adrenocorticol hormone

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Adrenocorticol Adrenocorticol HormoneHormone

Presented byPresented byPHARMACISMPHARMACISM

Adrenocorticol Adrenocorticol HormoneHormone

• Adrenocortical hormones are all Adrenocortical hormones are all the hormones that are secreted by the hormones that are secreted by adrenal cortex.adrenal cortex.

ClassificationClassification

According to their chemical According to their chemical structuresstructures

• 1. steroid of having twenty-one -1. steroid of having twenty-one -carbon atoms pregnehydroxy as carbon atoms pregnehydroxy as basic structure: cortisol basic structure: cortisol (hydrocortisone) and aldosterone.(hydrocortisone) and aldosterone.


• 2.steroid of having nineteen carbon 2.steroid of having nineteen carbon atoms male hydroxy as basic atoms male hydroxy as basic structure: dehydroepiandrosterone.structure: dehydroepiandrosterone.

• 3. steroid of having eighteen carbon 3. steroid of having eighteen carbon atoms female hydroxy as basic atoms female hydroxy as basic structure: estrone and estradiol.structure: estrone and estradiol.


According to functionsAccording to functions

(1) glucocorticoid(1) glucocorticoid

(2) mineralocorticoid(2) mineralocorticoid

(3) sex hormone(3) sex hormone• androgenandrogen• estrogenestrogen

Bio-synthesisBio-synthesis

• Involves a chain of oxidation-Involves a chain of oxidation-reduction reactions catalyzed by a reduction reactions catalyzed by a series of enzymes.series of enzymes.

• Synthesis begins with a molecule Synthesis begins with a molecule of cholesterol.of cholesterol.

• Steroids are synthesized from Steroids are synthesized from cholesterol in their respective cholesterol in their respective regions of the adrenal cortexregions of the adrenal cortex


• The process is controlled by The process is controlled by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). (StAR).

• Once StAR has transported cholesterol Once StAR has transported cholesterol into the mitochondria, the cholesterol into the mitochondria, the cholesterol molecule undergoes a string of molecule undergoes a string of oxidation-reduction reactions catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions catalyzed by a series of enzymes from the family by a series of enzymes from the family of cytochrome P450 enzymesof cytochrome P450 enzymes


• A coenzyme system called A coenzyme system called adrenodoxin reductase transfers adrenodoxin reductase transfers electrons to the P450 enzyme electrons to the P450 enzyme which initiates the oxidation-which initiates the oxidation-reduction reactions that transform reduction reactions that transform cholesterol into the steroid cholesterol into the steroid hormones. hormones.


• The precursors are shuttled back The precursors are shuttled back to the mitochondria in the region to the mitochondria in the region of the adrenal cortex within which of the adrenal cortex within which synthesis initially began and it is synthesis initially began and it is there that synthesis is completed.there that synthesis is completed.

Transport, inactivation, Transport, inactivation, excretionexcretion

• Transport in blood circulationTransport in blood circulation• The inactivation and excretionThe inactivation and excretion

(1) Inactivation reaction(1) Inactivation reaction• Reduction with hydrogenReduction with hydrogen• Oxidization of 11 position of hydroxy baseOxidization of 11 position of hydroxy base• Breakage of 17 side bondsBreakage of 17 side bonds• HydroxylationHydroxylation• CombinationCombination

Transport, inactivation, Transport, inactivation, excretionexcretion

2) The metabolites of adrenocortical 2) The metabolites of adrenocortical hormone in urinehormone in urine• 17-ketosteroid (17-OHCS)17-ketosteroid (17-OHCS)• 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-KS)17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-KS)• 17 ketogenic steroid (17-KGS17 ketogenic steroid (17-KGS

FunctionsFunctions

Functions of glucocorticoidFunctions of glucocorticoid• general metabolism of nuclear acid, general metabolism of nuclear acid,

sugar, protein and fatsugar, protein and fat• metabolism of salt and watermetabolism of salt and water• Biological function of therapeutic Biological function of therapeutic

effect of gluccocorticoideffect of gluccocorticoid• anti inflammatoryanti inflammatory• anti allergyanti allergy• anti toxicityanti toxicity• anti shockanti shock

FunctionsFunctions

• Function on certain organs and tissuesFunction on certain organs and tissues• bloodblood• fatty tissuefatty tissue• connective tissueconnective tissue• skinskin• skeletonskeleton• skeleton muscleskeleton muscle• stomachstomach• heart and blood vessel systemheart and blood vessel system• lungslungs

