Aerial C.111111: and Cl•••lfle1itl0ft or Hounta.ia

-.. la t.i..oi...!f

br

L,..... liicl>OU

iluk.11 Dtpt. of FUtl 41\4 Ca"t

C.0• r Land..1..ag. Al.at It• 99 .S 7 2

AllSTRACI'

Repl teat• aer1al count.a were coa.dllC.ted o[ • hard oC approxi.NtclY

200 aooata (~ ~) ldiAg • PlP'fr PA-1 ... UO S•cr Cub,

Count• wre condwcted over • 4-y .. r ,.r1od. 1a sprla.&, •~r ud f1.U,

••cl ... der varlabl• vuthcr ~tlOlll. luulu wr• COllllP'•red vttb tbote froe JTOVftd comu: of por-t:iou ot thfo herd, aDd • btUcoprer covat of

the •nttNt Mrd. Vhftl p~rly dotwt, COu;1t• •d• Uftdtr good eondf.tf.oO•

(1 •••• ov11rc••t tk.le•, lfOft light, no turbulitn«), !JI .. fly to aids.-..e:r,

Ir.eluded llbout 90 percent O( tha &08tl fOun.d froe lhl &round OT' heli~ptu.

k4t•ul t• vere l~r aod llOrc lnconalttient vtten ude 011 clear, sunny days

btcouae of glnrc and ~cause SOllC goats vert htddtn . Helicopter and

1ro11nd count•, thought to tnclvdt nearly all 1oar1 tn the areaa cov~red,

vere t4tYAl In accuracy .

1/ A c•trtbuUon of F,.Mrat Ald 1a VUdUfa lMtorattoe, PToJe:ct

A-11-9, 10, 11; Al.aa ...

- ;n

Ctouping1 mltlng. and physlea ! charactt'ri.ltic• by •'-'X and age \iere

11 cudied !ro11 the around over threu if..-Ors. Sex aruJ .ag~ ch3r•:tct.~ri"tlt4

b)' ubich goats c.an ~ classtfl\!d are listed. i\lchoush no phy•ic.lll

ebaracceri.stics "'re CO\ll\d by vtltch co dl3tingu1•h K~l9 oth~r thu.u

kids, )'Nr"Ling1, •nd "adult!'" Cnlftl .t I1xad"""1ae •ircrll!t, It WR found

Lhat tumbers o( adult ulu could be ettlJMttd by th.el r group in~ patterns

•lld stage o( molt. 1tld.ll, be.c.au.se ot their small slv, could b~ clae11i(Jcd

u•ll)' 1n tl.SUller e.er-1•1 counts. Yearllacs . agaia bj' t'lze. coul d be

tlaui(led ia aprin& eounu. 8}1111.ttheMtleally eo:cbl ning reaults ol

sprln-& and swm;e_r oc.titl counts, t:be n1,1:1btra or kids, ye11rllnw.a . adult

1:13.les, and tOt41 go~ts could bf' e,sti111.1t~d .

!('! ctt-lmte tho nw:bilr oC n0n-b-rcn:.dlng ? .. yc11r-old anl.aals , and tbe

nUl%1bcr of odult fc1111lea. 1 ~ccoad year oC aerial count• vas found n~c4!1's~ry .

A stgnl[it.11\t relation~hip between overvi.nter -=irtaitcy of kid.i>-t-

yearllnp and ye.o.rlings- to-2 .. ycar-olds vas found to exist, and co\lld b•

used to •st1mte the nU111ber of z ... ye.ar•old ao~ts pre11eJ\t tn th., tu1cond

ye.ar frou tlu:s n~r of yeAr .linJ;• prui:nt th• fir•t y~ar 11nd the observed

kid-to-yeo.rllng DOrtelity betvtteo the flrst and seeond yc~ts. Thus,

vlth Z years of spring and suallle:r aerial count date, the JmportGnt sex

and 4ge cohorts can be t>•t luted llnd popul4tlon .OOtl.a c:oastructed.

These counts could be; !Dade by ec0ti.ocd.cal f!xcd-vln&: .i.irerolt,

Froa the ettl•tt.d PoS1ul1t loa model•, sex and age ratio• per 1dult

ftfUl• coW.d bo obtained. 'ntote r•tio• penalt co.-rlna reproduction,

recl'Uit-.nt, •u"i"al• etc. betvet.n hlrd.s or years. btio• of kids per

edttlt feu.Je vere found to differ •ianllicantly berweeo iocreuio.g,

stable. •nd 6ecru1taa htrd1.

A.llhou-" thlt -lhod of utlMUa& S-t populaUou appear. •Otmd,

lt.S aUoJute at(Ur~1 could Ml M lppt&Uff vith t.ff Mtl a.t band. eAd

lurther •tody vlll N otCetMry to ~re fftlMte.d "1th utUll

poputatloa C~ltloed.

• SlS •

Jlf11CWCT10ll

lt bu toq beeo recogDiud that Oot or tht ,, •• , •• , t dtate goal

re•earch ntttd.t ls to develop t111ethcxb: of lnvtntorylng populatlon.t (Euuu.r.

1977. II.all •nd !Jib.Aud 1918, H111bert 1978). A &Mit htrd vl\Jch occup1ts

heavily gt.aclated auntalM northea.i&t. or Hoo1e Pau on tbt Kt:nl.1 Ptoinlula

vat •tl..,cted , and LL va.x thought to be: confined co the: artll bctvcu

Trail Clacl•r. Snow River Clac.le.r, Ptanatcan l.Jlke, aad Tratl River.

O.J l •h•flP (OUt.e d:i!Z.!) th.t.te t~ r•a&e vlth &cwit• south ot Crane Lake,

t.ut •r• r.trd)' !oad north or th.la dr.tlnagt. lttau.e the arN l• rela;tvel.7

cllttaril tr09 tM oceu. tile hUd l• con1tdtrtd •11 "'Interior"' rather th.ao

a "cou~al" henl.

tnvutlptJon 4utlnx. ea.rl7 phaau oC t.h• pru«iat atwd)' reY...Ud

that tome ~ti la t~i• are.i vere Ctot1ln& tho lit&• icef leld at the

he.ad ot Sn

. ' n . .. 1- I

·-

. "'

• 1 ·~ f r ' ' t

./

~ "Stii~eabO:~~=====-~~~-Study uea bound&rJ" Aerial Coun~ sub-~eas -----·---... _ Observ&~ move..oen~ s o! ~;ed: goa-: s .....:.,

- 527 •

iii

Fig. 2 . Goa..t horn. le.ngth by uge, both sexes combined .

300

[I e 200 0 .a ... 0 .., ~ 100

£

0

(95)

l 2

(?) (69) (51) (~6) (26) (19) (12)

(S5~ i t t t t ±

3 ,, 5 6 ? Age in Years

B

Nco.n " "' ~

So.mpl o oize ( n)

9 10

lt b.u b

gelh:.ral UJr;a ov

Althouah aerial gOlt counts tr•d1t1on..Uy hive bffn cQQd\KtH

tndlllonally b Aluka #nil tltMere, lhe .ccvtecy of these co..at'S ls

llllbow. ~t•rved popaJ.atloc Ch.ID&Ct • J be rul or •rel.J the result

of co.ting erron. Ltatfe.r (19SS) COllP•rtd 1erUl ud 1nmd C9taD.ta,

and ••v•ral •trl•l «iunu of the...- Noat•fY Soft heed, bvt coeld aot

detOl'lltne the ..,C.C.Uf

aerl1l COUAU frca a flud-vi.og alrt:raft aftd to ile.vitlop, lf possible, a

actbod for cla1.stf7IAJ coata froa the alr.

- 531 •

•

lttpltcatt atrial au:rveys 0£ lbla p;at herd wr• cooducted durlq

•~r 1976 t¥iag a vti.eel-eqllipped Pipe.r IA·l8-UO. 1 flw all couota

aftd recorctt:d •11 ob•ervattoos in a UP• recorder: t"° ot tM counts vere flovn algne , one v1th an obaervor. Loc1tlons of 111 &oatt 1ecn vere

re.cordall.

When tt beca111C apparent that exten1lve., but un'lniovn, llOYetlf!'qt• vere

taktna pJace In spring as goats left thelr vlnter range, J decided to

"lltk • nU!lber or anl.,la to •scert•i.n whetber cM ~rd w1 rcaatning

vJ1hln th• •rbltnrl.ly esublliMd 1tudJ' arM aocl .. rial C.OWttbg bouod.ar1u.

n... .,thod cued to •l'k &oats V&$ • midlflc•c-loa of that dde:rl\M!d b)'

Sl-ons (1,71) tor aerW-ly M.1'\.lnc 0.U •hit•• 111 CtMd.t, ud vb.tch t h41d used 1uce:o1[ully on a previous shHp •tudy (lflchol.I 1973). led dye

(Colcoctd Sc.orlet 2JU.L. Aae:ricu C)'arwulid Co.) vat atxed v.ith W.te.r at a

conc

Add.ttloul repllcare .ierlll surny1 wre ClO'tG during l•t• •pr1ri,g

aftd •\lmlllr 1977. •~r 1978. and cprlaa aftd • .,...r 1979. le

punch urd•. Cordi: "'C!r-t- th,..n punclW>d and Mrte-d aec.of'dtq to data

ea1.11orlu o( laterut &lld the r.,ultia& ~ta ar.aJyud.

Ions rrve bunter-ktllll!'d g.~t• oa the> r.:oat haluula \lt_l'f_ t :D.lllned

•M mp•gr~ by n.~rtaent pel'scn.t'M'l In. fall 1971 and 1918, Annual

growth Lncr.-.nts were plotted by sex ftRd aae to aaaess horn 1rowth

rat••· Otl1er horn mcuurieaenta 11tr't ex111Uned for uae •• poaalbl.o criteria

ror 1cx ditf crentlntton.

A 9C'ltbod vu deveoloped (or Nth0iiitlc.1lly conttructlng population

90del • utlllalnA at• lroa both &to\lnd aod 1erl1l COUQt• f-roct comeC'lltive ye•r1. St:Jt aod l:Jl:• ratloa wre utluted fr• lhtt• •fflt.

