru
ctio
n
Bla
nche
K. B
ruce
was
the
first
Afri
can
Am
eric
an to
se
rve
a fu
ll te
rm in
the
U.S
. Sen
ate
from
187
5 to
18
81.
Bru
ce re
pres
ente
d M
issi
ssip
pi a
nd li
ved
in
this
hou
se d
urin
g hi
s te
rm.
He
rem
aine
d in
W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C a
nd w
as a
ppoi
nted
DC
Rec
orde
r of
Dee
ds a
nd R
egis
trar o
f the
U. S
. Tre
asur
y.
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/75
0020
46.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 17
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Mar
y A
nn S
hadd
C
ary
Hou
se
1421
W S
treet
, NW
W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C
Edu
catio
n; L
aw; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Mar
y A
nn S
hadd
C
ary;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Wom
en's
Suf
frage
, Civ
il R
ight
s
In 1
850,
Mar
y A
nn S
hadd
Car
y fo
unde
d a
raci
ally
in
tegr
ated
sch
ool i
n C
anad
a an
d fo
ught
aga
inst
ex
ploi
tive
antis
lave
ry a
gent
s kn
own
as "b
eggi
ng
agen
ts."
In 1
852,
she
wro
te "N
otes
on
Can
ada
Wes
t" w
hich
per
suad
ed A
mer
ican
Bla
cks
to c
ome
to
Can
ada.
In
1853
, Car
y fo
unde
d C
anad
a's
first
ant
i-sl
aver
y ne
wsp
aper
, the
Pro
vinc
ial F
reem
an, a
lso
beco
min
g th
e fir
st A
frica
n A
mer
ican
fem
ale
new
spap
erpe
rson
in N
orth
Am
eric
a. D
urin
g th
e C
ivil
War
, Mar
y S
hadd
Car
y w
as a
ppoi
nted
a R
ecru
iting
O
ffice
r for
the
Uni
on A
rmy.
Lat
er, C
ary
mov
ed to
W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C a
nd e
stab
lishe
d a
scho
ol fo
r bla
ck
child
ren
and
atte
nded
How
ard
Uni
vers
ity L
aw
Sch
ool.
She
bec
ame
the
first
bla
ck, f
emal
e la
wye
r in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
whe
n sh
e gr
adua
ted
in 1
870
and
was
one
of t
he fe
w w
oman
to re
ceiv
e th
e rig
ht
to v
ote
in fe
dera
l ele
ctio
ns.
Car
y or
gani
zed
the
Col
ored
Wom
en's
Pro
gres
sive
Fra
nchi
se.
Dec
. 8, 1
976
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0021
28.p
df
Cha
rlotte
For
ten
Grim
ke H
ouse
16
08 R
Stre
et, N
W
Was
hing
ton,
DC
E
duca
tion;
Lite
ratu
re;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-C
harlo
tte F
orte
n G
rimke
; S
ocia
l His
tory
-Civ
il R
ight
s an
d R
econ
stru
ctio
n
Cha
rlotte
For
ten
was
the
first
Afri
can
Am
eric
an to
te
ach
in S
alem
, Mas
sach
uset
ts s
choo
ls.
She
was
al
so th
e fir
st, d
ocum
ente
d, n
orth
ern
Afri
can-
Am
eric
an s
choo
lteac
her t
o go
sou
th to
teac
h fo
rmer
sl
aves
, tea
chin
g on
St.
Hel
ena
Isla
nd fo
r tw
o ye
ars.
In
186
4, s
he p
ublis
hed
"Life
on
the
Sea
Isla
nds"
in
The
Atla
ntic
Mon
thly
.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0021
29.p
df
Gen
eral
Oliv
er O
tis
How
ard
Hou
se
607
How
ard
Pla
ce,
How
ard
Uni
vers
ity,
NW
Was
hing
ton,
DC
Edu
catio
n; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-G
en. O
liver
Otis
H
owar
d; S
ocia
l His
tory
-C
ivil
War
, Rec
onst
ruct
ion
Gen
eral
How
ard
was
the
first
Com
mis
sion
er o
f the
Fr
eedm
an’s
Bur
eau
and
third
pre
side
nt o
f How
ard
Uni
vers
ity, a
priv
ate
hist
oric
ally
-bla
ck c
olle
ge a
nd h
is
nam
esak
e. T
he h
ouse
is lo
cate
d on
the
cam
pus
of
the
univ
ersi
ty.
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0021
63.p
df
N
atio
nal T
rain
ing
Sch
ool f
or W
omen
an
d G
irls
(Tra
des
Hal
l)
601
50th
Stre
et,
NE
W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C
Edu
catio
n; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-N
anni
e H
. B
urro
ughs
; Soc
ial H
isto
ry
The
Nat
iona
l Tra
inin
g S
choo
l was
foun
ded
by
educ
ator
Nan
nie
H. B
urro
ughs
to e
duca
te y
oung
bl
ack
wom
en a
nd g
irls
in th
e do
mes
tic a
rts,
acad
emic
s, a
nd re
ligio
us in
stru
ctio
n.
Jul.
17, 1
991
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/91
0020
49.p
df
St.
Luke
’s
Epi
scop
al C
hurc
h 15
th a
nd C
hurc
h S
treet
s, N
W
Was
hing
ton,
DC
Edu
catio
n; R
elig
ion-
Epi
scop
al C
hurc
h;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
ns-
Ale
xand
er C
rum
mel
l and
C
alvi
n T.
S. B
rent
; Soc
ial
His
tory
-Civ
il R
ight
s, P
an
Afri
cani
sm
Ale
xand
er C
rum
mel
l was
a s
chol
ar, c
olle
ge
prof
esso
r, E
pisc
opal
pre
ache
r, ad
voca
te fo
r the
em
igra
tion
of B
lack
s to
Afri
ca a
nd a
dvoc
ate
of
Afri
can
self-
help
. Th
e ch
urch
was
foun
ded
in 1
880
by C
rum
mel
l (w
ho a
lso
foun
ded
the
Am
eric
an N
egro
A
cade
my)
and
des
igne
d by
Cal
vin
T. S
. Bre
nt,
Was
hing
ton’
s fir
st A
frica
n A
mer
ican
arc
hite
ct, i
n th
e 18
70s.
Fro
m th
is lo
catio
n, C
rum
mel
l org
aniz
ed
blac
k cl
ergy
men
to fi
ght r
acis
m in
the
Epi
scop
al
Chu
rch.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0021
31.p
df
John
Phi
llip
Sou
sa
Juni
or H
igh
Sch
ool
3650
Ely
Pla
ce, S
E
Was
hing
ton,
DC
E
duca
tion;
Law
-Bol
ling
v.
Sha
rpe
(195
1), B
row
n v.
B
oard
of E
duca
tion
(195
4); P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Soc
ial
His
tory
-Civ
il R
ight
s M
ovem
ent
(Des
egre
gatio
n)
The
John
Phi
lip S
ousa
Jun
ior H
igh
Sch
ool (
now
the
John
Phi
lip S
ousa
Mid
dle
Sch
ool)
is a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
the
stru
ggle
to d
eseg
rega
te s
choo
ls in
the
natio
n’s
capi
tol a
s pa
rt of
the
Bol
ling
v. S
harp
e (1
951)
cou
rt ca
se. T
he U
.S. S
upre
me
Cou
rt de
cide
d th
is c
ase
on
the
sam
e da
y as
the
publ
ic s
choo
l seg
rega
tion
case
s in
Kan
sas,
Virg
inia
, Del
awar
e, a
nd S
outh
C
arol
ina
com
bine
d in
Bro
wn
v. B
oard
of E
duca
tion.
Th
e B
ollin
g ca
se w
as a
n in
tegr
al p
art o
f the
U.S
. S
upre
me
Cou
rt’s
deci
sion
that
nei
ther
the
fede
ral o
r st
ate
gove
rnm
ents
cou
ld m
aint
ain
raci
ally
se
greg
ated
sch
ools
.
Jul.
7, 2
001
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/01
0010
45.p
df
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/h
isto
ry/s
choo
l.pdf
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 18
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Mar
y C
hurc
h Te
rrel
l Hou
se
326
T S
treet
, NW
W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C
Edu
catio
n; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-M
ary
Chu
rch
Terr
ell;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts,
Wom
en's
Rig
hts
(Nat
iona
l Ass
ocia
tion
of
Col
ored
Wom
en)
Terr
ell w
as a
pro
min
ent e
duca
tor a
nd a
civ
il an
d w
omen
’s ri
ghts
lead
er w
ho w
as th
e fir
st p
resi
dent
of
the
Nat
iona
l Ass
ocia
tion
of C
olor
ed W
omen
(N
AC
W).
The
NA
CW
was
the
larg
est o
rgan
izat
ion
of A
frica
n A
mer
ican
wom
en in
the
late
19th
cen
tury
an
d ea
rly 2
0th c
entu
ry.
She
als
o w
as a
n ac
com
plis
hed
writ
er a
nd th
e fir
st b
lack
wom
an to
se
rve
on a
n A
mer
ican
sch
ool b
oard
(189
5).
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/75
0020
55.p
df
Twel
fth S
treet
YM
CA
Bui
ldin
g 18
16 1
2th
Stre
et, N
W
Was
hing
ton,
DC
S
ocia
l His
tory
-YM
CA
, P
rogr
essi
ve M
ovem
ent
Bui
lt be
twee
n 19
08 a
nd 1
912,
this
was
the
hom
e of
th
e fir
st A
frica
n A
mer
ican
cha
pter
of t
he Y
oung
M
en's
Chr
istia
n A
ssoc
iatio
n (Y
MC
A).
The
bui
ldin
g w
as d
esig
ned
by A
frica
n A
mer
ican
arc
hite
ct, W
illia
m
Sid
ney
Pitt
man
.
Oct
. 12,
199
4
http
://w
ww
.nps
.go
v/nh
l/des
igna
tio
ns/s
ampl
es/d
c/Y
MC
A.p
df
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
Firs
t and
Eas
t Cap
itol
Stre
ets,
NE
W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C
Law
-Bro
wn
v. B
oard
, B
row
n II
and
Ple
ssy
v.
Ferg
uson
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-Th
urgo
od
Mar
shal
l; S
ocia
l His
tory
-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Mov
emen
t (D
eseg
rega
tion)
The
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
is s
igni
fican
t as
the
site
of m
ultip
le p
ivot
al c
ivil
right
s de
cisi
ons
incl
udin
g P
less
y v.
Fer
guso
n (1
896)
, Bro
wn
v. B
oard
of
Edu
catio
n (1
954)
, and
Bro
wn
II (1
955)
. M
ay 4
, 198
7
ht
tp://
ww
w.n
ps.
gov/
hist
ory/
his
tory
/sch
ool.p
df
Car
ter G
. Woo
dson
H
ouse
15
38 N
inth
Stre
et,
NW
, W
ashi
ngto
n D
C
Edu
catio
n; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-C
arte
r G.
Woo
dson
; Soc
ial H
isto
ry
Dr.
Woo
dson
is th
e fo
unde
r of A
frica
n A
mer
ican
hi
stor
y an
d B
lack
Stu
dies
as
acad
emic
dis
cipl
ines
an
d fo
unde
r of N
egro
His
tory
Wee
k, w
hich
has
ev
olve
d in
to th
e cu
rren
tly th
e fe
dera
lly-r
ecog
nize
d
prog
ram
, Bla
ck H
isto
ry M
onth
. W
oods
on a
lso
esta
blis
hed
the
Ass
ocia
tion
for t
he S
tudy
of N
egro
Li
fe a
nd H
isto
ry, T
he J
ourn
al o
f Neg
ro H
isto
ry, a
nd
The
Neg
ro H
isto
ry B
ulle
tin. T
he W
oods
on H
ouse
w
as d
esig
nate
d a
Nat
iona
l His
toric
Site
by
Con
gres
s an
d be
cam
e a
unit
of th
e N
atio
nal P
ark
Sys
tem
on
Dec
. 19,
200
3.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0021
35.p
df
Flor
ida
Mar
y M
cLeo
d B
ethu
ne H
ome
Bet
hune
-Coo
kman
C
olle
ge,
640
Mar
y M
cLeo
d B
ethu
ne B
oule
vard
, D
ayto
na B
each
, V
olus
ia C
ount
y,
Flor
ida
Edu
catio
n; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Mar
y M
cLeo
d B
ethu
ne; S
ocia
l His
tory
-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Mar
y M
cLeo
d B
ethu
ne w
as a
n ed
ucat
or, c
ivil
right
s ac
tivis
t, pr
esid
entia
l Cab
inet
Mem
ber f
or F
rank
lin
Del
ano
Roo
seve
lt’s
adm
inis
tratio
n, a
pre
side
ntia
l ad
viso
r, an
d a
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
con
sulta
nt.
Bet
hune
fo
unde
d B
ethu
ne-C
ookm
an C
olle
ge, a
his
toric
ally
-bl
ack
colle
ge lo
cate
d in
Day
tona
, Flo
rida,
and
the
Nat
iona
l Cou
ncil
of N
egro
Wom
en.
Dec
. 2, 1
974
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0006
55.p
df
Fort
Mos
e S
ite
St.
John
s C
ount
y,
Flor
ida
A
rche
olog
y-H
isto
ric N
on-
abor
igin
al; S
ocia
l His
tory
-U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad
Fort
Mos
e is
a p
recu
rsor
site
of t
he U
nder
grou
nd
Rai
lroad
, dem
onst
ratin
g th
at re
sist
ance
to s
lave
ry
was
bot
h ea
rly a
nd fi
erce
, and
that
it a
rose
dec
ades
be
fore
abo
litio
nism
bec
ame
orga
nize
d an
d in
fluen
tial.
Est
ablis
hed
durin
g th
e m
id-1
8th
cent
ury
as a
Spa
nish
mili
tary
pos
t, it
was
the
earli
est-k
now
n,
lega
lly-s
anct
ione
d fre
e bl
ack
com
mun
ity in
the
pres
ent U
nite
d S
tate
s. F
ort M
oses
was
des
igna
ted
in c
onju
nctio
n w
ith th
e U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad T
hem
e S
tudy
.
Oct
. 12,
199
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/94
0016
45.p
df
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/n
r/tra
vel/u
nder
gro
und/
thho
me.
htm
Zora
Nea
le H
urst
on
Hou
se
1734
Ave
nue
L,
Fort
Pie
rce,
S
aint
Luc
ie C
ount
y,
Flor
ida
Lite
ratu
re; S
cien
ce-
Ant
hrop
olog
y*; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-Zo
ra N
eal H
urst
on
Hur
ston
was
a s
emin
al H
arle
m R
enai
ssan
ce w
riter
, A
frica
n A
mer
ican
folk
loris
t, an
d an
thro
polo
gist
tra
ined
und
er F
ranz
Boa
z at
Bar
nard
Col
lege
. H
er
mos
t fam
ous
wor
ks w
ere
Mul
es a
nd M
en (1
935)
, Th
eir E
yes
Wer
e W
atch
ing
God
(193
7), a
nd D
ust
Trac
ks o
n th
e R
oad
(194
2).
Dec
. 4, 1
991
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/91
0020
47.p
df
Map
le L
eaf
Add
ress
rest
ricte
d,
Man
darin
, D
uval
Cou
nty,
Flo
rida
Mili
tary
; Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Civ
il W
ar
This
Uni
on a
rmy
trans
port
ship
was
sun
k by
the
Con
fede
racy
on
Apr
il 11
, 186
4, w
hich
kill
ed 5
bla
ck
crew
mem
bers
. Thi
s sh
ip c
omm
emor
ates
the
hist
ory
of A
frica
n A
mer
ican
nav
al p
artic
ipat
ion
in A
mer
ican
m
ilita
ry h
isto
ry a
nd th
e C
ivil
War
.
