Africa and the Middle East

I. African Nationalism grew after WWII• Page 672- MapA.Pan African Movement- which promoted

cultural unity of people of African HeritageB.Due to their participation in WWII, Africans

were no longer satisfied to remain under European control

II. Independence

A. Ghana- civil disobedience led by NkrumahB. Kenya- Mau Mau uprisingC. Zimbabwe- Creation of new state, Guerrilla

WarfareD. Guinea- Refuse French Aid, turn to SovietsE. Belgian Congo (Zaire) Violent protests, Military

state under MobutuF. South Africa- Apartheid-segregation caused

protests at home and abroad

III. Africa Since IndependenceA. Economic Problems

1. A single crop or resource leads to economic instability2. Price drops and your whole economy fails. Ex. Ghana and

cocoa3. Results are debt and rising prices of goods

B. Political Problems1. New countries lack leadership which often results in military

takeover and dictatorships. Ex. Ghana and Nkrumah2. Cold War Battleground. Ex. Ethiopia and Somalia

C. Environmental and Social Problems1. Population Growth2. Desertification3. Disease—HIV/AIDS, Ebola Virus

IV. Nationalism in the Middle East and North AfricaA. Britain and France controlled much of the

Middle East after WWIIB. Britain had troops and control in Egypt, Syria,

Iraq, Iran and Palestine.

V. Britain and Palestine

A. Turn the problem of a Jewish state over to the UN

B. UN agreed to divide Palestine into two states—one Arab and one Jewish

C. In 1948, Israel declared its Independence as a Jewish State

D. As soon as Britain withdrew, Arabs attacked Israel and Israel won.

Israel and the PLO

VI. Britain and EgyptA. Gamal Nasser took over in EgyptB. Nasser announces a deal with Czech (Soviet Union)C. This upsets US and Britain and they agree to help finance

the Aswan High DamD. Nasser then agrees to the US/British Aid, but it is revokedE. Nasser then nationalizes the Suez Canal and uses money

from that to pay for the Dam ProjectF. Britain and France conspire with Israel to overthrow

NasserG. The attempt is unsuccessful and Nasser becomes

extremely popular in the Arab world for his defeat of European Imperialism

VII. Britain and Iran

A. In 1951, Mohammad Mosaddeq became Iran’s Prime Minister.

B. He moved to nationalize the oil industry.C. Britain was outraged and organized a boycott of

Iranian oil.D. The US was worried that Iran would side with

the SovietsE. In 1953 the CIA organized a coup and overthrew

Mosaddeq and placed the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in charge

VIII. Oil in Persian Gulf and North AfricaA. Oil Producing countries learned through the Iran

boycott that individually oil producers had little power

B. As a group, they could control the price of oil—OPEC was formed (organization of petroleum exporting countries)

C. OPEC had power and they used it to cut off shipments to the US as punishment for supporting Israel. Oil prices rose from $3 to $12 per barrel

IX. Iran

A. Due to The Shah’s close ties with the West, many opposed him

B. Many who opposed him were Muslim and Conservative Islamic leaders led by the Ayatollah Khomeini opposed the Shah’s modernization efforts

C. Unable to contain the unrest, the Shah left Iran and the Ayatollah kept power until his death in 1989

X. Iraq

A. Saddam Hussein helped the Ba’ath party seize power in Iraq in 1968

B. Saddam removed anyone who threatened him as a leader

C. When the Kurds-a minority group- asked for self government, he attempted genocide using chemical weapons

XI. Desert StormA. In 1990, Saddam invaded Kuwait claiming they were

pumping Iraqi oilB. Iraq’s army took Kuwait and threatened Saudi ArabiaC. World opinion turned on Saddam and a coalition force

called Desert Shield was sent to Saudi Arabia to be ready if Saddam did not withdraw by the set deadline

D. When the deadline passed, Desert Shield turned to Desert Storm and Iraqi forces were forced out of Kuwait

E. Saddam stayed in power but refused UN weapons inspectors

F. As a result, the US invaded Iraq in 2003 and Saddam was caught, tried and hung