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Adi Parva

Bharata, the son of Sakuntala, after

her love marriage with

Dushmanta.[3]Their courtship and love

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Adi Parva(or the Book of the Beginning) is the first of eighteen books of theMahabharata.[1]Adi

() is a Sanskritword that means first.[2]

Adi Parva has 19 sub-books and 236 adhyayas (chapters).[3]The critical editionof Adi Parva has 19 sub-

books and 225 chapters.[4]

Adi Parva describes how the epic came to be recited by Ugrasrava Sautito the assembledrishisat

the Naimisha Forestafter first having been narrated at thesarpasatraof Janamejayaby Vaishampayana

at Taxila. It includes an outline of contents from the eighteen books, along with the book's significance. The

history of the Bhratasand the Bhrigusare described. The main part of the work covers the birth and early

life of the princesof the Kuru Kingdomand the persecution ofthePandavasby Dhritarashtra.

Contents [hide]

1 Structure and chapters

2 English translations

3 Controversies

4 Quotations and teachings

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

Structure and chapters [edit]

The Adi Parva consistsof 19 upa-parvas or sub-books (also

referred to as little books[5]). Each sub-book is also called aparva,

and is further subdivided into chapters, for a total of 236 chapters

in Adi Parva. The names of 19 sub-books of Adi Parva, along with a

brief of each sub-book:[1][3][6]

1. Anukramanika Parva

Sauti meets Rishis in a forest. They express a desire to

hearMahabharata. The parva describes the significance

of Mahabharata, claims comprehensive synthesis of all

human knowledge, and why it must be studied.

2. Sangraha Parva

Outline of contents of 18 books ofMahabharata.

3. Paushya Parva

Stories about Janamejaya, Aruni, Upamanyu, Utanka,

Paushya and sage Dhaumya.
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affair is described in Adi Parva's

chapters in Sambhava Upa-Parva; as

is the story of birth and childhood of

Bharata. Above painting by Raja Ravi

Varma.

4. Pauloma Parva

History of Bhargava race of men and Ruru. Story of Pauloma

and Chyavana.

5. Astika Parva

Mahabharata ' s version of churning of ocean to create the

world. Theories on dharma, bondage and release. Story about snakes, Janamejya's vow to kill all

snakes, step to annihilate them with a sacrificial fire, decision to applyAhimsa(non-violence) to

snakes and all life forms. Story of birth of Astika.

6. Adivansavatarana Parva

History of Pandava and Kuru princes. Story of Satyavati, Karna, Vasudeva and Animandavya.

Appeal to Brahma that gods should reincarnate to save the chaos that earth has become.

7. Sambhava Parva

Theory of life on earth and gods. Story of Drona, Krona and other sages. The romance of

Dushyanta and Sakuntala, their love marriage, birth of Bharata. Sakuntala goes to Dushyanta with

the boy, he first refuses to remember her and their marriage, later apologizes and accepts. Bharata

becomes prince. Stories of Devyani, Puru, Yadu and the Paurava race of men. The Pandava

brothers retreat into the forest, their persecution by Dhritarastra. The story about

the Swayamvaraof Kunti. Marriage of Madri, Vidura. Attempts to reconcile the conflict between

Kauravas and Pandavas.

8. Jatugriha-daha Parva[1]

Kanika's counsel to Dhritarastra on how to rule a kingdom, how deception is an effective tool for

governance and war, against enemies and potential competition; Kanika's symbolic tale about jackal

tiger, mouse, mongoose and deer; his advice that a weak ruler should ignore his own weaknesses

and focus on other people's weakness, pretend to be friends while being cruel and destructive to

others, particularly when the competition is good and stronger. Dhritarastra schemes to build a

home for Pandavas in the forest, from lac and other inflammable materials, as a friendly gesture, bu

with plans to burn them alive on the darkest night. Kanika's theory is called wicked and evil by

Vidura, a sage of true knowledge and the good, who is also the advisor and friend to Pandavas.

Vidura and Pandavas plan escape by building a tunnel inside the inflammable house. The fire, then

escape of Pandavas. Dhritarastra falsely believes Pandavas are dead.

9. Hidimva-vadha Parva

[3]

After escape from fire, the wanderings of Pandava brothers. Story of Bhima and the she-Rakshasha

Hidimba. She falls in love with Bhima, and refuses to help her brother. The battle between Bhima

and Hidimba's demon brother, showing the enormous strength of the giant brother Bhima. Bhima

and Hidimba have a son named Ghatotkacha.