Oct
. 12,
199
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/94
0016
50.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 19
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Geo
rgia
Dor
ches
ter
Aca
dem
y B
oys'
D
orm
itory
GA
38/U
S 8
2 M
idw
ay,
Libe
rty C
ount
y,
Geo
rgia
Edu
catio
n; L
aw-V
otin
g R
ight
s A
ct; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Sep
tima
Poi
nset
ta
Cla
rke;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Mov
emen
t
Dor
ches
ter A
cade
my
Boy
s’ D
orm
itory
is n
atio
nally
si
gnifi
cant
as
the
prim
ary
train
ing
site
for t
he C
itize
n E
duca
tion
Pro
gram
spo
nsor
ed b
y th
e S
outh
ern
Chr
istia
n Le
ader
ship
Con
fere
nce,
whi
ch e
duca
ted
thou
sand
s of
mos
tly ru
ral S
outh
ern
Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
abou
t the
ir le
gal r
ight
s an
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s, a
nd ta
ught
them
the
skills
nee
ded
to
pass
raci
ally
-mot
ivat
ed v
oter
regi
stra
tion
test
s. T
he
Citi
zen
Edu
catio
n P
rogr
am fu
rther
ed th
e go
als
of th
e ci
vil r
ight
s m
ovem
ent a
nd u
ltim
atel
y le
d to
the
pass
age
of th
e V
otin
g R
ight
s A
ct o
f 196
5. T
he
Dor
ches
ter A
cade
my
build
ing
is a
lso
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
civi
l rig
hts
activ
ist S
eptim
a P
oins
etta
Cla
rk, w
hose
vi
sion
and
gra
ssro
ots
orga
nizi
ng m
ade
the
Citi
zen
Edu
catio
n P
rogr
am s
ucce
ssfu
l. M
s. C
lark
dev
elop
ed
the
citiz
en e
duca
tion
mod
el a
nd o
vers
aw th
e pr
ogra
m fr
om it
s in
cept
ion
in 1
956
in th
e S
outh
C
arol
ina
Sea
Isla
nds,
and
car
ried
it w
ith h
er fr
om th
e H
ighl
ande
r Fol
k S
choo
l to
the
Sou
ther
n C
hris
tian
Lead
ersh
ip C
onfe
renc
e.
Jun.
1, 2
006
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/86
0013
71.p
df
Hen
ry W
. Gra
dy
Hou
se
(Tay
lor-
Gra
dy
Hou
se)
634
Prin
ce A
venu
e,
Ath
ens,
Cla
rke
Cou
nty,
Geo
rgia
Pol
itics
/ Gov
ernm
ent,
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-H
enry
W
. Gra
dy; S
ocia
l His
tory
-R
econ
stru
ctio
n
The
Gra
dy h
ouse
was
the
hom
e (1
863-
72) o
f a
maj
or p
ropo
nent
of n
atio
nal r
econ
cilia
tion
durin
g th
e po
st-C
ivil
War
era
, who
del
iver
ed h
is fa
mou
s "N
ew
Sou
th" s
peec
h in
186
6 in
New
Yor
k C
ity.
As
a m
embe
r of t
he A
tlant
a R
ing
of D
emoc
ratic
pol
itica
l le
ader
s, G
rady
use
d hi
s of
fice
and
influ
ence
to
prom
ote
a N
ew S
outh
pro
gram
of n
orth
ern
inve
stm
ent,
sout
hern
indu
stria
l gro
wth
, div
ersi
fied
farm
ing,
and
whi
te s
upre
mac
y. G
rady
typi
fied
the
retu
rn to
“Whi
te H
ome
Rul
e” a
fter t
he d
emis
e of
R
econ
stru
ctio
n.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0006
13.p
df
Her
ndon
Hom
e 58
7 U
nive
rsity
Pla
ce,
Atla
nta,
Ful
ton
Cou
nty,
G
eorg
ia
Com
mer
ce; E
cono
mic
s;
Indu
stry
; Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Alo
nzo
Fran
klin
H
ernd
on; S
ocia
l His
tory
-ea
rly 2
0th
c.
Bui
lt in
191
0, th
is is
the
hom
e of
foun
der o
f the
A
tlant
a Li
fe In
sura
nce
Com
pany
, Alo
nzo
Fran
klin
H
ernd
on, a
nd h
is fa
mily
. Th
e co
mpa
ny b
ecam
e on
e of
the
larg
est b
lack
-ow
ned
insu
ranc
e co
mpa
nies
in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes.
A fo
rmer
ens
lave
d pe
rson
, H
ernd
on's
life
refle
cts
the
idea
l of t
he A
mer
ican
dr
eam
, tha
t any
one
can
be s
ucce
ssfu
l in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
with
har
d w
ork
and
dete
rmin
atio
n. A
drie
nne
Her
ndon
, Alo
nzo’
s w
ife, d
esig
ned
the
resi
denc
e bu
t pa
ssed
aw
ay a
few
mon
ths
afte
r its
com
plet
ion.
Th
eir s
on N
orris
was
influ
entia
l in
the
fam
ily’s
en
terp
rises
and
he
succ
eede
d hi
s fa
ther
in ru
nnin
g th
e A
tlant
a Li
fe In
sura
nce
Com
pany
. Th
eir h
ome
illus
trate
s th
e fa
mily
’s a
spira
tions
and
life
styl
e, a
nd
also
repr
esen
ts th
e cu
lture
of w
ealth
y A
frica
n A
mer
ican
s du
ring
the
first
hal
f of t
he 2
0th
cent
ury.
Feb.
16,
200
0
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/00
0002
61.p
df
Mar
tin L
uthe
r Kin
g,
Jr. H
isto
ric D
istri
ct
Bou
nded
by
Irwin
, R
ando
lph,
Edg
ewoo
d,
Jack
son,
and
Aub
urn
Ave
nues
, Atla
nta,
Fu
lton
Cou
nty,
G
eorg
ia
Arc
hite
ctur
e; C
omm
erce
; C
omm
unity
Pla
nnin
g an
d D
evel
opm
ent;
Edu
catio
n;
Indu
stry
; Lan
dsca
pe
Arc
hite
ctur
e; R
elig
ion;
S
igni
fican
t Per
son-
Mar
tin
Luth
er K
ing,
Jr.;
Soc
ial
His
tory
-Civ
il R
ight
s M
ovem
ent;
Tran
spor
tatio
n
This
his
toric
dis
trict
con
tain
s ci
vil r
ight
s le
ader
Mar
tin
Luth
er K
ing,
Jr.’
s bi
rthpl
ace,
the
first
chu
rch
he
min
iste
red,
and
his
gra
vesi
te.
The
dist
rict i
s pa
rt of
th
e M
artin
Lut
her K
ing,
Jr.
Nat
iona
l His
toric
Site
and
P
rese
rvat
ion
Dis
trict
, a N
atio
nal P
ark
Sys
tem
uni
t. M
ay 5
, 197
7
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0006
77.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 20
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
S
tone
Hal
l,
Atla
nta
Uni
vers
ity
Mor
ris B
row
n C
olle
ge,
Atla
nta,
Ful
ton
Cou
nty,
G
eorg
ia
Edu
catio
n S
tone
Hal
l is
the
mai
n cl
assr
oom
and
adm
inis
tratio
n bu
ildin
g of
Atla
nta
Uni
vers
ity, b
uilt
in 1
882.
Atla
nta
Uni
vers
ity is
one
of t
he o
ldes
t his
toric
ally
-bla
ck
colle
ges
in th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s.
Dec
. 2, 1
974
http
://pd
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t.fo
cus.
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doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0006
80.p
df
Sw
eet A
ubur
n H
isto
ric D
istri
ct
Aub
urn
Ave
nue,
A
tlant
a, F
ulto
n C
ount
y,
Geo
rgia
Com
mer
ce; E
cono
mic
s;
Ent
erta
inm
ent/
Rec
reat
ion;
Exp
lora
tion/
S
ettle
men
t-Urb
aniz
atio
n;
Indu
stry
; Rel
igio
n; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-R
econ
stru
ctio
n
This
his
toric
dis
trict
was
an
impo
rtant
cen
ter o
f bla
ck
econ
omic
, soc
ial,
relig
ious
, and
cul
tura
l life
from
the
Civ
il W
ar to
the
1930
s.
Dec
. 8, 1
976
http
://pd
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t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0006
31.p
df
Illin
ois
Rob
ert S
. Abb
ott
Hou
se
4742
Mar
tin L
uthe
r K
ing,
Jr.
Driv
e,
Chi
cago
, C
ook
Cou
nty,
Illin
ois
Com
mun
icat
ions
; E
xplo
ratio
n/S
ettle
men
t-U
rban
izat
ion;
Lite
ratu
re;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-R
ober
t S
. Abb
ot;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Civ
il R
ight
s, G
reat
M
igra
tion
Abb
ott w
as th
e fo
unde
r and
pub
lishe
r of t
he C
hica
go
Def
ende
r new
spap
er, t
he la
rges
t Afri
can
Am
eric
an
circ
ular
of i
ts ti
me
durin
g th
e 19
10s
to th
e 19
40s.
A
bbot
t’s n
ewsp
aper
is c
redi
ted
with
spu
rrin
g th
e Fi
rst G
reat
Mig
ratio
n of
Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
from
the
Sou
th to
nor
ther
n ci
ties
afte
r Wor
ld W
ar I.
The
“G
reat
Nor
ther
n M
igra
tion,
” as
it w
as c
alle
d in
the
Def
ende
r, re
sulte
d in
mor
e th
an o
ne m
illio
n bl
acks
m
igra
ting
north
war
d, a
bout
100
,000
of t
hem
mov
ing
to C
hica
go.
Dec
. 8, 1
976
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
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doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0006
86.p
df
Osc
ar S
tant
on
DeP
riest
Hou
se
4536
-453
8 M
artin
Lu
ther
Kin
g, J
r. D
rive,
C
hica
go,
Coo
k C
ount
y, Il
linoi
s
Com
mer
ce; E
xplo
ratio
n/
Set
tlem
ent-U
rban
izat
ion;
La
w; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Soc
ial
His
tory
-Gre
at M
igra
tion
In 1
928,
DeP
riest
was
ele
cted
to th
e U
.S. H
ouse
of
Rep
rese
ntat
ives
from
the
Firs
t Con
gres
sion
al D
istri
ct
of Il
linoi
s. H
e w
as th
e fir
st A
frica
n A
mer
ican
C
ongr
essm
an s
ince
190
1 an
d w
as th
e fir
st A
frica
n A
mer
ican
eve
r ele
cted
from
a n
orth
ern
stat
e. A
st
rong
adv
ocat
e fo
r rac
ial j
ustic
e, h
is 1
933
amen
dmen
t bar
ring
raci
al d
iscr
imin
atio
n in
the
fede
ral C
ivili
an C
onse
rvat
ion
Cor
ps w
as a
ttach
ed to
th
e m
easu
re th
at e
stab
lishe
d th
e C
CC
.
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/75
0006
46.p
df
Jean
Bap
tist P
oint
D
u S
able
Hom
esite
40
1 N
orth
Mic
higa
n A
venu
e, C
hica
go,
Coo
k C
ount
y, Il
linoi
s
Com
mer
ce;
Exp
lora
tion/
Set
tlem
ent-
Urb
aniz
atio
n; In
dust
ry;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-C
olon
ial
His
tory
Du
Sab
le w
as a
pio
neer
set
tler,
fur t
rade
r, an
d en
trepr
eneu
r who
se e
stab
lishm
ent o
f a tr
adin
g po
st
mar
ked
the
1779
beg
inni
ng o
f the
city
of C
hica
go.
Du
Sab
le b
uilt
his
first
hou
se o
n th
e la
nd n
ow k
now
n as
Pio
neer
Cou
rt, th
irty
year
s be
fore
For
t Dea
rbor
n w
as e
stab
lishe
d on
the
bank
s of
the
Chi
cago
Riv
er.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
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t.fo
cus.
nps.
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doc
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HLS
/Tex
t/76
0006
90.p
df
Abr
aham
Lin
coln
H
ome
(L
inco
ln H
ome
NH
S)
Eig
hth
and
Jack
son
Stre
ets,
Spr
ingf
ield
, S
anga
mon
Cou
nty,
Ill
inoi
s
Pol
itics
/ Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-A
brah
am L
inco
ln; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-A
bolit
ioni
sm, C
ivil
War
This
NH
L w
as th
e ho
me
of L
inco
ln b
efor
e be
com
ing
Pre
side
nt in
186
1. F
rom
this
hom
e, L
inco
ln
cam
paig
ned
for t
he R
epub
lican
Par
ty n
omin
atio
n,
esta
blis
hing
an
anti-
slav
ery
plat
form
that
lead
to
succ
essi
on b
y so
uthe
rn s
tate
s.
Dec
. 19,
196
0
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
RH
P/T
ext/7
100
0076
Ow
en L
ovej
oy
Hou
se
Eas
t Per
u S
treet
, P
rince
ton,
B
urea
u C
ount
y, Il
linoi
s
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Und
ergr
ound
Rai
lroad
; P
oliti
cs/ G
over
nmen
t
Ow
en L
ovej
oy, a
n in
fluen
tial a
bolit
ioni
st p
oliti
cian
, liv
ed h
ere
from
183
8 un
til h
is d
eath
in 1
864.
He
used
this
hom
e to
har
bor f
ugiti
ve s
lave
s on
thei
r way
no
rth a
nd s
ever
al ti
mes
he
face
d pr
osec
utio
n in
the
cour
ts fo
r his
role
in th
e U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad.
Ele
cted
to C
ongr
ess
in 1
856,
he
gain
ed a
nat
iona
l re
puta
tion
thro
ugh
his
cong
ress
iona
l and
par
ty
lead
ersh
ip a
nd h
is fi
ery
anti-
slav
ery
spee
ches
on
the
floor
of t
he H
ouse
. The
Lov
ejoy
Hou
se w
as
desi
gnat
ed in
con
junc
tion
with
the
Und
ergr
ound
R
ailro
ad T
hem
e S
tudy
.
Feb.
18,
199
7
http
://pd
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t.fo
cus.
nps.
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doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/73
0006
90.p
df
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/n
r/tra
vel/u
nder
gro
und/
thho
me.
htm
Old
Mai
n
Kno
x C
olle
ge, f
acin
g S
outh
Stre
et,
Gal
esbu
rg, K
nox
Cou
nty,
Illin
ois
Pol
itics
/ Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-A
brah
am L
inco
ln; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
War
, A
bolit
ioni
sm, S
lave
ry
Old
Mai
n w
as th
e si
te o
f the
Lin
coln
-Dou
glas
de
bate
s of
185
8 th
at e
stab
lishe
d Li
ncol
n’s
stan
ce o
n th
e qu
estio
n of
sla
very
and
furth
er le
d to
war
d su
cces
sion
of s
outh
ern
stat
es a
nd th
e C
ivil
War
. Ju
l. 4,
196
1
http
://pd
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cus.
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doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0003
23.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 21
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Lym
an T
rum
ball
Hou
se
1105
Hen
ry S
treet
, A
lton,
Lak
e C
ount
y,
Illin
ois
Law
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
War
, E
man
cipa
tion
and
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
Trum
ball
was
a R
epub
lican
sen
ator
that
cha
ired
the
Judi
ciar
y C
omm
ittee
from
186
1 to
187
1. D
urin
g th
at
time,
he
spon
sore
d an
d se
cure
d pa
ssag
e of
muc
h R
econ
stru
ctio
n le
gisl
atio
n th
at im
pact
ed th
e rig
hts
and
cond
ition
of n
ewly
free
d A
frica
n A
mer
ican
s,
incl
udin
g th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f the
Fre
edm
an's
B
urea
u an
d th
e C
ivil
Rig
hts
Act o
f 186
6.
