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Addressing Climate Change: Success Stories from Kenya | 01

Addressing Climate Change:Success Stories from Kenya

REPUBLIC OF KENYA

Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities

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Addressing Climate Change:Success Stories from Kenya

November 2015

REPUBLIC OF KENYA


Correct citation: Addressing Climate Change: Success Stories from Kenya, Government of Kenya, November 2015

Photos: Shutterstock

Copyright © 2015 Government of Kenya

Reproduction of this publication for educational or non-commercial purposes is authorized without written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is strictly prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder.

To obtain copies of this publication, please contact:The Principal Secretary Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development AuthoritiesEmail: [email protected] Website: www.environment.go.ke

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PrefaceProf Judi Wakhungu, Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities

Climate change is a problem that has adverse impacts on Kenya’s economic development and threatens our Vision 2030 goal of creating a competitive and prosperous nation with a high quality of life. Our economy is highly dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, energy, tourism, water and health. Frequent droughts and floods have led to loss of life and damaged property, and rising temperatures have impacted agricultural production, which sustains up to 75 per cent of Kenya’s population. Farmers in Kenya experience crop losses due to extreme weather events, while pastoralists lose their animals because of drought, which has become more prevalent in recent times.

Addressing climate change is a top priority of the Government of Kenya. Working with partners from civil society, the private sector and the international development community, we developed the 2010 National Climate Change Response Strategy, the National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017 and National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030. The strategy and plans set out adaptation and mitigation priorities that move Kenya toward a low carbon climate resilient development pathway. Effective implementation is supported through the establishment of an enabling governance structure including a climate change policy and legislation that are in their final stages of enactment.

The Government of Kenya is fully committed to addressing climate at home and demonstrating leadership in the global fight against climate change. To that end, Kenya’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) includes an ambitious mitigation contribution of a 30 per cent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 relative to the business as usual scenario. Adaptation is Kenya’s priority and we have committed in our INDC to mainstreaming climate change adaption into the Government’s planning process and implementing adaptation actions. Building climate resilience in as low carbon a way as possible will ensure Kenya contributes to the achievement of international climate change goals and Sustainable Development Goals.

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The Government of Kenya is taking action, as demonstrated in this publication that describes our successes and outlines adaptation, mitigation and enabling initiatives undertaken by the government and its partners. However, additional support and increased partnerships will be required for Kenya to continue the transition to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway.

Cabinet SecretaryMinistry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities

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Foreword

Dr Richard Lesiyampe, Principal Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities

Our population is vulnerable to climate change because it is highly dependent on natural resources for food, fuel and shelter. Climate change has resulted in recurring droughts, flooding, erratic rainfall patterns and sea level rise. The rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns have negatively impacted livelihoods and community assets, especially for the climate sensitive and poorest communities in Kenya. The changing climate has led to loss of income, increased food insecurity, increased conflict around natural resources and even death.

One of the Government of Kenya’s critical responses, delivered through the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities, was the launch of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) in 2013. The plan defines a low carbon climate resilient development pathway that enables Kenya to respond to climate change. The plan was developed through a cooperative and consultative process that included stakeholders from governments, the private sector, civil society, and development agencies. All of these partners continue to support the implementation of the action plan, through the design, delivery and financing of priority actions.

This publication presents a collection of these actions, describing climate change adaptation and mitigation success stories arising from the implementation of the NCCAP. The initiatives undertaken through the NCCAP include helping communities to cope with the impacts of climate change and developing low-carbon infrastructure. Specific actions outlined in this publication include the scale-up of renewable energy technologies, drought management, distributed clean energy solutions such as biogas and solar systems, improved water resource management, sustainable forest management and tree planting, climate smart agriculture and agroforestry, and sustainable transport systems. Enabling conditions to facilitate these initiatives have also been put in place. These actions include the mainstreaming of climate change in the planning process at the national and county levels; and establishing the institutional, policy and regulatory framework; financial framework; tracking, measuring and reporting; and knowledge management and capacity development.

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The actions taken by the Government of Kenya and its partners, some of which are included in this publication, encourage the use of climate-friendly approaches which include adaptation and mitigation strategies. The success stories featured in this publication are just a selective representation of the entire work being undertaken in Kenya, and we are interested in learning of other actions. It is in that regard that we request you to provide information on other initiatives so that we can include them in future publications.

