adjusting accounts & preparing financial statements chapter 3
TRANSCRIPT
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Adjusting Accounts & Preparing Financial Statements
Chapter 3
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Accounting period
Time principle period– Specific time periods for accounting
activities– Fiscal year
• Consisting of any 12 months period other than ending on December 31
– Natural year• Ends December 31
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Accounting basis
Accrual basis– Uses the adjusting process to recognize
revenues when earned and to match expenses with revenues
Cash Basis– Recognized revenues when cash is
received and records expenses when cash is paid
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Revenue Recognition
Matching principle– Aims to record
expenses in the same accounting period as the revenues that are earned as a result of these expenses
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Adjustments
Adjusting entries– To correct for transactions and events that
extend over more than one period• Deferred – wait till cash is paid• Accrual –
– Rule• Debit the expense• Credit the asset or liabilities• For the amount used up
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Prepaid insurance
Suppose that we purchase $2,400 for insurance for one year on May 1. Record the adjustments on December 31.
$2,400/12 = $200 x 8months = $1,600 Insurance expense 1600 Prepaid insurance1600
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Supplies
Suppose that supplies account has a balance of $4,000 and inventory shows $1,000. Record the supplies used up.
Balance 4,000 Inventory1,000 Used up 3,000
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Supplies
Supplies expense 3,000 Supplies 3,000
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Depreciation
Plant assets/Fixed Assets– Assets which are tanigble and long lived– Building and machinery
Depreciation– The reduction in value of an asset due to
its use
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Depreciation
Depreciation expense– Annual reduction in value of asset
Accumulated depreciation– Contra asset– Increases with a credit– Total reduction in value of an asset
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Unearned revenues
Refers to cash received in advance of services provided
Suppose that unearned revneue has a balance of $7,000 but records shows only $3,000 is unearned
Balance $7,000 Should be 3,000 Earned 4,000
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Unearned Revenues
Unearned revenues– A liability– If we do not complete the work then we are
liable to refund the monies.– Once the work is completed then the
liability does not exist Unearned revenues 4,000 Fees earned 4000
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Accrued expenses
Refers to costs that are incurred in a period that are unpaid and unrecorded
Accrued salaries– Salaries owed at the end of the period to
be made next period– Suppose year ends on Wed, do we pay on
Wed or wait until Friday
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Salaries
Suppose salaries at year end is $400
Salaries expense 400 Salaries payable 400
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Accrued revenues
Refers to revenues earned in a period that are both unrecorded and not yet received in cash
Unrecorded accounts receivable
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Trial Balance
Unadjusted trial balance– is a list of account balances before
adjustments– Used to make adjusting entries
Adjusted trial balance– Used to prepare financial statements
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Financial Statements
Four basic financial statements– Income statement– Statement of Retained Earnings– Balance Sheet– Statement of Cash flows
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Income Statement
•Results of operations for a business•Shows revenues minus expenses
Rob CoIncome StatementFor period ending 12/31/04
Revenues
Sales $75,000
Expense
Salaries exp $25,000
Rent exp $10,000
Total exp 35,000
Net income $40,000
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Statement of Retained Earnings
Changes in net worth and equity
Rob Co
Statement of Retained Earnings
For period ending 12/31/04
Beginning Retained Earnings $60,000+Net income 40,000 100,000-Dividends 20,000Ending Retained Earnings $80,000
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Balance sheetRob Co
Balance SheetDecember 3, 2004
Assets
Cash $45,000
Truck 75,000
Total Assets $120,000
Liabilities
Accts pay $10,000
Total liab. $10,000
Stockholder’s Equity
Common Stock $30,000
Retained Earnings $80,000
Total S.E. $110,000
Total S.E. & Liabilities $120,000
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Statement of Cash Flows
Inflows and outflow of cash from– Operations– Investments– Financing
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Accounting Cycle
Record entries in the journal Post to ledger Prepare unadjusted Trial Balance Record and post adjusting entries Prepare adjusted trial balance Prepare financial statementsRecord and post closing entries
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Closing Entries
Temporary accounts– Accumulate data related to one accounting
period• Revenue• Expense• Dividends• Income summary
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Close revenues
Revenues DR– Income summary Cr
Debit whatever revenue accounts you have on the trial balance for their ending balance and the total is credited to income summary
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Close Expenses
Income summary DR Expenses CR
Credit each expense account separately for the amount of the balance in the account and debit income summary for the total
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Close Income Summary
Income Summary DR Retained earnings CR
Income Summary
Debit Credit
Total expenses Total revenues
Net income
For the balance in the income summary account
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Close Dividends
Dividends reduce the equity of the business and the amount retained in the business
Retained earnings DR Dividends CR For the amount of the balance in the
dividend account
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Transactions
Fees earned $50,000 Rent expense 10,000 Supplies expense 5,000 Dividends 2,000 Retained earnings $30,000 Record the closing entries
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Close revenues
Fees earned 50,000 Income summary 50,000
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Close Expenses
Income Summary $15,000 Rent expense $10,000 Supplies expense 5,000
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Close Income Summary
Income Summary $35,000 Retained earnings $35,000
Income Summary
DR CR
$15,000 $50,000
$35,000 net income
RevenuesExpenses
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Close Dividends
Retained earnings $2,000 Dividends $2,000
Retained Earnings
DR
$2,000Dividends
CR$30,000 Balance $35,000 net income
$63,000 ending balance
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Classification of Accounts
Current assets– Expected to be
collected in less than one year
– Cash– Accounts receivable– Supplies– Inventory
Plant Asset– Long lived tangible
assets– Factory building– Machinery and
equipment