10. Vaka-vadha Parva

The life of Pandavas brothers in Ekachakra. Story about Bhima slaying another demon Vaka, who

has been terrorizing people of Ekachakra. Heroine of Mahabharata, Draupadi, is born in holy fire.
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Adi Parva describes the escape of

virtuous Pandavas from the flammable

home buil t by and set ablaze by evilking Dhritarastra. Bhima, the giant

brother, carries his youngest brothers

through smoke.

Words spread that Pandavas may be alive.

11. Chaitraratha Parva

Pandavas set out for Panchala. Story of Tapati, Vashistha

and Vishwamitra. Dehumanization and persecution of Bhrigu

race of men.

12. Swayamvara Parva[7]

Pandavas arrive in Panchala. Draupadi's swayamvara,

Pandavas arrive in disguise, Arjuna and Bhima excel, win

Draupadi's heart and hand, her marriage to Pandava

brothers. Krishna introduced, recognizes the individuals in

disguise are Pandava brothers.

13. Vaivahika Parva

Drupada delights at discovering Pandavas are alive.

Nuptials and marriage.

14. Viduragamana Parva

Vidura's attempt to reconcile the evil Kaurava brothers and

the good Pandava brothers. Various speeches by Karna,

Bhisma, Drona and Vidura.

15. Rajya-labha Parva

Return of Pandavas to Hastinapur, with blessings of Krishna. Reconstruction of the city. Story about

Sanda, Upasanda and Narada.

16. Arjuna-vanavasa Parva

[6]

Arjuna violates dharma. He accepts voluntary exile. Arjuna marries Ulupi, rescues Apsaras. Story

highlights his special powers and competence. Arjuna and Krishna become close friends. Arjuna

goes to Dwarka, lives with Krishna.

17. Subhadra-harana Parva[3]

Arjuna falls for and takes away Subhadra, Krishna's sister. Upset Vrishnis prepare war with Arjuna,

but finally desist.

18. Harana-harika Parva

Arjuna returns from exile, with Shubhadra. They marry. Their son Abhimanyu is born. Story about

five sons of Draupadi.

19. Khandava-daha Parva

The rule of Yudhisthira - theory and role of effective kings. Story of Varuna, Agni and Indra. The

fight of Krishna (called Achyuta) and Arjuna with celestials, show of their combined abilities and

victory.

English translations [edit]
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Adi Parva describes Mahbhrata

as being recited before sages because

its scope includes all knowledge

known.

Adi Parva and other books of Mahabharataare written in Sanskrit. Several translations of theAdi Parvaare

available in English. Two translations whose copyrights have expired, and which are in public domain,

include those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli[6]and Manmatha Nath Dutt.[3]

The translations are not consistent in parts, and vary with each

translator's interpretations. For example:

|||||||||||||||||||||

|||| |||||| |||||||||

Anukramanika Parva,Adi Parva,Mahabharata Book

i.1[8][9]

Translation by Manmatha Nath Dutt:

The wisdom of this work, like the stick used for applying collyrium,

has opened the eyes of the world which were covered by the darkness of ignorance.

As the sun drives away the darkness, so does this Bharata,

by its discourses on Dharma, Artha, Kamaand Moksha, drive the ignorance of men.

As the full moon with its mild light opens the buds of the water-lily,

so does this with the light of Sruti expand the human intellect.

The whole house of the womb of nature is properly and complete ly lighted by thelamp of history which destroys the darkness of ignorance.

This work is a tree, the chapter of contents is its seed, the divisions Paulama and Astika are its

roots, the Sambhava is its trunk,

the books (Parva) Sava and Aranya are the roosting perches, Arani is the knitting knot.

Virata and Udyoga the pith, Bhisma the main branch, Drona the leaves, Karna its beautiful

flowers,

Sailya their fragrance, Stri and Aishika are its cooling shades, Shanti its great fruit.

Ashwamadha is its immortal sap, Asramavasika the place where it grows, and Mausula is the
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epitome of the Vedas.

This tree will be highly respected by all virtuous Brahmans. This tree of Bharata will be as

inexhaustible as the clouds and be the means of livelihood of many illustrious poets.

