africa (3)
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Africa (3). Mtra. Marcela Alvarez Pérez. West Africa South of the Savannah, coast of the Guinean region No large political organizations: affected by the problems of the Sudanese hegemonies Migration: permanent phenomenon of African societies Refuge in the jungle - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Africa (3)MTRA. MARCELA ALVAREZ PÉREZ
• West Africa
– South of the Savannah, coast of the Guinean region
– No large political organizations: affected by the problems of the Sudanese hegemonies
• Migration: permanent phenomenon of African societies
• Refuge in the jungle
Between Niger River and the Coast: Yoruba, Benin and Nupe
• Yoruba: only black people that tended to join in large cities
• Benín: linked to the Yoruba
• Nupe: Conversion to Islam, Kingdom vassal to its neighbors
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• Kanem Bornu:
– Lake Chad: encounter of caravans coming from the east and west of the Sudan
– Nomads influence black peoples: political organization
– Conversion to Islam : prosperity dependant on relationship to Arab world slave market
• After two centuries of resistance commerce taken by Hausa States
– Decadence accelerated by interruption of slavery: colonization
• Hausa Sates
– No attempts to unify institutions/domain al Hausa states by a common law
– Balance of power: periodic war 4
• Peuls & Tekruris
– Ancient Peul migrations: Sudanese region
• 5 places were they establish important hegemonies:
– Futa Toro
– Futa Djalon
– Masina and Liptako
– Hausa Kingdom
• Developed fiscal and administrative structure that functioned up to 1888 (colonization)
• Autonomous administration under other governments/assimilation
• Conversion to Islam defeat of Haussa armies Peul Emirates born
• 5th establishment north of Cameroon
– Adamaua: disintegrated for a while until 1901 that the British set Adama’s 4th son as Emir of the British Adamaua
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• Important Individuals–Hamadú Sekú
–Hadj Omar
–Samori•Hadj Omar and Samori: not anti-colonial
resistance movements
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East Africa
• Christian kingdoms of the waterfalls
– 3 Christian kingdoms of Nubia: Nobatas, Dongola & Aloa
• Attempts of invasion for centuries: Christendom survives until 1317 in Dongola and 1504 in Soba
– After raids from Egypt in 641 & 652: King of Dongola signs treaty that will last for 6 centuries
• 1167 Saladin takes Egypt: opponents y refugees arrive at Nubia
– Raids, occupation and islamization of Nubia
• Crusades Christians organize their own resistance
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• Contact between western Christendom and cataract kingdoms until 1315– Aloa: 1500
• Reasons for their long survival: – Strong military position in the Ethiopian Highlands
– Distance
– Military courage of the nubian and axumite peoples
– Christians linked to the Patriarch of Alexandria: compromise between Muslims and the Coptic Church
• Muslim kingdoms of the region– End of 15th century : Fung & Kordofan
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Ethiopia
• 10th to 12th centuries: Zaue Dynasty— King Lalibela (b. 13th C.)
– 1210 sends embassy to Cairo, donations for convents, conversions to Christianity, moves the capital from Axum to Lalibela
• 1270 New Dynasty: Solomonic restoration; new historical period written chronicles by demand
• Nomad city and Emperor with a large army and church
– King chosen by God, Lion of Judah—sacred
• Control over succession
– Nomadic to ensure authority
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• Battles against the Muslims 1314-1429
• Religious reforms: delegation to Florence Synod (1439), embassy to Portugal
• “Preste Juan”: legend of a Christian King in the East
– 1487: Joao II sends emissaries directions to India; embassy established in the court of Ethiopia in 1494
• Empress Helena negotiates and asks for support against Islam
– Vasco de Gama opens maritime route: mission sent in 1520-1526
• From 1527 they will fight the Muslims for 15 years
• 1541: Stefano de Gama organizes expedition and expell the Muslims Portuguese will stay in the region
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• East Coast
– Known to Greek sailors
– Commercial cities under the authority of different chiefs
– Country of Zendj: Zanzibar (Coast of the Zendj)
• Migrations, mixed with local peoples
– Extension of the use of iron:
• Expansion of techniques linked to population development
– Use of metals in East Africa coincides with expansion of Arab population and commerce
• Iron, ivory, Damascus swords, slaves
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• Sofala, Manisa (Mombasa), Zeila (Djibuti), Maqdichu (Mogadisho)
– Arab merchants settle and found commercial warehouses
– Arab, Persian migrations conflicts in their place of origin
• Commerce with India, Malaysia and China
– 1415: African ambassadors arrive at Beijing
– After 1500: Chinese policy changes and turns inwards by 1525 commercial relationships are over
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South Africa
• Portuguese expeditions: Cape of Good Hope towards Indian Ocean
– 3 civilizations south of the Equator:
– Congo civilizations on the Atlantic coast
– Zendj
• Failed attempts to destroy/ substitute arab commerce
– Monomotapa (Lord of the Mines)
• Oral tradition
• Between South Atlantic and Indian Ocean
– Under populated regions
– Prosperous cities: migration—adaptability
– Ancient non-black peoples18
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• Bantu peoples, Hamites, Ethiopians• Kitwara– Kitwara: most ancient state in the region– Important ruins in the region: group of civilizations
• Hegemonies of the lower Congo valley and Angola– Small hegemonies on the coast and interior
– “Kingdom” of Congo: bantu people of the Bakongos, founded at the beginning of the 15th century
– Manicongo: important position linked to the Portuguese
– Small population, slow and pacific evolution: migrations, fusion and division of groups
– Great battles and domination: arrival of fire arms and slavery
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