May
15,
197
5
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HLS
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67.p
df
Ida
B. W
ells
-B
arne
tt H
ouse
36
24 S
. MLK
, Jr.
Dr.
C
hica
go, C
ook
Cou
nty,
Illin
ois
Com
mun
icat
ions
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-Id
a B
. Wel
ls-
Bar
nett;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Ant
i-Lyn
chin
g C
ampa
ign,
C
ivil
Rig
hts
This
was
the
hom
e of
edu
cato
r, jo
urna
list,
civi
c ac
tivis
t, an
d w
omen
’s a
nd c
ivil
right
s le
ader
, Ida
B.
Wel
ls-B
arne
tt. F
rom
this
loca
tion,
Wel
ls-B
arne
tt co
nduc
ted
a fie
ry in
tern
atio
nal c
ampa
ign
agai
nst
raci
ally
-mot
ivat
ed ly
nchi
ng in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
and
was
a fo
unde
r of t
he N
atio
nal A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Col
ored
W
omen
’s C
lubs
and
the
Nat
iona
l Ass
ocia
tion
for t
he
Adv
ance
men
t of C
olor
ed P
eopl
e (N
AA
CP
).
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0007
57.p
df
D
anie
l Hal
e W
illiam
s H
ouse
44
5 E
ast 4
2nd
Stre
et,
Chi
cago
, Coo
k C
ount
y, Il
linoi
s
Hea
lth/ M
edic
ine;
Sci
ence
D
r. W
illia
ms
was
an
Afri
can
Am
eric
an p
hysi
cian
who
pe
rform
ed th
e fir
st s
ucce
ssfu
l ope
n he
art s
urge
ry o
n Ju
ly 9
, 189
3, a
t Chi
cago
’s P
rovi
dent
Hos
pita
l.
Will
iam
s liv
ed in
this
hou
se fr
om 1
905
to 1
929.
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/75
0006
55.p
df
Indi
ana
Ele
uthe
rian
Col
lege
C
lass
room
and
C
hape
l Bui
ldin
g
Sta
te R
oute
250
, La
ncas
ter,
Jeffe
rson
C
ount
y, In
dian
a
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Und
ergr
ound
Rai
lroad
; R
elig
ion
Con
stru
cted
bet
wee
n 18
54 a
nd 1
856,
this
bui
ldin
g is
th
e on
ly s
urvi
ving
site
with
inte
grity
ass
ocia
ted
with
on
e of
the
first
col
lege
s w
est o
f the
Alle
ghen
y M
ount
ains
to p
rom
ote
colle
ge-le
vel e
qual
ed
ucat
iona
l opp
ortu
nitie
s pr
ior t
o th
e C
ivil
War
. Fa
mili
es a
ffilia
ted
with
the
Nei
l's C
reek
Abo
litio
nist
B
aptis
t Chu
rch
wer
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r the
foun
ding
an
d ad
min
istra
tion
of E
leut
heria
n C
olle
ge a
nd w
ere
invo
lved
in th
e cl
ande
stin
e ac
tiviti
es o
f the
U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad.
As
a ho
tbed
of a
bolit
ioni
sm,
Lanc
aste
r was
wel
l-kno
wn
as a
sto
ppin
g po
int f
or
ensl
aved
peo
ple
seek
ing
refu
ge o
n th
eir e
scap
e to
fre
edom
.
Feb.
18,
199
7
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/93
0014
10.p
df
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/n
r/tra
vel/u
nder
gro
und/
thho
me.
htm
Levi
Cof
fin H
ouse
11
5 N
orth
Mai
n S
treet
, Fo
unta
in C
ity, W
ayne
C
ount
y, In
dian
a
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-Le
vi
Cof
fin; S
ocia
l His
tory
-A
bolit
ioni
sm,
Und
ergr
ound
Rai
lroad
Orig
inal
ly fr
om N
ew G
arde
n, N
orth
Car
olin
a,
Qua
kers
Lev
i Cof
fin a
nd h
is w
ife C
athe
rine
wer
e pi
vota
l Und
ergr
ound
Rai
lroad
con
duct
ors
who
are
do
cum
ente
d to
hav
e he
lped
an
estim
ated
2,0
00
ensl
aved
peo
ple
to fr
eedo
m in
to C
anad
a fro
m th
is
loca
tion.
One
of t
he m
any
slav
es w
ho h
id in
the
Cof
fin h
ome
was
"Eliz
a", w
hose
sto
ry is
told
in th
e in
fluen
tial 1
9th c
entu
ry n
ovel
, Unc
le T
om's
Cab
in.
Jun.
23,
196
5
http
://pd
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t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0000
09.p
df
Mad
ison
His
toric
D
istri
ct
Bou
nded
by
Mic
higa
n R
oad,
Cra
ven
Stre
et,
Mad
ison
Cou
ntry
Clu
b,
City
Bou
ndar
y an
d th
e O
hio
Riv
er, M
adis
on,
Jeffe
rson
Cou
nty,
In
dian
a
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Abo
litio
nism
, U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad
The
Mad
ison
His
toric
Dis
trict
con
tain
s im
pres
sive
nu
mbe
rs o
f sig
nific
ant b
uild
ings
from
the
19th
and
ea
rly 2
0th
cent
urie
s, m
any
in th
e Fe
dera
l, G
reek
R
eviv
al, a
nd It
alia
nate
sty
les.
The
rang
e of
do
mes
tic, c
omm
erci
al, p
ublic
, rel
igio
us, a
nd
indu
stria
l bui
ldin
gs re
flect
sm
all-t
own
Am
eric
a. T
he
dist
rict i
nclu
des
hous
es id
entif
ied
with
Und
ergr
ound
R
ailro
ad a
ctiv
ities
.
Mar
. 20,
200
6
http
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doc
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HLS
/Tex
t/73
0000
20.p
df
Mad
ame
C. J
. W
alke
r M
anuf
actu
ring
Com
pany
617
Indi
ana
Ave
nue,
In
dian
apol
is, M
ario
n C
ount
y, In
dian
a
Arc
hite
ctur
e; C
omm
erce
; E
duca
tion;
Eco
nom
ics;
E
nter
tain
men
t/ R
ecre
atio
n; E
xplo
ratio
n/
Set
tlem
ent-
Urb
aniz
atio
n;
Indu
stry
; Inv
entio
n;
Lite
ratu
re; P
erfo
rmin
g A
rts; S
igni
fican
t Per
son-
Mad
ame
C. J
. Wal
ker;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-G
reat
M
igra
tion
Com
plet
ed in
192
7, th
is w
as th
e m
ain
hub
of
Mad
ame
C. J
. (S
arah
Bre
edlo
ve) W
alke
r's
cosm
etol
ogy
com
pany
whi
ch m
ade
her t
he n
atio
n's
first
bla
ck, f
emal
e m
illio
naire
and
, at t
he ti
me,
the
owne
r of t
he m
ost s
ucce
ssfu
l bla
ck-o
wne
d bu
sine
ss
in th
e co
untry
. A
t its
hei
ght,
Wal
ker’s
com
pany
em
ploy
ed s
ome
3,00
0 A
frica
n-A
mer
ican
wom
en a
nd
men
to m
anuf
actu
re a
nd s
ell h
air p
rodu
cts
and
cosm
etic
s. H
er te
chni
que
of s
ellin
g pr
oduc
ts d
oor-
to-d
oor b
y em
ploy
ing
field
age
nts
beca
me
a m
odel
fo
r oth
er w
ell-k
now
n A
mer
ican
bus
ines
ses.
Jul.
17, 1
991
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/80
0000
62.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 22
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Iow
a
Fort
Des
Moi
nes
Pro
visi
onal
Arm
y O
ffice
r Tra
inin
g S
choo
l
Fort
Des
Moi
nes
Mili
tary
Res
erva
tion,
D
es M
oine
s, P
olk
Cou
nty,
Iow
a
Mili
tary
; Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Wor
ld W
ar I
This
site
bec
ame
a tra
inin
g ca
mp
for b
lack
offi
cers
du
ring
WW
I. O
n O
ct. 1
5, 1
917,
639
bla
ck m
en
grad
uate
d fro
m th
e sc
hool
and
a y
ear l
ater
ser
ved
in
the
Eur
opea
n th
eate
r as
the
92nd
Div
isio
n, o
ne o
f th
e m
ost s
ucce
ssfu
l uni
ts o
f the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Arm
y.
May
30,
197
4
http
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cus.
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doc
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HLS
/Tex
t/74
0008
05.p
df
Rev
. Geo
rge
B.
Hitc
hcoc
k H
ouse
63
788
567t
h La
ne,
Lew
is, C
ass
Cou
nty,
Io
wa
Exp
lora
tion/
Set
tlem
ent-
Wes
tern
Exp
ansi
on;
Rel
igio
n; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-G
eorg
e B
. H
itchc
ock;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Abo
litio
nism
, U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad
The
Hitc
hcoc
k H
ouse
is s
igni
fican
t for
its
asso
ciat
ion
with
the
abol
ition
ist r
efor
m m
ovem
ent,
and
as a
link
in
the
netw
ork
that
cam
e to
be
know
n as
the
Und
ergr
ound
Rai
lroad
. The
hou
se re
pres
ents
the
dive
rsity
of l
ocal
ized
ant
i-sla
very
effo
rts a
nd th
e w
este
rn e
xpan
sion
of t
he a
bolit
ioni
st m
ovem
ent.
G
eorg
e B
. Hitc
hcoc
k w
as p
rom
inen
t am
ong
the
mili
tant
ant
i-sla
very
lead
ersh
ip o
f the
Con
greg
atio
n C
hurc
h m
issi
on in
Iow
a, a
nd it
is b
elie
ved
he u
sed
his
hom
e ou
tsid
e of
Lew
is to
ass
ist i
n th
e sa
fe
pass
age
of fu
gitiv
e en
slav
ed p
eopl
e ea
st a
nd n
orth
th
roug
h so
uthw
este
rn Io
wa.
Nov
. 9, 1
977
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t/77
0005
00.p
df
Kan
sas
Fort
Sco
tt To
wn
of F
ort S
cott,
B
ourb
on C
ount
y,
Kan
sas
Eth
nic
Her
itage
-Nat
ive
Am
eric
an; E
xplo
ratio
n/
Set
tlem
ent-W
este
rn
Exp
ansi
on; M
ilita
ry; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
War
Est
ablis
hed
in 1
842
as a
fron
tier o
utpo
st, F
ort S
cott
beca
me
a C
ivil
War
gar
rison
and
trai
ning
cen
ter f
or
the
units
of t
he U
S C
olor
ed T
roop
s. T
he fo
rt be
cam
e a
base
of o
pera
tions
for t
he U
SC
T to
figh
t N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s fo
r con
trol o
f wes
tern
land
, fro
m
1869
to 1
873.
Jul.
4, 1
961
http
://pd
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t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0001
06.p
df
LeC
ompt
on
Con
stitu
tion
Hal
l E
lmor
e S
treet
bet
wee
n W
oods
on a
nd T
hird
S
treet
s, L
ecom
pton
, D
ougl
as C
ount
y,
Kan
sas
Law
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t- K
ansa
s N
ebra
ska
Act
of 1
854;
S
ocia
l His
tory
-"B
leed
ing
Kan
sas"
, Civ
il W
ar
As
a co
nseq
uenc
e of
the
Kan
sas-
Neb
rask
a A
ct o
f 18
54 w
hich
allo
wed
Kan
sans
to d
eter
min
e w
heth
er
thei
r ter
ritor
y w
ould
bec
ome
a fre
e or
sla
ve s
tate
, pr
o-sl
aver
y su
ppor
ters
met
her
e an
d dr
afte
d a
cons
titut
ion
ensu
ring
slav
ery.
The
con
stitu
tion
was
re
ject
ed b
y C
ongr
ess,
des
pite
Pre
side
nt B
ucha
nan'
s su
ppor
t, an
d by
Kan
sas
citiz
ens
who
vot
ed to
out
law
sl
aver
y in
Aug
ust1
858.
The
term
“Ble
edin
g K
ansa
s”
refe
rs to
the
viol
ent p
oliti
cal c
lash
ed th
at to
ok p
lace
in
Kan
sas
betw
een
pro-
slav
ery
and
anti-
slav
ery
fact
ions
.
May
30,
197
4
http
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cus.
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doc
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HLS
/Tex
t/71
0003
12.p
df
Mar
ais
des
Cyg
nes
Mas
sacr
e S
ite
5 m
iles
north
east
of
Trad
ing
Pos
t, Li
nn
Cou
nty,
Kan
sas
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-A
nti-
Sla
very
, Civ
il W
ar,
"Ble
edin
g K
ansa
s";
Pol
itics
/ Gov
ernm
ent
On
May
19,
185
8, 3
0 pr
o-sl
aver
y sy
mpa
thiz
ers
cros
sed
into
Kan
sas
from
Mis
sour
i, ca
ptur
ed 1
1 fre
e-st
ate
settl
ers,
and
sho
t the
m in
this
ravi
ne n
ear
the
stat
e lin
e. T
his
epis
ode
help
ed to
nat
iona
lize
the
fight
of "
Ble
edin
g K
ansa
s" a
nd d
efea
t the
pro
-sla
very
fa
ctio
n.
May
30,
197
4
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doc
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HLS
/Tex
t/71
0003
17.p
df
Nic
odem
us H
isto
ric
Dis
trict
U
S R
oute
24,
N
icod
emus
, Gra
ham
C
ount
y, K
ansa
s
Exp
lora
tion/
Set
tlem
ent-
Urb
aniz
atio
n, W
estw
ard
Exp
ansi
on; S
ocia
l His
tory
- C
ivil
Rig
hts,
pos
t-R
econ
stru
ctio
n; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Com
mer
ce,
Rel
igio
n
Foun
ded
on S
ept.
17, 1
877,
it is
the
only
rem
aini
ng
tow
n es
tabl
ishe
d by
Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
in th
e po
st-
Civ
il W
ar "E
xodu
ster
" Mov
emen
t, w
hich
occ
urre
d in
re
spon
se to
the
dem
ise
of R
econ
stru
ctio
n an
d in
crea
sed
raci
al v
iole
nce
agai
nst A
frica
n A
mer
ican
s.
The
all-b
lack
tow
n w
as la
unch
ed b
y B
enja
min
"Pap
" S
ingl
eton
, who
foun
ded
11 s
uch
colo
nies
bet
wee
n 18
73 a
nd 1
880.
Jan.
7, 1
976
http
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cus.
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doc
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HLS
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t/76
0008
20.p
df
Sum
ner
Ele
men
tary
Sch
ool
(all-
whi
te) a
nd
Mon
roe
Ele
men
tary
S
choo
l (al
l-bla
ck)
330
Wes
tern
Ave
nue
and
1515
Mon
roe
Stre
et, T
opek
a,
Sha
wne
e C
ount
y,
Kan
sas
Law
; Edu
catio
n; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent-B
row
n v.
B
oard
of E
duca
tion;
S
ocia
l His
tory
- Civ
il R
ight
s M
ovem
ent
(Des
egre
gatio
n)
Thes
e tw
o sc
hool
s w
ere
the
parti
es in
the
lead
cas
e un
der w
hich
Bro
wn
v. B
oard
of E
duca
tion
was
na
med
. B
row
n co
nsol
idat
ed fi
ve d
eseg
rega
tion
case
s in
ord
er to
def
eat t
he "s
epar
ate
but e
qual
" do
ctrin
e es
tabl
ishe
d by
Ple
ssy
v. F
ergu
son
in 1
896.