Sauti continued: I shall speak to you about the ever lasting, fruitful and flowery productions of

this tree. They are of pleasant and pure taste, and they are to be tasted even by

immortals.

Anukramanika Parva, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt,Adi Parva, Mahabharata Booki.1[3]

Translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli:

The wisdom of this work, like unto an instrument of applying collyrium, hath opened the eyes of

the inquisitive world blinded by the darkness of ignorance. As the sun dispelleth the darkness,

so doth the Bharata by its discourses on religion, profit, pleasure and final release , dispel

the ignorance of men. As the full-moon by its mild light expandeth the buds of the water-lily, so

this Purana, by exposing the light of the Sruti hath expanded the human intellect. By the lamp

of history, which destroyeth the darkness of ignorance, the whole mansion of nature

is properly and completely illuminated.

This work is a tree, of which the chapter of contents is the seed; the divisions called Pauloma

and Astika are the root; the part called Sambhava is the trunk; the books called Sabha and

Aranya are the roosting perches; the books called Arani is the knitting knots; the books called

Virata and Udyoga the pith; the book named Bhishma, the main branch; the book called Drona,

the leaves; the book called Karna, the fair flowers; the book named Salya, their sweet smell;

the books entitled Stri and Aishika, the refreshing shade; the book called Santi, the mighty

fruit; the book called Aswamedha, the immortal sap; the denominated Asramavasika, the spotwhere it groweth; and the book called Mausala, is an epitome of the Vedas and held in great

respect by the virtuous Brahmanas. The tree of the Bharata, inexhaustible to mankind as the

clouds, shall be as a source of livelihood to all distinguished poets."

Sauti continued, 'I will now speak of the undying flowery and fruitful productions of this tree,

possessed of pure and pleasant taste, and not to be destroyed e ve n by the immortals."

Anukramanika Parva, Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli,Adi

Parva, Mahabharata Book i.1[6]

The total number of original verses depend on which Sanskrit source is used, and these do not equal the

total number of translated verses in each chapter, in both Ganguli and Dutt translations. Mahabharata, like

many ancient Sanskrit texts, was transmitted across generations verbally, a practice that was a source of

corruption of its text, deletion of verses, as well as the addition of extraneous verses over time. [10]Some of

these suspect verses have been identified by change in style and integrity of meter in the verses.[1][11]The

structure, prose, meter and style of translations vary within chapters between the translating authors.[3][6]

Debroy, in his 2011 overview of Mahabharata, notes that updated critical edition of Adi Parva, with spurious

and corrupted text removed, has 19 sub-books, 225 adhyayas (chapters) and 7,205 shlokas (verses).[4]
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Controversies [edit]

Adi Parva, and Mahabharatain general, has been studied for evidence of caste-based social stratification

in ancient India, as well as evidence for a host of theories about Vedictimes in India.[5][12]Such studies

have become controversial.

First, the date and authenticity of the verses in Adi Parva, as well as the entire Mahabharata, has been

questioned.[13][14][15]Klaus Klostermaier, in his review[16]of scholarly studies of Mahabharata, notes the

widely held view that originalMahabharatawas different from currently circulating versions. For centuries,

theMahabharata

'

s 100,000 versesfour times the entire Bible, and nine times the Iliadand

the Odysseycombinedwere transmitted verbally across generations, without being written down.[5]This

memorization and verbal method of transfer is believed to be a source of text corruption, addition and

deletion of verses. Klostermaier notes that the original version of Mahabharatawas called Jayaand had

about 7000 shlokas, or about 7% of current length. Adi Parva, and rest of Mahabharata, underwent at leas

two major changes - the first change tripled the size of Jayaepic and renamed it as Bharata, while the

second change quadrupled the already expanded version. Significant changes to older editions have been

traced to the first millennium AD.

[1][16]

There are significant differences in Sanskrit manuscripts oftheMahabharatafound in different parts of India, and manuscripts of the Mahabharatafound in other Indian

languages such as Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and others. Numerous spurious additions, interpolations and

conflicting verses have been identified, many relating to history and social structure.[15]Thus, it is unclear if

the history or social structure of Vedic period or ancient India can be reliably traced from Adi Parva

or Mahabharata.

