Advances in Energy Studies Porto Venere, 24-28 September 2002

CO2 capture and storage

(with emphasis on PEACS project of UCE for the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme)

Erik Lysen

Utrecht Centre for Energy research (UCE)

Contents

• Introduction

• Basics of CO2 capture and storage

• The PEACS study

• Approach

• Results

Introduction

• CO2 capture and storage is additional option for reduction of emissions (first: energy efficiency, renewables, fuel switching)

• Focus on large point sources of CO2: hydrogen, ammonia plants (often pure CO2) and power plants (4% to 15% CO2)

CO2 capture

• Capture technology: solvent scrubbing (amines), membranes, adsorption

• CO2 capture in power plants reduces efficiency:

• Nat. gas CC: 56% => 47% (370 => 60 g/kWh)• Coal fired: 46% => 33% (720 => 150 g/kWh)• Gasif. CC: 46%=> 38% (710 => 130 g/kWh)

Source: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, IEA/OECD, 2000

CO2 capture costs

• CO2 capture increases capital costs plants: NGCC: 100%, coal: 80%, IGCC: 50%

• Cost of electricity generation increases: • NGCC: + 1 USct/kWh• Coal: + 2.5 USct/kWh• IGCC: + 2 USct/kWh

• Cost avoided emissions: US$ 30-50/tonne of CO2

Source: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, IEA/OECD, 2000

CO2 storage potential

• Depleted oil and gas reservoirs: 920 Gt CO2 (45% of world emissions until 2050)

(EOR standard: 33 Mt/yr in 74 projects)

• Deep saline aquifers: 400 - 10000 Gt CO2 (20 to 500% of world emissions until 2050) (Norwegian Sleipner field: 1 Mt/yr)

• Unmineable coal beds: > 15 Gt CO2

(ECBM: 2 CO2 fixed => 1 CH4 free)

• Deep ocean: ?? Source: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, IEA/OECD, 2000

Subject PEACS study

• Capture: select high purity sources, world-wide (hydrogen, ammonia, no power plants)

• Transmission: limit to 50 or 100 km

• Injection/storage:

- world-wide oilfields: EOR options

- world-wide coal fields: ECBM options

• PEACS (Project Early Application Carbon dioxide Storage): Select best combination

Source: PEACS Study, UCE, for IEA-GHG, 2002

Approach

• Start with existing inventory CO2 sources (14652 sources: IEA GHG study by Ecofys)

• Use inventories of oil and coal fields

• Produce “long list” of 198 “pre-selected sources” with >40% CO2 and > 0.1 MT/yr

• Econ. + MCA: short list 30 combinations

• With IEA GHG: select 4 cases

Cumulative CO2 emission of sources

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

No of sources

Pre-selection of sources

• Minimum percentage of 40% CO2 in waste stream: 443 sources, plus 20 hydrogen plants (8-100%)

• Minimum CO2 emission of 100,000 tonnes per year: 198 sources remain

• These are called: “pre-selected sources”

Geographical distribution pre-selected sources

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Distance grid to sources

Oil occurrences

Opportunities for EOR

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Combining CO2 sources and EOR sinks

AU-1AU-2

Source 2

Source 1 Polygon representing area with

known oil occurrences

Known oil occurrence(USGS data)

100 km distance line

AU-3

Source 3

Results

• Long list with:

- 62 sources with 409 EOR combinations

- 58 sources with 78 ECBM combinations

• Initial selection procedure and Multi Criteria Analysis: short list with 15 EOR and 15 ECBM

• Final selection: 2 EOR and 2 ECBM

Final four cases

Parameter 1 2 3 4Source H00153 H00206 A00102 A00043Type of plant Hydrogen Hydrogen Ammonium AmmoniumCity Al-Jubail Carson Huaxian Medicine HatProvince Ar Riyad California Shaanxi AlbertaCountry Saudi Arabia USA China CanadaCO2 emission (kt/yr) 260 281 677 293Distance source-resource (km) 0-50 0-50 0-50 0-50Type of recovery EOR EOR ECBM ECBMDrilling depth (m) 2000 1676 - -More sources which can potentiallystore CO2 in same reservoir?

No Yes Yes Yes

Representative? Noa Yes Yes Yes

EOR costsCase 1(Saudi Arabia)

Case 2(USA)

NPV CO2 injection (Mt) 2,0 2,1COSTSCompression costs (€/t) 9,87 9,79Transport costs (€/t) 3,86 4,30Total supply costs (€/t) 13,72 14,09NPV CO2 supply (M€) 24,7 27,4Injection well investment costs (M€) 1,3 4,7Operating costs, oil treatment, CO2

recycling and water disposal (M€/yr)1,9 2,4

NPV field costs (M€)a 14,6 21,1Total NPV (M€) 39,3 48,4Total costs (€/t) 19,9 22,7REVENUESNPV oil yield (M€) -66,4 -74,5Total revenues (€/t) -33,6 -34,9Net CO2 sequestration costs (€/t) -13,7 -12,2

ECBM costsCase 3(China)

Case 4(Canada)

NPV CO2 injection (Mt) 5,1 2,2COSTSCompression costs (€/t) 8,76 9,40Transport costs (€/t) 1,73 4,12Total supply costs (€/t) 10,49 13,52NPV CO2 supply (M€) 49,1 27,4Injection wells investment costs (M€) 60,4 56,5O&M costs injection wells (k€/yr) 582,1 665,3Production well investment costs (M€) 15,7 12,6OM costs production wells (k€/yr) 430,5 494NPV field costs (M€)a 93,8 81,2Total NPV (M€) 142,9 (166,2c) 108,6Total costs (€/t) 27,8 (32,3c) 48,7REVENUESNPV CH4 yield (M€)b -99,1 -80,4Total revenues (€/t) -19,3 -36,1Net CO2 sequestration costs (€/t) 8,5 (13,0c) 12,6