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B. Nettier, L. Dobremez, S. Lavorel, G. Brunschwig
Zaragoza FAO 14 -16 june 2016
Adopting a resilience lens to analyze adaptation to climate change on summer mountain
pastures
2
Consequences of Climate Change in the Alps for
agropastoral farming systems: Short-term and long-
term issues
• Short-term: Dealing with the recruiting of climatic hazards
Exercise and improve flexibility of the systems
• Long-term: Preparing the systems to an important evolution of
environment (climate, ecosystems, socio-economic context),
widely uncertain
Manage dynamic
Average
1960-2012
3
Climate change on alpine pastures
• Alpine pastures, summer mountain pastures…
• A diversity of configuration and vegetation, and livestock faming
system
• Important environmental issues / Deteriorations hardly reversible
• Alpine pastures: inadequate models and tools of analysis
• A static vision
• A limited view of their flexibility
• No consideration for interactions between alpine pastures and farms
important levers can be activated at these interactions
4
Socio-ecological resilience : an interesting
concept to mobilize for adaptation to climate
change on alpine pasture?
• Definition in adequacy with the problem:
• Capacity of a system to preserve its structure and functions
despite perturbations
• = Capacity of alpine pastures to feed herds during summer
• Concept underlining strong links between ecological
and social functioning of the system
• A dynamic vision of the system
• Existing descriptions of features conferring resilience
to socio-ecological systems
5
Building a new grid to analyze the resilience of
alpine Pastures: Methodology FROM WALKER ET SALT, 2012
Understanding the functioning of
system: building a conceptual model of
alpine pasture
Iterative process involving local stakeholders
“experts”
Bibliography: features conferring
resilience to socio-ecological systems,
and to farming systems:
Reserves, diversity, openness, detection and
reaction capacities, modularity, redundancy
• Building an analysis
grid of the resilience of
alpine pasture
• No quantitative
evaluation
• A qualitative analysis of
what confers or not
resilience to the system
(operational goal)
7
Results: analysis grid: main elements
Management Herds Resources
Day
Pastoral
season
Season
Year
Long-
term
Reserves
and
diversity
of
vegetation
at different
scales
Detection
and
reaction:
Monitoring
of alpine
pasture,
adaptive
manage-
ment
Redundancy:
farmers’
replaceabilitiy
(governance,
work)
Reserves
: animals’
rusticity
and body
condition
Diversity:
herd
capacities to
mobilize
different
resources
Diversity:
animal
needs
Evolution if these parameters: collective of farms, animal selection, pasture
configuration ,vegetation quality…
Modularity
8
Results: analysis grid: main elements
Management Herds Resources
Day
Pastoral
season
Season
Year
Long-
term
Reserves
and
diversity
of
vegetation
at different
scales
Detection
and
reaction:
Monitoring
of alpine
pasture,
adaptive
manage-
ment
Redundancy:
farmers’
replaceabilitiy
(governance,
work)
Reserves
: animals’
rusticity
and body
condition
Diversity:
herd
capacities to
mobilize
different
resources
Diversity:
animal
needs
Evolution if these parameters: collective of farms, animal selection, pasture
configuration ,vegetation quality…
Modularity
9
Resource diversity
Scale of management diversity to mobilise
Day and grazing route
Functional diversity:
adaptation to a diversity of
situation (weather…)
Pastoral season and range
allotment
Response diversity: having
resource whatever the
climatic hazards
Season and alpine pasture
Diversity of pedo-climatic
conditions: diversity of
phenology and climatic
influence
Year and alpine pasture-
farm(s) system
Diversity of forage system
(spatial distance, vegetation
and the way it is mobilized)
10
Discussion and conclusion
• A new regard on alpine pastures
• A more precise view on features conferring resilience to alpine pastures
• Biodiversity preservation usually seen as a constraint in pastoral management
Functional and response diversity can be seen as a tool for resilience
• Importance of considering articulation
• between alpine pasture and farms, and governance of the whole alpine
pasture-farms system
• between short and long-term
• between management and ecological functioning of the system
• Resilience as a tool ?
• A promising test of “resilience practicing”
• Socio-ecological system defined from a management point of view, not from the
ecological functioning point of view : more operational approach…
• … Still to be confronted to technical advisors’ and farmers’ points of view !
13
Resource : comparison of two individual sheep
alpine pastures
Dar Crou
Dry plateau (1300 m a.s.l.):
- Open grassland (mix of bad and good
forage quality)
- Flexible undergrowth grass
Crest (1900 m a.s.l.): no water
North side slope (1500-2500 m a.s.l.):
- Flexible undergrowth grass
- Productive grass in glades
- Alpine storey
Forestry: constraints
15
Dar Crou
Day and grazing
route
Functional diversity: open/woody areas, rich/fibrous grass,
appetible/unappetible vegetation
Equilibrate ration, adjustment to weather conditions
“Pastoral” season
and range allotment
Response diversity: drought
sensitivity
Response diversity: phenology
Season and alpine
pasture
Diversity of pedo-climatic
conditions: Functional diversity
(flexibility)
Diversity of pedo-climatic
conditions: altitudinal layering
Year and alpine
pasture-farm(s)
system
Great diversity of resources, annual
adjustments
Limited capacity to adjust date and
number on alpine pastures
Long-term Decrease of resource on alpine
pasture (degradations + predation
exposure) : delay in the climbing
date
Equipment to improve use of
existing resource
Grazing management taking care
of preservation of functional
diversity
Grazing pressure
- adapted for renewal of resource
in open areas
- Insufficient undergrowth –
resource quality maintained by
forestry
16
Resource diversity: comparison of 2 individual
sheep alpine pasture
Dar Crou
• Multiple constraints and no altitudinal
layering : resilience permitted by the
mobilization of the diversity of
vegetation through a complex
management at every spatiotemporal
scales
• Resilience permitted by altitudinal
layering, surplus of flexible resource
undergrowth (not so easy to mobilize)
• Forestry ensures the renewal of
vegetation on long term
• No adjustment needed at alpine
pasture-farm scale
17
Management of alpine pasture-farms system: comparison
of two collective sheep alpine pastures very constrained
Sur Pon
• Local farmers, salaried shepherd
• Management:
- Farmers : no clear vision of the
resource on alpine pasture
- No rules for adjustment in dates or
sheep number on alpine pasture
Limited capacities of detection and
reaction at interaction between farms
and alpine pasture
• Transhumant farmers, that take turns
for shepherding
• Management:
Good knowledge of resources on
alpine pasture, and important capacities
to adjust at interaction between farms
and alpine pasture
18 Sur Pon
Adjustments mainly by shepherd on
alpine pasture
Climatic hazards hard to manage for
shepherd and local “overgrazing”
Risks of resource degradation and
loss of resilience on long term
Progressive adjustments in response to
a lack of reserves and diversity in
pastoral resources
delay in the climbing date
grazing of new areas before and after
alpine pasture
Adjustments between farms all year
round
Management more favorable to
resilience