MoWWtnt•

Durlng 1..-.r 1976, I t beuae 41pparent that patt vete .ovl11g from

v tnLer range• Olona the north !>Ides ot f.rnnt tind 1•1.ar11t14n Lllket to

aumtr rnn1t1 e1&e:W'here. To lc.\rn the extent ot thf!st 110Ve11t:nt1, atrial

dy~ •r1t1n1 vu uoder;takeu in June 1917, before aprtns •1ar1t.ion.1

HJ.1t1. D)'• tprayln,a vu cfil'ftduc::ta.d on 8, 10 a:nd 19 June al.00.1 tbo north

•id• or Craftt take. la all, rwr belly unk lo.di or dye wre tiMd.

r.aultlq la the Nrtiq of •t le&St lJ Colt•· More .. , llaYll bffa

urlff ~1 rubblrag •p.iut •erilUf •r\ed •i•t. ""'-Jcb qr. still vet.

All were .. rited vith red dye; urklag nng•d fr• •laolt co-c>l•te.17 r-ed

an1•1- to thote vith smaller pink •plotc.hu.

- 534 -

H.arbd eolNll vtrt loated duriAg £oUcw-up fUghtl l~ late Jueit

•IMI ••rlJ July la the dr•!Mga noTdl of C'rul IAkt •• (ar aorth ••

Tr1U Ct.c l tr. 1'r1cb ve.r-it obser-.-td e-roi..1IQA tti. t!'Xtn• I•,. up,.r Snov

li•er Clacler tcaf leld •od subs91it.ll'Ol aearcb@• r.v..aled • a~r of

urUd •nd Ul'llllrked eoau in the dro111oa1e leodtas into Ktoa•• r.ay

(P~I· 1). nits vas a 41.titance ot over lS 1tr all.ck• by Lhtn o• had completely lot1t the ir wlnttr coatt which

held th( dye), both ea.rial and ground •urvey• 1u&8•Mi•d furth-iir m1;1ve1llflnt•

Croa J.tns'a IJ.ay 1n aid-Aua.ust. IL 11p 1>~e.red Lhll •t ll!llllt pert of th~

ear~ •~r'a ''population" had iaoved eJJC1Whtrt-- po1albly hnck ecros.s

tM ice !ie14 into tht Tt.aJl CJacttr area.

la •• a1tnpt to team sre about these 1.-tr movtmntt•. l rtd

4,_..,.,q4 20 So&t.a Lo ling'• &ay Vall.ey oa 15 arwt 17 Augwt 1.978 to

tvo dropa. On 18 Aupst, l u.rke-4 aaothtr 10 blut on cM north aid.t of

Trill Ct.aclc.r vlth one dr-op. Un(ortUMte.17, St bt ... n retntng ai.o.t

immtdltitoly thereafter aqd ap1•11rt•nt.I)' Vbhwd Lha Jy~ off, Wlrh tl1l.a

- S35 -

-thN. the dre dou-a' t "'sa:t" b the halt b1o1t •rely tlncturp tbe

11.1rt1c~ of t~ Utr1 md r=:•n• vater aolualtle. rev •r\ed aoaa vue

obM~d afterward.a. and co mv~t data wt• obta.i•d.

lath C..cbffr (19SO) and luck (1973) aoted IJIOV ... QLI or 10.ta out

or ••rly 11~r r•na~ ln ~u.tt. M\.lch rf911u to be le.t.flHld •bout

llOllMtlln &Oil lllOYCIDCl\ll biJfOfC lt c-an be Atlu-ed th11i glvt1n h11rda v-111

bt found

cc)unt• "•te conducted in May, June. and July. 11.C'cau•e of fundfns and

vellther problems. heltcoptcir tutvtyM wore not conducted tn 1'76. 1977,

a• 1979. aor v"re other ptlot•observer tettPS niadc avallablc to a•"t~t in

tM repUc•te t Lxed .. vin.g aerial cognts. One detallcJ hullcortl1r co~t

V.iJI made of tho cnt.Jre 11tvdy •cca on 2 .Wgv4t 1!178. AJI .at1riAI count

re..sulu ate au..1riud in t11bl• 1, vhL;.h U)ljbi Cchmt rdullt by ttudy

art11 at:pent.

Wbt.n the. 6tllJy Uat began in 1976, nothing v.u \novn of the llOVefllCft.t!I

to and Crom K.tn&'!l B&y and r tbou&ht tlte .iblt.141 J:tudy 1rca bOundartes

£rou Trail Cl.act.er to Pt4talgan t..i ltot. tntompU1cd thLi entire lttu'd. In

!act, 1 asaU111Cd ctie Tro1il Glacier to tlrant Lake., and crat1t I.AU to

Pu.mi.po Lab aegDl'nts CODf'1'1ded 1110rt or 11"$$ ditctc.'tt p-opul3ttons 31'1d

so could bt: eonald.ere.d aeparattly for counting purpo.sc11. Subsequl!.nr:

aoveaio:nt 1.nfoni:atlon 11hwed t..h1l th~re v1111 an .interc:h11n1• o! toatar

becveen the Tt"ail Glacter-Crant Loka aer;.mt and Kin.a•• lay Vallty. tr

go.c:s t;tossed trc:cly ovtr the ice ft.let butve.en th.eaie two areaa. there.

v•• oo re•son to doubt 101111: lllOVc.i:lllfmt llJ.i,thL Oc.cur betwun Ptanali):an and

Crsnt Lakes. nterc-foro, cxcovt J.n 1.976 , the atudy area ws con.atde.r!:d

... a vhol., for ceMuslog purpose.$ (A.rt4 T). Hwevt.r, cho •ub-4t\l.48 wvr•

U!nt•ln .. d for u.itsu in ~unt!ng (Table 1).

Reg-re••lon• v"r1t1 c•lcul•ted for tbe relatJ.onshlpo: bet'-'cen nwnb~r o(

IO#CS counted On • glv•n eount 11eginnnt; aad th~ tiltl!- sp~nt Nklng the

count. No slgn!f!CAnt r•lAtlonshipir vete found; 1.e, , " longer, oorc

intensive count did oot tM!:ce9si11.rt ly r~ult io nor. ~o.at.9 o\ucervl!"d. All

counts included were Ullldc with approprlate dlllJgence, lt 1s prob.able

- 537 -

Tabl«- 1. Su1111111ry o! n~r-Jnl so..,t c-ounts by llUb-At't.!1.8 c.au:nted, 1976-1979.

Are,,!/ !!.l! Hon-kid.a !M! Yurlirias !2.!.!! Conditiorur cci11

I 7/18/76 6l 21 86 Poor 8/4/76 62 23 SS Fair/poor 9/l/76 79 27 106 Fai-r/poor

7/24/76 J6 IS SI Poor 8(23/76 35 11 •6 Poor 9{5{16 l8 12 so l'oor/hlr

T 8(16{11 us 48 18) &xcell11.nt l 9()/)7 120 Poor 4 9{Uf11 124 l/. 158 Excelle.nt I

9(24-26/77 l26 ~itlr 3

1 S{21{11 83 14 83

T•blia 1 (Cont.) .

AT:u!' !lfil No1rkids Kid• .!earllnas Total .£on4i.tlon1 fill.I 3 7/10/78 1.0 14 5.\ Fotlr

7/25/78 s• 14 68 ExceU~nt 8/2/IS(H) 56 14 70 f.oo

]./ counting c.onditio1tS lndexj applied only to counts o! entire study area:

1 Ell:ct.llent 2 Coad 3 Fa tr

• Poor :Jl HLlicopte.r count

- 539 •

thAt an accuracy•tt .. relttlonthtp could be de-ao•tT•ted by co;iparing

qu.tck, c•rolut counu vtth lonaer, .ore «re.fully coodvcted flights.

A• flr•t I thouWit th•t ('lt"•r. CAL• day• vould k best for aerial

.-urvey•. bi;i, it .000 Mc•• .-.lffnt th•t ao•t• often vier~ djf(fcult to dlltingui1h fr• tMlr baclc.around lo \r-tght 11m1Jght er a...nh ab.adGiv,

end that &ritatitr ....,.,, Wff •H• oo Uy• vi th • hl&h overcaat. prodociAg • soft, e:Yftl ll&ht. •&ardl••• of ll&ht condltiClcd, tw'bul.Uit ah

prevented Nfe fl-IPt l1tto ~1A4 t.ltqUd or close to •lopu ud

r1d.&t• •f fected by atvere dolil1Mfr•ftt, f urt.l'.ttcr rf'llut.in.I obs~tvat:100Al

efCtttl•~:Ss.

CountlnJ condltl~ durln& taeh aerial 1ur~7 ~rt crouped into

feur 111.neraJ cl••••• · and .. eh 1tven • eountlng eondltlon ind~ (Ctl).

n11:10 indJ.c:" veror 1. bc11llt1nt ... htah ov1rc••t, cat. air, e.ven 11aht:

2. ~ - good liaht but •nt •!nor tutbule.nce or occutooal clouds on

the hl~u~r peakt; 3. htr - 10-., bright •ua and isllro , •0'9a arua 0£

nodcr•t• Lurbulence, IOflt! LOI.I clouda ob1curlng hlaht:r rldgci:111 , plltch.u of

nev •nov i>n hlg.l.or ct1rT'9t11 above Ml"Nl soat ho.bl1:11,-or a colllb1nat1oo

of such Colld.ttin•: 4. ~ • hot vlth br-lght IWl •nd har-sh light, vith

or vithOul turbuJenc•. 'nlttll• 'ndlc•• are tltOVO 111 T•ble 1 fo• th•

•urvf!yl con.d\l~ted on th" f'fttlre •tudy area.