Sum
ner-
May
4,
1987
; M
onro
e- O
ct. 2
6,
1992
http
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doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/87
0012
83.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 23
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Ken
tuck
y
Linc
oln
Hal
l B
erea
Col
lege
, M
adis
on C
ount
y,
Ken
tuck
y
Edu
catio
n; L
aw-B
erea
C
olle
ge v
. Ken
tuck
y;
Pol
itics
/ Gov
ernm
ent;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry- C
ivil
Rig
hts
Mov
emen
t (D
eseg
rega
tion)
;
A p
rivat
e sc
hool
foun
ded
in 1
855,
Ber
ea C
olle
ge
was
the
first
col
lege
est
ablis
hed
in th
e U
.S. f
or th
e sp
ecifi
c pu
rpos
e of
edu
catin
g bl
ack
and
whi
te
stud
ents
toge
ther
. In
1904
, the
Ken
tuck
y st
ate
legi
slat
ure
man
date
d th
at b
lack
and
whi
te s
tude
nts
coul
d on
ly b
e ta
ught
sim
ulta
neou
sly
if th
ey w
ere
taug
ht tw
enty
-five
mile
s ap
art.
The
U.S
. Sup
rem
e C
ourt
uphe
ld th
e st
ate’
s rig
ht to
pas
s la
ws
to
regu
late
sta
te c
harte
red
priv
ate
inst
itutio
ns o
n th
e ba
sis
of ra
ce, t
hus
lend
ing
addi
tiona
l cre
denc
e to
do
the
sam
e fo
r pub
lic s
choo
ls.
This
is th
e on
ly
inst
ance
in w
hich
the
U.S
. Sup
rem
e C
ourt
uphe
ld
scho
ol s
egre
gatio
n in
hig
her e
duca
tion.
Dec
. 2, 1
974.
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0008
92.p
df
Loui
sian
a E
verg
reen
P
lant
atio
n Lo
uisi
ana
Hig
hway
18,
W
alla
ce, S
t. Jo
hn th
e B
aptis
t Par
ish,
Lo
uisi
ana
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-S
lave
ry a
nd
Dom
estic
Sla
ve T
rade
, A
nteb
ellu
m S
outh
Eve
rgre
en is
a p
rese
rved
sug
ar c
ane
plan
tatio
n w
hich
incl
udes
22
slav
e ca
bins
and
arti
fact
s ow
ned
by th
e si
te’s
Afri
can
Am
eric
an la
bore
rs.
Apr
. 27,
199
2
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/91
0013
86.p
df
Jam
es H
. Dill
ard
Hom
e 57
1 A
udub
on S
treet
, N
ew O
rlean
s, O
rlean
s P
aris
h, L
ouis
iana
Edu
catio
n; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-Ja
mes
H. D
illar
d;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
This
is th
e ho
me
of e
duca
tor a
nd p
hila
nthr
opis
t Ja
mes
Dill
ard,
who
bec
ame
a tru
stee
at X
avie
r U
nive
rsity
and
Dill
ard
Uni
vers
ity, w
hich
was
nam
ed
in h
is h
onor
. B
oth
univ
ersi
ties
are
hist
oric
ally
-bla
ck
univ
ersi
ties
foun
ded
in th
e la
te 1
9th c
entu
ry.
Dill
ard
built
a li
brar
y an
d se
vera
l phi
lant
hrop
ic fo
unda
tions
to
sup
port
Afri
can
Am
eric
an e
duca
tion
and
teac
her
train
ing.
Dec
. 2, 1
974
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0009
29.p
df
Por
t Hud
son
Alo
ng U
S 6
1, P
ort
Hud
son,
Eas
t Fe
licia
na P
aris
h,
Loui
sian
a
Mili
tary
O
n M
ay 2
7, 1
863,
the
Firs
t (fre
e bl
acks
led
by b
lack
of
ficer
s) a
nd T
hird
(ex-
ensl
aved
bla
cks
led
by w
hite
of
ficer
s) R
egim
ents
of t
he L
ouis
iana
Nat
ive
Gua
rds
laid
sie
ge to
this
Con
fede
rate
stro
ngho
ld.
Por
t H
udso
n su
rren
dere
d on
Jul
y 8,
196
3 to
the
Uni
on
Arm
y, w
hich
mar
ked
the
dem
ise
of th
e la
st
Con
fede
rate
stro
ngho
ld o
n th
e M
issi
ssip
pi R
iver
.
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0023
49.p
df
Yucc
a P
lant
atio
n (c
omm
only
Mel
rose
P
lant
atio
n)
Inte
rsec
tion
of
Loui
sian
a R
oute
s 11
9 an
d 49
3, M
elro
se,
Nat
chito
ches
Par
ish,
Lo
uisi
ana
Arc
hite
ctur
e; In
dust
ry*;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry;
Yucc
a P
lant
atio
n w
as e
stab
lishe
d by
form
er
ensl
aved
wom
an M
arie
The
rese
Coi
n-C
oin,
who
be
cam
e a
wea
lthy
busi
ness
wom
an in
the
late
18t
h ce
ntur
y. T
he p
lant
atio
n ha
s so
me
of th
e ol
dest
bu
ildin
gs o
f Afri
can
desi
gn a
nd A
frica
n A
mer
ican
co
nstru
ctio
n in
the
U.S
., es
peci
ally
the
Afri
can
Hou
se.
June
13,
197
2
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/72
0005
56.p
df
Mai
ne
Har
riet B
eech
er
Sto
we
Hou
se
63 F
eder
al S
treet
, B
runs
wic
k,
Cum
berla
nd C
ount
y,
Mai
ne
Lite
ratu
re; S
ocia
l His
tory
- A
bolit
ioni
sm, C
ivil
Rig
hts,
S
ocia
l Ref
orm
Mov
emen
ts
Sto
we
auth
ored
the
influ
entia
l ant
i-sla
very
nov
el,
Unc
le T
om's
Cab
in.
Man
y hi
stor
ians
arg
ue th
at th
e po
pula
r and
wid
ely-
dist
ribut
ed n
ovel
pro
vide
d th
e fin
al s
ocia
l cat
alys
t for
the
Civ
il W
ar.
Dec
. 29,
196
2
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0000
91.p
df
Mar
ylan
d K
enne
dy F
arm
(J
ohn
Bro
wn'
s H
eadq
uarte
rs;
Sam
ples
Man
or)
Che
stnu
t Gro
ve R
oad,
S
ampl
es M
anor
, W
ashi
ngto
n C
ount
y,
Mar
ylan
d
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-Jo
hn
Bro
wn;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-th
e C
ivil
War
, Abo
litio
nism
Ant
i-sla
very
act
ivis
t Joh
n B
row
n us
ed K
enne
dy F
arm
as
a h
eadq
uarte
rs to
laun
ch h
is fa
iled
Oct
ober
185
9 ra
id o
n H
arpe
r's F
erry
Arm
ory
and
Ars
enal
. N
ov. 7
, 197
3
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/73
0009
41.p
df
Mas
sach
uset
ts
Afri
can
Mee
ting
Hou
se
(Firs
t Afri
can
Bap
tist)
8 S
mith
Cou
rt,
Bos
ton,
Suf
folk
C
ount
y,
Mas
sach
uset
ts
Rel
igio
n-A
frica
n B
aptis
t C
hurc
h; S
ocia
l His
tory
- A
bolit
ioni
sm; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-W
illia
m L
loyd
G
arris
on
This
180
6 m
eetin
ghou
se o
f the
Afri
can
Bap
tist
Chu
rch,
whi
ch w
as fo
unde
d in
180
5, w
as th
e fir
st
Afri
can
Am
eric
an c
hurc
h in
Bos
ton.
It i
s th
e ol
dest
ex
tant
bla
ck c
hurc
h bu
ildin
g in
the
U.S
. and
the
1832
foun
ding
pla
ce o
f Will
iam
Llo
yd G
arris
on's
New
E
ngla
nd A
nti-S
lave
ry S
ocie
ty, w
hich
bec
ame
the
lead
ing
abol
ition
ist o
rgan
izat
ion
of th
e 19
th c
entu
ry.
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/71
0000
87.p
df
Mar
ia B
aldw
in
Hou
se
196
Pro
spec
t Stre
et,
Cam
brid
ge, M
iddl
esex
C
ount
y,
Mas
sach
uset
ts
Edu
catio
n; S
ocia
l His
tory
A
ppoi
nted
Prin
cipa
l of C
ambr
idge
's p
redo
min
atel
y-w
hite
Aga
ssiz
Gra
mm
ar S
choo
l in
1889
, Bal
dwin
be
cam
e th
e on
ly A
frica
n A
mer
ican
sch
ool m
aste
r in
New
Eng
land
in 1
916.
She
rem
aine
d a
mas
ter f
or
over
30
year
s.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0002
72.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 24
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Bea
con
Hill
His
toric
D
istri
ct
Bou
nded
by
Bea
con
Stre
et, t
he C
harle
s R
iver
Em
bank
men
t, an
d P
inck
ney,
Rev
ere,
an
d H
anco
ck S
treet
s,
Bos
ton,
Suf
folk
C
ount
y,
Mas
sach
uset
ts
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Abo
litio
nism
, Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Will
iam
Llo
yd
Gar
rison
Des
igna
ted
a N
atio
nal H
isto
ric L
andm
ark
in 1
962,
th
e ex
istin
g no
min
atio
n ha
s re
ceiv
ed n
ew
docu
men
tatio
n th
at e
xpan
ds it
s si
gnifi
canc
e as
a
Nat
iona
l His
toric
Lan
dmar
k. T
he o
rigin
al
desi
gnat
ion
incl
uded
a b
ound
ary
that
focu
sed
on th
e so
uth
slop
e of
the
Hill
. In
197
2, th
e bo
unda
ry w
as
exte
nded
to in
clud
e th
e no
rth s
lope
. The
orig
inal
no
min
atio
n pr
ovid
ed re
cogn
ition
for t
he d
istri
ct’s
Fe
dera
l and
Gre
ek R
eviv
al a
rchi
tect
ure
and
its e
arly
ur
ban
desi
gn.
Add
ed d
ocum
enta
tion
inco
rpor
ates
re
cent
sch
olar
ship
and
ext
ends
its
perio
d of
si
gnifi
canc
e to
incl
ude
late
19t
h ce
ntur
y an
d ea
rly
20th
cen
tury
arc
hite
ctur
al s
tyle
s as
see
n in
sm
all
apar
tmen
t bui
ldin
gs.
It al
so d
ocum
ents
Bea
con
Hill
’s A
frica
n A
mer
ican
his
tory
and
role
in th
e ab
oliti
on m
ovem
ent.
NH
L, D
ec. 1
9,
1962
; Rev
ised
N
HL,
Apr
. 4,
2007
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0001
30.p
df
Pau
l Cuf
fe F
arm
15
04 D
rift R
oad,
W
estp
ort,
Bris
tol
Cou
nty,
M
assa
chus
etts
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-P
aul
Cuf
fe; S
ocia
l His
tory
-Pan
A
frica
nism
, Bac
k to
Afri
ca
Mov
emen
t, C
ivil
Rig
hts
Pau
l Cuf
fe w
as a
n in
fluen
tial b
lack
righ
ts a
dvoc
ate,
ph
iloso
pher
, wea
lthy
mer
chan
t, an
d le
ader
of t
he
early
18th
cen
tury
Afri
can
Rep
atria
tion
Mov
emen
t th
at a
dvoc
ated
the
rese
ttlem
ent o
f Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
to th
e A
frica
n co
ntin
ent.
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0003
94.p
df
W. E
. B. D
uBoi
s B
oyho
od H
omes
ite
Rou
te 2
3, G
reat
B
arrin
gton
vic
inity
, B
erks
hire
Cou
nty
Mas
sach
uset
ts
Edu
catio
n; L
itera
ture
; P
hilo
soph
y*; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-W
. E. B
. DuB
ois;
S
ocia
l His
tory
-Civ
il R
ight
s
Will
iam
E. B
. DuB
ois
was
a p
hilo
soph
er, w
riter
, civ
il rig
hts
activ
ist,
soci
olog
ist,
and
co-fo
unde
r of t
he
NA
AC
P.
DuB
ois
is th
e fir
st A
frica
n A
mer
ican
aw
arde
d a
Ph.
D. d
egre
e fro
m H
arva
rd a
nd h
is T
he
Phi
lade
lphi
a N
egro
is c
onsi
dere
d on
e of
the
foun
datio
nal t
exts
in th
e fie
ld o
f Am
eric
an s
ocio
logy
.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0009
47.p
df
Gor
e P
lace
* 52
Gor
e S
treet
, W
alth
am, M
iddl
esex
C
ount
y,
Mas
sach
uset
ts
Edu
catio
n; In
dust
ry;
Lite
ratu
re
Gor
e P
lace
was
des
igna
ted
for i
ts a
ssoc
iatio
n of
si
gner
of t
he C
onst
itutio
n, U
.S. S
enat
or, a
nd
gove
rnor
of M
assa
chus
etts
, Chr
isto
pher
Gor
e.
Afri
can
Am
eric
an R
ober
t Rob
erts
, the
Gor
e fa
mily
bu
tler,
wro
te T
he H
ouse
Ser
vant
's D
irect
ory,
one
of
the
few
gui
debo
oks
in th
e w
orld
writ
ten
by a
do
mes
tic w
orke
r for
oth
er d
omes
tic w
orke
rs.
Dec
. 30,
197
0
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/70
0005
42.p
df
S
amue
l Grid
ley
and
Julia
War
d H
owe
Hou
se
13 C
hest
nut S
treet
, B
osto
n, S
uffo
lk
Cou
nty,
M
assa
chus
etts
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Abo
litio
nism
, Soc
ial
Ref
orm
Mov
emen
ts
Whi
le th
e H
owe
fam
ily li
ved
here
(186
3-18
66),
they
w
ere
key
figur
es in
Bos
ton
abol
ition
ist c
ircle
s, a
nd
purs
ued
othe
r ref
orm
and
hum
anita
rian
inte
rest
s.
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0020
44.p
df
Nat
han
and
Mar
y (P
olly
) Joh
nson
P
rope
rties
17, 1
9 an
d 21
Sev
enth
S
treet
, New
Bed
ford
, B
risto
l Cou
nty,
M
assa
chus
etts
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
ns-
Fred
eric
k D
ougl
ass
and
Nat
han
John
son;
Soc
ial
His
tory
-Abo
litio
nism
, U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad
Thes
e pr
oper
ties
are
sign
ifica
nt fo
r the
ir as
soci
atio
n w
ith re
now
ned
civi
l and
wom
en’s
righ
ts a
ctiv
ist
Fred
eric
k D
ougl
ass
and
for t
he in
fluen
tial r
ole
long
time
owne
r, N
atha
n Jo
hnso
n, p
laye
d in
D
ougl
ass’
s lif
e. J
ohns
on w
as in
fluen
tial i
n th
e an
tebe
llum
effo
rt to
era
dica
te A
mer
ican
sla
very
and
in
ass
istin
g en
slav
ed p
eopl
e es
capi
ng fr
om th
e S
outh
. The
21
Sev
enth
Stre
et p
rope
rty w
as th
e fir
st
hom
e of
Fre
deric
k D
ougl
ass
afte
r his
183
8 es
cape
fro
m s
lave
ry. N
atha
n Jo
hnso
n an
d th
e N
ew B
edfo
rd
abol
ition
ist c
omm
unity
pro
vide
d D
ougl
ass
with
the
exam
ple
and
oppo
rtuni
ty to
bec
ome
one
of th
e m
ost
reno
wne
d ab
oliti
onis
ts o
f his
tim
e. I
n ad
ditio
n, th
e 21
Sev
enth
Stre
et h
ome
is d
ocum
ente
d to
hav
e ho
used
at l
east
one
oth
er fu
gitiv
e sl
ave,
and
from
w
hat i
s kn
own
of N
atha
n Jo
hnso
n’s
antis
lave
ry w
ork
it is
like
ly th
at it
, and
pos
sibl
y 17
-19
Sev
enth
Stre
et,
harb
ored
oth
er fu
gitiv
e sl
aves
.
