Advanced Biology – 12/2/14Warm UpMuscle ContractionWhat affects muscle contraction Activity.

Learning Target: Identify variables that effect muscle contraction.

Warm UpWhat two protein filaments slide back and

forth causing the muscle to contract and expand?

Advanced Biology – 12/5/14Build a muscle… arts and crafts.

Learning Target: Identify the different anatomy of the muscle.

Advanced Biology – 12/4/14Finish Building your muscle model

Learning Target: Describe the functions of the different parts of the muscle.

Advanced Biology – 12/5/14Warm UpMuscle Contraction NotesMuscle Contraction Story Board

Learning Target: Sequence the process of muscular contraction.

Warm UpWhat are the three types of facia (fibrous

connective tissue under the skin or around muscles) that binds muscle together and to bone?

Advanced Biology – 12/8/14No Warm UpMuscle Contraction NotesMuscle Contraction Online

Learning Target: Describe the steps of muscle contraction.

Warm UpMuscle Cells have multiple organelles.

Which organelles are they?

Nuerotransmitters cause this ion to be released in muscle cells.

Advanced Biology – 12/9/14No Warm UpMuscle Identification ActivityQuiz Review - Thursday

Learning Target: Identify the muscles of the body.

Muscle Assignment

• Color each muscle on both the anterior and posterior pictures. If the muscles are in “pairs” like a deltoid….use the same color.

• Rotate colors so the same are not next to each other.

Advanced Biology – 12/10/14

• Warm Up• Order of events: muscle contraction• Quiz Tomorrow – Muscle parts and muscle

contraction

– Learning Target: Order the activities that take place during a muscle contraction.

Warm Up

• Place in order from largest to smallest in muscle tissue:– Fascicle– Myosin and Actin– Sarcomere– Muscle Fiber– Myofibril

Advanced Biology

• 5 Minute Study• Muscle Contraction Quiz• Insertion, Origin and Action of Muscles

– Learning Target: Distinguish between the insertion, origin and action of muscles.

Origin, Insertion, and Action

• From your diagram of the human muscle system pick 10 muscles and using the resources provided ID the Origin, Insertion and Action of that muscle. Set your paper up like this

Muscle Origin Insertion Action1. 2. 3.

Advanced Biology – 12/12/14

• No Warm Up• Go Over Quiz• Muscle Movement Lab

– Learning Target: Analyze the insertion and origin of muscles and how the body is a system of levers.

Advanced Biology – 12/15/14

• No Warm Up• Re-introduce Lab• Insertion, Origin, Movement Lab

– Learning Target: Analyze the insertion and origin of muscles and how the body is a system of levers.

Advanced Biology – 12/16/14

• No Warm Up• Insertion, Origin, Movement Lab Final Day• Quiz on Muscle Groups Thursday• Test Friday!!

– Learning Target: Analyze the insertion and origin of muscles and how the body is a system of levers.

Advanced Biology – 12/17/14

• No Warm Up• Skeletal Muscle Groups• Muscle System Review• Quiz on Muscle Groups Thursday• Test Friday!!

– Learning Target: Review all prior learning Targets.

Skeletal Muscle Notes

Handy HintsEpi – above or uponPeri – aroundMy or Myo – muscleEndo – WithinSarco - flesh

Function of Muscle TissueMotion – relies on integrated functions of

bones, joints and skeletal muscles.Movement of substances within the

bodyCardiac muscle – moves blood through

the heart, blood vessels Smooth muscle – movement of blood and

food through the intestinal tractSperm and egg through the

reproductive systems and urine through the urinary system.

Function of Muscle TissueStabilizing body positions and

regulating organ volume – help you stand or sit. Muscle closes off exit routes in certain organs like the stomach

Heat production – the by-product of muscle contraction is heat. Used to generate as much as 85% of all body heat.

Structure of Skeletal MuscleSkeletal muscle is bound by connective

tissue (fascia), attached to bones and is under voluntary control.

Fascia (ct) tendon (ct) periosteum (bone)This is how muscle is connected to

boneFascia – a sheet or broad band of

fibrous connective tissue under the skin or around muscles.

P 82-83

Structure of Skeletal MuscleThree Types of Fascia

1. Epimysium – closely surrounds muscle

2. Perimysium – inward extension from the epimysium that divides muscle tissue into small compartments called fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)

3. Endomysium – surround each muscle fiber within a fascicle

Layers of connective tissue allow:Independent movement of fibers

within muscle nervesBlood vessels to pass through

muscle

Muscle Cell is a skeletal muscle fiberMultinuclear – more than one nucleus

Sarcolemma – cell membraneSarcoplasm – cytoplasm composed of Numerous mitochondriaParallel lying thread-like fibers called myofibrils

Myofibrils are composed of 2 types of protein filamentsMyosin – thick filament containing

protein myosin with projecting cross bridges

Actin – thin filaments containing protein actin

Structure of Skeletal MuscleSarcotubular System – triad of

skeletal muscle (3 parts) Sarcoplasmic reticulum

(kinda like ER)– network of membrane enclosed tubules that run parallel to myofibrils. At the “A” band the S.R. enlarges to form a pair of terminals.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle Cisternae – run 90 degrees to

the S.R. Function: store, release and reabsorb Ca in order to help activate or release muscle contractions.

