advanced physical science. basic magnetism ideas force of attraction or repulsion between unlike or...
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Advanced Physical Science
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Basic Magnetism Ideasforce of attraction or repulsion between
unlike or like poles
due to the arrangement of electrons
closely related to electricity
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Magnetic Poles Like poles repel
Unlike poles attract
Broken magnets create new poles
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Magnetic Force The force of repulsion or attraction
between the poles of magnets Magnetic force between magnets
depends on how the magnets line up.
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Magnetic Field Area around a magnet where magnetic
forces act Forces are in a specific direction shown by
field lines The lines map the strength of the magnetic
field (stronger at poles)
Iron filings placed around a magnet will show the shape of the magnetic field around the magnet
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Magnetic Domain
Electrons are negatively charge particles that move around the nucleus of atoms
Moving electrons produce magnetic fields that give atoms a N and S pole
In most materials (like Copper and Aluminum) magnetic fields cancel each other out. Result: the object is not magnetic
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Magnetic Domain (cont) In some materials (like iron, nickel and
cobalt), the atoms group together in tiny regions called domains.
Domains are like tiny magnets of different sizes within an object.
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Permanent Magnets Made from magnetic material (an alloy
of aluminum, nickel, and colbalt) and have a persistent magnetic field
Retain magnetic properties better than other materials
Domains are lined up to create the magnetic field.
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Things that work because of magnetic domains:
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Losing Magnetism
Magnets can lose magnetism if domains of a magnets become unaligned
Things that cause magnet to get out of alignment:Dropping a magnetHeating a magnet
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Making a Magnet
A magnet can be made by aligning domains in an object
Example: An iron nail can be magnetized if you rub it in one direction with one pole on a magnet
The magnetic field of the magnet will cause the domains in the nail to rotate and align with the magnet
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Magnetism from Electricity An electric current will produce a
magnetic field Electromagnetism: The interaction
between electricity and magnetism
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Magnetism from Electricity: Solenoids A coil of wire that produces a magnetic
field when carrying an electric current Increase strength of magnetic field
produced by solenoid by…Adding more loopsIncreasing the current
in the wire
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Magnetism from Electricity: Electromagnets Temporary magnet formed by placing iron
inside a current carrying wire (electricity) Magnetic field is only present when current
is flowing Strength of magnetic field is increased by
adding more turns of the wire or by increasing the amount of current through the wire.
Magnetic properties can be controlled by changing the current.
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Examples of Electromagnets
Maglev Train, Japan
Electromagnet in a salvage yard, turned on and off to lift scrap metal
Press the doorbell, switch in solenoid circuit closes, electric current created, iron rod is pulled through solenoid, rod strikes bell
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Electricity from Magnetism: Electromagnetic Induction
Magnetic Field can produce an electric field
The size of electric current depends…Number of wire loopsHow fast move
magnet The direction
depends onWhether magnet is
pulled or pushed
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Electricity from Magnetism (cont) In previous example, electric current
induced by moving the magnet Electric current can also be induced by
moving the wire
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Application of Electromagnetic Induction: Generator Converts MECHANICAL ENERGY to ELECTRICAL ENERGY
A generator rotates a coil of wire through a magnetic field The changing magnetic field around the wire induces
electric current in the wire The electric current produced
by a generator changes
direction each time the
coil makes a ½ turn
ALTERNATING
CURRENT (AC)
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Transformer Increases or decreases the voltage of an
alternating current Consists of 2 coils wrapped around an iron ring Step-up transformer: Increases voltage Step-down transformer: Decreases voltage
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Electrical Energy to your Home Generator at the power plant produces
electric current with HIGH voltage Step-up transformers increase the
voltage in order to decrease loss of POWER that occurs during transmission over long distance
Step-down transformers decrease the voltage before the electric current reaches consumers
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How Electricity Gets to Your House Electricity is made at a power plant by huge
generators (HIGH voltage) Most power plants use coal, but some use natural gas, water or even wind.
The current is sent through transformers to INCREASE THE VOLTAGE to push the power long distances.
The electrical charge goes through high-voltage transmission lines that stretch across the country.
It reaches a substation, where the VOLTAGE IS LOWERED so it can be sent on smaller power lines
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How Electricity Gets to your House (cont.)
It travels through distribution lines to your neighborhood, where smaller pole-top transformers reduce the voltage again to take the power safe to use in our homes.
It connects to your house through the service drop and passes through a meter that measures how much our family uses.
The electricity goes to the service panel in your basement or garage, where breakers or fuses protect the wires inside your house from being overloaded.
The electricity travels through wires inside the walls to the outlets and switches all over your house.
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FYI…Nuclear Power Plant
Thermal Energy from a nuclear reaction boils water to produce steam
The steam turns a turbine The turbine turns the magnet of the
generator, inducing electric current and generation electrical energy.