Feb.
2, 2
000
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/00
0002
60.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 25
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Libe
rty F
arm
11
6 M
ower
Stre
et,
Wor
ches
ter,
Wor
ches
ter C
ount
y,
Mas
sach
uset
ts
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Abo
litio
nism
, U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad
Libe
rty F
arm
was
the
hom
e of
ant
i-sla
very
and
w
omen
's ri
ghts
refo
rmer
s A
biga
il K
elly
and
Ste
phen
S
ymon
ds F
oste
r. K
elly
and
Fos
ter e
stab
lishe
d a
stat
ion
on th
e U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad a
t thi
s lo
catio
n.
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0020
46.p
df
Will
iam
C. N
ell
Res
iden
ce
3 S
mith
Cou
rt, B
osto
n,
Suf
folk
Cou
nty,
M
assa
chus
etts
Edu
catio
n-Fi
eld
of H
isto
ry;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-W
illia
m
C. N
ell;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Abo
litio
n
Will
iam
C. N
ell w
as th
e le
adin
g ab
oliti
onis
t and
civ
il rig
hts
advo
cate
from
the
1830
s to
the
end
of th
e C
ivil
War
. H
e pu
blis
hed
the
first
his
tory
of A
frica
n A
mer
ican
s w
ritte
n by
an
Afri
can
Am
eric
an, T
he
Col
ored
Pat
riots
of t
he A
mer
ican
Rev
olut
ion,
in
1855
.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0019
79.p
df
Cha
rles
Sum
ner
Hou
se
20 H
anco
ck S
treet
, B
osto
n, S
uffo
lk
Cou
nty,
M
assa
chus
etts
Law
-Rob
erts
v. C
ity o
f B
osto
n (1
849)
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-C
harle
s S
umne
r
Cau
casi
an a
bolit
ioni
st a
nd a
ttorn
ey C
harle
s S
umne
r, al
ong
with
Bos
ton’
s fir
st b
lack
atto
rney
, Rob
ert
Mor
ris, a
rgue
d fo
r equ
al e
duca
tion
in R
ober
ts v
. City
of
Bos
ton.
Sum
ner c
oncl
uded
that
sep
arat
e co
uld
neve
r be
inhe
rent
ly e
qual
and
that
seg
rega
tion
mar
ked
a ra
ce a
s in
ferio
r. T
he R
ober
ts c
ase
prov
ided
a p
ivot
al le
gal p
rece
dent
for o
vertu
rnin
g de
ju
re’ r
acia
l seg
rega
tion
in th
e w
ater
shed
Bro
wn
v.
Boa
rd o
f Edu
catio
n ca
se.
Nov
. 7, 1
973
Will
iam
Mon
roe
Trot
ter H
ouse
97
Saw
yer A
venu
e,
Bos
ton,
Suf
folk
C
ount
y,
Mas
sach
uset
ts
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-W
illia
m
Mon
roe
Trot
ter;
Soc
ial
His
tory
-Civ
il R
ight
s, p
ost-
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
Will
iam
Mon
roe
Trot
ter w
as a
wea
lthy
jour
nalis
t and
ci
vil r
ight
s ad
voca
te a
t the
turn
of t
he 1
9th
cent
ury,
w
hose
mili
tant
stra
tegy
to o
btai
n A
frica
n A
mer
ican
ci
vil r
ight
s op
pose
d B
ooke
r T. W
ashi
ngto
n's
acco
mm
odat
ion
with
raci
al s
egre
gatio
n an
d A
frica
n A
mer
ican
dis
enfra
nchi
sem
ent.
A c
lass
mat
e of
ac
tivis
t W. E
. B. D
uBoi
s, T
rotte
r gra
duat
ed fr
om
Har
vard
in 1
895
and
foun
ded
the
wee
kly
new
spap
er, T
he G
uard
ian,
in 1
901.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0020
03.p
df
Mic
higa
n
Col
umbi
a (e
xcur
sion
st
eam
er)
Ste
. Cla
ire
(pas
seng
er
stea
mbo
at)*
Nic
hols
on T
erm
inal
an
d D
ock
Com
pany
's
Sou
th S
lip, E
cors
e,
Mic
higa
n
Com
mer
ce; L
aw-B
ob-L
o E
xcur
sion
Com
pany
v.
Mic
higa
n (1
948)
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t-Civ
il R
ight
s A
ct o
f 196
4, S
ocia
l H
isto
ry- C
ivil
Rig
hts
Mov
emen
t (P
ublic
A
ccom
mod
atio
ns);
Tran
spor
tatio
n
In J
une
1945
, Afri
can
Am
eric
an s
tude
nt S
arah
E
lizab
eth
Ray
was
den
ied
pass
age
from
Det
roit
to
priv
atel
y-ow
ned
Boi
s B
lanc
Isla
nd in
Ont
ario
, C
anad
a on
the
two
stea
mer
shi
ps d
ue to
her
race
. R
ay s
ued
the
Bob
-Lo
Exc
ursi
on C
ompa
ny w
hich
op
erat
ed th
e sh
ips.
In
the
1948
Bob
-Lo
Exc
ursi
on
Com
pany
v. M
ichi
gan,
the
U.S
. Sup
rem
e C
ourt
rule
d th
at ra
cial
dis
crim
inat
ion
in fo
reig
n co
mm
erce
was
ill
egal
. Th
e cu
rren
t nom
inat
ion
need
s re
visi
on to
m
ore
fully
doc
umen
t the
Afri
can
Am
eric
an h
isto
rical
si
gnifi
canc
e as
soci
ated
with
the
prop
ertie
s.
July
6, 1
992
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/79
0011
71.p
df
Mis
siss
ippi
Isai
ah T
. M
ontg
omer
y H
ouse
W
est M
ain
Stre
et,
Mou
nd B
ayou
, Alc
orn
Cou
nty,
Mis
siss
ippi
Exp
lora
tion/
Set
tlem
ent-
Urb
aniz
atio
n, P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Isai
ah T
horn
ton
Mon
tgom
ery;
Soc
ial
His
tory
- Bla
ck T
owns
hip
Mov
emen
t, po
st-
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
Isai
ah T
horn
ton
Mon
tgom
ery
and
his
cous
in
Ben
jam
in G
reen
, for
mer
ens
lave
d pe
ople
of t
he
Jeffe
rson
Dav
is fa
mily
, fou
nded
the
tow
n of
Mou
nd
Bay
ou in
Jul
y 18
87.
Mon
tgom
ery
is re
pres
enta
tive
of th
e po
st-R
econ
stru
ctio
n B
lack
Tow
nshi
p M
ovem
ent.
The
hom
e w
as b
uilt
in 1
910.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0010
92.p
df
Oak
land
Mem
oria
l C
hape
l A
lcor
n S
tate
U
nive
rsity
, Alc
orn,
C
laib
orne
Cou
nty,
M
issi
ssip
pi
Edu
catio
n; P
oliti
cs a
nd
Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Hira
m R
evel
s;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-p
ost-
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
Initi
ally
bui
lt in
183
8 fo
r the
all-
whi
te O
akla
nd
Col
lege
, the
Cha
pel i
s th
e on
ly e
xtan
t bui
ldin
g fro
m
the
foun
ding
of h
isto
rical
ly-b
lack
Alc
orn
Sta
te
Uni
vers
ity in
187
1. A
lcor
n w
as th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s'
first
land
-gra
nt c
olle
ge fo
r Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
and
had
first
Afri
can
Am
eric
an U
.S. S
enat
or, H
iram
R
evel
s, a
s its
firs
t pre
side
nt.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0010
57.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 26
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Old
Mis
siss
ippi
S
tate
Cap
itol
Eas
t sid
e of
Sta
te
Stre
et a
t the
hea
d of
C
apito
l Stre
et,
Jack
son,
Hin
ds
Cou
nty,
Mis
siss
ippi
Law
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-S
egre
gatio
n, C
ivil
Rig
hts,
pos
t-R
econ
stru
ctio
n
Pas
sage
of t
he 1
890
Con
stitu
tion
at th
e O
ld
Mis
siss
ippi
Sta
te C
apito
l dis
enfra
nchi
sed
Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
and
codi
fied
segr
egat
ion
on a
sta
te le
vel.
Th
is a
ctio
n by
the
Mis
siss
ippi
Sta
te le
gisl
atur
e be
gan
the
stat
e-le
vel,
cons
titut
iona
l di
senf
ranc
hise
men
t of A
frica
n A
mer
ican
s af
ter
Rec
onst
ruct
ion.
Sou
ther
n di
sfra
nchi
sem
ent o
f bla
ck
citiz
ens
cont
inue
d un
til p
assa
ge o
f the
Vot
ing
Rig
hts
Act
of 1
964.
Dec
. 14,
199
0
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/69
0000
87.p
df
Mis
sour
i
Jeffe
rson
Nat
iona
l E
xpan
sion
M
emor
ial
11 N
. 4th
Stre
et,
S
t. Lo
uis
(Inde
pend
ent
City
), M
isso
uri
Law
-Dre
d S
cott
Dec
isio
n (1
857)
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t-Mis
sour
i C
ompr
omis
e of
182
0;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-S
lave
ry a
nd
Dom
estic
Sla
ve T
rade
The
Cou
rthou
se c
onta
ined
in th
is m
emor
ial w
as th
e si
te o
f low
er c
ourt
rulin
g in
Dre
d S
cott
v. S
andf
ord
(185
7) in
whi
ch th
e S
upre
me
Cou
rt ru
led
that
the
Mis
sour
i Com
prom
ise
of 1
820,
whi
ch li
mite
d th
e ex
pans
ion
of s
lave
ry in
to w
este
rn U
.S. t
errit
orie
s,
was
unc
onst
itutio
nal.
The
Cou
rthou
se w
as a
lso
the
site
of p
rope
rty a
uctio
ns o
f ens
lave
d pe
ople
for
paym
ent o
f sla
veho
lder
s’ p
erso
nal d
ebts
.
Oct
. 15,
196
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
RH
P/T
ext/6
600
0941
Ros
wel
l Fie
ld
Hou
se
634
Sou
th B
road
way
, S
t. Lo
uis,
Mis
sour
i La
w-D
red
Sco
tt D
ecis
ion
(185
7); P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent-M
isso
uri
Com
prom
ise
of 1
820;
S
ocia
l His
tory
-Sla
very
and
D
omes
tic S
lave
Tra
de
This
is th
e ho
me
of R
osw
ell F
ield
, the
atto
rney
who
fo
rmul
ated
the
lega
l stra
tegy
that
pla
ced
ensl
aved
la
bore
r Dre
d S
cott’
s la
wsu
it fo
r fre
edom
bef
ore
the
U.S
. Sup
rem
e C
ourt.
In
Sco
tt v.
San
dfor
d, th
e C
ourt
decl
ared
that
no
pers
on o
f Afri
can
ance
stry
cou
ld b
e a
U.S
. citi
zen
and
that
the
Mis
sour
i Com
prom
ise
of
1820
(tha
t pro
hibi
ted
slav
ery
in th
e w
este
rn
terr
itorie
s) w
as u
ncon
stitu
tiona
l. Th
e 18
57 d
ecis
ion,
au
thor
ed b
y C
hief
Jus
tice
Rog
er B
. Tan
ey, w
iden
ed
the
polit
ical
gap
bet
wee
n th
e N
orth
and
the
Sou
th
and
help
ed p
reci
pita
te th
e C
ivil
War
. A
nger
ove
r the
D
red
Sco
tt D
ecis
ion
ener
gize
d th
e R
epub
lican
Par
ty
and
led
the
natio
n’s
first
ant
isla
very
pol
itica
l par
ty to
pr
esid
entia
l vic
tory
in 1
860.
It t
ook
the
Civ
il W
ar a
nd
pass
age
of th
e 13
th, 1
4th, a
nd 1
5th
post
-war
co
nstit
utio
nal a
men
dmen
ts to
ove
rturn
the
Dre
d S
cott
Dec
isio
n.
Mar
. 29,
200
7
ht
tp://
ww
w.n
ps.
gov/
hist
ory/
nr/t
rave
l/und
erg
roun
d/th
hom
e.ht
m
Mut
ual M
usic
ians
' Fo
unda
tion
Bui
ldin
g
1823
Hig
hlan
d A
venu
e, K
ansa
s C
ity,
Jack
son
Cou
nty,
M
isso
uri
Eth
nic
Her
itage
-Bla
ck;
Per
form
ing
Arts
; Soc
ial
His
tory
This
bui
ldin
g w
as th
e ho
me
of th
e A
mer
ican
Fe
dera
tion
of M
usic
ians
Loc
al 6
27 fr
om th
e 19
20s
to
the
1940
s. I
t be
cam
e th
e tra
inin
g gr
ound
and
se
cond
hom
e to
reno
wne
d A
mer
ican
jazz
arti
sts
such
as
Cou
nt B
asie
, Cha
rlie
"Bird
" Par
kers
, Hot
Li
ps P
age,
and
oth
ers.
Tod
ay, t
he F
ound
atio
n B
uild
ing
cont
inue
s as
a p
ract
ice
and
conc
ert h
all f
or
jazz
mus
icia
ns.
Dec
. 21,
198
1
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/79
0013
72.p
df
Sco
tt Jo
plin
R
esid
ence
26
85-A
Mor
gan
Stre
et,
St.
Loui
s, S
t. Lo
uis
Cou
ntry
, Mis
sour
i
Per
form
ing
Arts
-Jaz
z;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-S
cott
Jopl
in
Sco
tt Jo
plin
was
the
foun
ding
com
pose
r of p
opul
ar
Rag
time
mus
ic, w
hich
was
the
fore
runn
er to
A
mer
ican
jazz
. D
ec. 8
, 197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0022
35.p
df
She
lly H
ouse
46
00 L
abad
ie A
venu
e,
St.
Loui
s, S
t. Lo
uis
Cou
ntry
, Mis
sour
i
Eth
nic
Her
itage
-Bla
ck;
Law
-She
lly v
. Kra
emer
; P
oliti
cs a
nd G
over
nmen
t; S
ocia
l Rig
hts-
Civ
il R
ight
s M
ovem
ent (
Hou
sing
)
This
site
was
hom
e to
the
plai
ntiff
s in
She
lly v
. K
raem
er in
whi
ch th
e U
.S. S
upre
me
Cou
rt st
ruck
do
wn
the
lega
lity
of ra
cial
ly-r
estri
ctiv
e ho
usin
g co
vena
nts,
mak
ing
de ju
ré h
ousi
ng s
egre
gatio
n ill
egal
.
Dec
. 14,
199
0
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/88
0004
37.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 27
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
New
Jer
sey
T. T
hom
as F
ortu
ne
Hou
se
Red
Ban
k,
Mon
mou
th C
ount
y,
New
Jer
sey
Com
mun
icat
ions
; S
igni
fican
t Per
son-
T.
