adrenal disease—selected topics · a 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass...

28
Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics Kaushik Mukherjee MD Faculty Advisor: James Broome MD

Upload: others

Post on 31-May-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Adrenal Disease—Selected  Topics

Kaushik Mukherjee MD

Faculty Advisor: James Broome MD

Page 2: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal  mass discovered incidentally during an 

abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain.  She  has been healthy since undergoing 

lumpectomy for stage I breast cancer 7 years  previously.

Page 3: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

The next step should be…

 Mea

sure

men

t of..

. M

easu

rem

ent o

f...

 CT‐gu

ided

 FNA

 Det

erm

inat

ion .

.. O

pera

tive e

xci...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

1.

Measurement of  urinary free cortisol

2.

Measurement of 24‐ hour urinary 

metanephrines

3.

CT‐guided FNA

4.

Determination of  plasma aldosterone 

concentration to  plasma renin activity 

ratio

5.

Operative excision

Page 4: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Adrenal Incidentaloma

1‐5% of patients undergoing CT for other  reasons

Most are asymptomatic 

Page 5: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Adrenal IncidentalomaBilateral or 

Unilateral?

BilateralUnilat

eral

Functional?Yes

No

Adenoma 

(cortisol)

Pheo

Aldosterone(Conn’s)

Cortical Adenoma (60%)Adrenocortical carcinoma

MetastasesCysts

Lipomas

Adrenal cortical 

hyperplasia

Bilateral Pheo 

(10% of all pheo)

Metastatic 

lesions

Lymphoma

Myelolipoma

TB

Page 6: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Management of Incidentalomas

Incidentaloma 

discovered Lab studies

Imaging 

Review

How big?How bright?How uniform?

MRI??

PlasmaOR

Urine metanephrines

Dexamethasone 

suppression test

Plasma aldosterone and 

rennin

FunctionalFour‐Five cmIrregular

None of those

Re‐image at 4 and 12 

months

Repeat labs at 12 

months

Taking new patients…

Page 7: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Imaging CharacteristicsHou

nsfeld units

Cortical adenomas < 10(high lipid content)

ACCA > 18(more water content)

CTMRI + Gadolinium

Adenomas dim on T2W imaging;Pheos and mets are bright

Chemical‐shift imaging‐Adenomas lose intensity on opposed‐phase images

‐Pheo or carcinoma do NOT show loss of intensity

H2O Lipid

In phase

H2O Lipid

Out of phase

Page 8: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Characteristics of adrenocortical carcinoma  include all of the following EXCEPT

Page 9: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

All of the following EXCEPT

 Size

 > 6 c

m in

... Es

troge

n pr

odu.

.. Ir

regu

lar sh

ap...

 Bioc

hem

ically

 ...

 Rare

ly bi

later

...

20% 20% 20%20%20%1.

Size > 6 cm in diameter

2.

Estrogen production in 

30% cases

3.

Irregular shape/margin on 

CT

4.

Biochemically active in 2/3 

of cases

5.

Rarely bilateral

Page 10: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Adrenocortical carcinoma 

Rare: incidence of 0.5‐

2/million adults•

Bimodal age distribution–

1st

5 years–

4th‐5th

decades•

Present late (12‐15 cm)–

Abdominal/back pain–

60% hyperfunctioning•

30% cortisol•

20% androgen•

Estrogen/aldosterone rare

Labs–

Test for hypercortisolism–

Test for adrenal androgens 

(DHEA, testosterone)

Management–

Resection only chance for 

cure

No laparoscopic surgery–

Mitotane chemotherapy•

Toxic to adrenal cortex•

Other drugs being studied–

Radiation usually not 

effective, only palliative

Can consider RFA

Page 11: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Adrenocortical Carcinoma Staging

Stage Description

I T1 (≤

5 cm) N0 M0

II T2 (>5cm) N0 M0

III T3 (locally invasive) N0 M0T1‐T2 N1 M0

IV T4 (invades adjacent organs) N0‐1 M0Any T, Any N, M1

5‐year survival 32‐48% with complete resection.CT/MRI/PET needed to identify or rule out 

distant mets.  

Page 12: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Genetic Signature for ACCA

Page 13: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Survival Curves for ACCA

Page 14: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Cushing’s Syndrome

Symptoms Signs

Weight gain Obesity (central)

Florid complexion Moon facies

Menstrual 

abnormalities, 

decreased libido

Abnormal fat 

distribution

Spontaneous 

bruising

TelangiectasiasSkin striae

Muscle 

weakness/fatigue

Osteopenia/Osteoporosis

Mood swingsDepressionInsomnia

Hirsutism

Page 15: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Workup of Cushing’s Syndrome24 hr urinary free cortisol

Overnight dexamethasone 

suppression test

1‐3mg dex given PO at 2300, 

measure plasma cortisol at 0800

Normal < 1.8 ug/dLCushing > 10 ugdL

N

o

r

m

a

l

No Cushing’s 

Syndrome

Abnormal Plasma ACTH

Low (<5 pg/m

L)

CT Abdomen 

(look for 

adrenal mass)

High or upper‐

normal ACTH

Look for 

pituitary Cushing syndrome 

ectopic ACTH‐secreting tumor

Page 16: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

High/Upper Normal ACTH on High Dose  Dexamethasone Suppression Test

High‐dose dexamethasone 

suppression test

2x6mg or 1x8mg dose, 

measure cortisol before, 

during, and after

Cushing’s 

disease 

(pituitary mass)

Suppressed  

plasma/urinary 

cortisol (<50% 

basal level)

Ectopic ACTH‐producing 

tumor

Small cell lung CA 50%Thymic tumors

CarcinoidMTC

Cortisol levels unchanged

70‐80% diagnostic accuracyCan correlate with CRH stimulation test

Alternatives:Pituitary MRI, petrosal sinus sampling

Page 17: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Which of the following statements about the  surgical management of primary sporadic 

pheochromocytoma is TRUE?