Second, Adi Parva is part of an Epic fiction. Writers, including those such as Shakespeare or Homer, take

liberty in developing their characters and plots, they typically represent extremes, and they do not truthfully

record extant history.[5][17]Adi Parva has verses with a story of a river fish swallowing a man's semen and

giving birth to a human baby after 9 months, and many other myths and fictional tales. Adi Parva, like the

works of Homer and Shakespeare, is not a record of history.[5][18]

Third, Adi Parva and other parvas of Mahabharatahave been argued, suggests Klaus Klostermaier,[19]as

a treatise of symbolism, where each chapter has three different layers of meaning in its verses. The reader

is painted a series of pictures through words, presented opposing views to various socio-ethical and moral

questions, then left to interpret it on astikadi, manvadiand auparicaralevels; in other words, as mundane

interesting fiction, or as ethical treatise, or thirdly as transcendental work that draws out the war between

the higher and the lower self within each reader.[19]To deduce history of ancient India is one of many

discursive choices for the interpreter.

Quotations and teachings [edit]

Anukramanika Parva, Chapter 1:
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The creation of universe by the

churning of the ocean - this s tory is told

in many ancient Indian scripts,

including the initial chapters of Adi

Parva.[3]Above picture is from

theMahabharatawall ofAngkor Wat,

Cambodia depicting the Samudra

manthanstory.

Time creates all things,

and time destroys them all.

Time burns all creatures,

and time again extinguishes that fire.

Anukramanika Parva,Adi Parva,Mahabharata Book i.1[20]

Tapa is not a sin,

Study is not a sin,

Ordinances of Vedas are not sins,

Acquisition of wealth by exertion is not a sin,

When they are abused, then do they become the sources of evil.

Anukramanika Parva,Adi Parva,Mahabharata Book i.1[21]

Sangraha Parva, Chapter 2:

As all the senses are dependent on the wonderful workings of the mind,

so all the acts and moral qualities depend on this treatise (Mahabharata).

Sangraha Parva,Adi Parva, Mahabharata Book i.2[22]

Paushya Parva, Chapter 3:

You are the infinite, you are the course of Nature and intelligent soul that pervades all,

I desire to obtain you through knowledge, derived from hearing and meditation.

Paushya Parva,Adi Parva, Mahabharata Book i.3[23]

Adivansabatarana Parva, Chapter 62:
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The life of Sakuntala with friends aredescribed in chapters of Sambhava

Parva in Adi Parva.[3]

This (Mahabharata) is equal to the Vedas, it is holy and excellent,

it is the worthiest of all that should be listened to. It is a Purana, adored by the Rishis,

It contains many useful instructions on Artha and Kama. This sacred history makes the heart

desire to attain salvation.

Adivansabatarana Parva,Adi Parva, Mahabharata Book i.62[24]

Sambhava Parva, Chapter 73:

Dushmantasaid to Sakuntala: Marry me according to

the Gandharvaform, for this form of marriage is said to be

the best.

Sakuntala: O king, my father has gone from the hermitage to

collect fruits. Kindly wait for a moment. He will bestow me

upon you.

Dushmanta: O beautiful lady, O faultless beauty, I desire you

yourself should accept me,Know that I exist for you. Know also, my heart is completely in

you,

One is certainly one's own friend, one can certainly depend

on one's own self,

Therefore, according to the ordinance (scriptures), you

yourself should bestow your own self on others.

Sambhava Parva,Adi Parva,Mahabharata Book i.73[25]


No man, even in anger, should ever do anything that is

disagreeable to his wife;

for happiness, joy, virtue and everything depend on the wife.

Wife is the sacred soil in which the husband is born again,

even the Rishis cannot create men without women.

What is a greater happiness to a father than what the father

feels when his son,

running to him, clasps him with his tiny little arms, though hisbody is full of dust and dirt.

Sambhava Parva,Adi Parva, Mahabharata Book i.74[26]


He who subdues his anger, he who does not regard the bad word of others,

he who is not angry even when there is a cause, certainly acquires the four objects for which

we live (namely Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha).
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Between the two men, one performing sacrifices continually every month for one hundred

yearsand one who does not feel any anger,

theman who does not feel any anger is the greater man.

Boys and girls, who are incapable of distinguishing between right and wrong,

quarrel among one another; the wise never imitate them.


SambhavaParva, Chapter 133:

Drupadasaid to Drona: Friendship never remains in the world in anyone's heart without being

wornout,

Timewears it out, anger destroys it.

