endocrine & hormone

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ENDOCRINE & HORMONE

Arba Pramundita R., S.Farm., Apt

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Endocrine system maintains homeostasis

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The concept that hormones acting on distant target cells to maintain the stability of the internal milieu was a major advance in physiological understanding.

The secretion of the hormone was evoked by a change in the milieu and the resulting action on the target cell restored the milieu to normal.The desired return to the status quo results in the maintenance of homeostasis

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DEFINISI


SISTEM ENDOKRIN SISTEM KELENJAR YANG MELIBATKAN

PELEPASAN MOLEKULER YANG MEMBERIKAN SINYAL EKSTRASELULER~HORMON

INSTRUMEN UNTUK MENGATUR METABOLISME, PERTUMBUHAN, PUBERTAS, FUNGSI JARINGAN, DAN BERPERAN DALAM ‘MOOD’

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Hormone Greek’to set in motion’ A substance that is secreted by one cell and

travel through the circulation, where it exerts action on other cell

Sensing and signaling

Endocrine “glands” synthesize and store hormones. These glands have a sensing and signaling system which regulate the duration and magnitude of hormone release via feedback from the target cell.


Endocrine vs. Nervous System

Major communication systems in the bodyIntegrate stimuli and responses to

changes in external and internal environment

Both are crucial to coordinated functions of highly differentiated cells, tissues and organs

Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system is anatomically discontinuous

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Nervous system has evolved to release regulatory substances from nerve terminals that act across synaptic junction on adjacent cell ~ neurotransmitters

Act along the axone.g. Acetylcholine, encephalin, dopamine


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Principal functions of the endocrine system


Maintenance of the internal environment in the body (maintaining the optimum biochemical environment).

Integration and regulation of growth and development.

Control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal growth and development and nourishment of the newborn.

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Types of cell-to-cell signaling


Classic endocrine hormones travel via bloodstream to target cells; neurohormones are released via synapses and travel via the bloostream; paracrine hormones act on adjacent cells and autocrine hormones are released and act on the cell that secreted them. Also, intracrine hormones act within the cell that produces them.


A cell is a target because is has a specific receptor for the hormone

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Receptor is a molecule to which the hormone binds to elicit its action

Functions: Must be able to distinguish the hormone

from all the other chemicals present in the circulation and bind it

Must be capable binding with great affinity & not bind extraneous substance



Regulation of hormone secretion

Sensing and signaling: a biological need is sensed, the endocrine system sends out a signal to a target cell whose action addresses the biological need. Key features of this stimulus response system are:· receipt of stimulus

· synthesis and secretion of hormone

· delivery of hormone to target cell

· evoking target cell response

· degradation of hormone


Feedback control

Negative feedback is most common: for example, LH from pituitary stimulates the testis to produce testosterone which in turn feeds back and inhibits LH secretion

Positive feedback is less common: examples include LH stimulation of estrogen which stimulates LH surge at ovulation


Regulation of hormone release

1. hormone-hormone

2. substrate-hormone

3. mineral-hormone


Substrate-hormone control

glucose and insulin: as glucose increases it stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin


Neural control

Neural input to hypothalamus stimulates synthesis and secretion of releasing factors which stimulate pituitary hormone production and release


Chronotropic control

Endogenous neuronal rhythmicityDiurnal rhythms, circadian rhythms

(growth hormone and cortisol), Sleep-wake cycle; seasonal rhythm


Circadian (chronotropic) control


Inputs to endocrine cells


MACAM KELENJAR ENDOKRIN DAN HORMON-NYA

KELENJAR HORMONHIPOTALAMUS GnRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH, ADH, PRH

HIPOFISIS ANTERIOR FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, MSH, PRL, GH

HIPOFISIS POSTERIOR OKSITOSIN, VASOPRESIN

TIROID T3, T4, KALSITONIN

PARATIROID PARATIROID

ADRENAL KORTISOL, ALDOSTERON, ANDROGEN, EPINEFRIN, DOPAMIN, ENKEFALIN

ADIPOSA LEPTIN, ESTROGEN

LAMBUNG GASTRIN, GHRELIN, HISTAMIN, ENDOTHELIN, NEUROPEPTID Y

DUODENUM SEKRETIN, KOLESISTOKININ


Water solublee.g. catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and peptide/protein hormones