FunctionsFunctions

• Functions of mineralcorticoidFunctions of mineralcorticoid

1.1.Effect on kidneysEffect on kidneys• Stimulates transcription of the Stimulates transcription of the

sodium-potassium ATPasesodium-potassium ATPase• Stimulates expression of a sodium Stimulates expression of a sodium

channelchannel• facilitates uptake of sodium from the facilitates uptake of sodium from the

tubular lumentubular lumen

FunctionsFunctions

2. Effect on other than kidneys2. Effect on other than kidneys• Mineralocorticoids play a critical role Mineralocorticoids play a critical role

in regulatingin regulating• concentrations of sodium and concentrations of sodium and

potassium in extracellular fluidspotassium in extracellular fluids• Increased resorption of sodiumIncreased resorption of sodium• Increased resorption of waterIncreased resorption of water

FunctionsFunctions

• Function of sex hormonesFunction of sex hormones

A. EstrogenA. Estrogen• Physical functionsPhysical functions

• Estrogen is responsible for development of the Estrogen is responsible for development of the female body and the secondary sexual female body and the secondary sexual characterscharacters..

• Estrogens and cancerEstrogens and cancer• Estrogens help in the growth and maintenance Estrogens help in the growth and maintenance

of hormone-sensitive breast cancersof hormone-sensitive breast cancers

FunctionsFunctions

• Effects on hormonesEffects on hormones• Estrogens increase cortisol and Sex Estrogens increase cortisol and Sex

hormone binding globulin. Estrogens hormone binding globulin. Estrogens increase melanin and pheomelanin and increase melanin and pheomelanin and reduce eumreduce eumelanin.elanin.

• Estrogen and heart diseaseEstrogen and heart disease• Estrogen deficiency increases the risk Estrogen deficiency increases the risk

of heart disease. Lack of estrogen is an of heart disease. Lack of estrogen is an impetus to atherosclerosis.impetus to atherosclerosis.

FunctionsFunctions

• B. AndrogenB. Androgen• Testes formationTestes formation

• During mammalian development, the gonads During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either are at first capable of becoming either ovaries or testes. ovaries or testes.

• Androgen productionAndrogen production• The mesoderm-derived epithelial cells of the The mesoderm-derived epithelial cells of the

sex cords in developing testes become the sex cords in developing testes become the Sertoli cells, which will function to support Sertoli cells, which will function to support sperm cell formationsperm cell formation

FunctionsFunctions

• Effects specific to femalesEffects specific to females• Androgens have potential roles in Androgens have potential roles in

relaxation of the myometrium via relaxation of the myometrium via non-genomic, androgen receptor-non-genomic, androgen receptor-independent pathways, preventing independent pathways, preventing premature uterine contractions in premature uterine contractions in pregnancy.pregnancy.

RegulationRegulation

• Regulating of secretion of cortisolRegulating of secretion of cortisol• Functions of adrenocorticotropic Functions of adrenocorticotropic

hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)• Regulating of secretion of Regulating of secretion of

adrenocorticotropic hormoneadrenocorticotropic hormone• regulating of secretion of ACTH by regulating of secretion of ACTH by

hypothalamushypothalamus• regulating of feedback of glucocorticoid regulating of feedback of glucocorticoid

toward ACTHtoward ACTH


• Influence of stress toward axis of Influence of stress toward axis of hypothalamus - pitutary gland - hypothalamus - pitutary gland - adrenal cortex adrenal cortex

• Circadian cycle of secretion of Circadian cycle of secretion of cortisol cortisol


• Regulating of secretion of Regulating of secretion of aldosteronealdosterone• renin - angiotensin toward aldosteronerenin - angiotensin toward aldosterone• plasma conc of potassium toward plasma conc of potassium toward

aldosteronealdosterone• plasma concentration of sodium toward plasma concentration of sodium toward

aldosteronealdosterone• regulating of ACTH toward aldosteroneregulating of ACTH toward aldosterone• circadian cycle of secretion of aldosteronecircadian cycle of secretion of aldosterone

PathologyPathology

• Cushing’s syndromeCushing’s syndrome• arises from the repeated arises from the repeated

hypersecretion of glucocorticoidshypersecretion of glucocorticoids

• Syndrome include Syndrome include • low tissue protein levels low tissue protein levels • muscle and bone atrophy and muscle and bone atrophy and • high blood glucose levelshigh blood glucose levels

TreatmentTreatment

• Treatment for Cushing’s syndrome Treatment for Cushing’s syndrome aims to reduce the high levels of aims to reduce the high levels of cortisol circulating through the cortisol circulating through the human bodyhuman body

PathologyPathology

• Addison’s diseaseAddison’s disease• an autoimmune disorder that affects an autoimmune disorder that affects

the adrenal cortex such that it is the adrenal cortex such that it is unable to efficiently secrete unable to efficiently secrete hormoneshormones

TreatmentTreatment

• The standard treatment for The standard treatment for Addison’s disease is hormone Addison’s disease is hormone replacement therapy for the replacement therapy for the mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids that are no longer glucocorticoids that are no longer able to be synthesized.able to be synthesized.

adrenocorticol hormone

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