U1tn1 only tho1e counts frn flxtd~lll.l aLrcr.,(t vhlch included the

.-ocire atudy are.a, •M Vhich ahould ti.ave ~ unafftttd b)' in.tra.-atta

90Y .. nta, total aoaca counted, total •du.It.a (non-ltlds) tou:ntH, and

tot.tl kldt counted vere C010artd vlt.fl the CCl for 12cb count •r linear

• 5'0.

reCTessJon. A highly •!gnlflc.ant relat.ion•h!p (r • .815, DP • 6, P

c~1ntN v .. hJgh. tt ....... mon- lll""l1 th• re.ult or dtfftc:ulty tn cl•••tfytn.g

k.14.t &Mt lat• to ta. Tear.

On otM.r tAao. Ula, ove.rast dlys. tM ooo-kld and k14 porttou of

the COW\l OV•r•S.Cd 61 and 1:0 ~rct:Qt • respectively• of thit a.~rl found

on the bo1t dAytJ, Th.1.t suggests th•r ao,.. adult• than lt:td.a vert •1aaed vhtn c:ondtttons vere not tct.t.al. Croupa or !e:aales vtth ktda vere W1ually

lorge t1no11gh to be ob.served d~pltt viewing condSttons, vhile under poor

ltght or turbulcnc:e condlttons , a1ngle adult• and 1 .. 11 aroupa lif'Ould be

aore dtfttcult to apot. An exception vu found durtns th• u rly ae.aaon

()0 Kly•S June 1979) tutvcy , tJh1a 92 pcrc4tnt 11 .. 1'1 •dultt vtr• •••n

w.der PoOr t011t1tlt11 coadltlons .as lurtn& the but coat later ta JUD* ,

FIMd-vlftg count• could M ~rff vlth a heUcopter IU1'Vef only

l• 1971. the hdicopt•r 11:urv-r W:J Md• pn:1UNbl1 Huua-1 lt vovld be

alllOll lOO pere«nt u.cur4t• AIM! provide • ba11la of C0111part1on for oth~.r

•urv

•• vcU •• oa &Oriti outside the •la 1rudy area. Cround elu•lflCjL.loas

ve.re lt.altff to thoai! arll!&I when oUenor. pr•-bly C

ble l . AerlaJ. v•. gro11rtd counts for s4.lectcd a~c h~rds and dates.

Area Dato Type count Norrokid.s ,)I Kid• A TotM A conditJons

arm.1a4~/ 7(24176 l'ixed .. vfng 22 . 96 9 1. U Jl l.00 Poor V1Ucy 8/23176 Fl x-ed-vtng 22 • 96 1 .88 29 .94 t3.if

" 9(5176 P'ixed-vlng 24 l. 04 9 L U 31 1.06 r .ur " (compodt)lf C:round 23 8 31

.. 1 /28/11 PU.d-vlng 21 .66 11 .85 32 . 7l l'oor " 8(16(77 f'lxtd-v l.ng 29 .91 11 .85 40 .89 ~el1Mt •• 9(3111 Flud-vi11& 29 • 91 10 • 77 39 .87 Poor •• 9(1)(11 Ftxod .... vlng 22 .69 8 .62 30 .67 &xcillent .. 9/26117 FJ ited-111 ng 22 .69 11 .85 33 • 73 Good " (compo11lt) C:raund )2 u 45

" 7/10/7~ f1xcd- vrng 27 • 96 u 1.00 38 .91 Coocl .. 7/23/78 Fixed-1,,1lng 30 1.01 10 • 91 40 1.03 Ext~Ucnt .. 8/2/78 He.Uc:;opter 29 J.04 u 1.09 41 l . Ol Fii.ir .. 8/11/18 C4J-"1ng 40 • 87 l4 l.08 S4 .92 Fii.ir laUcy 7/25/78 Tlxed-"1118 •o .87 12 .92 S2 .88 Exullent

•• 7/29/18 Cro1.1od •6 l) 59 • 8/2/78 ~Ucopcer " .96 l2 . 92 56 • 9S F•ir " 1IZ6f19 r.row:id 28 9 37 H 7f27f79 f'txod-vtn,s 22 . 79 9 l.00 31 .8' Poor

lnll Ht. 6/19/18 Cto1,1nd 25 15 40 " 6/28/78 Fixed-win& 24 .96 13 .81 31 • 93 Cood

·n Lake.!/ 5/ 5/78 Flxtd-vi ng 18 .86 ?!I 1.00 20 • 87 Cood " S/ll/78 Fixd-ving 19 • 90 z 1..00 21 • 91 Excellent •• S/17/78 C·rouud 21 2 23

Accur•cy u a perce:rtt or tbt' &round count. Ot\ly thOstt areas ~vercd b)' tbc around counts. k.5t esUmtc based on several count.s on different datu;. 1977 d~t4 not used; \,Ill.Ible to comp3re aerial vs . ground are• coverages . Out$1dc regular atudy aru but rcadll)' vtatble Cro111 the hiaJivay; vi nteri..spring .population . Ycarllng..s: no l.l'lmbe barn by cbit1 d4te .

- 544 -

ground without unlu:iown O'\l'erlar and a.b•cd arl!BS due to the e.xt r~

rugg~Wtess of the ternain. Hence. for 5enl'.r•l popul111t-lon ccinwu,. ln thi.a

part of Alaslc.a. around nrveysc ar't 1-;>r•crical. 11te)' 4te u5eJul ,

h~v·r I ln obt.aining •ccurat(! C:Ourll'.9 and c:tassUic.atiOM or (Ctt41n

acce•slble sub-populatlona.

t.n comportng the ac-cutac-y or the Super Cub (ounts relative ro the

ground ~WlU. lt \lff (ound th"t 1..o the.Sc- 1'C-l3t1Vely 4CCf'lltliblO ftff'ftR

eounttng con~ltlons did not dlgntftcantly ftffect results. thereCorc .

nortnl cet1.$l~ resu1t4 vuc luaped rc.g3rdless of countin¥ c:onditlon'!l. It

v&s also found that tb~rc were no $tAt1stlcally ~tgnt(icnnt dlfferences

in accuracy between tbc four sub- poruJat(ons c:ounted. nor ~cwcf'n cohorts

countud (non ... kfda, kide, tocul tiioaca) . The averAgc ccmpocit accuraclot

o( tl.u ftnd-vln& counta and thi:Jr 9S pcrc11nt confidence ll•ltl vcr1.1:

non .. kida 87.6 ± 6 .0 porccmt: kid• 92. 6 ;t 6. 3 l>(trccnt ; total 'oo.ts 88.1 ± 5.1 pe~ccnt. ~ut . thu •verage atcuracy of the Super Cub countf.

OQ these scmple herds va.s about 90 percent (89 ! ll).

SiD:Uar «liillp•r:i1001 could bo md-e between ground f.:01.mts 11nd helicQpt1r

count• only on th• K.inRa Bay Valley .t1od i'tArml&.an Yall•Y ..;ub-Popul11tloll~

L1 1978. A strong, but not 1tatl1tlca.lJy 11ign!fic.ont 0 di((orance (P< .06)

was l0und in a.ccu\'acy levtlt atU:locd bst:v•en the tvo ar~s. with relative

nccuracy bcl.ng hither ln the Pt and.'4n Valley t.ou:nt. Howover, coo ft-"'

sup.let are available for -.itnlugful an.nlyai.s. Average rels.tive: accuracle:s

ot th~ t\10 areas coaabtned lie.re: 1.0n-kldt 100.0 petc-0:nt (n • 20 • • 5.66);

kids 100 • .5 perce:ot (n • Z, s • 12.02); tot al goats 100.0 percent (n • 2,

e • 1.01). lrt the tWI aro.a• t:0119•r•d, thit ·tavorag;: r:_elativ• • ""racy

botvui.::n heUeopter ~n.d ground co\11\t-' ~ 100 ~rccnt (Cf9S x • 100 .! 71) .

- ~5 -

Kott s-u ot.Hrved troa tk arou.ct wre c.l•••Sftff ti!)' au, -.d au

by •st clua. li~-of-t:~)'t.tr ~rt nor textd. nor wrt lat 7e.arlinp.

A.11: claues ued ven-: kid (those an.WU; t.o"' durtna the current

1.-,r), yu.rlina (an.illi!lla boni dutil'I& the pr•ViOUI 1..-er), 2-yu.r-old

(onlaal.a 24 llOntbJ old on or about 1 June), and .adult (1Jl 1niaala over

36 niontht ot age}.

Th l1t clA.ssJftcatlon -li)'£t

vith a 110re a·oa.ular appttara:nc:0. and U$UillY arc aore divergent than

thou of Mles.

In an 4tte90t: to quantify these. d.i!Cermc:v1. Qoot hOTU$ t~kt-o ln

the l976 hunting season verc iocatur~ by ~p.taT.tll

Depc. 0£ Fish and CallC filcG. uopub.). J C091pared inean bns~ clrcu=fcronce•

a nd 1'1.Jtn length• be.tveen ••xes by •ge l.llSJnti; thc;o pJ11 red t - teJll.. Moi.tn

circumfereace at all •A• 11JVel11 W4ll •l~lflcil.ntl)' t1"«!4tt;tr tn malcll t hat\

io fcmnles (e< .OOt), but length vaa no difCe.rent. A rough approxlution

of the llll!An basal diameter vat obtained by a.s9'9iftg the base& to be

circular (go.it horns ate tou&hlY ov:iJ i" cr6ss ie

No statistically stgaiti.cant difference-a 1o•ere found in &Egment

length by age becvcen $exes, again excepting year 1 ta which c.tle horn•

~•CQ 61gnif1cantly longer tha;n those of feA.1.lea {PT ml.jj• than for fo:taalc:s dul'L)g tl1e

first; 2 ye:ir111, ond th.nt growth varied bctvtt•n aex.s in tot.al length , as

voll u by yettr. Bocaut0: t could d:L

Teble 3. Goat horo aegi:ent lengths in mn by age •nd sex, •nd rel ated statiecics, 1977 and 1918 data pooled.

Horn segmc:nt Kean cotol Standard SQ.Dpl\i S!giU.r.tcont M~on cotol lcngr

(•g•) Sex length deviat ion size nr t dlfference? o :>nd i c:~ 1 nc.o.d

ii' .