Page 18: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Which is TRUE?

 Preo

pera

tive p

... Pr

eope

rativ

e M...

 Preo

pera

tive M

... La

paro

scop

ic o..

. M

ost p

atien

ts ...

20% 20% 20%20%20%1.

Preoperative 

phenoxybenzamine is not 

needed

2.

Preoperative MIBG scan often 

identifies extra‐adrenal disease

3.

Preoperative MIBG scan reduces 

postop complications

4.

Laparoscopic operation is 

associated with more 

intraoperative hypotension

5.

Most patients require beta 

blockade, followed by alpha 

blockade

Page 19: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Pheochromocytoma

Arise from chromafin tissue

85‐90% in adrenal gland

Extra‐adrenal pheos 

cannot secrete 

epinephrine 

Peak incidence 4th‐5th

decades 

of life

“10% rule”

10% bilateral

10% extra‐adrenal

10% malignant

Paroxysmal hypertension–

Chest pounding–

tachycardia –

Headache–

Anxiety–

Fever–

Flushing–

Sweating–

Impending sense of doom•

Hypertensive Crises–

Severe headaches–

Diaphoresis–

Visual changes–

MI/CHF–

Stroke

DO NOT BIOPSY AN ADRENAL MASS WITHOUT SENDING PLASMA OR URINE METANEPHRINES

Page 20: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Workup for Pheo

Labs–

Plasma•

Fractionated metanephrines•

Very sensitive (but will have 

some false +)

Urine•

VMA test least specific, 

affected by Starbucks, no one 

really uses it…

Urine metanephrine analysis 

has fewer false positives

Imaging (If biochemically 

positive)

CT–

Bright on T2W MRI

MIBG•

Used for–

Metastatic disease–

Extra‐adrenal tumors–

Other imaging inconclusive•

Sens: 77‐87%•

Spec: 96‐100%•

Good for following patients 

with malignant pheos

Page 21: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Pheo Syndromes

MEN 2A

Pheo (30‐50%)Medullary thyroid 

carcinoma

Parathyroid tumors

MEN 2B

Pheo (30‐50%)Medullary thyroid 

carcinoma

Mucosal neuromas

Ret(en) oncogene (Chr 10)

VHL (3 letters, chromosome 3)

Pheo (14%)*Bilateral renal tumors/cysts

Cerebellar/spinal hemangioblastomasRetinal angiomas

Pancreatic cysts/tumorsEpididymal cystadenomasInner ear canal tumors

Others

Neurofibromatosis (Chr 17, same as # of 

letters in the word)

Familial paraganglioma and extra‐

adrenal pheochromocytoma

(Succinate Dehydrogenase gene)

*NEJM 1993(329):1531‐1538.

Page 22: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

A 37 year old hypertensive man has a left‐ sided 3.4 cm adrenal mass.  Initial studies  including a 24 hour urine collection for free 

catecholamine and catecholamine  metabolites, an overnight 1 mg 

dexamethasone suppression test, serum  electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine have all  been within normal limits.

Page 23: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

The next diagnostic study should be

 High

‐dos

e dex

a...

 Plas

ma c

atec

ho...

 Plas

ma a

ldoste

...

 PET

 MRI

20% 20% 20%20%20%1.

High‐dose  dexamethasone 

suppression test

2.

Plasma catecholamine  determination

3.

Plasma aldosterone  concentration to 

plasma renin activity  ratio

4.

PET

5.

MRI

Page 24: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s  Syndrome)

8‐12% of hypertensive patients•

Consider in–

Early onset

Refractory–

Hypertension with hypokalemia (60% normokalemic)

Pathophysiology–

Increased aldosterone secretion from adrenals

Increased Na retention, expanded intravascular volume–

Suppression of renin secretion

Na+/K+ exchange in distal tubule  K+ depletion, alkalosis–

Countermovement of H+ ions makes alkalosis worse

Significant K+ depletion can also present with mild glucose 

intolerance

Page 25: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Pathophysiology of Conn’s Syndrome

Na+/K+ ATPase

Urine stream

Na+H+ K+

Page 26: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Breakdown

30‐50% Aldosteronoma

Remainder with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia  (MEDICAL THERAPY)

Dietary Na+ restriction

K+ supplementation

Spironolactone

Eplerenone (less androgen binding)

Familial subtypes also present but rare

Page 27: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Workup for Primary Hyperaldosteronism

PAC/PRA ratio >25‐30PAC > 15 ng/dL

PRA < 0.2‐0.5 ng/mL/hr

Salt loading(high‐salt diet 3 days, 

correct K+, collect 24 

hour urine on day 3)

>12 ug/24 hr

OR

IV salt loadingPAC > 10 ng/dL

MicroadenomaNormal adrenals

>40‐50

Adrenal vein 

samplingLook for 

cortisol > 4x 

on one side

<40‐50 

with > 

1cm ade

noma

Page 28: Adrenal Disease—Selected Topics · A 50‐year‐old woman has a 3‐cm right adrenal mass discovered incidentally during an abdominal CT scan for epigastric pain. She has been

Summary

Understanding pathophysiology will help with  understanding the diagnostic pathway

Understanding the diagnostic pathway will  help you understand the workup

Dr. Broome likes to do laparoscopic  adrenalectomies