adhesion rolling sliding torsion - piko · 2012-10-25 · max planck institute for polymer research...

Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research 1

Adhesion

Rolling

Sliding Torsion

Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research

Adhesion forces between fine particles – Influence of humidity

and way of separation

M. Kappl

M. Farshchi

Ye Ming

W. Jijun

A. Ptak

M. Makowski

H. Gojzewski

G. Sun

M. Zakarin

H.-J. Butt


Adhesion forces between fine particles – Influence of humidity

and way of separation

• Capillary forces

• Way of separation


Hydrophilic

How does humidity influence the adhesion force

between two powder particles?

Capillary forces

4


Capillary forces

5

Hydrophilic particles

Haines, J. Agric. Sci. 1925, 15, 529; 1927, 17, 264

Fisher, J. Agric. Sci. 1926, 16, 492

Vapor

W. Thomson 1824-1907

Capillary condensation


Theory Haines 1925-27, Fisher 1926, Derjaguin 1934, Cross & Picknett 1963, Philip 1964, Melrose & Wallick 1966-67, Pietsch & Rumpf 1967, Gillespie & Settineri 1967, Princen 1968, Heady & Cahn 1970, Herrmann, Polke, Schubert 1971-73, Hotta, Takeda & Iinoya 1974, Orr, Scriven & Rivas 1975, Smolej & Pejovnik 1976, Mehrotra & Sastry 1980-82, Gao et al. 1997-8, Bocquet, Riedo et al. 1998-2005, Sirghi et al. 2000, Stifter, Marti & Bhushan 2000, Rabinovich et al. 2002, Tselishchev & Val’tsifer 2003, Jang et al. 2004, Pakarinen et al. 2005, Tomas et al. 2007, Sprakel et al. 2008 Review: Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 146, 48

R

RF 2

Macroscopic, smooth spheres: Independent on humidity!

Capillary forces


Experiment Stone 1930; Bloomquist & Shutt 1940;

Larsen 1958; Mason & Clark 1965; Harris & Morrow 1964; Erle, Dyson & Morrow 1971; Schubert 1973; O’Brien & Hermann 1973; Fisher & Israelachvili 1981; Christenson 1988; Bayramli & van der Ven 1987; Thundat et al. 1993; Bing- geli & Mate 1994; Wanless & Christen- son 1994; Hu, Xiao, Ogletree & Salmeron 1995; Colbeck 1997; Podzeck et al. 1997; Bocquet, Charlaix, Ciliberto & Crassous 1998; Fuji, Machida, Takei, Watanabe & Chikazawa 1998-9; Kohnen, Maeda, Christenson 1999; Pitois, Moucheront & Chateau 2000; Xiao & Qian 2000; Ando 2000; Sedin et al. 2000; Bushan & Dandavate 2000; Rabinovich et al. 2002; Willett, Adams, Johnson & Seville 2000; He, Blum, Aston, Buenviaje, Overney & Luginbühl 2001; Seeman, Herminghaus, Jacobs 2001; Riedo, Levy & Brune 2002; Biggs et al. 2002; Ata, Rabinovich & Singh 2002; Price, Young, Edge & Staniforth 2002; Jones et al. 2002; Garoff & Zauscher 2002; Young, Price, Tobyn, Buttrum & Dey 2003; Hooton et al. 2004; Yoon, Yang, Han & Kong 2003; Kaibara et al. 2003; Duong, Shen, Shinbrot & Muzzio 2004; Götzinger & Peukert 2004; Shinto, Ishida, Higashitani 2005; Weeks, Vaughn & DeYoreo 2005; Barber, Cohen & Wagner 2005. Review: Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2009, 146, 48

Capillary force

7


Force between glass sphere (R=20 µm) and plate

8

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,00

2

4

6

8

10

Increasing humidity

Decreasing humidity

Forc

e (

N

)

Humidity (%)

Jones, Pollock, Cleaver & Hodges, Langmuir 2002, 18, 8045


Capillary force versus humidity

9

Shape and roughness Pakarinen et al., Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2005, 13, 1175

Farshchi et al., Langmuir 2006, 22, 2171

High humidity F = surface tension circumference Sprakel et al., Langmuir 2008, 24, 1308

Adsorption Asay, Boer & Kim, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 2010, 24, 2363

Soft surfaces Butt et al., Soft Matter 2010, 6, 5930


Capillary force versus humidity

10

Shape and roughness Pakarinen et al., Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2005, 13, 1175

Farshchi et al., Langmuir 2006, 22, 2171

High humidity F = surface tension circumference Sprakel et al., Langmuir 2008, 24, 1308

Adsorption Asay, Boer & Kim, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 2010, 24, 2363

Soft surfaces Butt et al., Soft Matter 2010, 6, 5930


AFM experiments: Influence of humidity

M. Farshchi-Tabrizi, M. Kappl

11


AFM experiments: Influence of humidity

12

Surfaces Hydrophilic (mica, silicon wafer, glass) + hydrophobic (HOPG) AFM probes Si3N4, SiO2, Glass particle


Adhesion force

13

AFM tip on mica and silicon

(nN

)

(nN

)


Adhesion force

14

Silicon surface

SiO2 tip

Si3N4 tip


Adhesion force

15

Silicon surface heated (800°C) and silicon tip

(nN

)


Adhesion force

16

Confusion!