I 74 .7 33.2 S6 82 ) . 41 1•49 -

nut. horrua or Mle &odt:t were Cound to M •ipi!tcantly thickt.r,

q vlievecf froa \toth aide and froftt, thlo thOte or feulH. end the space

l!l.l"ffll horn bu•• vu lcs:s 1A rel•UOll to the baM: v ldtht to Mld ti.a.a r.-1••· TI\a• dlfferecu at'e obvlOl.l.9 to th• tr&lnH qe. and ve found

th.al horn•, alOM. vere nearly .alv.iys au aASeciuat.e crlttrton for detend.rdas,

the •t• or 2-)'l!•t-old and oldt-r goats. \i"'tn homt1 wrt clt.arly visible and •~• va1 floOt ln doubt, t lotcr dropped _,. tnttlal rtqutrt:91tnt of

vtwln& urlnntlon r~ture or gentt.al11 for llftX identlftc.atton.

liorn 11'.'ftlotth In rel.atton t.o rar 111.n&tb Viti U11ful in iclentltyina

ktlbl ~nd y~arllnlCJI , f~tcr (1978) found th.at tho horn•to--••t ratio

(MD) tn •~rlr •~r v.tS about 0. 7 to~ yeo1cUqs. la late •--r, tbis

ratlo r1Aehit4 •bcM.lt 1.4 for yurllQ&s, ar:td 0.1 for k.tdt. Our obterYarlOllS

coaflf'lltd tMf.t relatloublps.

lody •Mp• •n4 •lie ace also ~uruJ c.r-ltert1 Cor stox dtrrereat1at10Q

ln Odult tO&Lll. H.ibbs (1966) fetund lhal •dull Mnnt•11 Wlf" a•n•rally

10-20 percent sllllller than adult billie•. Lentf•t (19SS) wa• •bl• to

1ttoup ktJ .. , ycorlln~ 1 Z-ycar-ol.d1, •nd adult• on the bl•I• or shoulder

l1vtd1t, •nd out oh11arv.)tlOD5 agrc:td 11tlth ht". tn t1ddttton, "'

ct1i11t n:innll"• IJ8llllly M.d t.hlnoer necka and It•• Ms.stvt ahouldtrt tMn

bll ll••·

r .. 1. '°''' alvays ub.11>1t black Nlwal patc.h•• •• the uu ... raJMd but RO •1allar cbr\ •rN 11 •Ulblt OD .. 1... la a..-r, the

•l••' acrot.- art rtadlly visible; iii vlater. tons b-tr 1eo.nU1

• 5SO •

cover• Lbe..H org.u.s. low.Ver, addt a.Jl•• ne.rly olv•y. lpv(I • f.llrl-

M1Nrff l'\,llf t.a !au •Did vinrer. \lhflt• r~tca ad '°""'goal> ~ff re:tat.lvcly clu.n coau.

Table 6. auaar1:z:es exrcrul. vitible chlrlCt•r-lttlu vhfch aay bf'

u1ed to classify goat.s by sc:x and age wtltt'I V19'1ed froa the grOUnd. ""

vota able to classlfy tltOll t-roa a dlac.1nco or 1 •Ile or .or_. uJ1lng a

Quo.1ter or Celesc-ron telesco~ on daya wlth few heal vaV(')I.

Croupln& by S.x and AJ;•

Malt IOltl art as:u.tlly solitary 1n aumrr. or art fo.d fa ...U

sra...p• of OM co five (ltadborc 19.SS, C..ubttr 19l0, Cha.dvfck 1911,

1917, 191': Hibk 1965, Holroyd 1967, t.oder 1955), ThoJ .. ,...llJ

rta1iD searei.attd fro. the- 1dult f,..lt•, 2-re•r-olds, ytarltriis. and

kid 1roupa, although they do occa510ftally •lnctt with the• for a ahorc

tiae. llowaver, they are not acru.ally a pare or the1e aroup• vtl.en they

do 10, "nd ao the.Jr separate vay ar. th.i i.1 lVhtc.11t dt•curbunce (Hebert

1967). Young malv11 rculn vlth tl.u fc1111la a,rou.,i111 until artor they reach

2 1/2 years or age utu.~n thty buain a rtl4t1V('lly 1olltary t:xiut"'11c"'

(oxctpt dvrln.g the rvt) (0,ad\l·Jck 1973, HJ.bbtl l%~).

1be &rouplq of •ll goa.ts clustfled f111 •-r• 1976 through 1978

it: ll•t.d la Tilble S, and plotced snpbtc•lly la Pta. ). lfo ••gntftaint

dlff•r.nus could be d9tected lwtt"'-"'"1 tbtil ,....._.,,.., co data va:•t1• puol~.

tbroughout lb.•~. about 9.S P9r'Unt of •It adult blllld vet• (ou:nd

ln .. 1.-onJ:r aroup•; the teaialntna s p1rc.nt ..,., ...... tn a.uodatlan

- 551 •

T"bla 4, Useful crlter-J• for d1•tlnguiahll'li se.x end 4&t- ot ll)()Unts1o goats

tlur-lnR 11u:wer.

Se.x , Ctuaracterlstlct

Sm11 ll alte obvious in ctQl'lY 'umcr. but grO\J rapidly

11nd tequ.J ra 11K1ro c-.a.teful obsC!rvation ftOll the -air by

1.:.tc ~r , Hotns be.rely vialble earl,y •i.c=ier to

l~GS UIQn approximately O. 7~ dmes the eutr lenRth

by £all. f~cc ve.ry juvenile tn •ppe.air•oc•. Nearly

:ilvnys Collowt.ns; an ~dult r~iutit.

Kiil•: Ur!t\&t1on pottur(t: ttaud• in s tretched position

during urtnat!on.

Sill largo.r tl.an kid. conaldet•bly sulltr than adult

r,•m:tlt fn 1!-Arly awmer; 11till obvto11$ly 311.'tlJer tn

l3te .11uia.er. Horns t.n early 3umllf)r less than ear

t'-ngth to up to l.S t.iaM the l!llt length by (alJ.

face iitlll juvun!lu in iippu~t"nc•. HotnG g.:aar•lly

vlth ta.gged-rou.ih aurfacc texture (later loat , bec091ng

very aroooth). Sub-dolllnant behavior: frequently

"plckeJ on" by all older 'niiul•. Oc:ca$lon•lly 11oltt:ary

1n bte a-1.P11C:-r and vtntcr-, but DOat oftM with f•tz1al• -

Juv~lle gt'Ouplf dotlng litlllDtr.

- SS2 -

Tllb1a 4. +tbl\• \then haJr lM 1ll1ort.

HQrnli ~!Pl))' OJ'lPIJ•)f hl'.JVJer Lf1~ln rt1l.11\lti 1 ~ind

mot1;> N'4"cuUne.

Urnttw1tion poM;tur.i; blnc:k vulval potcl1 vtsilblt! wheo

tall t•l••d; horn• U¥1.18Uy • . tightly t..blnner t:htin

uJe•'.

Size lllMllc.r th.an adult {t:IM.lc in c4r.ly ''..er to

ncarl)' cqool by (All. ffotnj longer thon cors.

F~cc no longer juvenile in .1ppc3rancc but nQt qutrc

as lon1 oind Angular ln taa.i:i:Jc ia:1 iJdults . Difl1cult

to dUtln•u.t i;h tf'Olll 3dolts lo l11tc IJ~f cxc,ipt by

c.areftLl oba~rva.t.lon.

UrlNatioa polirurc~ Hcrotta vlalblt' fn aWlllll!.r coat.

Hom1 obvtoulil)' thickur tlu1n (cm.alt.II ' vltb lei;~ '1p1ci;r

bCt'Ju.t:.n baSCli Ital li~.cn rtont.ally . ~DOOthcr i:urve froa

b1.a11o: co t-lt> i'I# 111:tn l4t1tr1lJ.y . uy look long~r ln

propor1;Jo11 to head length than adu-lt males. Body

.slisJ1tly lai-rger and l~avlcr over ""ck and shouldt.!rs

than fe11Utlt!a:. Us1,1.i1;lly stlU Jn comp.any of Ce1111tJ~ .. kJd

&r-oupa: d1ir-lng eUJ1111Cr-.

Ur-lnzatlan polJtur-(1; blttek vuLvul pat ch vJ•Jhlr vfWJn Lo.Jl

la rala•d. Horn• thlnnt3r and •llKhlly 11are o.ngul.ttr

(not 1tlway•) Lhain ..,,1~ a. vlt•wcd l4tt>rally; lllOtc

"pace lwt\11.•t•U btuit.'-!11 411 vit"lol('J I ro11t4lly. ~t·l.'.'l llnd

t1 l10uldi!.1'::i uot ~ Sll.9i>1Vc lJtJ 11.JlL'ti:. llody ot1vtou•1ly i.1r1;11lcr

T4blc 4. (cunt . )

than adult rci:alc11 in spting; at-llt •11ghtlt sMlle.r in

f11U. Dlrfic\llt to dlst1ngui•h from adult feul.u-

v1thout•k1dtl bi llit• •ucu.r.

fuU gr"wn an.iaa.U; faces Jon&: and angular,

Tabh 4. (cont.)

vider Lhan mJOH and lg a.bout ~u.al tn )//,, lht vJdth

at hotn lwaioe. Ap-v-e•r "eve-nt!ckt.1d" be!or'' IJIQ.J t la

coaplete w!th thin tK!CU iind long, angular au::1l~s.

After molt, dorsal crest line .iappelJTS !Jllghtly concave

or less convex th•o males. Shoulde~s •nd ~ntire body

less r.wsstve ch.a.o odult Diles. It~ clean la fall

and winter. Usually in groups vlth ocher tem.Jlet1

ud juveniles •

• 555 -

Tubll.! S. Cro..- .11lz.. r.,. cot.ore. C:.n.hllk'd d.,t• f ro. •11 •ltad¥ •r~ •ad year•.

