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Advancing Climate and Air Quality Database Management Systems
and Emissions Inventories in Developing Countries
International workshop on road transport emissions:
Methodologies for assessing emission factors and inventories
Brussels , 26 September 2013
Mauricio Osses 1,2, James Lents 2, Nicole Davis 3 1 Universidad Santa María, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chile
2 International Sustainable Systems Research Center - ISSRC, USA 3 Center for Environmental Research & Technology – CE-CERT, UCR, USA
ISSRC Identified 3 Areas to Try and Make an Initial Contribution on AQM
1. Provide a tool to estimate on-road mobile source emissions
2. Make available information designed to help developing countries implement their air quality management policies
3. Create a system to manage complex environmental related data to allow for effective and meaningful air quality improvement plan development
2
ISSRC Identified 3 Areas to Try and Make an Initial Contribution on AQM
1. Provide a tool to estimate on-road mobile source emissions IVE
2. Make available information designed to help developing countries implement their air quality management policies AQBook
3. Create a system to manage complex environmental related data to allow for effective and meaningful air quality improvement plan development IED
3
ISSRC’s Partners and Cities to Date
U.S. EPA
Hewlett
Foundation
The Energy
Foundation
World Bank
EMBARQ--World Resource Institute
4
International Vehicle Emissions Model http://www.issrc.org/ive/
The International Vehicle Emissions Model IVE
Estimate emissions for passenger cars, trucks, buses, three- and two-wheel vehicles for important urban pollutants, toxics, and global warming gases
Includes gasoline, diesel, natural gas, propane, and alcohol fueled vehicles
Incorporates a straightforward methodology to collect the needed modeling information
Allow users a way to update the emission factors when local data is available and adapt to the local situation
6
IVE Model & Implementation Status First Release in 2003, last update in May 2010
Available free on the internet at www.issrc.org
Refined data collection methodology (snapshot of vehicle activity, driving patterns and starts, and in-use emissions in any remote location)
2-3 weeks in field, reasonable costs
All major vehicle types covered
Laboratory not required
Field studies have resulted in 15
location specific information to supplement the base IVE model (also available on website)
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IVE Model Highlights & Progress 1500 registered users from air quality agencies
and universities around the world In use in sixteen countries (that we know of) Recommended by INE to be the national model
for calculating emissions in Mexico Used along with several other models as the basis
of the national model for vehicles in China Reviewed along with other important emission
models (February, 2009 AWMA Journal) Rated: Easiest to use model/Most accurate model for
developing countries Compared with: U.S.EPA Mobile, California EMFAC,
European COPERT model and others.
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IVE Operates in Five Languages
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IVE in the Future
Add Black Carbon emission factors Provide a way to distribute emissions over a grid
system to support air quality modeling Add off-road mobile sources Continually update emission factors, add new
vehicles, and update driving and other adjustments as scientific research provides new data
Would like to add Portuguese and Turkish as supported languages
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Methodology IVE Model
Locations and studies Location Activity Gasoline Diesel
Los Angeles, USA Santiago, Chile Lima, Peru Mexico City, Mexico Bogota, Colombia Sao Paulo, Brazil Buenos Aires, Argentina
2001 Dec 2001 Dec 2003 Jan 2004 Feb 2004 Abr 2004 Jan 2007
-- Aug 2006
-- Oct 2005 May 2007 Dec 2004
--
-- Mar 2007
-- Jun 2006 May 2008 Mar 2006
--
Pune, India Almaty, Kazakhstan Beijing, China Istanbul, Turkey Cebu, Phillipines
Mar 2003 May 2003 May 2004 Nov 2006 Feb 2012
-- May 2006 Jun 2007 Nov 2006
--
-- -- --
Nov 2006 --
Nairobi, Kenya Accra, Ghana Lagos, Nigeria
Mar 2002 Apr 2010 Mar 2013
Mar 2005 -- --
-- -- --
Driving Cycles
Start Patterns
Fleet Composition
Vehicle Technology
Daily Emissions in Sao Paulo
CO
PM10
VOC
NOx
Emissions: General Comparison
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
SaoPaulo
Mexico
Beijing
Lima
Sanago
BuenosAires
Bogota
Pune
Almaty
EmissionsTon/day
CO2/100
CO/10
VOC
NOx
PM*10
+ N2O, CH4, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, 1,3 butadiene, benzene - Database under revision, not fully available yet
Local Data Using PEMS
Real-World Gasoline
Real-World Diesel
Real-world vehicle emissions
Emission Factors: Gasoline CO2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Carb SPFI/C MPFI/NC MPFI/C MPFI/C/EGR GNC Alcohol HYB OA
CO
2 e
mis
sio
ns g
/km
Measured Emissiones Average Gasoline CO2 Almaty
Mexico
Nairobi
Santiago
Sao Paulo
Tianjin
Istanbul
Emission Factors: Gasoline CO
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Carb SPFI/C MPFI/NC MPFI/C MPFI/C/EGR GNC Alcohol HYB OA
CO
em
issio
ns g
/km
Measured Emissiones Average Gasoline CO Almaty
Mexico
Nairobi
Santiago
Sao Paulo
Tianjin
Istanbul
Laboratory vs real-world emissions
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Car
b
SPFI/C
MPFI/N
C
MPFI/C
MPFI/C
/EG
R
GNC
Alcoh
ol
HYB
OA
CO Correction Factors IVE Gasoline
Almaty
Mexico
Nairobi
Santiago
Sao Paulo
Tianjin
Istanbul
International Environmental Database https://www.iedmetropolis.org/
Database system to manage air quality/energy related information
Calculate and project air quality emissions, energy requirements, fuel use for urban regions
Integrate policy analysis for urban air, water, solid waste, and climate change pollution
International Environmental Database IED
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IED Design Requirements
Allow businesses to update their own information
Support source enforcement
Support emission caps and credit trading
Remotely accessible
Available free
Secure & Flexible
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IED System Implementation Status
Base system
created
Implementing in
Mexico City,
Guadalajara and
Chongqing
Several other
areas in discussion
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IED Uses: Support Modeling
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Outputs spatially and temporally resolved data
IED Uses: Support Planning
The design of the system enables answering such questions as:
How would a rapid transit system affect fuel use? criteria pollutants? global warming emissions?