Classes of hormone

Lipid solublethyroid hormone, steroid hormones and Vitamin D3


Hypothalamus

main releasing controller of pituitary secretions production of hormones of posterior pituitary many other control centers here - ANS, hunger,

thirst, temperature, biological clock

General name releasing or inhibiting hormone or factor


Hypothalamus

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)Gonadotropin “ “ (GnRH)Corticotropin “ “ (CRH)Growth hormone “ “ (GHRH)Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

(GHIH=somatostatin)Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH=dopamine)Prolactin - releasing hormone (PRH)


Anterior pituitary

Control of endocrine glands:Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Secretion of thyroid hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Secretion of glucocorticoids, androgens and

mineralocorticoids to a lesser extentFollicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

follicle growth, estrogen secretion stimulates sperm production

Lutenizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation and estrogen and progesterone

production promotes testosterone production

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Storage and release of hypothalamic hormones

Oxytocin (OT) Uterine contractions and milk ejection

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production of concentrated low volume urine


Posterior Pituitary


Pineal

Circadian rhythmsSerotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine,

histamine MAIN melatonin


Thyroid

Metabolic rate and Ca++ and PO4-3 balance

Role in growth and development Thyroid T3 & T4

calcitonin


Parathyroid

Ca++ and PO4-3 balance parathyroid hormone

Thymus

Immune function thymic hormones

Growth Hormone

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary gland

+ GHRH

Somatostatin -

GH

Liver

Cartilage and bone growthMuscle and

other organs:-Protein

synthesis and growth

Adipose Tissue -lipolysis

- release of FFAsMost Tissues

glucose utilization- blood glucose

IGF-1

Somatomedin

GH levels and effects are most pronounced during

puberty

Adrenals

Stress response cortex - mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids

and gonadocorticoids medulla - which is of course part of the

sympathetic NS but acts in an endocrine function to prolong the sympathetic response

Adrenal hormoneAdrenal Medulla

Situated directly atop each kidney and stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

Secretes the catecholamines• Epinephrine: elicits a fight or flight response

– Increase H.R. and B.P.– Increase respiration– Increase metabolic rate– Increase glycogenolysis– Vasodilation

• Norepinephrine– House keeping system

Adrenal Cortex

Secretes over 30 different steroid hormones (corticosteroids) Mineralocorticoids

• Aldosterone: maintains electrolyte balance

Glucocorticoids• Cortisol:

– Mobilization of free fatty acids– Glucose sparing

Gonadocorticoids• testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

Adrenal glucocorticoids

• No effect on growth in normal amounts• Cortisol, corticosterone levels during

stress and / or disease to help adapt• Decreases blood glucose uptake into tissues

Antagonizes insulin

• Increases breakdown from tissues• Liver - gluconeogenesis

• Increases glucose substrates• Enhances fat breakdown • Very CATABOLIC (breaks down everything –

including bone)

• Anti-inflammatory agent

Pancreas

Glucose metabolism energy accessibility insulin (beta cells) glucagon (alpha cells) somatostatin or GHIH (delta cells) amylin (beta cells)

Gonads

Reproductive function Female estrogens and progesterone Males testosterone

Other organs which produce hormonesGI tractStomach - gastrin and serotonin in stomach release of HCl and contractionDuodenum - secretin and cholecyctokinin in pancreas release of bicarbonate and enzymes

Kidney- erythropoetin

production of RBCs in bone marrow

Skin- cholecalciferol

from vitamin D activated in the kidneys to calcitirol promotes Ca++ absorption

Heart - atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF)

in kidneys inhibits Na+ reabsoption and renin release and inhibits secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex

Placenta- a bunch of hormones including progesterone and estrogen , human chorionic gonadotropin and others

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endocrine & hormone

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internal environment

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growth hormone

hormone release

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