Wlth a.roups 1ncludln&

i).I !eulea...Ylth·UU

Cohort Total ohs . % 2 % 3 • )t % Mo. % •

Adult o !DJ " 4D 2l 2D 15 ll 26 25 - ) 1 2•yr. O IDJ 9 1 2 1 l 1 19 !! 90 !l 2·1'· f u l ! I 1 41 !i 48 .'!.i l'rl&· 189 6 1 6 1 l • 173 2! 177 !i Ad., v /o k Ill 7 l 10 ! ) • UI !! I°' !! ""· i • lk lll I b1erv~d.

- 556 -

Fig . ~ • Group e1zeo or mounee.in goaes b1 s•x a.a4 age cleao •

• •::::::::::::::~ llith 9/ltld groups ltt ~ 9 ~ 'JIT:; no

"' N Percent ot all goata obaerv•d

• 557 •

0

l

; 2 1

'Jitb 9/k1

vlll• l~••l~ ~Nup-i. l•M-v..ir, tlil• r:w:~lollon •PP•lr~ leaporary tnd

ti~ 11clult bllllu wu.ld -.\QlJy lt.•.,. the feNl• 1r~1 !.ft• thon t1•

or \lhn 4laturbc.d. Ocaly rarel! \flltte •dult ..in found ln ~ ••

larsu u tour or five; 7S Ptr«-.ot wno f01.1n4 to groups eoct• lca.lq tbr"

or 1011.

About 90 pt!rcent of all 2-yci•r-old Mle and feaal• 1oat.1 ob•trvl!!d

\let• found ln ftr01,1p11 of four or 1110rt1 •n4 in aroupt vlth adult nannies

•nd kld•. Klnety•foul" petrc:ent o[ )'dtllnit W\lrt in &roupt COntAinin&

adult f.,1l.:11 vlth kids, and 92 percent 1i1ere ln 1roup1 tarcer tMn

three. About 81 perceQt or adult fttaalcs vtthout kids vtre observed ia

1roupt l.ar1er than three. Md to group.s c.ont•lnlns r ... 1 •• vich ld.ds.

v~ Mttd tl\at 2-)'t•r-old rcuiu and yurllftl• r ... lned la the fl!lale--

vlth-tld ll'OUJt, •IJ SU9tr. but • ft'V of c.h.e 2"'1Hr-ol4 u lu attd adult

c .. 1u v!thout kids: and aa oc.ustonal yurllq. left thue ITOl.lPJ: 1ft0-r

urly Avsutt. The grouping or aU cohorts exceJt adult •le:• vtch the

c ... 10--vith-kld aggTeptlOftJ "1.S -.nt pf'WQuaetd Jft Ute J\lf1t •nd July.

In Montana Chndvlth ( 1977) [ ound t h•L Adult .. t•• ver-• In ' 1"1.x•d ~rourw" 27 p•rcont o[ tho t.LM durln& July and A11.&ult, 11i11d e lthet aollt•ry

Of Vtlh Other Mle-• 7J PfllCettt O[ the t.iN:, 1M 6laO round t.h•t 2:-yur-

Old.S Yert ln "•lttd c.rOup.S" 841 pt.tCtftt of tbt tl91t, And )'t•rllnp 9l.

ptrc.ent durlag the aue a.e&$0ft, Ills 1roupln1 deftaitloa.t vere oot

ePct 17 the s-.- u al.De. ao then data •r• not 4Jrtccl7 c:omparllle.

n., do, howu._r. Uutlut.e a siaUaT palttn.

- 558 -

la ear17 to ai~~. IOilU •It their heavy vl•ter CO.t•, a

procat that U v.ry c:ompic.vous MU.Id• of tM contr••tla.g port-lom of

theJr bod.it• covtr·cd "'itb tither thic.k or very thin pu.LA&J•· Dutlng th.ls

aolt. patcbt1 ot loose h;alr adtM!r• to tht ant .. l•. ttopploc ln th~

breo1e or durlng moveaeut. Cantr-••t I• vor7 .. rkctd t..tvet-1\ cleanly shed

And unmoltod anla1l1.

Holt lng does nt;tt 1>4;C:Ut' 41l Lhi: ii•k Lillll! ror llJ ICX IMd 111,t C:}:l.SStl ,

a dt.ttnctlon w'hlch ha• been noted by other r~•~•rchers. Ho,it agr~

tbll •dult MlH eomiple.t.e t.be.1r .olt first, and adult feule1 vith tid!I

lut. Howtv~r. Holroyd (1961) helit•t'd that yurltqa vtrt tM ft r11c: to

llOlt to lrttl.Ah COiumbia, \lbtreas Hibbs (1966) and e...tbftr (l9SO)

tt'portff that ye.arLIA&.I vere tliit lAtt to molt In Colorado and Mont.amt

rupecttvely. Cha.dviclt (1911), ta Montana. and keberr. (1967). tn Jritlsb

Columbia, Cound that adult =lea 110lted ttrwc, adult Cvula• vithOl.lt

kld1 and yowag ani.o.1$ (pruUMbly 2-ylu• vlth kids 11Uch le:teE:.

Hoberl (1967) beUovod th4t tht ltO}t potttrn nnd 1oquenco by te• ~od age

cl••• wa• • flxed physiologic.l process.

lo tki.f •tudy, au an!A:ll• cl-.•lffff tiy ffllt alMf •i• cl ... vrre aho dA.talCled u to •ta&• of .,lt. to '" •ct.er t ... ltqucatt. could bt-qu.aatLtltd and !bed a1 a crlt~rloe for fttt't11lnlft& ti~ •c-• of co.it" durlq •t.rW .surveys. the' seq~e a~peared to bf •l•ll.Or lA ou ttlrtt

• SS9 •

a.-cra •M be~ couul •nd httr1or populatlou. •o data vere

c•tnw• (Fla. '>· loth .aidWt •od 2-yoar-old •le• C09f>l•t.-d their 110lt J,y ?O July. l'vo-'f'f'•r-old f-ln bcpn 901tlq 1-tttr alld ha4 Dlilt

coeplttel' sMd untll 4 J.qwr. Ye-arll'!P or ktb l•X•I had oot flolahecf

untll tM .,..._. date. Adult (eaale-a v1thout ktda foUow.d tht ......

patttrn •• 2 .. y.ar-qld fecuileiJ. Nanni•• w-lth kid• wre th• last to abed;

non• had t~lt!ted thelr -..lt btfore 20 July. buL all hid c:o.pl•t•d lt

by 8 SoJ•lemUor.

11.c: POPulAtiont ObltntN lJI Ptaf'llipa Valley •od lillc'• ... ,. d"1'1fl&

arowd o~trvoiclon• le 1977. 1978, •Dd 1919 are lltttd ~r •~x •Dd •St

rt ... la T•blft 6. ttunttt Mnt•t. aa reported b)' •141.tory bmt11.r

ff,Ort &ard., U also lDCludtd ta rbe table 10 lt COY14 ff: CODtlkted

vtiao c..1rulatlna ove.r-v1n.ter 110ru.lity. Calcul•tt:d ratloe o! tM varl0ot

cohort.a to odulL C..alca •r• a.Lao ahovn.

1•robl\ .. " ~ric:ountorcJ In c:on.¥tr1.1ctlng tbott obaorved a ub-popu1Gt1on

110d,1la lncludttd "~ obvlou.is: 11l•cJ.•$!JI 1 •caLlon (7 yciarllngt could DOt

Jncro

Fig . 'I •

.•• I u·

:•-Yr d

?.-Yl" 9

i~'rlt!

1'i11te periods be.tore which 1io goatn of given st:x/a15u closo t\avo completely molt.&d 1 &11d a.fte r wl\1cb all. l\avc 11olccd . Coiubined 19?b-??-?0 obnei·vat:ions g r ouped by 10-day period a •

... .. (l.4?)

• - (?8)

wg :: i #&£ I fi* ! : B!FM (51)

. ----····' ---- (130) : .. 1 9..,/oK i -···-··-·""·---··-· (1}0)

,.,1 9 w/ K i · • ·· -· · · · · {263)

6/10 6/20 6/30 7/10 ?/20 ?/30 8/9 8/19 8/29 9/8

l~one completely : • ·- . ··-~-· .......... . -- - Al1 completely J11ol ted Gom.:: co10.11lotoly 1• 01-tod tnO 1 ted

tJwnber o.f ol>oervationo {n)

:ll

T•ble 6. Popalatf~• obfli•rve4 by •o aad age: class durtn& obaec-vatlotlJI frQD U... ground 1n tt.Mia.t •

Are• fear • i11 zl zi zr Ytl. •' • TA T I' l:A nU g.o.n 1971 • 4 8 8 12 u )2 •s (1:t111 iflJ (.l)) ( . 67) ( .6') (I.Oil -1

1918 I I J 6 1 14 11 JO •I

(I:~) • (. l I) ( .OJ ( . SO) (.79) -3 1979 • • j ) 8 9 u 10 lZ 42

(R:f) (.U) ( .62 ) ( .69) (. 77)

E'ois'• lil:z: 1977 8 1 I 8 8 ro 14 44 58 (R:f) H (, 42) ( .•?) (.42) ( . 70) 0

1918 9 ) , • ' 22 11 46 59 (l:i) H (. 41) ( . 21) (.41) (.19) 0 1979 1 ) I 4 6 LI 9 28 )7

(1:f) (.64) (. 36) (.n) (.82)

!I ,,.o• • i\dult 111.11es "* • Ad~lt ftaa1• 2( • 2-yeAr-old 11.'lle• • • Kid 2 • 2-year-i)Jd remtrs TA • Total oon .. kid• i T • COmbtned 2-yrAr-old• ~ • Total Yrl . • Yearling

1.1 H • tl.oporred ti..rv.•t bv hvnter1.

!I (a:i> btJo : Adult r-10. 1n pareothests .