The poor cannot be the friend of the rich, the unlearned cannot be the friend of the learned,

thecoward cannot be the friend of the brave, how then do you desire the continuance of our

oldfriendship?


Viduragamana Parva, Chapter 206:

Dronasaid to Dhritarastra: Friends summoned for consultation should always speak what is

right,true.

Viduragamana Parva,Adi Parva, Mahabharata Book i.206[29]

See also [edit]

Next book of Mahabharata: Sabha Parva

References [edit]

1. ^ abcdeJ. A. B. van Buitenen(Editor), The Mahbhrata, Volume 1, BOOK 1: THE BOOK OF THE

BEGINNING, ISBN 978-0226846637

2. ^Adi Sanskrit English Dictionary, Koeln, Germany (2009)

3. ^ abcdefghijAdi ParvaMahabharata, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (1894)

4. ^ abBibek Debroy, The Mahabharata : Volume 3, ISBN 978-0143100157, Penguin Books, page xxiii - xxiv of

Introduction

5. ^ abcdeAlf Hiltebeitel, (2001) Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the

Dharma King, ISBN 0-226-34054-6, University of Chicago Press, see Chapter 1, Introduction

6. ^ abcdeAdi ParvaMahabharata, Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Published by P.C. Roy (1884)

7. ^Monier Williams(1868), Indian Epic Poetry , University of Oxford, Williams & Norgate - London, page 22-

23

8. ^Mahabharatain Sanskrit Sacred Texts website

9. ^Mahabharat in Unicode and Various Languages Archive of E-Texts, Universittsbibliothek Gttingen,

Germany

10. ^Bharadvaja Sarma (2008), Vyasa's Mahabharatam, ISBN 978-81-89781-68-2, Academic Publishers, page
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de/index.php?tinput=Adi&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Parva#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226846637http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Parva#cite_ref-vb_1-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Parva#cite_ref-vb_1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Parva#cite_ref-vb_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Parva#cite_ref-vb_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Parva#cite_ref-vb_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabha_Parvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Parva#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Parva#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Parva#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adi_Parva&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adi_Parva&action=edit&section=5


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10-12

11. ^Paul Deussen (1906), Vier philosophische Texte des Mahabharatam, Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus

12. Ôldham, C. F. (1891), Serpent-Worship in India, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and

Ireland, pp 361-392

13. Ê.Washburn Hopkins, Epic Chronology, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 24 (1903), pages 7-

56

14. ^V.V. Iyer (1922), Notes on a study of the preliminary chapters of The Mahabharata - An attempt to separate

genuine from spurious matter , Ramaswami Sastrulu & Sons, Madras15. ^ abVISHNU S. SUKTHANKAR (1933), The Mahabharata, Critically Edited Version A history of the debate

of various conflicting versions of the Mahabharata, University of Goettingen Archives, Germany, Prologue

section

16. ^ abKlaus Klostermaier (1994), A Survey of Hinduism, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-

2109-0, 2nd Edition, pages 82-89

17. ^Wendy D. O'Flaherty, Other People's Myths - The Cave of Echoes, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-

226-61857-9, Chapter 3 (Retelling the Mahabharata)

18. ^S.P. Gupta and K. S. Ramachandran (1976), Mahabharata: myth and reality, Differing views, Agam

Prakashan, New Delhi; For summary of the book: Gupta and Ramachandran, in Delhi - Ancient History,

Editor: U. Singh, ISBN 81-873-58297, pages 77-118

19. ^ abKlaus Klostermaier, A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-

7914-7082-4, pages 60-62

20. ÂdiParvaMahabharata, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (1894), page 9










External links [edit]

Sanskritclassics including Mahabharata Brown University Archives, with original, translations and

commentaries by scholars

Adi ParvaMahabharata, Translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt (1894)

EnglishTranslation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

EnglishTranslation Readable, with various research tools, Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli,

another archive

Adi Parva in Sanskrit by Vyasadeva and commentary by Nilakantha (Editor: Kinjawadekar, 1929)

Frenchtranslation of Le Mahabharata, Adi Parva, by H. Fauche (Paris, 1868)

A reviewof critical, less corrupted edition of Adi Parva by Vishnu S. Sukthankar; Reviewed by Franklin

Edgerton, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 48, (1928), pages 186-190
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