Structure of Skeletal MuscleTransverse tubules (T-tubules) –

tunnel-like extensions of the sarcolemma that pass through the muscle fiber at right angles to the S.R. and between the cisternae. Function to transmit nerve impulse to all fibrils (open to outside.

Myosin and actin are filamentous protein molecules contained in muscles. In the presence of calcium ions (bottom), myosin and actin will slide past each other and form cross-bridges, thereby contracting the muscle.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Structure of Skeletal MuscleNeuromuscular junction – where the

motor neuron and the muscle fiber meet.Cell plate – modified sarcolemma; highly

folded, many nuclei; mitochondriaSynaptic knob – where the end of the

motor neuron branches and terminatesSynaptic vesicles - sacs in the axon

terminals filled with chemicals.

Structure of Skeletal MuscleAcetylcholine – neurotransmitter released

at a neuromuscular junction. Allows sodium ions to diffuse and produces a muscle action potential (results in a muscle contraction)

Cholinesterase – found in the synaptic cleft. It inactivates acetylcholine so the muscle can get ready for the next action potential

Structure of Skeletal MuscleMotor Unit – 1 motor neuron and 10 or

more muscle fibers.

Skeletal Muscle Contraction“ Ratchet Theory or Sliding

Filament Theory of Skeletal Muscle Contraction”

Origin vs. InsertionInsertion – muscle attaches to a

movable boneOrigin– muscle attaches to a non

movable boneMuscles work in pairs

Energy Source for Contraction1st source – ATP, enough in muscle cell to last 6

to 8 seconds. ADP + P + energy ATP

Creatine Phosphate - molecule stored in muscle cells, used to produce more ATP quickly during exercise

CP creatine + P + energy2nd source – Glucose cellular respiration ATP

O2 needs to be present3rd source – carbohydrates glucose ATP

Myoglobin – stores O2 in muscle cells

Lasts 5-10 secondsATP ADP +EnergyCreatine phosphateCreatine phosphate Creatine + phosphate + energyProvides energy for prolonged muscular activity as long

as nutrients and O2 last.1 glucose 2 pyruvic acid + Energy (ATP)

Pyruvic acid + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)Pyruvic acid + no oxygen lactic acidAfter ATP is used upProduce more ATP during prolonged exercise/ good for short bursts of

activity 100 m dashATPCreatine phosphate depleted Immediate source of energyGlucose (stored as glycogen)

  Energy Source

When used

How long it lasts

Formula for energy release

 

1s

t

ATP Immediate source of energy

Lasts 5-10 seconds

ATP ADP +Energy

 

2n

d

Creatine phosphate

After ATP is used up

Produce more ATP during prolonged exercise/ good for short bursts of activity 100 m dash

Creatine phosphate Creatine + phosphate + energy

 

3r

d

Glucose (stored as glycogen)

Creatine phosphate depleted

Provides energy for prolonged muscular activity as long as nutrients and O2 last.

  1 glucose 2 pyruvic acid + Energy (ATP)

Pyruvic acid + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)

          Pyruvic acid + no oxygen lactic acid

Muscular Responses- all or nothing principleThreshold Stimulus – minimal strength

needed to elicit a muscle contraction.

How do we get a “graded response”?While individual muscle fibers will contract to

their fullest extent or not at all. But because there are many motor units some are contracting and some are relaxing. Thus the entire muscle can contract a “little” or “ a lot”, such as gently holding a pencil or tightly squeezing a finger.

Overworked MusclesOxygen Debt – muscular activity is great

enough, O2 cannot be supplied fast enough so ATP is produced by anaerobic respiration.

Muscle Fatigue – inability of a muscle to maintain its strength of contraction. Due to lactic acid increase (Ph decrease) causing fibers less responsive to stimuli. Begins to damage the sarcolemma.

Isometric vs. Isotonic Muscle ContractionsIsometric – tension increases, muscle

length remains the same. Important in maintaining posture.

Isotonic – tension remains the same, muscles shorten, used in movement. Both types are used in most body actions.

Fast vs. Slow Twitch Muscle FibersWhite Muscle Fibers (white) – fast

contracting, fewer myoglobin, hemoglobin, and mitochondria than red muscles. Have extensive SR so it can contract quickly due to ability to store and reabsorb Ca+, but fatigue quickly.

Fast vs. Slow Twitch Muscle FibersRed Muscle Fibers(dark) – slow

contracting, contain myoglobin (iron and oxygen binding protein), hemoglobin, and many mitochondria which can produce ATP to remain contracted for long periods of time without fatigue.