• S62.

l'levtrtM1tu. t beUeve th"' popu.l.atloa.>, Ill• U.tf'd. 11rf' clost to

1979 ll111'• .. , population had ~sun luvl.na tkU v.111,.., ....,.,.,,,. tit,.

c.ounf vu uda !Ind. vhcu c.lualftcd , vu •vlC>WJl y •aall\.•r th.1n 'If(:

~5udy Arga bi!O and Population Don•lty

tM •ta• and quality of their v-lnter t4lft&• (ltudttor1 l9.S~. Qwid°J lclc

1979, Ellt.U 196~. V•ughen 197>), p0$htlatlOI ffulty OCI v lnttr faftltft

•tll trw txtent of vlnte.r ruie. c.aa k a.ccur.1t~ly 111.-ltftl'•litd '1 oagoias

•t~it• of radlo-c.oUar~ animJs. dtntlt')' unnot bf' dccen1lnrd fo r t.he

populatln under at:udy. thtre.£ore, I hlvt! 114!.tely .. tluted th• dc:mJlt~

Itta, l•a• all atac:l•r• and lake• , on 1:63. 360 topoQraphlc alp• , and

dtv1d1n& by tho ~lltlmtc:d lwrcl • lie. uwtnc tl1llf touQl1 lailthod. tl1ti

approxiwto totaJ. are.a of usalJlc habit-Ill l• 119 •11 ('J(lO Ui2), the:

01tlNtff her:d sl:re ill 1979 vu 246. aqJul• • .and the 1.••ti1a11t,-d d1i"n1Clt7

va• 1.8 &o.t•/•t2 (0 .7/D2). TI•J• o:mp.r"~ v ltlt ~-n .. ltl"• uf 1.1/•I!

(1.2/tt.1) found by Omdvld (1979) ln Cl111clf'r N.tliun.tl P.:1rk, HonLtna •ad

1. ' fal2 (0.6/ .. 2) found by !!Oorl>dd (1917 Wlpul>. •) ... , .. Oly111>lc

• 563 -

leporttdlJ. 90UDtlia SN ts •Tit .-ctiYt NTlJ ln th• .omiq: •nd late

la lht artomoon. During -.1.d-day • .::»St .. , " fognd btckttd end ttlting

or rlnllnatlns (Nidenon 1940. ITattdborg 19SS, Chadvtclt 1973, t..ntfer

19.5S. lllckloovt l914). The observed •ctivltY p•ttsm Jn thit 1tud)' agre.ed

vltl• thoico fl11dtn~• (Plg. 'i}. No dif£vrcnc•• could bO dl•cerned Wtveen.

d11lly aictlvlly 1•Att-al'rut ln 19761 1977, or 1978. ttotil 110rn.lng aetlvlty

occurred tleforc 1000 bout~, and most :tfttrnoon 3Ctlvlt)' after 1300

hours.

An lntere•tlfll p~a. 1 oblervtd, al\4 \lflith vas alto aentlon.H

by C".u('bf!tr (19)0). "'2S \/Mt hie aUH t.bt .. evtntna 1•t·tosetMr ... nt.

di• not occur •~ry Uy. oor Cat'! I .. , \IM.r trls~rt4 It ucept t'Mt le

•Pttf•red mlt freqvnitl)' a(t.e..r Vff")' vara, lllllll,Y Uyt 4'\lriq vhtdi 1ctJvlty

va.11 .. tnJMl. Jwst abOut 11undovn. uc•rly ev•ry 1oat Oii th« 1lop11 uadu

o11•Qrvi>tlol\ would bugtn to _,..,~ tcward lllOllC choieQ teedlnl: ar04. Sc.atc.ered

11\ltNlt •nil tmll group• wo1.1ld fora on

Fi g. 5· Percent or goats active by time o! d.a;.

• . .... .. .. ·· ..... ······ ....

........ •• . . ..

'"•· .•... .. ···· ... .. ..

• : • • • • . . . • • .

• .• ..... • ••• .. ,.

~ .. .. ....... , .......

•• .. ··· • ••

#l

0 .. ?9rc o:it ace!. ·:r:

• 565 •

1601-2'>00

1601- 1800

1401-1600

1201- lAOO

1001-1200

0601-1011

0

vHthl'r ,•ltlk•r brN\Tn vc-ar-. or k~ ttK- lot('rSor • ad

obuiatd. l •uspect that sWlar •itu.ttloa.t otcur tn othu 1oat r:angu

i.Q Al&lka, n\11. \t10lO&itt.t &tt•c.1aa tO .. tlbllah treed-count 8TNS ebovld. k c111t.J.owi to 1.otarprtt,ta& Jtt~tO-Jtlr rttultt untll they are

awr• ot the •otlrt Tl:Q&el utcd b' c.Mtr Mrdt tn4 cowit ... ch •• •

whole.

One• the ov.rall •pring-11umer ttl'IJ* of a herd lJ kAOV!'.1 1 St appt.:trts

ro11lbl• to obtain r1 ... onab~y .1ccur.ate population data by u.4t ot 1J.ov-

tlyL011 ll.Xtd..Ylft' Aircraft under 1uitablt veather condlt,ona. Ballard

(197S) felt tl .. t a CHsu 180 '"'a• u 1pproprt.ate aircraft for coat

c.-..U1tn1. l dtsagru atTonJ.ly, at dtd Ribb• (196S). SlKh an airualt.

Vblle ~rtainlr •rt coaforeablt thin a Pfpt_r $uptr c•. la too fut for ~uate vtrviq, atld ta aot mat.,.,.trablt tn014h to c,tt iDto tM ...U

can1ou occ-wptad -., Ml':IJ soar.a. A •lw. ht&hly ..,.,,uvualtl• pt.a vtth

&DOif vt1tt.illty and a 111pl11: pwu urwin Cor ••C•tY U req11lt•d to

Optlrate la tb• 'ftC)' t\1&8'1-d habit.at UtilJ2.ed by mlltltAtn jCOAUi. The

Super Cub 1)0 ta the llOlt ~nly availabl• alrc:raft to 9fftlftl the

r4J(lut rff PC!t'(ocmnca C!haracceristi.et.

ln conduc:tlo& ••ti.al cowt• la •unmer, It wa1 round th•t. In thl111:

•t' .. IL l.a•t, •hllbi"tJ condltJona v.·re a!l-l•port.ant.. Co.t• h•w•

bMn found by •a1 in•utlga:tol"t to M 90f9 •et'"' la .,.rly 90tnln,g and

lat.• artemooa oa W:ft •~r c!Ay•, and Mmlt ha-. •UUdt•d tho•e

p-erlod.I u the ktt tiaes for •1t.ri•l UMtd (C'MolNtrk 1973, Fox 1'77,

HlbN 196), Y•IA&h&a. 197S). rox (1977) al.lo fouad that &06U 'H:te: 90r~

actlve, •nd btnc~ a.ore Visible. oa "1it11, clear d.1ya tollcwlft.I pert0d8 of

- S61 -

~d ve1thtr. and suggeec-e.d JtU.e.h oays u the bt!•1 tor •UrYllJ'•· In this

etuif1, ~r. l fOl.IDlll tblt ~ SOit.i vtrt Mt IC"CD ktharlor wtitch "-• 1ho noted

• 568.

by Cha:Mck (1973) and Saunders (19S5). TI'is r11ct or VOS found to be

p.!t..rtlcu!Arly {Jllport.ant as sw.cr prosrt&scd. daya heca.ma wgrur, and new

pelage: thicker. Results of ropllc.:ttt eunaer aerial surveys on clear ,

sunny dAys vcrc found to be 10\I and gen~ra•ty inconalatont and unpredictable.

Thu ideal conditicmt [or 11J1M1Cr au rial &urvcys chulf: cu11" L#t of

overcast conditton1 which s t11l oll \W enough light for 8"od vi•tbJ lity,

and oir col11 enough for ""'Cc. L(Jl.1-:i l tltu,dc flyl.ng. 1 believe Lhat

1umncr counts conducco.d under o ther- than KOQd vi.r11in)l. i;;ond.ttiorui produce

inconsistent re:isulca and are therefore , not wor-t-h dolnli for census

f' Ur'J>O•U·

Va.rl9u. ... ,OM have t>e.n r~c00Dto.nd41d At: beat for aatlal coat

s urvte)'•. SOile l.nvottgator• recocaend vlnte..r for totol counts bcC:AU!Jc

goats are generally coi1ce.ntrated, tl1e sexes ore llOre o r JC$S •1J:ed, :ind

the g001ts co.n bo louted by cracks ln the snow (Br.indbora J9JS, lllbluc

196S , llibb:a :ind Denne)' 1965, Vn1tgha.n 197S), However, under eondl t lons

prcv3t.U.ng in thts imrt or Alo3k.ll, goAtt: l'lfc:- t&lspJ)' coo hard to see ln

vince.r. They hle.nd v ith th~ broken patt(!m o( snow and cock, oind a.iny

ut:lliz• tuuavy Limber or brwt1h vttere t llll)' arc bidden beouath the conopy,

Spria& bu also btw proposed ror total count$ (loni: 1978, Sal.th

1976). I have round that good rci;iult.$ cou.l.IS be! obtaiAed 011 vara dt:ys ln

lace April co ldd-~.ay \!hen 90ait goats ~v~ onto open a.lopes t:cek.in&

aevly e11Crgcd vegc:tatJ.on. aod co b.aCOllQ very visible. Since: they are

usu.a.Uy found on open. unCl'.1- frc:t: southe:rn cqiosuTes, they are readily

- 569 -

:h•l•u dl•riJ•itt• Hun t l~ht which iM 1\oL y~t l1ri~ht ""°~h tbllll far north to

produce bad ~lare. on soutt ... Cne.tng alopr:~. At thl.8 tlmi:. all ages and

&elu!8 .ire t tlll 1110rc: or 1-0::11 together, not yet having sc•ttered onto

t WllllO.f rang~$. furthcnioco. tblt l.s the ooJ.y time alter winter is over

vlu:n ydrlln&t art $t"'ltl easy to reeognLie troa the .air. Spring-count•

should be conducted before p;:arturltion heg1M bec"U*• gravid femal••

seek tho llolitude or rugged terr-aln, and arc, agala, difficult to

locac:.e.