Thom
as F
ortu
ne; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts
From
190
1 to
191
5, th
is w
as th
e ho
me
of th
e cr
usad
ing
blac
k jo
urna
list a
nd c
ivil
right
s ac
tivis
t T.
Thom
as F
ortu
ne, w
ho a
dvoc
ated
the
caus
e of
civ
il rig
hts
in h
is n
ewsp
aper
s at
the
turn
of t
he 2
0th
cent
ury.
For
tune
was
co-
owne
r and
edi
tor o
f The
N
ew Y
ork
Age
, the
mos
t wid
ely-
read
, bla
ck-o
wne
d ne
wsp
aper
dur
ing
the
late
19th
cen
tury
. H
e al
so
beca
me
edito
r of t
he N
egro
Wor
ld, t
he o
ffici
al
new
slet
ter o
f the
Uni
vers
al N
egro
Impr
ovem
ent
Ass
ocia
tion,
in 1
923.
Dec
. 8, 1
976
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0011
71.p
df
New
Mex
ico
Haw
ikuh
Zu
ni In
dian
R
eser
vatio
n,
Val
enci
a C
ount
y,
New
Mex
ico
Eth
nic
Her
itage
-Nat
ive
Am
eric
an; E
xplo
ratio
n/
Set
tlem
ent-S
pani
sh
Col
onia
l Exp
lora
tion
the
Sou
thw
est;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Col
onia
l His
tory
One
of t
he le
gend
ary
"Sev
en C
ities
of G
old"
, the
firs
t no
n-N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
to s
ee it
was
a M
oor (
a bl
ack
Afri
can
Mus
lim) n
amed
Est
evan
ico
(als
o ca
lled
Est
éban
or E
stev
an).
Est
evan
ico
expl
ored
the
Am
eric
as w
ith S
pani
sh c
onqu
ista
dors
and
was
one
of
onl
y th
ree
surv
ivor
s of
the
Nar
vaez
Exp
editi
on o
f 15
27-2
8. H
e w
as k
illed
in 1
539
afte
r lea
ding
a
Spa
nish
exp
editi
on in
a re
turn
to th
e N
ew M
exic
o ar
ea.
Oct
. 9, 1
960
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0005
02.p
df
New
Yor
k
Afri
can
Bur
ial
Gro
und
Nat
iona
l M
onum
ent
Bro
adw
ay a
nd R
eade
S
treet
s,
New
Yor
k C
ity,
New
Yor
k
Arc
heol
ogy;
E
xplo
ratio
n/S
ettle
men
t-U
rban
izat
ion;
Soc
ial
His
tory
-Col
onia
l Am
eric
a,
Sla
very
The
Afri
can
Bur
ial G
roun
d’s
seve
n ac
re lo
catio
n co
ntai
ns th
e gr
aves
of a
n es
timat
ed 2
0,00
0 fre
e an
d en
slav
ed A
frica
ns d
atin
g fro
m 1
712.
The
rem
ains
of
at le
ast 4
00 p
erso
ns w
ere
reco
vere
d an
d th
en
rebu
ried
in 2
003.
The
site
was
des
igna
ted
a N
atio
nal M
onum
ent b
y P
resi
dent
Geo
rge
W. B
ush,
Jr
. on
Feb.
26,
200
6.
NH
L- A
pr. 1
9,
1993
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/93
0015
97.p
df
Loui
s A
rmst
rong
H
ouse
34
56 1
07th
Stre
et,
Cor
ona,
Que
ens
Cou
nty,
New
Yor
k
Per
form
ing
Arts
-Jaz
z;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-Lo
uis
Arm
stro
ng
Arm
stro
ng w
as a
lege
ndar
y co
mpo
ser,
arra
nger
, an
d m
usic
ian
that
hel
ped
crea
te a
nd p
opul
ariz
e A
mer
ican
jazz
and
blu
es fr
om th
e 19
20s
to h
is d
eath
in
197
1. D
urin
g hi
s in
tern
atio
nal t
ours
, he
also
act
ed
as a
goo
dwill
am
bass
ador
for t
he U
.S. S
tate
D
epar
tmen
t.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
65.p
df
John
Bro
wn
Farm
an
d G
rave
site
Jo
hn B
row
n R
oad,
La
ke P
laci
d, E
rie
Cou
nty,
New
Yor
k
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-Jo
hn
Bro
wn;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Ant
i-sla
very
, Abo
litio
nism
, C
ivil
War
This
pro
perty
is th
e ch
ildho
od h
ome
and
grav
esite
of
radi
cal a
bolit
ioni
st, J
ohn
Bro
wn.
Bro
wn’
s bo
dy w
as
retu
rned
her
e fo
r int
ernm
ent a
fter h
is e
xecu
tion
in
Har
per's
Fer
ry, W
est V
irgin
ia a
fter b
eing
con
vict
ed
of tr
easo
n fo
r his
raid
on
the
Arm
y A
rsen
al in
an
atte
mpt
to b
egin
an
insu
rrec
tion
agai
nst A
mer
ican
sl
aver
y.
Aug
. 5, 1
998
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/72
0008
40.p
df
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/n
r/tra
vel/u
nder
gro
und/
thho
me.
htm
Ral
ph J
ohns
on
Bun
che
Hou
se
115-
125
Gro
sven
or
Roa
d, K
ew G
arde
ns,
Que
ens
Cou
nty,
New
Yo
rk
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-R
alph
J.
Bun
che;
Law
; Pol
itics
an
d G
over
nmen
t, S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts,
D
iplo
mat
ic H
isto
ry
As
Und
erse
cret
ary
Gen
eral
to th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns,
Bun
che
was
the
high
est r
anke
d pe
rson
of A
frica
n de
scen
t in
the
UN
unt
il th
e as
cend
ancy
of K
ofi
Ann
on to
UN
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al o
n D
ecem
ber 1
9,
1996
. B
unch
e ne
gotia
ted
the
Isra
eli-A
rab
Trea
ty o
f 19
49 fo
r whi
ch h
e w
on th
e N
obel
Priz
e, th
e fir
st
Afri
can
Am
eric
an to
do
so.
Bun
che
help
ed s
ettle
the
Sue
z C
anal
Cris
is a
nd w
as g
iven
the
Med
al o
f Fr
eedo
m b
y P
resi
dent
Ken
nedy
in 1
956.
He
lived
he
re fr
om 1
952
to 1
971.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
66.p
df
Will
Mar
ion
Coo
k H
ouse
22
1 W
est 1
38th
Stre
et,
New
Yor
k C
ity, N
ew
York
Per
form
ing
Arts
-Jaz
z;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n- W
ill
Mar
ion
Coo
k
Coo
k w
as a
vio
linis
t, co
mpo
ser,
song
writ
er, a
nd
orch
estra
con
duct
or w
ho h
elpe
d po
pula
rize
ragt
ime
and
gosp
el m
usic
, esp
ecia
lly th
roug
h hi
s fir
st N
ew
York
Bro
adw
ay p
rodu
ctio
n, T
he O
rigin
of t
he
Cak
ewal
k. C
akew
alk,
sta
ged
at th
e C
asin
o Th
eate
r R
oof G
arde
n, w
as th
e fir
st A
frica
n A
mer
ican
thea
ter
prod
uctio
n on
Bro
adw
ay.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
38.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 28
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Coo
per U
nion
7th
Stre
et a
nd 4
th
Ave
nue,
N
ew Y
ork
City
, New
Yo
rk
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-A
brah
am L
inco
ln; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
War
, A
bolit
ioni
sm,
Em
anci
patio
n
Coo
per U
nion
was
the
site
of t
he p
ivot
al s
peec
h by
th
en p
resi
dent
ial c
andi
date
Abr
aham
Lin
coln
on
the
slav
ery
ques
tion
that
hel
ped
him
gai
n th
e 18
60
Rep
ublic
an p
resi
dent
ial n
omin
atio
n. I
n th
e sp
eech
Li
ncol
n ex
amin
ed th
e 39
sig
ners
of t
he C
onst
itutio
n an
d ex
plai
ned
that
21
of th
e si
gner
s, a
maj
ority
, had
vo
ted
at le
ast o
nce,
som
e m
ore
than
onc
e, fo
r the
re
stric
tion
of s
lave
ry in
Nat
iona
l Ter
ritor
ies.
Jul.
4, 1
961
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0005
40.p
df
Edw
ard
Ken
nedy
"D
uke"
Elli
ngto
n R
esid
ence
935
St.
Nic
hols
A
venu
e, A
pt #
4A
New
Yor
k C
ity, N
ew
York
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-D
uke
Elli
ngto
n; P
erfo
rmin
g A
rts-
Jazz
Elli
ngto
n is
one
of t
he g
reat
est A
mer
ican
com
pose
rs
and
arra
nger
s of
the
20th
cen
tury
. H
e an
d hi
s or
ches
tra d
evel
oped
and
exp
ande
d ja
zz a
s a
mus
ic
form
, esp
ecia
lly th
roug
h ra
dio
broa
dcas
ts o
f his
pe
rform
ance
s as
lead
er o
f the
hou
se b
and
of th
e fa
mou
s C
otto
n C
lub
in H
arle
m.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
39.p
df
Lem
uel H
ayne
s H
ouse
R
oute
149
S
outh
Gra
nvill
e,
Was
hing
ton
Cou
nty,
N
ew Y
ork
Rel
igio
n-C
ongr
egat
iona
l C
hurc
h; M
ilita
ry; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Lem
uel H
ayne
s;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-C
olon
ial
Am
eric
a
Hay
nes
was
a m
embe
r of t
he G
reen
Mou
ntai
n B
oys
durin
g th
e R
evol
utio
nary
War
. In
1785
, he
beca
me
the
first
Afri
can
Am
eric
an, o
rdai
ned
min
iste
r of t
he
Con
greg
atio
nal C
hurc
h an
d th
e fir
st to
min
iste
r an
all-w
hite
con
greg
atio
n. I
n 18
01, h
e pu
blis
hed
a tra
ct
calle
d "T
he N
atur
e an
d Im
porta
nce
of T
rue
Rep
ublic
anis
m...
" whi
ch c
onta
ined
his
onl
y pu
blic
st
atem
ent o
n th
e su
bjec
t of r
ace
or s
lave
ry. I
n 18
04,
he re
ceiv
ed a
n ho
nora
ry M
aste
r of A
rts d
egre
e fro
m
Mid
dleb
ury
Col
lege
, the
firs
t eve
r bes
tow
ed u
pon
an
Afri
can
Am
eric
an. T
he h
ouse
was
bui
lt in
179
3.
May
15,
197
5
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://pd
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t.fo
cus.
nps.
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doc
s/N
HLS
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t/75
0012
35.p
df
Mat
thew
Hen
son
Res
iden
ce (D
unba
r A
partm
ents
)
246
W. 1
50th
Stre
et,
A
pt. 3
F,
New
Yor
k C
ity, N
ew
York
Arc
hite
ctur
e; E
xplo
ratio
n/
Set
tlem
ent*;
Sci
ence
O
n A
pril
6, 1
909,
Hen
son
was
the
first
kno
wn
man
to
reac
h th
e N
orth
Pol
e as
par
t of t
he R
ober
t Per
ry
expe
ditio
n. H
e liv
ed in
this
apa
rtmen
t, pa
rt of
the
Dun
bar A
partm
ents
, the
firs
t lar
ge m
ajor
ity-b
lack
ho
usin
g co
oper
ativ
e in
the
city
, fro
m 1
929
to h
is
deat
h in
195
5.
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/75
0012
07.p
df
Hur
ley
His
toric
D
istri
ct
Bou
nded
by
Hur
ley
Stre
et, H
urle
y M
ount
ain
Roa
d, a
nd
Sch
oonm
arke
r Lan
e,
Hur
ley,
Uls
ter C
ount
y,
New
Yor
k
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-S
ojou
rner
Tru
th; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-A
bolit
ioni
sm,
Wom
en's
Rig
hts
This
dis
trict
con
tain
s th
e ea
rly c
hild
hood
hom
e,
loca
ted
at 1
750
Har
denb
erg
Hou
se, o
f 19th
cen
tury
ab
oliti
onis
t, w
omen
’s ri
ghts
act
ivis
t, an
d or
ator
, S
ojou
rner
Tru
th (I
sabe
lla B
aum
free)
. Tr
uth
was
bo
rn to
ens
lave
d pa
rent
s E
lizab
eth
and
Jam
es
Bau
mfre
e, o
ne o
f 13
child
ren,
on
the
Cha
rles
Har
denb
erg
plan
tatio
n.
Nov
. 5, 1
961
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0005
77.p
df
Jam
es W
eldo
n Jo
hnso
n 18
7 W
est 1
35th
Stre
et,
N
ew Y
ork
City
, New
Yo
rk
Lite
ratu
re; P
erfo
rmin
g A
rts-M
usic
; P
oliti
cs/G
over
nmen
t; S
igni
fican
t Per
son-
Jam
es
Wel
don
John
son;
Soc
ial
His
tory
-Civ
il R
ight
s,
Har
lem
Ren
aiss
ance
Jam
es W
eldo
n Jo
hnso
n w
as a
writ
er, c
ompo
ser,
civi
l rig
hts
activ
ist,
and
field
sec
reta
ry fo
r the
N
atio
nal A
ssoc
iatio
n fo
r the
Adv
ance
men
t of
Col
ored
Peo
ple
until
his
dea
th in
193
8. H
e w
rote
th
e hy
mn,
Lift
Ev’
ry V
oice
and
Sin
g, w
hich
was
ad
opte
d by
the
NA
AC
P in
191
9 an
d ca
lled
the
“Neg
ro N
atio
nal A
nthe
m,”
as it
is s
till k
now
n to
day.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
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t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
41.p
df
Cla
ude
McK
ay
Res
iden
ce
180
Wes
t 135
th S
treet
, N
ew Y
ork
City
, New
Yo
rk
Lite
ratu
re; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-C
laud
e M
cKay
; S
ocia
l His
tory
-New
Neg
ro
Mov
emen
t, H
arle
m
Ren
aiss
ance
McK
ay w
as a
n in
fluen
tial p
oet a
nd w
riter
larg
ely
cred
ited
with
beg
inni
ng th
e H
arle
m R
enai
ssan
ce
liter
ary
mov
emen
t afte
r WW
I. H
e w
rote
Hom
e to
H
arle
m, t
he fi
rst b
ook
by a
n A
frica
n A
mer
ican
to
reac
h na
tiona
l bes
tsel
ler l
ists
.
Dec
. 8, 1
976
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0021
43.p
df
Flor
ence
Mill
s H
ouse
22
0 W
est 1
35th
Stre
et,
N
ew Y
ork
City
, New
Yo
rk
Per
form
ing
Arts
-The
ater
; S
igni
fican
t Per
son-
Flor
ence
Mill
s; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-H
arle
m
Ren
aiss
ance
Mill
es w
as a
n ac
tress
who
rece
ived
nat
iona
l acc
laim
fo
r her
role
in th
e B
road
way
pro
duct
ion
of S
huffl
e A
long
, the
firs
t mus
ical
com
pose
d, d
irect
ed, a
nd
perfo
rmed
by
Afri
can
Am
eric
ans.
It h
as b
een
brou
ght t
o th
e N
HL
Pro
gram
's a
ttent
ion
that
this
bu
ildin
g m
ight
not
hav
e be
en M
rs. M
ill's
act
ual
resi
denc
e. F
urth
er re
sear
ch is
nec
essa
ry to
ass
ess
this
cla
im.