Adhesion force varies from

one microcontact to the

other.

Even within one

experiment it can change

with time.


Calculation of capillary force

17



18



19



20



21

l

r

P/P0

r



22

P/P0

r

r l



23

r l

P/P0

r



24

Microcontact geometry l(r)

r l

F

0

1 1exp m

B

P V

P k T r l

Kelvin Eq.

llr

lF 2112

Laplace pressure

Surface tension



25

Microcontact geometry l(r)

r l

F

l(r) F(P/P0)

0

1 1exp m

B

P V

P k T r l

Kelvin Eq.

llr

lF 2112



26

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,00

500

1000

1500

2000F=4R

vdW

Fo

rce

(n

N)

Relative humidity

R=2 µm



27

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,00

5

10

15

20

25

Forc

e (

nN

)

4R

Humidity

van der Waals

Sphere of R=30 nm for different contact angles

Pakarinen, Foster, Paajanen, Kalinainen, Katainen, Makko-nen, Lahtinen & Nieminen, Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2005, 13, 1175


For nanospheres Fadh–vs–humidity decreases at high humidity


Roughness

29

Pietsch & Rumpf, Chemie-Ing.-Techn. 1967, 39, 885; Li & Talke, Trib. Mech. Magn. Strorage Syst. 1990, SP 27, 79; Tian & Matsudaira, ASME J. Tribol. 1993, 115, 28; Bocquet et al., Nature 1998, 396, 735; Halsey & Levine, PRL 1998, 80, 3141; Herminghaus, Advances in Physics 2005, 54, 221; Willett et al., Langmuir 2000, 16, 9396; Restagno et al., PRL 2000, 84, 2433; Gulbinski et al., Surf. Sci. 2001, 475, 149; Rabinovich et al., Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 96, 213; Biggs, Cain, Dagastine & Page, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 2002, 16, 869; Ata, Rabinovich & Singh, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol. 2002, 16, 337; Riedo, Palaci, Boragno & Brune, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 5324; Farshchi-Tabrizi et al., Langmuir 2006, 22, 2171


Roughness

30

Pietsch & Rumpf, Chemie-Ing.-Techn. 1967, 39, 885; Li & Talke, Trib. Mech. Magn. Strorage Syst. 1990, SP 27, 79; Tian & Matsudaira, ASME J. Tribol. 1993, 115, 28; Bocquet et al., Nature 1998, 396, 735; Halsey & Levine, PRL 1998, 80, 3141; Herminghaus, Advances in Physics 2005, 54, 221; Willett et al., Langmuir 2000, 16, 9396; Restagno et al., PRL 2000, 84, 2433; Gulbinski et al., Surf. Sci. 2001, 475, 149; Rabinovich et al., Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002, 96, 213; Biggs, Cain, Dagastine & Page, J. Adh. Sci. Technol. 2002, 16, 869; Ata, Rabinovich & Singh, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol. 2002, 16, 337; Riedo, Palaci, Boragno & Brune, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 5324; Farshchi-Tabrizi et al., Langmuir 2006, 22, 2171


Roughness

31

Tian & Matsudaira, ASME J. Tribol. 1993, 115, 28; Li & Talke, Tribol. Mech. Magnetic Strorage Syst. 1990, SP 27, 79; Koka, Viswanathan & Rothschild, Adv. Info. Storage Syst., ASME 1991, 3, 117.

Greenwood & Williamson, Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1966, A 295, 300

z

Probability

X-ray reflectometry, AFM


Roughness

32

z

Probability

d0


Roughness

33 Butt, Langmuir 2008, 24, 4715

Simple, statistical modell to take roughness and partly heterogeneity into account

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,00

100

200

300

400

Forc

e (n

N)

Relative humidity

d0 = 0

0.5

nm

1 nm

1.5

nm

R1 = R2 = 1 µm = 20°

z

Probability

d0


Roughness

34

Surface roughness Nanoscopic size

AFM tip on silicon

Butt, Langmuir 2008, 24, 4715


Comparison with experiments

35

H

R2

R1

a

Asperity

We can interpret Fadh-vs-humidity curves by structural differences on the 0.5 nm scale

Butt, Langmuir 2008, 24, 4715


Capillary force: Relevant length scale

36

0

exp expm KP V

P RTr r

Kelvin eq.