Soac .invcsticator:; hove uuucsted tarly suamc.r ( lete Junt" to •id

July) As best ror ~t IMUn.g totll1 number• (~tfer 19SS) , or ror

obta.tntng kid/:Jdult tAttos (Ha ll and lllballd l9J8. Hibbs 1965, VlluaMn

1975) , wbilc Kleln (1953) thoUSht th.at i n Alaska late &lCIDler would be

be-at bcc:au.se oC lack of s now banks. t believe chat the best c-oul

count• c;;an be Obtain~d in early to ll1dsu11111er, (rom aid~June through

July. AA.hUttoo,lly. \1ds fir'= easlc!!t to recognize froa the air durln&

thi.s pertod; by late sunmec. they are often confused \11th yearli.1111 or

Adult• when in large g roupf. Croup .slu also ii greatest during this

period (Ch.tdvick 1973, llch•rl 1967, IJlbb• l96S), svg&e•tlng that fewer

of the lllOfc soLLt..ary adu-ll ul.e.. V().u]d be confui1d wlth .... 11 grqup$ of

other cohorts.

By lac.e al.lllllll!r, deaplt~ reduced enow covtir, goAt• are Mfe dlff-1.cult

to loeate *x~cpc on cool days (for exW11Ple. [ Cound one radio-collared

~dult 114J.c to be ouL or vlghL under a unowbonk on a •uany day ln late

s~r despite an ate temper~ture of 0 dc&re-es c~ntigredc at that •levation) .

By lata sunmQ:r kids a.ru beeo.ain~ di((t~ult co recognize.

- 570 -

lbut. c.o obtaln the most accurate cstiMte or the tDtnl n1mber ('I(

goats prctient ta., g.iven herd, 4ftd tht- nuaibe.r of ldds .. oJ-thct-year pr6S.:tlt,

aeriaJ cen.aus by eJo ... '-fly1ng, r1xed-viog 31tcroJt ~bould ~ conducte.d

durina tha 11arly to mid3unmer period vtitn ltgbt 3.nd wind conditions are

optimal; i.tt. ovorc•st u.nd te.asonably c:nlm. Under thPae eondittona, and

vith due d!liac:nc~ 1n 11earchin~ •11 h1tbltat1 an accuracy level or BlJprox.111.1.tely

90 p~rcent can be eXJ>Q:ctG:d.

In ndd1tl011 co accurot.o a nd C'o!lpti-rabla vl'arly catl11111teliJ or totQ) herd Stie , vhlch

•

hv 1 he numlif·t:t or yc11rl lnJ:rt und 2-yeoic .. ulds prc.11cn t in rclucion co kids

und yc~rltnns of chc previous yeAr. lbwi . to correctly understand

poru.lotlon acacus , the number o! klds . ygorllngG . 2-year- olds. adult

f~mal~s, and adult lllllles •i.mt be det~rmJ.nud. the ratJ.01 of the variouB

cohorc.s to adult !eawlus aru \Weful in comparing yeaC"s and herds. Th.ls

Lnformadon cnn be uat.J.iaatud !roet aerial s-urveys , bui: noi: frOC1 one

survey or un thu buwi M o! ono year only .

·ro buse!n co11q,llini;. d:ata by 1.Jhlch to estimat e herd co~post~ion, 1tn

l nit.iol ~orial count aust b~ conducted in spring, pcefer•bly in early

Ml:ty , to obtain the pcrcuntagc or y~arlings in the Jte-i:d. A "tot•l" count

I){ the herd is un.ncC

Ycallings are i:clatlv

b1:lng much sC11Jller th.an l)dulc.s :.ind gene_r.,lly s c- lll following thtlr d8111S.

tr the c;oont I s 1;011duct.cd in !att'i M.ily or- enrly June., ye.a r-l.tng8 a re

rarely wlc-h tl:te1-c- n1other-s, but o.i:e tctlll recognJ:iabl~ by 1;h11fr si~•

Howe,o_v(!r' , they a-r>., e..aaJrtr tn !dentlfy ttnd count bt!forf!' parturition begin•

ln lat~ May . Ali:io. pregnant 1\8nnies have riot isola t ed themselves yet

and so orl'l 1l'I01'-.l l.l('t- to be sqcn a11d i ncluded in the tot al tallied .

A second :ier1al count is M.Cdcd 1.n Ulte June (aft.er portur-f.t1on) or

July to obtain the best cstlnia.tc or tot.:tl herd sir.c: and the nU111ber of

vlnble kids present. By corly to mid .Jul y, gonta seem to be more or

lcsG e:st..iblia:hcd o n thctr summc-r rnngo. and oggregations have become

reMtlveJ.y stable . l believe the (lrHt. 2 or 3 veek& 1n July Pre be.st

(or thl1:1 c::ount •

- S72 -

Durtng th.ls survey, tl1c number of goats in C!.ach Q"t'.OUfl c.ol.lnti.zd aust

be noted, aa vell as VllethCT the groups contain gny kldg or obvio~

yurllnga . Thi.a survey ahou.ld l'roducu. tho. roUowing lnfonMtion: 1) tbll!

herd a.txe: 2) t.lte. nu:mbet" o! k:lda pre.aunt: 3) Lhe: C0111POSition of grouplil;

(i . a.. vhcthOE' th(I. acoups contaln kid~ or yuarUng, or only odult ei.11.llll;).le);

and 4) the size of eac:h aroup . tn ~x:un.ining group-IS' V"Jthnut k-icl.ll or

yc;srUngg. it should ali;o bo not'='d \olhether the anlJIU'.11.s nr~ i::Ktltinf; or

clQ,un shQd (or n~~rly ao) .

At tMM time o( yeJ!&r, nl!•rJy n-11 ud1.1lt i:ulq• httv~ bucn round to be

c:ompl•tcily . 61". 11lmost coopl"t~ly mnltc:.d . F1.1rtho:tnnorn, nearly all Jargc,

11ingle goats, or lai:-ge 3oat1 t.:n ft:toup• of 1~p to thrcti w-!t11 110 kids or

ye•rling~ pr•8ont , wil.l be ~dult 1111J.les . If such go~t• aru only partly

QOlted, they i:dght be considered as adult females or 2-y~•r-.old~;

li!N~ll•I", I hti-V• 8e4n few ,i.0&c-s fittJ.ng t:-hltr: atof;ory whlch v11r• othl!r

than adult mal" durJng this tlme period.

Since it hu been !:fhOWn that t.he avnrttgo bccurncy lovcl or un

3Ctlnl count c:onductnd und~r good vl~lng cund lllons in {•llrly ,,iu-..cr i:-1

app-roxiMtely 90 pe:ree:nt. a. correction factor sllould I>

u( tnJ1.1lt a;al(!-i ~1RC4.' le- V3!>' (o-und thnt nppro-ximately 7S percent '°'ere

round ln groupf of t hree or lesl!I - U)' dividing the estlinated nuaber of

malco by 0.1; . ~ bettPr estinatQ of the ACt~xl number of adult =ales

An estlllaate: of th11 n~r of ytt.arl1n&s prE!$1ftnt may ba obtained by

multip l ying the total number of non-kld.11 lili!fln by t.ht! p~'tcentag. of

year-lings observed to ht! prde.ttt. i rt the: sprln& count .

TI\w. • .'.In « tiSlate vill have been obta.1.ned of tl\e t otal herd sl:ce .

ond th,c n1.1111bcr of 4d1Jlt aolcs . ye.arlln&s, and kids pre.sent. Remalning

1Jl'liC I n!'l81C1,ed wtl.l be tl\C ".Id ult feo.'11et; ond s ub-adult 2 year old anltno.ls . .

No v ny vaa Cound to dtffer-~ntlato bctw~n ~bcsc tvo cIAes~ frota the 4.ir

with 11.ny dcJ;reo 0£ s uccess , and a second year of data atU8t be obtained

bQforo this can bu dona a.atheaa.tically .

Both oC tho abovu dc~crihud uurv.:ye :a ru relat i vely simple r;o conduce ;

neither require9 dangerous. lw ! l ying since t he cohorts. as de£in~d.

c3n be rccogni~cd tro. a relatively safe dlscancc.

Thu prohlem or ostl&"ttlng thl'- nUJ11l:>er of 2- yca:r- old 11nimal a can bo ~o lvnd 111:1tl1ufllht1cnlly froei data ohtalned lrt thle fi rst yeoc's survey

cOOlblned with thot fyo«i ~uccesr.tvc yo.at'~ o( l'llmila r e.urvoys . By c:ompa.ring

t.hc-: numbers of kids, y

the ground), esttCl3tcs of ovc-rvintcT morcta11cy '1Cre: obta.Jned . Siad la..r

mortal,;t.ty duu wttr~ obtOlnUd from other •tudi•• $ nd al'o tist•d iil 1'abl~ 7.

AM1ys.1s oC these data shov.?d thot althouth t.hc- rnortnltcy rate"

verc aigntf1cnntly d~ffcr~nt (P''' ll l' l 111>:.H dul"ln); 11 rnl llll19111111.' r

t2 • c~tttMtcd number of 2-y~~t-old~ durtng second su11119er.

- 575 -

T.tf•11.' 7. Ubaurv~d -.t"tal it.I•• bot:Vffn ye.Or• by cott0rl.