What are the top categories of GHG emissions today and projected in the future?
What are the differences in energy use and emissions from moving towards a natural gas fleet or an electric fleet?
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IED Uses: Support Enforcement
IED is designed to track the emissions and energy from point sources, and return data from queries such as:
What is ABC Company’s emissions this year? Last year?
Is ABC Company exceeding its emissions cap?
How many credits are available in this location/area?
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IED Status & Future
Base System Developed
Currently populating local data
It was proposed to support the development of effective/integrated control programs in participating cities, starting with Chongqing, Mexico City, and Guadalajara
Training session recently finished at Bogota (August 2013)
Future developments expected in Colombia, Peru, Chile and China
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Handbook of Air Quality Management http://www.aqbook.org/
AQ Hanbook in brief
• The Handbook of Air Quality Management is a Hewlett-funded effort to get important air quality management information onto the web for use by developing countries.
• The idea for the handbook is to provide a resource for developing countries to be used in designing an effective air quality management program that will have all the necessary elements for success.
Air Quality Management (AQM) Handbook
A free internet-based information system on how to carry out effective air quality management
4 chapters to date, 14 in total
Work in progress, more chapters to come
Can be updated remotely by approved participants
Used by governments, Universities, and training institutes
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AQM Handbook Status
Available chapters in English, with some in Spanish and Chinese
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AQ Knowledge Base
• Present authors of the book include James Lents, Michael Walsh, Kebin He, Nicole Davis, Mauricio Osses, Sebastian Tolvett, and Huan Liu.
• While only part of the resource is completed at this time, the website receives more than 500 hits per month with no advertising.
• Additional authors that have expertise in needed subject areas could be recruited to assist in the completion of the book.
Recent Studies
• Using IVE as a Tool for GHG Assesment for BRT Corridors in Accra and Lagos
• Using PEMS for Measuring Emission Factors from Two-Stroke Engines, Transmilenio bi-Articulated Buses, Hybrid & Electric Buses
• Applying IED in Cundinamarca, Colombia and Valparaiso, Chile
Ghana Transport Mitigation Case Study BRT and Climate Change Mitigation
Greater Accra Metropolitan Area
Project funded by the Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF)
And the World Bank
Accra, April 23th 2010
Dr. Mauricio Osses
International Sustainable Systems Research Center, www.issrc.org
Example: Accra, Ghana
Example: Accra, Ghana
Example: Accra, Ghana
Example: Accra, Ghana
Example: Accra, Ghana
Ejemplo: Accra, Ghana
Example: Accra, Ghana
Example: CO2 Accra, Ghana
Example: Lagos, Nigeria, 2013
CO2 city comparison
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Overall
Motorcycle
Taxi
PassCar
LargeBus
MDTruck
HDTruck
CO2[g/km
]
LagosIVE2013
BeijingIVE2004
BuenosAiresIVE2007
MexicoCityIVE2004
CebuIVE2012
COPERT4@14kph
COPERT4@20kph
Emission factors from 2-stroke motorcycles at Universidad Nacional Bogota - 2012
Testing Transmilenio articulated buses
Testing Euro 5 bi-articulated
TM buses
Dynamometer testing in Bogota - 2013
Natural gas bus dyno-tested in Bogota - 2013
HEBTP • 4 cities:
– Sao Paulo – Rio de Janeiro – Bogota – Santiago
• 6 bus OEMs: – BYD – Eletra – Hankuk Fiber – Mercedes Benz – Volvo – Youngman
• 5 technologies, 17 buses: – 2 full electric – 7 hybrid – 1 trolleybus – 1 diesel with DPF – 6 reference diesel
Rio de Janeiro Santiago
Sao Paulo Bogota
IED Training in Bogota, August 2013 (Cundinamarca, Manizales, Medellin)
Thank you!
More info at: www.issrc.org
IED in Valparaiso, Chile 2013-2014