Surface tension Molar volume

8.315 J/mol K Temperature

Kelvin length

Water 0.52 nm Acetone 0.70 nm

Toluene 1.20 Diiodomethane 1.63

Ethanol 0.52 Chloroform 0.88

Hexane 0.95 Mercury 2.90


Why do Fadh-vs-humidity curves sometimes change within one experiment?


Wear

38

Before measurement After measurements

Before measurement After measurements


Summary 1

39

Good news:

We can interpret Fadh-vs-humidity curves

Bad news:

Capillary forces can not be predicted quantitatively

At best: Statistical prediction


Bioadhesion

S. Gorb, MPI Metal Research

Capillary, van der Waals or

hydrodynamic forces 2F RF R

J.P. Barnes A. Del Campo M. Kappl F. Schoenfeld M. Zakarin


Capillary force between very soft elastic spheres

41

0,1 1 10 100 1000

1E-7

1E-6

1E-5

1E-4

1E-3

0,01 E = 1e9 Pa

E = 3e9

E = 1e10

E = 3e10

Ad

he

sive

fo

rce

(N

)

Radius (µm)

Fogden, White, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1990, 138, 414; Maugis, Gauthier-Manuel, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol. 1994, 8, 1311.

r = 1 nm

F R

2F R

Soft Matter 2010, 6, 5930


Adhesion force Work of adhesion

The way two particles are separated


Effect of spring constant

Separation speed

Bridging versus contact adhesion



Work of adhesion

44

Forc

e

Distance

D

0

Adhesion force

Butt, Makowski, Kappl & Ptak, KONA 2011, 29, 53


Forc

e

Distance

D

0

Hard spring

Soft spring

Work of adhesion depends on the effective spring constant



Forc

e

Distance

0

Hard spring

Soft spring



AFM cantilever retracting from silica spheres 1 µm

Heim, Butt, Schrapler & Blum, Australian J. Chem. 2005, 58, 671



48


Separation speed



Separation speed

49

Ru

ptu

re f

orc

e

Log(loading rate)

Activation barrier

Bell, Science 1978, 200, 618 Lee, Chrisey, Colton, Science 1994, 266, 771. Florin, Moy, Gaub, Science 1994, 264, 415 Grandbois, Beyer, Rief, Clausen, Gaub, Science 1999, 283, 1727

Single bond


Single bond

Evans & Ludwig, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2000, 12, A315

Streptavidin -biotin


Si3N4 tip

Silicon wafer

Thiol Gold

Gold

Wafer

CH3

(CH2)13

SH

NH2

(CH2)11

SH

Ptak, Kappl & Butt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 263109

Nonanethiol on Au(111)

Separation speed

51


Ptak, Kappl, Moreno-Flores, Gojżewski & Butt, Langmuir 2009, 25, 256; Gojzewski, Kappl, Ptak & Butt, Langmuir 2010, 26, 1837

Humidity


Adhesion force in general depends on the loading rate and the specific surface chemistry

Ptak, Kappl, Moreno-Flores, Gojżewski & Butt, Langmuir 2009, 25, 256; Gojzewski, Kappl, Ptak & Butt, Langmuir 2010, 26, 1837



54


Separation speed



Contact adhesion

55

Forc

e

Distance

0


Polymer melt

R 50 nm

CH3

O-Si CH3 n

PDMS CH3

O-Si CH2

CH3 n

PEMS PDMS-b-PEMS


PDMS-b-PEMS on silicon oxide

0 20 40 60 80 100

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Distance (nm)

Fo

rce

(n

N)

Mw = 15100, Mw/Mn = 1.08

Tip

Silicon wafer


PDMS-b-PEMS on silicon oxide

0 20 40 60 80 100

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Fo

rce

(n

N)

Distance (nm)

Mw = 15100, Mw/Mn = 1.08


Bridging adhesion Contact adhesion

Sun & Butt, Macromolecules 2004, 37, 6086; Butt & Kappl, “Surface and Interfacial Forces”, Wiley-VCH, 2010

Forc

e

Distance

0

Adhesion force

Work of adhesion

Forc

e Distance

0


Roughness Nano-size

Ad

hes

ion

fo

rce

RH %

Fadh-vs-humidity can be interpreted with realistic contact geometries

Capillary force is not predictable

Spring constant

Loading rate

Forc

e

Distance

Forc

e

Distance

Contact Bridging

Conclusions

Adhesion force depends on the way of separation


Thanks for financing:

DFG

Humboldt

EC

Core-to-core

(Ko Higashitani)

A. Ptak (Poznan)

H. Gojzewski M. Makowski

M. Farshchi

M. Kappl G. Sun

J. Wang

Ming Ye

M. Zakarin

adhesion rolling sliding torsion - piko · 2012-10-25 · max planck institute for polymer research...

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