~~"!f.'" ~tc.• Yciil'l> ~IJ-'rrl. YC'l-2-yr-old ·---· Oolne 1977 a.c:. 1967-68 - 45% - 0

1968-69 -100: -67: 1970-71 - 141 -2'% 1971-72 - Z9J -17Z 1974-75 -zs: 1975-76 - SOI

C1lndwlck 1979 Hontana 1974-75 - 38Z -4ZZ 1975-76 - 4Jl -36%

Nichol• 1980 l'tnl"lllitan 1977-78 - 46% -zs: 1978-79 - 18% +14%

Ki n.g:a' Boy 1977-78 - 36% -zsz 1978-79 - S4% -S6Z

Satch 1976 Hnntttna 1973-74 - ))% - 0 1974- 7S - 29% -llZ

Rideout 1974 Kont4M 1.971- 72 - 73% -59Z 1972- 73 - 28% - 2Z

- 576 -

EZ • (1 ·.81 llky)(Yl) < (1°.66 >fky)(Yl) < (l-.41 >fky)(Yl)

'nlis aethod vai;; applled to Ch\! observed populaclonic In the ccn11bl n \Jd

Kin.a ' a 84y ond Pc.armigon Va.ll(:y a.1• 1.u:uJ co compar\• c.ali:.ulat1Jd 3nd ObMerv"d

numbe.r·s of 2- year-old goats in t.hJ~ ~.mple (Table 6) . n 1e (:StitM t od

nUlllber.s o{ 2-yeor-olds ngreed c lo~tJlY wlth th

T111i1,• 8 . 11bttl'rV\•d 1111111.b,•ru 111 kld . yuJrll u,.;, uuJ 2-y11.ur-old i:ooLv . ob-ervad mort:Ality r:ateK. and ~.o.lculatcd numboro of 2-yellr-old goo.ta in combined Pt:i.rm.15~n Valloy and KinG' e Say popu.l~tlonG b~$Cd upou ground cl.aasiCic.utiona.

1977 -ob.S~rve.d

Ob1:1l'rved

Colc:ulatcd!I

Observed:

Cnlcul:itcd

2 ... vea.r-old

16

'icarl 1ug

16 -25% ........... - 4U

12~ l6 /

77

/ 24

12ot:2 / / -25% / -)8%

12/ 15/ 19

!/ Mortall~y of yaarll.ngw to 2-y•ar-Oldii calcu.l,At~d ~~ 64.:!:231 af obs~rv~d ~td to y•&rl!ng mortl.alty (9S% cOnfidftnco littJ.ta).

- 578 -

Table. 9 . COmbinud Kina ' R B.:&)' oni] rtAnalgan Vlley ~oac popuJntlnnl't :1K obYo..rved Croat tht ~rouud ;l11J n:: c~tlmatcd fTOfll ;-i~rJ:il c:ount,. 1/

1971 Crouud

(ro tios).~/

Air

(rot.ls)

1978 Gi:ound

(rados)

A:J r

(•i:aclos)

1979 C.:rou.od

(ratlo»)

Air

(rAtlos)

At'}}

u (.:)8)

)

12

(. )))

l

( .02:!;0)

9

( . 38)

10

16

(. 50)

12

(. 3J)

( . 50)

7+2

16

(.SO)

16

{,&lo)

IJ

15

(. 6))

1

27

(.81.)

28

( . 67)

24

(.41 .. .!ll)

19

( .7~)

20

(.39±.03) (.21J:!:.lll) ( . 2fr!:.02) ( . 77:!:.06)

7fo

70

36 76

78

24 bO

26~2 .50

j/ lnc.lude..s only 4reu cove.red by both ground und a.erla.1 counts, except yearling pcrec.nto.ges obtalned from acrW count of e.1l tlT~ study area.

! I R.&tio.a per :)dult fem.Ale.

·r

100

102

79

70

)./ Nf• lld ult l'Mlc; 2 yr• 2-ye

nut bt• t:. .

11u.t

•i.:tinlu~rul th.in nu•h••rK nJ(1ru.~ .

- 580 -

Tabl • 10. Pat'tia.l popu lAl 1011 90dllit.b o( ru1tir c study he r d ttti obr.arvcd duril'lg sp~ing ond s~r ~erlal surveys wl t h corr~etJ

Tttbl;: ll. 1'011ulatlon IOCXlul~ of t:Jltlru :itudy herd bntlcd on spring a nd Humaie.r at•rlnJ i:oun tl'I . oippJ lc.:d correction r01ccors. and 2-yl!nr-old i.;.o.'llX er:ilculncf'd fro111 kid- to .. yco:irllng llOttalicic.Q .

~ ~ LJ..!: ~ !tl £ ~ ! l978 3? 17:!:3 68+! 26 48 m 198 (r:itioa)!/ ( . 57;!:. 03) ( . 25.;!:.05) (. 38_:!:.02) ( . 71_:!:.03)

1?7? 59 18:!:3 89.:!:3 25 SS 191 246

(rntloH) ( . G6_:!:.Ql} C.lo:t. 04) (. 28.;!:.0ll (. 62:!:. 02)

·-II R..1tlo:. 1·~r atlult rcm.:ilc . lnc ludlng 9:>% conftdeoee ltmtcs.

• 582 •

For ex.am:plc , tl\C St8tu5 of chis herd, ;a5 ttx'PretSMl'.!d a jl racJo:i of

cohorts to t-ho adult [cmalt- constant, con b

T1blo 12. ~ans 1:1nd a.11111ticlot11J atntlstlcs of f':ttio8 borv.en aex and DRC cohort• anJ adult ruMl(!t; ()( tvo Jnc.tea!ltng and two decrcuinA h~rd•·

S Ao:~ 2 yrii Yr!:~ K:~ ropulatl~n &CAtl,I.$

Thi• •tudy I .62 . 21 . 33 . 67 AJtp•rently increa6ing

s .06)6 .0)\4 .0707 . 06)6

• 7 2 2 2 a,.dw Lek 1971 x . )9 • Ja .so .69 lncre11lng

s • LSJJ • L709 .2597 .2291

n 3 ' J 3 tMnu J977 x • 14 • l 7 • 23 • 28 Strooaly dec reasing

s .0404 .0800 . J746 . 1861

• 7 7 7 7

Chodwi..Ck 1979 -x • 7) • 28 • )6 .56 Hoder1tely decrea.tng s .14'' .0800 .03)1 .0100 n ) l ) )

ii • ..... s. atandord dcvJacJon

•• n~r or years of d.tt•

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•ian1!1c•nt ~• lndic:ators. the ? yr:Al ratto wbould be o{ rartlcular

lftrere.ar •• • a 1ad1utor of rccrul~nr t1lnC't- It •hOV'lt th

LunL-c.ol lnt•Htn1~ ·•lplnu tltur-tt: . They ·•lf'IO rarLtc lpatcJ tn at!rlal su.rv.:-ys

runona the sh

1 .• 1 ,T.~~·t'\IRY. c:l)]Jl

And"ruon, N. A. 1940. Hrtnnt u ln goat study . Wa>1h . IX·pt . Cua: Biol . Bull. No. 2. 21 PP•

Ballal'd . W. B. 197!i. Hount:Jin goat surv~y technique cval®tion. Alaska fed . Atd 1n Wl ld.1. Rest. Fin.111 Rcpt., Proj . W-17-7 . 21 pp.

_ 1977. Sta two a nd Nn.11g~1111.1.nt O( .UIOuntoin 80At i n AlaJoJlua , Pt'Oc , lsc Intcrnnc. Mo.uu t41n oc. Ann. Con r, We-s t, /\~soc. S t t1tc Fi sit .ind r.allh.· Comm.. 31: 153-157 .

Cow:1n, r . HcT., nod W. Mc.C:raey . 197n, Vnrfotion in the toOunta-1.n goat ((J!,c:uanoM !'!1£.,~r!-.1nuJ1) (U1ntnvillo). .r. Mnmm..11 . Sl(l) :fi0-7l.

n:1n~· . H. l1J77 . Mountn ln ~0:11- f'Coc-t 11l hellnvtor: ?toetnl tttruc tu.rc nnd .. ,,_lay" hohuvlor

Foos. A. J. tbos1G .

1962. Hont.

A fltudy of thP,\.-tnPOt for mnuntn tn ~oau . Proc. 1978 Northern WJ ldl. ShccJ' 11nJ f:o3r C".on(. l',•nL '"''' II• b .C.: 20() ... %26.

Pox , J. L. 1977. SOOlllK!r mountaJn xo,it ;1ctlvlty ant.I hublt1.1t pt'.'o.l"i:l' .. ·net· ln coascal AJ(;ltika as a h.'1i>ls tor th\.• ;1K~(IJoC.-munL t)f )lut•vcy t~·chnl'fuc/"i. Proc. l~t lnternat. Nount.oaln t:C111t Syap. (ll. S;unucl olllJ ~·.c. M1u.•t t t·&or eds.) 8 . C. Flsh nnd \IJldl. Hr. Publ. : lt)0-199.

Hall, W. K. und J. A. &lb-

lA11'1trc•r • • I. 'W. 19"i, . A 2 Vo•:tr HlUdy u( the mount.:tln S,OAt ln Chi.: t!r;1Y.y "4lUlltitlnH. Ht11ltt11\:1. ,I . Wlld l . Mantlgc . !9(4):411-429 .

~lchol:;. ... IY7J. S-hl"i'I' l{l·a101· 1 . f\ l:1Mk:1 "'''"· Aid in WlldJ. Kl•f-lt. Pro~. Rcpt. l'roJ. W-17-~, W-17-S. 42 pp.

Peck, S. V. IQ72 . The ucolo;y or the Rocky Mountain goat 1n chc Span [sh P1 c in the Cra::y 429-437.

Food habits and rango use of che ~ocky Mountain Mowttaln.c . Montan.a. J, WJ.ldl. M.l\nage. 19(4);

stmmoru1 , N. M. 1971. 1\n lnc~pensiv~ 111c chod o f ma.xkin8 lnrglfl numberis \I I n.111 Kh

Snknl, K. K. n nd. P . J. Kohtf. 1969 . SloDM;ttry. W. ti. Frdfl111t.1.n Co ., San Pra1lclsco. 776 pp.

Stevens, V. And C. Driver. 1978. tn.ltial observottons on n tngged .ou.ntain goat population 1-n the. Ol)"lllpie Mountains . Proc. 1978 Northern Wild Sheep a nd Goat Conf. Pentict on, 8.C,: 16S-174.

Vou&bon, H. R. Mountains . ll l pp.

1975. A.speet.s ot mounc.oin aont ecology , WAllowA Oregon. H. s . U1~sls, Oreg. St~te Univ •• Corvallis.

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Aerial Census and Classification of Mountain Goats in AlaskaAbstractIntroductionMethodsFindingsDiscussionAcknowledgementsLiterature Cited