Dec
. 8, 1
976
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
44.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 29
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
New
Yor
k A
mst
erda
m N
ews
Bui
ldin
g
2293
Sev
enth
Ave
nue,
N
ew Y
ork
City
, New
Yo
rk
Com
mun
icat
ions
, E
xplo
ratio
n/S
ettle
men
t-U
rban
izat
ion;
Soc
ial
His
tory
-Gre
at M
igra
tion
One
of t
he la
rges
t Afri
can
Am
eric
an n
ewsp
aper
s of
its
tim
e, th
e N
ew Y
ork
Am
ster
dam
New
s w
as
foun
ded
in 1
909
and
hous
ed in
this
bui
ldin
g fro
m
1916
to 1
938.
M
ay 1
1, 1
976
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
47.p
df
P
lym
outh
Chu
rch
of th
e P
ilgrim
s 75
Hic
ks S
treet
, B
rook
lyn,
Kin
gs
Cou
nty,
New
Yor
k
Rel
igio
n; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-H
enry
War
d B
eech
er; S
ocia
l His
tory
-U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad
The
Ply
mou
th C
hurc
h of
the
Pilg
rims,
foun
ded
in
1847
, was
a m
ajor
cen
ter f
or th
e ab
oliti
onis
t m
ovem
ent i
n th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s be
twee
n its
foun
ding
an
d th
e ou
tbre
ak o
f the
Civ
il W
ar.
Its m
inis
ter,
Rev
. H
enry
War
d B
eech
er, w
as a
n an
ti-sl
aver
y ad
voca
te
and
stat
ionm
aste
r on
the
Und
ergr
ound
Rai
lroad
. B
eech
er u
sed
his
skill
s as
an
orat
or, t
hink
er, a
nd
show
man
to p
ut P
lym
outh
at t
he m
oral
and
phy
sica
l ce
nter
of t
he U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad.
Jul.
4, 1
961
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0005
25.p
df
Pau
l Rob
eson
R
esid
ence
55
5 E
dgec
ombe
A
venu
e, N
ew Y
ork
City
, New
Yor
k
Ent
erta
inm
ent/
Rec
reat
ion-
Mov
ies;
P
erfo
rmin
g A
rts-T
heat
er
and
Mus
ic; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-P
aul R
ober
son;
S
ocia
l His
tory
-Civ
il R
ight
s
Pau
l Rob
eson
was
a le
gend
ary
inte
rnat
iona
l civ
il rig
hts
activ
ist,
law
yer,
acto
r, si
nger
, and
ath
lete
. R
obes
on s
poke
out
aga
inst
raci
al d
iscr
imin
atio
n an
d vi
olen
ce a
gain
st A
sian
and
Afri
can
Am
eric
ans.
In
1946
, he
foun
ded
the
Am
eric
an C
rusa
de A
gain
st
Lync
hing
to c
halle
nge
Pre
side
nt T
rum
an to
ena
ct
anti-
lync
hing
law
s. T
he o
rgan
izat
ion
had
man
y pr
omin
ent i
ntel
lect
uals
as
mem
bers
suc
h as
sci
entis
t A
lber
t Ein
stei
n an
d W
. E. B
. DuB
ois.
Rob
eson
’s
portr
ayal
of O
thel
lo, f
or w
hich
he
won
a D
onal
dson
A
war
d an
d th
e 19
45 S
ping
arn
Med
al, c
ontin
ues
to
be th
e lo
nges
t run
ning
of a
ny S
hake
spea
re p
lay
on
Bro
adw
ay.
Dec
. 8, 1
976
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
48.p
df
John
Roo
seve
lt "J
acki
e" R
obin
son
Hou
se
5224
Tild
en S
treet
, B
rook
lyn,
Kin
gs
Cou
nty,
New
Yor
k
Ent
erta
inm
ent/
Rec
reat
ion-
Bas
ebal
l; S
igni
fican
t Per
son-
Jack
ie
Rob
inso
n; S
ocia
l His
tory
-C
ivil
Rig
hts
In 1
947,
Rob
inso
n w
as th
e fir
st A
frica
n A
mer
ican
to
play
on
a M
ajor
Lea
gue
Bas
ebal
l tea
m, t
he B
rook
lyn
Dod
gers
, dur
ing
the
mod
ern
era.
Whi
le n
ot th
e fir
st
Afri
can
Am
eric
an p
rofe
ssio
nal b
aseb
all p
laye
r in
U.S
. his
tory
, his
deb
ut e
nded
alm
ost e
ight
y ye
ars
of
base
ball
segr
egat
ion.
Dur
ing
his
care
er, R
obin
son
was
a m
embe
r of s
ix W
orld
Ser
ies
team
s an
d ea
rned
six
con
secu
tive
All-
Sta
r Gam
e no
min
atio
ns.
In 1
947,
Rob
inso
n w
on T
he S
porti
ng N
ews
Roo
kie
of th
e Ye
ar A
war
d an
d th
e fir
st M
LB R
ooki
e of
the
Year
Aw
ard.
Tw
o ye
ars
late
r, he
was
aw
arde
d th
e N
atio
nal L
eagu
e M
VP
Aw
ard.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
26.p
df
Ger
rit S
mith
Est
ate
Mai
n an
d N
elso
n S
treet
s, P
eter
boro
, M
adis
on C
ount
y, N
ew
York
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-G
errit
S
mith
; Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Abo
litio
nism
, U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad
The
Ger
rit S
mith
Est
ate
is s
igni
fican
t for
its
asso
ciat
ion
with
Ger
rit S
mith
(179
7-18
74),
a fig
ure
of
natio
nal p
rom
inen
ce in
pol
itics
and
soc
ial r
efor
m
mov
emen
ts. S
mith
eng
aged
in th
e ab
oliti
on
mov
emen
t thr
ough
act
ive
invo
lvem
ent i
n na
tiona
l an
ti-sl
aver
y so
ciet
ies,
refo
rm th
roug
h po
litic
al
invo
lvem
ent,
the
Free
Chu
rch
mov
emen
t, ed
ucat
ion
refo
rm, a
nd la
nd re
form
. He
open
ly d
efie
d th
e Fu
gitiv
e S
lave
Act
or 1
850,
pro
vidi
ng a
wid
ely-
reco
gniz
ed s
afe
have
n in
Pet
erbo
ro fo
r ref
ugee
s fro
m e
nsla
vem
ent e
n ro
ute
to C
anad
a. T
he e
stat
e w
as a
lso
an im
porta
nt g
athe
ring
plac
e fo
r ab
oliti
onis
ts in
tere
sted
in d
iscu
ssin
g th
e is
sues
of
the
day
and
plan
ning
pol
itica
l act
ion.
Jan.
31,
200
1
http
://w
ww
.nps
.go
v/nh
l/des
igna
tio
ns/s
ampl
es/n
y/g
errit
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 30
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Har
riet T
ubm
an
Hom
e fo
r the
Age
d ---
-----
-----
-----
----
Har
riet T
ubm
an
Res
iden
ce; a
nd
------
-----
-----
-----
- Th
omps
on A
ME
Zi
on C
hurc
h (M
PS
)
Hom
e fo
r the
Age
d:
180
Sou
th S
treet
---
-----
-----
-----
- R
esid
ence
: 18
2 S
outh
Stre
et
------
-----
-----
---
Thom
pson
Chu
rch:
33
Par
ker S
treet
,
Aub
urn,
Cay
uga
Cou
nty,
New
Yor
k
Mili
tary
; Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
Har
riet T
ubm
an;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry- A
nti-
slav
ery,
Und
ergr
ound
R
ailro
ad, C
ivil
War
Civ
il rig
hts
activ
ist,
Uni
on g
ener
al a
nd s
py, a
nd
Und
ergr
ound
Rai
lroad
con
duct
or, H
arrie
t Tub
man
us
ed h
er A
ubur
n re
side
nce
to re
settl
e fa
mily
m
embe
rs th
at s
he le
d ou
t of e
nsla
vem
ent i
n M
aryl
and’
s E
aste
rn S
hore
are
a. T
he C
hurc
h w
as
her p
rimar
y pl
ace
of w
orsh
ip a
nd T
ubm
an
esta
blis
hed
the
hom
e fo
r "ag
ed a
nd in
dige
nt A
frica
n A
mer
ican
s” in
190
8. T
ubm
an d
ied
at th
e H
ome
in
1913
at a
ge 9
3.
NH
L- M
ay 3
0,
1974
NR
-Apr
. 2, 1
999
as p
art o
f the
H
arrie
t Tub
man
in
Aub
urn,
New
Yo
rk M
PS
)
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0012
22.p
df
Sai
nt G
eorg
e's
Epi
scop
al C
hurc
h Th
ird A
venu
e an
d E
ast
16th
Stre
et,
New
Yor
k C
ity, N
ew
York
Per
form
ing
Arts
-Gos
pel;
Rel
igio
n-E
pisc
opal
; S
igni
fican
t Per
son-
Har
ry
Thac
ker B
urle
igh
Com
pose
r and
arr
ange
r Har
ry T
hack
er B
urle
igh
deve
lope
d an
d po
pula
rized
the
genr
e of
Neg
ro
spiri
tual
s in
Am
eric
a m
usic
as
the
barit
one
solo
ist f
or
this
chu
rch.
D
ec. 8
, 197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
49.p
df
Vill
a Le
war
o
Nor
th B
road
way
, Irv
ingt
on-o
n-th
e-H
udso
n,
Wes
tche
ster
Cou
nty,
N
ew Y
ork
Arc
hite
ctur
e; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-V
ertn
er W
oods
on
Tanc
y, M
adam
e C
. J.
Wal
ker,
Leila
Wal
ker.
Com
plet
ed in
Aug
ust 1
818,
Vill
a Le
war
o w
as th
e la
st
hom
e of
ent
repr
eneu
r, ac
tivis
t, an
d ph
ilant
hrop
ist
Mad
ame
C. J
. (S
arah
Bre
edlo
ve) W
alke
r and
her
oh
ilant
hrop
ist d
augh
ter,
Leila
Wal
ker.
Dur
ing
the
1890
s, M
adam
e W
alke
r beg
an s
ellin
g he
r hai
r car
e pr
oduc
ts a
cros
s th
e co
untry
usi
ng in
nova
tive
sale
s te
chni
ques
and
bec
ame
on o
f the
wea
lthie
st w
omen
in
the
coun
try. W
alke
r dev
elop
ed a
n en
orm
ous
mar
ketin
g ne
twor
k, h
eadq
uarte
red
in In
dian
apol
is,
that
em
ploy
ed th
ousa
nds
of A
frica
n-A
mer
ican
w
omen
and
was
the
larg
est A
frica
n-A
mer
ican
ow
ned
busi
ness
in th
e na
tion.
Afri
can
Am
eric
an a
rchi
tect
V
ertn
er W
oods
on T
andy
, a 1
909
grad
uate
of C
orne
ll U
nive
rsity
, des
igne
d th
e ho
me.
Tan
dy w
as N
ew
York
's fi
rst l
icen
sed
blac
k ar
chite
ct.
May
11,
197
6
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/76
0012
89.p
df
Nor
th C
arol
ina
Hin
ton
Row
an
Hel
per H
ouse
U.S
. 64
off I
-40
vici
nity
of M
ocks
ville
D
avie
Cou
nty,
N
orth
Car
olin
a
Lite
ratu
re; S
ocia
l His
tory
-A
bolit
ioni
sm
Hel
per,
a S
outh
ern
auth
or o
f an
influ
entia
l ant
i-sl
aver
y tra
ct T
he Im
pend
ing
Cris
is (1
857)
, liv
ed h
ere
for t
he fi
rst 2
0 ye
ars
of h
is li
fe a
nd re
turn
ed in
late
r ye
ars.
In
the
book
, Hel
per a
rgue
d th
at s
lave
ry h
urt
the
econ
omic
sta
tus
of n
on-s
lave
hold
ing
whi
tes
and
impe
ded
the
gene
ral g
row
th o
f the
Sou
th a
s a
regi
on.
The
book
rais
ed fe
ars
amon
g sl
aveh
oldi
ng
Sou
ther
ners
that
land
less
Sou
ther
n w
hite
s m
ight
tu
rn a
gain
st th
em o
n th
e is
sue
of s
lave
ry.
The
book
w
as s
ubse
quen
tly b
anne
d an
d bu
rned
by
auth
oriti
es.
Nov
. 7, 1
973
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/73
0013
36.p
df
Nor
th C
arol
ina
Mut
ual L
ife
Insu
ranc
e C
ompa
ny
114-
116
Wes
t Par
ish
Stre
et, D
urha
m, N
orth
C
arol
ina
Com
mer
ce; E
cono
mic
s;
Indu
stry
; Soc
ial H
isto
ry
The
Nor
th C
arol
ina
Mut
ual L
ife In
sura
nce
Com
pany
w
as fo
unde
d in
189
8 an
d is
repr
esen
tativ
e of
the
mut
ual b
enef
it/ai
d so
ciet
y tra
ditio
n of
Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
in th
e ea
rly 2
0th
cent
ury.
Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
form
ed m
utua
l ben
efit/
aid
orga
niza
tions
to
com
bat r
acis
m in
the
Am
eric
an in
sura
nce
and
bank
ing
indu
strie
s.
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/75
0012
58.p
df
Uni
on T
aver
n (T
hom
as D
ay
Hou
se)
Mai
n S
treet
, M
ilton
, Cas
wel
l C
ount
y, N
orth
Car
olin
a
Arc
hite
ctur
e; C
omm
erce
; In
dust
ry; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-Th
omas
Day
Uni
on T
aver
n w
as th
e w
orks
hop
of T
hom
as D
ay, a
fre
e bl
ack
cabi
netm
aker
reco
gniz
ed fo
r the
sup
erio
r qu
ality
of h
is c
rafts
man
ship
. B
y th
e m
id-1
9th
cent
ury,
his
wor
ksho
p ha
d th
e la
rges
t pro
duct
ion
rate
and
gre
ates
t num
ber o
f app
rent
ices
in N
orth
C
arol
ina.
Day
als
o be
cam
e a
maj
or s
tock
hold
er in
th
e lo
cal b
ranc
h of
the
Nor
th C
arol
ina
Ban
k an
d ow
ned
prop
erty
bey
ond
Milt
on.
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/75
0012
45.p
df
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 31
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
Ohi
o
Wils
on B
ruce
E
vans
Hou
se
33 E
ast V
ine
Stre
et,
Obe
rlin,
Lor
ain
Cou
nty,
Ohi
o
Law
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t- Fu
gitiv
e S
lave
Act
of 1
850;
S
igni
fican
t Per
sons
-W
ilson
Bru
ce E
vans
and
H
enry
Eva
ns; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-A
bolit
ioni
sm,
Und
ergr
ound
Rai
lroad
Eva
ns w
as a
n in
fluen
tial A
frica
n Am
eric
an
abol
ition
ist a
nd m
embe
r of O
berli
n's
com
mer
cial
and
ed
ucat
iona
l com
mun
ities
. H
e an
d br
othe
r Hen
ry
parti
cipa
ted
in th
e 18
58 O
berli
n-W
ellin
gton
Res
cue,
in
def
ianc
e of
the
Fugi
tive
Sla
ve A
ct o
f 185
0. T
he
resc
ue p
rovi
ded
anot
her i
mpo
rtant
impe
tus
to th
e C
ivil
War
. Th
e E
vans
Hou
se w
as d
esig
nate
d in
co
njun
ctio
n w
ith th
e U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad T
hem
e S
tudy
.
