Adipose Tissue IIIEDDIE SMITH LEAH WAGNER

LEAH SANDERS JONATHAN GRIMWOOD

FWS

Importance of Adipose Tissue

Mechanical cushioning Provides insulation Source for energy Vitamin carrier and hunger suppressor

Importance of Adipose Tissue

Mechanical Cushioning: Surrounds and protects internal organs from

damage Up to 4% of body’s fat is used to protect from

damage

http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html#distrib

Importance of Adipose Tissue

Heat Insulation: Subcutaneous fat is an important heat insulator Only conducts 1/3 of heat that other tissues would

conduct Degree of insulation is based on thickness of layers Too much body fat interferes with temperature

regulation Slows release of heat from body during heat stress

http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html#distrib

Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance 7th ed. 2010

Importance of Adipose Tissue

Source for energy Provides 80-90% of energy requirements of nourished person at rest

Provides buffer when energy intake is greater than output

Excess calories are stored as fat

Efficient due to hydrophobic property of fat, store less water

9/kcal per gram

Used as a fuel source instead of protein

Provides energy for high intensity and endurance athletes

Primary fuel source for low intensity long duration exercises

For high intensity athletes, fat must be present to fully release energy from carbohydrates

http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html#distrib

Importance of Adipose Tissue

Stores the fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) Linolenic and Linoleic Acids (Essential fatty acids)

Used for brain development, controlling inflammation, and blood clotting

Keeps hair and skin healthy

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000104.htm

Importance of Adipose Tissue

Cholesterol: Plays important part in cell membrane

Helps prevent unwanted molecules out

Hydrophobic property helps keep intracellular and extracellular water in place

Needed to transport fat in blood stream (In all lipoproteins)

Used to form Vitamin D

Precursor for bile acids Bile acids aid in digestion of fat

Used to make steroid hormones Sex hormones and cortisol regulates metabolism

http://www.med.upenn.edu/biocbiop/faculty/vanderkooi/chap7-9.pdf

Importance of Adipose Tissue

Suppresses hunger: Leptin Made by fat cells Thin people have less Leptin circulating than

heavier people Obese people have likely built up a resistance to

the hormone

http://www.webmd.com/diet/your-hunger-hormones

Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue

Distribution changes with age Adipose tissue mass increases through middle-age

and declines with older age Increasing age is associated with intra-abdominal

adipose deposition in men and women Subcutaneous fat is redistributed from beneath the

skin to visceral deposits within the abdomen Older men and women have a smaller percentage

of fat consumed stored in subcutaneous fat than younger men and women

Fat tissue, aging, and cellular senescence. 2010

Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue

Menopause can increase abdominal storage Ratio of Subcutaneous fat to intra-abdominal fat

higher in women than men Abdominal circumference in middle age women

increases by 2.36cm every year Onset of menopause accelerates fat accumulation Body weight increase in women with age more

likely to be stored in intra-abdominal area instead of gluteo-femoral area

http://www.myhealthywaist.org/the-concept-of-cmr/intra-abdominal-adipose-tissue-the-culprit/causes-and-correlates-of-intra-abdominal-obesity/influence-of-age/page/2/index.html#EbookPage

http://www.myhealthywaist.org/documentation-centre/index.html?no_cache=1&tx_stdoccenter_pi1%5Buid%5D=32&tx_stdoccenter_pi1%5Bmod_type%5D=5

Seven year changes in BMI, waist circumference, and intra-abdominal adipose tissue in pre-menopausal women

http://www.myhealthywaist.org/the-concept-of-cmr/intra-abdominal-adipose-tissue-the-culprit/causes-and-correlates-of-intra-abdominal-obesity/influence-of-age/page/4/index.html#EbookPage

Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue

Humans are born relatively fat

Adiposity rebound (AR): Fat declines around 8-12 months, increases again into adulthood

Children with early AR are more likely to become obese during adulthood

4 and under, BMI 20+ more likely to develop a metabolic syndrome

AR at 6+ more likely to be leaner

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/101/3/e5.full

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/133/1/e114.full.pdf+html

https://www.scienceopen.com/document/vid/5e7df7f5-7f21-46f3-85a4-b1d0215b9974

Adiposity Rebound Chart

Impact of Aging and Maturation on Adipose Tissue

2 main phases of hyperplastic growth of adipocytes Adipocytes fill up with lipids

Precursor cells stimulated to differentiate creating more adipocytes

Third trimester of pregnancy and during adolescence

Can also occur during adulthood Once created, adipocytes do not go away

They can shrink as amount of lipids decrease, but adipocytes do not

http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html

Increasing and Decreasing Adipose Tissue

Increasing:

When caloric intake in more than output, excess calories stored as fat

Overweight/obese people shown to eat more foods with higher fat content than lean people

Can occur with excess carbs or protein being stored as fat

Avoiding exercise will decrease caloric output

Genes have also been shown to influence body size and fat distribution

Environmental factors play much larger role than geneticshttp://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/genes-and-obesity/http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/adipose/adipose.html#distrib

Increasing and Decreasing Adipose Tissue

Decreasing:

Creating caloric deficit via caloric restriction

Exercise helps reduce intra-abdominal fat while maintaining skeletal muscle

Losing 5-10% of initial body weight can reduce intra-abdominal fat by 10-30%

Caloric restriction and exercise is more effective than just reducing calories

Healthy diet and regular exercise can help counter gene-related obesity risk

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/genes-and-obesity/

http://www.myhealthywaist.org/managing-cmr/effects-of-weight-loss-on-adipose-tissue-distribution/