Africa (5)MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ

South Africa• 1669: Number of settlers rises—extension

of the colony creates conflict with the indigenous peoples

• 19th century: hunt of the Bushmen

– Boers: only solution elimination

• Hottentots: herdsmen, malleable people, “domesticated” by the Boer

• Forced to emigrate North-East and then to Kalahari desert

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• Xosos-Bantu– Better organized, armed, vigorous, warriors– Battles for cattle: state of war from 1780 for nearly a

century• East India Company: almost no control or pressure over

Boer population– Further away from Cape Town conflict with the

tribes– 1795 Republic of Graaff-Reinet proclaimed

• East India Company: asks GB for protection from revolutionary armies (maritime routes and stop offs)– 1815: Vienna Congress Boer people subjects o f

the British Crown

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• British laws and impositions: authority over the Boer and protection of the natives

• Great Trek 1835-1837: mass migrations

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• GB: Boers still British subjects 1836 Cape of Good Hope Punishment Act– Still subject to British law– British troops occupy Natalia Territory and annex it to

the Crown in 1843• Boers emigrate and establish 4 new republics• British Parliament opposes territorial expansion

– More expenses than benefits, need for more power and responsibility of administration

• Negotiation with Transvaal Republics –Sand River Convention 1852– Independence and Autonomy– Cape Town: in exchange for their loyalty new

autonomy, right to impose tariffs to the republics• Favorable policies for the natives 6

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• Natalia: British settlers arrive between 1848 y 1851– Hindus imported new racial problem

• 1860: South African Republic– External pressure, threats in the frontiers,

landlocked new religious movement: extremist Calvinist Church (Doppers)

– Racial segregation

• 1867: diamonds discovered new phase in African History

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• The Zulu– Part of exclusively black South African History

• 1787: Chaka’s reign of terror– Military organization group/system that

lives from the war and for the war• 1818-1828: devastated vast regions, massacred

and dispersed populations, ethnic movements with repercussions from Cape Town to Lake Victoria

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• Other groups learn from their example• Military clans without ethnic unity• Clashes with the Europeans and other

groups• Treaties and Protectorates emerge

• Mswazi: – Army, expeditions against his neighbors,

steals cattle– Convention with GB in 1881 “independent”

Swaziland

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Foreigners in Africa before Colonialism

• Only colonial administrations with a relatively important number of Africans under their care:

– Senegambia (France)

– Gold Coast (British colony in1874):

• GB: minimum of direct administration, African chiefs in charge of public order and freedom of commerce

• FR: very well organized colony since 1863, model for future colonization

– Other British and French posts: landing points or small enclaves in African territories

• Portuguese Guinea: Portuguese and mixed people

• Spanish Guinea and Fernando Poo: little European presence

• Cape Town: British control, Basuto territory under their protection—missionaries with religious/political intents

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• East West/ North South• David Livingstone: explored the region between the

Atlantic and Indian Oceans news about slave commerce and slave labor controlled by Portuguese Meztizos

• Portugal: admits limits of their influence• GB considers they can expand from Cape Town to

El Cairo• Portugal can’t prosper in the coast: just support

bases• 1622: Shah Abbas occupies Ormuz with British

Beginning of Arab re-conquest• End of 17th century: Portuguese territories except

Mozambique coast now belong to Sultan of Oman

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• Recovery of inside traffic circuits

• Jedives down the Nile and take over the Sudan

• Military and commercial expeditions

• Few foreigners around 1875, scattered, with little influence

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Increased colonial presence

• European Migration: 50 million between 1880 and 1930, romance, travel literature, business, markets, military and maritime power, religious proselytizing, humanitarian issues, etc..

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• What had Africa to offer?

–Lands for the white population?

–Plantations?

–Mineral wealth?

–Market for manufactures?

–Labor?

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• British and French parliaments :against colonial budgets increments few benefits

• Berlin Conference (November 1884-February. 1885)

• Direct interest: GB, FR, GER, POR, HOL• AHE,BEL, DEN, IT, SP, RU, SW, OE, USA• Organized by Otto Von Bismarck: to strengthen

the participation of Germany, soothe France, reduce British influence– King Leopold II and the Congo Basin: African

International Association

• Bismarck: annexed places explored by German– Treaties with local rulers (the future) 18

• GB: annexes Bechuanaland (1885) to avoid a Boer-German alliance

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– Ensure sphere of influence in the East: British position in Egypt and Suez Canal opening

– Race for colonial positions before and during the conference

– Partition: prevention and future options

South Africa• Discovery of

diamonds in the Boer positions Grikua Country– GB: diamond

deposits in the "north route" and "Digger's Republic" (1870)

– Arbitration and compensation: Lord Kimberley

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• Cecil Rhodes: diamond concessions monopoly (1871-1880)– De Beers, Railways, Parliament of Cape Town: by

1885 higher income than the South African Republic– 1890: British South Africa Co.: Operation Rights for

25 years• Transvaal: return to nomadism, anarchy, Zulu threats

– 1877: announcement of annexation to GB war with the Zulus

– Boers claim independence and proclaim again a Republic  First Anglo-Boer War (1880–1881)

– Pretoria Convention (August 3, 1881): autonomy with respect to sovereignty of the Queen, GB keeps control of Indigenous and Foreign Policies

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• 1884: GB waivers indigenous political intervention to obtain favorable position for the Great North Road

• Gold in the Transvaal: 1886 Johannesburg

– Greater enrichment of Cecil Rhodes, Prime Minister of the Cape: stocks, rail, etc..

• 1889: BSACo mining rights, control of trade, immigration, communications and police powers expands north

– by1891: effective area of British influence controlled by the Company: up to the Congo and lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika

– Matabele Country: Rhodesia 1895

– Bechuanaland: only control / limit the crown22

• Attempts to create a federation of South Africa with the Boers

– Krüger refuses and Jameson, Rhodes's right hand is caught and sent to GB

– End of Cecil Rhodes’ political career

• GB takes over the company’s territories

• Krüger increases and strengthens his power: challenges Pretoria Convention and the right of sovereignty from the British crown

• Second Boer War: 1899-1902

• Germany and GB: partition of south Africa against Portugal

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