Dec
. 9, 1
997
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/80
0031
43.p
df
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/n
r/tra
vel/u
nder
gro
und/
thho
me.
htm
Josh
ua R
. Gid
ding
s La
w O
ffice
11
2 N
orth
Che
stnu
t S
treet
, Jef
fers
on,
Ash
tabu
la C
ount
y,
Ohi
o
Pol
itics
/ Gov
ernm
ent;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Abo
litio
nism
A w
hite
abo
litio
nist
and
a m
embe
r of t
he W
hig
Par
ty,
Gid
ding
s w
as e
lect
ed to
Ohi
o's
Hou
se o
f R
epre
sent
ativ
es in
182
6. E
lect
ed to
the
25th
C
ongr
ess
in 1
838,
Gid
ding
s w
as fo
rced
to re
sign
in
Mar
ch 1
842,
afte
r he
was
cen
sure
d w
hen
he
defe
nded
sla
ve m
utin
eers
. H
owev
er, h
e w
as
prom
ptly
re-e
lect
ed, s
ervi
ng 1
7 m
ore
year
s as
a
Rad
ical
Rep
ublic
an.
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0013
96.p
df
John
Mer
cer
Lang
ston
Hou
se
207
Eas
t Col
lege
S
treet
,
Obe
rlin,
Lor
ain
Cou
nty,
Ohi
o
Edu
catio
n; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Sig
nific
ant
Per
son-
John
Mer
cer
Lang
ston
Lang
ston
was
the
first
Afri
can
Am
eric
an k
now
n to
be
elec
ted
to p
ublic
offi
ce, a
s th
e to
wns
hip
cler
k in
B
row
nhel
m, O
hio
in 1
855.
He
serv
ed in
the
Free
dman
's B
urea
u an
d be
cam
e H
owar
d U
nive
rsity
's o
rgan
izer
and
firs
t dea
n of
its
Law
S
choo
l. L
angs
ton
was
app
oint
ed m
inis
ter t
o H
aiti
in
1877
and
was
vot
ed a
mem
ber o
f Con
gres
s fro
m
Virg
inia
upo
n hi
s re
turn
, the
firs
t Afri
can
Am
eric
an to
be
ele
cted
from
that
sta
te.
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/75
0014
64.p
df
Ben
jam
in L
undy
U
nion
and
Thi
rd S
treet
M
ount
Ple
asan
t, Je
ffers
on C
ount
y, O
hio
Exp
lora
tion/
Set
tlem
ent-
Mex
ican
Tex
as;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-B
enja
min
Lun
dy; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-A
bolit
ioni
sm
Lund
y w
as a
pre
mie
r abo
litio
nist
of t
he 1
820s
. H
e es
tabl
ishe
d th
e an
ti-sl
aver
y ne
wsp
aper
, Gen
ius
of
Uni
vers
al E
man
cipa
tion,
and
was
an
avid
sp
okes
pers
on a
gain
st th
e Te
xas
Rev
olut
iona
ry
War
's g
oal t
o ex
pand
sla
very
in o
ppos
ition
to
Mex
ican
law
.
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0015
37.p
df
Mou
nt P
leas
ant
His
toric
Dis
trict
U
nion
Stre
et b
etw
een
Cem
eter
y an
d M
arke
t S
ts.,
Mou
nt P
leas
ant,
Jeffe
rson
Cou
nty,
Ohi
o
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Abo
litio
nism
, U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad;
Com
mer
ce; E
duca
tion
Mou
nt P
leas
ant w
as e
stab
lishe
d in
180
3 an
d is
im
porta
nt fo
r its
role
in th
e an
tisla
very
mov
emen
t an
d th
e U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad. T
he p
rom
inen
t Q
uake
r pop
ulat
ion
in M
t. P
leas
ant p
reac
hed
and
prac
ticed
its
abol
ition
ist v
iew
s an
d pu
blis
hed
antis
lave
ry li
tera
ture
, suc
h as
Ben
jam
in L
undy
's
Gen
ius
of U
nive
rsal
Em
anci
patio
n. A
sta
tion
on th
e U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad, t
he to
wn
was
a re
fuge
for
fugi
tive
slav
es a
nd a
wel
com
ed h
ome
for f
ree
blac
ks.
Loca
l res
iden
ts b
uilt
and
adm
inis
tere
d a
scho
ol fo
r fre
e bl
ack
child
ren,
and
in 1
848
esta
blis
hed
a Fr
ee L
abor
Sto
re w
hich
sol
d no
pr
oduc
ts th
at w
ere
prod
uced
by
slav
e la
bor.
Apr
. 5, 2
005
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0015
36.p
df
Obe
rlin
Col
lege
Ta
ppan
Squ
are
Obe
rlin,
Lor
ain
Cou
nty,
Ohi
o
Edu
catio
n Fo
unde
d in
183
3, O
berli
n C
olle
giat
e In
stitu
te
adm
itted
free
Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
(and
wom
en) o
n th
e sa
me
basi
s as
Cau
casi
an s
tude
nts.
Obe
rlin
is
cons
ider
ed th
e fir
st d
ocum
ente
d A
mer
ican
inst
itutio
n of
hig
her l
earn
ing
to h
ave
a no
n-di
scrim
inat
ory
adm
issi
on p
olic
y.
Dec
. 21,
196
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0006
15.p
df
John
P. P
arke
r H
ouse
30
0 Fr
ont S
treet
, R
iple
y, B
row
n C
ount
y,
Ohi
o
Com
mer
ce; I
ndus
try;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n- J
ohn
P. P
arke
r; S
ocia
l His
tory
-C
ivil
War
, Rec
onst
ruct
ion,
U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad
A fo
rmer
ens
lave
d pe
rson
, Par
ker b
ecam
e a
cond
ucto
r on
the
Und
ergr
ound
Rai
lroad
and
hel
ped
ensl
aved
per
sons
esc
ape
over
the
bord
er o
f the
O
hio
Riv
er.
He
also
ope
rate
d a
succ
essf
ul ir
on
foun
dry
at th
is s
ite fr
om 1
853
to h
is d
eath
in 1
900.
Feb.
18,
199
7
http
://w
ww
.nps
.go
v/nr
/trav
el/u
nde
rgro
und/
oh2.
htm
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/n
r/tra
vel/u
nder
gro
und/
thho
me.
htm
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 32
STA
TE
NA
ME
LOC
ATI
ON
A
REA
OF
SIG
NIF
ICA
NC
E H
ISTO
RIC
CO
NTE
XT
DES
IGN
ATE
D
NO
MIN
ATI
ON
TH
EME
STU
DY
John
Ran
kin
Hou
se
6152
Ran
kin
Roa
d,
Rip
ley,
Bro
wn
Cou
nty,
O
hio
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-Jo
hn
Ran
kin;
Soc
ial H
isto
ry-
Abo
litio
nism
, U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad
The
Ran
kin
fam
ily h
elpe
d th
ousa
nds
of e
nsla
ved
peop
le e
scap
e ov
er th
e O
hio
Riv
er a
s on
e of
the
first
an
d m
ost i
mpo
rtant
mid
-wes
tern
sto
ps o
n th
e U
nder
grou
nd R
ailro
ad.
Ran
kin
wro
te L
ette
rs o
n A
mer
ican
Sla
very
in 1
829,
whi
ch b
ecam
e a
stan
dard
te
xt fo
r abo
litio
nist
s.
Feb.
18,
199
7
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/70
0004
85.p
df
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/n
r/tra
vel/u
nder
gro
und/
thho
me.
htm
Col
onel
Cha
rles
Youn
g H
ouse
C
olum
bus
Pik
e be
twee
n C
lifto
n an
d S
teve
nson
Roa
ds,
Wilb
erfo
rce,
G
reen
e C
ount
y, O
hio
Edu
catio
n; M
ilita
ry; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-C
ivil
Rig
hts
Th
e 3r
d A
frica
n A
mer
ican
gra
duat
e of
Wes
t Poi
nt,
Youn
g be
cam
e th
e hi
ghes
t ran
king
Afri
can
Am
eric
an
offic
er in
WW
I and
the
first
bla
ck m
ilita
ry a
ttach
é.
Als
o a
mus
icia
n an
d lin
guis
t, Yo
ung
taug
ht a
t W
ilber
forc
e U
nive
rsity
from
189
4 to
189
8.
May
30,
197
4
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/74
0015
06.p
df
Okl
ahom
a
Biz
zell
Libr
ary
Uni
vers
ity o
f O
klah
oma,
401
W.
Bro
oks
Stre
et,
Nor
man
, Cle
vela
nd
Cou
nty,
Okl
ahom
a
Edu
catio
n; L
aw-M
cLau
rin
v. O
klah
oma
Boa
rd o
f R
egen
ts; P
oliti
cs/
Gov
ernm
ent;
Soc
ial
His
tory
- Civ
il R
ight
s M
ovem
ent
(Des
egre
gatio
n)
The
Uni
vers
ity o
f Okl
ahom
a’s
Boa
rd o
f Reg
ents
vo
ted
to a
dmit
Geo
rge
McL
aurin
, but
on
a ra
cial
ly-
segr
egat
ed b
asis
. He
was
mad
e to
sit
isol
ated
from
ot
her s
tude
nts
in h
is c
lass
room
s an
d in
the
cafe
teria
. In
Biz
zell
Libr
ary,
he
sat a
t a s
epar
ate
desk
on
the
mez
zani
ne le
vel a
way
from
the
whi
te s
tude
nts
in th
e m
ain
read
ing
room
. R
ulin
g in
McL
aurin
v. O
klah
oma
Boa
rd o
f Reg
ents
, the
U.S
. Sup
rem
e C
ourt
foun
d th
at u
nder
the
equa
l pro
tect
ion
clau
se o
f the
Fo
urte
enth
Am
endm
ent,
“sep
arat
e bu
t equ
al”
cond
ition
s w
ere
not f
easi
ble
in g
radu
ate
and
prof
essi
onal
edu
catio
n ba
sed
on in
tang
ible
fact
ors.
Th
e M
cLau
rin c
ase
esta
blis
hed
one
of th
e pi
vota
l le
gal p
rece
dent
s on
whi
ch B
row
n v.
Boa
rd o
f E
duca
tion
was
dec
ided
.
Jan.
3, 2
001
http
://w
ww
.nps
.go
v/hi
stor
y/nh
l/the
mes
/Sca
nned
%20
Nom
inat
ion
s/D
eseg
rega
tion
/biz
zell.
http
://w
ww
.np
s.go
v/hi
stor
y/h
isto
ry/s
choo
l.pdf
Bol
ey H
isto
ric
Dis
trict
R
ough
ly b
ound
ed b
y S
ewar
d A
venu
e,
Ced
ar S
treet
, Wal
nut
Stre
et, a
nd th
e or
igin
al
sout
hern
bou
ndar
y of
th
e ci
ty li
mits
O
kfus
kee
Cou
nty,
O
klah
oma
Com
mer
ce; C
omm
unity
P
lann
ing/
Dev
elop
men
t; E
xplo
ratio
n/S
ettle
men
t-W
este
rn E
xpan
sion
; In
dust
ry; L
aw-G
uinn
and
B
eal v
. Uni
ted
Sta
tes
(191
5), L
ane
v. W
ilson
(1
939)
; Pol
itics
/ G
over
nmen
t; S
ocia
l H
isto
ry-B
lack
Tow
nshi
ps,
Civ
il R
ight
s (V
otin
g)
Foun
ded
in 1
903
as a
cam
p fo
r Afri
can
Am
eric
ans
empl
oyed
in c
onst
ruct
ing
Fort
Sm
ith a
nd W
este
rn
Rai
lway
, Bol
ey b
ecam
e on
e of
the
larg
est a
ll-bl
ack
tow
nshi
ps in
Okl
ahom
a. I
t had
alm
ost 4
,000
re
side
nts
by 1
911
but d
eclin
ed d
ue to
cro
p fa
ilure
s an
d th
e G
reat
Dep
ress
ion
in th
e 19
20s.
The
dis
trict
is
ass
ocia
ted
with
two
case
s: G
uinn
and
Bea
l v.
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
(191
5), w
hich
rule
d O
klah
oma'
s lit
erac
y te
st, a
s a
requ
irem
ent f
or b
lack
s to
vot
e,
unco
nstit
utio
nal;
and
Lane
v. W
ilson
(193
9),
whi
ch
requ
ired
that
all
pers
ons
who
wer
e pr
evio
usly
den
ied
the
franc
hise
by
a di
scrim
inat
ory
1916
sta
tute
, be
regi
ster
ed to
vot
e.
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/75
0015
68.p
df
Fort
Sill
H
wy
62
Com
anch
e C
ount
y,
Okl
ahom
a
Eth
nic
Her
itage
- Nat
ive
Am
eric
an; E
xplo
ratio
n/
Set
tlem
ent-W
este
rn
Exp
ansi
on; I
nven
tion;
M
ilita
ry; S
igni
fican
t P
erso
n-H
enry
O. F
lippe
r
Con
stru
ctio
n on
the
fort
was
beg
un o
n Ja
n. 8
, 186
9,
by th
e al
l-bla
ck 1
0th
Cal
vary
Reg
imen
t (“B
uffa
lo
Sol
dier
s”) u
nder
the
char
ge o
f Gen
. Phi
llip
H.
She
ridan
. Fo
rt S
ill is
als
o as
soci
ated
with
Hen
ry
Oss
ian
Flip
per,
first
Afri
can
Am
eric
an W
est P
oint
m
ilita
ry a
cade
my
grad
uate
. H
e de
sign
ed a
dra
inag
e sy
stem
(cal
led
Flip
per's
Ditc
h) th
at a
llevi
ated
a
deva
stat
ing
outb
reak
of m
alar
ia a
t the
fort.
Dec
. 19,
196
0
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/66
0006
29.p
df
101
Ran
ch H
isto
ric
Dis
trict
O
klah
oma
Sta
te
Hig
hway
156
, 13
mile
s so
uthw
est o
f P
onca
City
, K
ay C
ount
y,
Okl
ahom
a
Agr
icul
ture
; Com
mer
ce;
Ent
erta
inm
ent/
Rec
reat
ion-
Rod
eo;
Sig
nific
ant P
erso
n-B
ill
Pic
kett
Onc
e th
e ho
me
base
of t
he 1
01 W
ild W
est S
how
fro
m 1
904
to 1
916
and
1925
to 1
931,
the
dist
rict i
s as
soci
ated
with
Bill
Pic
kett,
the
Afric
an A
mer
ican
C
owbo
y H
all o
f Far
mer
and
rode
o st
ar th
at in
vent
ed
"bul
ldog
ging
" (st
eer w
rest
ling)
.
May
15,
197
5
http
://pd
fhos
t.fo
cus.
nps.
gov/
doc
s/N
HLS
/Tex
t/73
0015
60.p
df
Penn
sylv
ania
C
hurc
h of
the
Adv
ocat
e 18
th a
nd D
iam
ond
Stre
et, P
hila
delp
hia,
P
hila
delp
hia
Cou
nty,
P
enns
ylva
nia
Rel
igio
n-C
hurc
h of
the
Adv
ocat
e; S
ocia
l His
tory
-C
ivil
Rig
hts,
Soc
ial
Ref
orm
Mov
emen
ts
In th
e la
te 2
0th
cent
ury,
the
Chu
rch
beca
me
an
advo
cate
for s
ocia
l ref
orm
s an
d em
brac
ed c
ivil
right
s. I
t was
the
site
of t
he th
ird a
nnua
l Nat
iona
l C
onfe
renc
e on
Bla
ck P
ower
in 1
968.
Jun.
19,
199
6
http
://w
ww
.nps
.go
v/nh
l/des
igna
tio
ns/s
ampl
es/p
a/a
dvoc
ate.
APPENDIX A--AFRICAN AMERICAN NHLs 33