Principal SecretaryMinistry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities

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Contents

Preface III

Foreword V

Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................VIII

1. Introduction .............................................................................................................1

2. The Climate Change Challenge .............................................................................3

3. Kenya’s Climate Change Response ......................................................................5

A low carbon climate resilient development pathway: Adaptation and mitigation .........................................................................................5

Enabling actions: Facilitating the climate change response .....................................7

4. Challenges and Path Ahead ..................................................................................9 I. Adaptation ......................................................................................................11

II. Mitigation ........................................................................................................14

III. Policy and Regulatory Framework ..................................................................17

IV. Knowledge Management and Capacity Development ..................................19

V. Technology .....................................................................................................21

VI. National Performance and Benefit Measurement ..........................................22

VII. Finance ..........................................................................................................23

For More Information .....................................................................................................24

Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................26

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AbbreviationsAfDB African Development BankASAL Arid and Semi Arid LandBRT Bus Rapid TransitCDM Clean Development MechanismCIDP County Integrated Development Plan ERC Energy Regulatory CommissionGCF Green Climate FundGDC Geothermal Development Corporation GDP Gross Domestic ProductGHG Greenhouse GasILRI International Livestock Research InstituteINDC Intended Nationally Determined ContributionKAM Kenya Association of ManufacturersKFS Kenya Forest Service KMD Kenya Metrological DepartmentLECRD Low Emission and Climate Resilient Development ProjectMALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and FisheriesMENRRDA Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development AuthoritiesMODP Ministry of Devolution and PlanningMOEP Ministry of Energy and PetroleumMRV Monitoring, Reporting and VerificationMW MegawattNAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation ActionNAP National Adaptation PlanNCCAP National Climate Change Action PlanNCCRS National Climate Change Response StrategyNCCS National Climate Change SecretariatNDA National Designated AuthorityNDMA National Drought Management AuthorityNEMA National Environment Management AuthorityNIE National Implementing Entity

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REACT Renewable Energy and Adaptation to Climate Change TechnologiesREDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation plus conservation,

sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries

SLEEK Land-based Emissions Estimation in KenyaStARCK+ Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Kenya Plus programmeUK United KingdomUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUSAID United States Agency for International Aid

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1. IntroductionIn response to the serious threats posed by climate change, Kenya has embarked on several measures to secure the country’s development against the impacts of climate change and to encourage the transition to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway.

In 2008 Kenya launched Vision 2030, a development blueprint aimed at making Kenya a newly industrialized middle-income country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens in a clean and secure environment. However, achieving this goal and long term sustainable economic growth up to and beyond 2030 in the face of climate change is a primary concern for Kenya. The 2010 National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) was the government’s first response to this concern. The strategy provided evidence of climate impacts on different economic sectors and proposed adaptation and mitigation strategies. The National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) was launched in 2013 to implement the strategy and set out actions to enable low carbon climate resilient development. The recently completed National Adaptation Plan (NAP) builds on the NCCAP to establish adaptation priorities and facilitate Kenya’s action in reducing vulnerability to climate change. The Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities (MENRRDA) is leading the Government’s climate change response through it National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS).

Kenya’s is committed to addressing climate change, and continues to demonstrate leadership at home and internationally. Kenya’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), developed in preparation for the 2015 negotiations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris, indicates an ambitious mitigation contribution of 30 per cent reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 relative to the business as usual scenario. Kenya also commits to undertake priority adaptation actions.

This document describes the progress made in Kenya to address climate change and implement the NCCAP. It describes success stories and highlights projects undertaken by the Government of Kenya and its partners in civil society, the private sector and the international development community.


2. The Climate Change ChallengeClimate change is happening now and is projected to worsen in the future. Kenya is extremely susceptible to the impacts of a changing climate because most livelihoods and economic activities are reliant on climate-sensitive natural resources. Droughts, floods and rising temperatures in particular have devastating consequences for the environment, society and economy.

Climate change will affect all sectors of the economy. Manufacturing and trade rely on infrastructure and services such as water, energy and transport that are vulnerable to disruptions cause by droughts and heavy rains. Tourism, an important source of foreign exchange earnings, depends on a wide range of environmental resources, such as the abundance and diversity of wildlife, which will be impacted by climate change. The agriculture and livestock sector, which accounts for 25 per cent of GDP and another 27 per cent indirectly through links to agro-based industries, is very sensitive to climate change. Research by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) indicates that increases in temperature will negatively impact agricultural productivity, resulting in a decrease in the production of major staple crops. For example, incidences of severe and damaging frost that are attributed to climate change are becoming more common in Kenya. The 2012 frost resulted in 30 per cent tea crop loss in Nandi County. Studies show that Kenya will experience a 20 per cent decrease in rainfall by the year 2030, which will translate to losses in agricultural production in affected areas of up to US$ 178 per hectare. Drought is especially a problem in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) leading to a loss of animals. Agricultural and pastoralist systems will need to adapt to ensure provision of adequate food for a growing population and to improve production of export crops.

Kenya’s GHG emissions are projected to increase in the future due to population and economic growth. Kenya has little historical or current responsibility for global climate change, and national GHG emissions are very low relative to global emissions. However, a low carbon development pathway can help ensure that Kenya avoids carbon lock-in and remains a low emitter as the country develops. Adopting a low carbon climate resilient pathway will ensure Kenya makes its fair contribution to global efforts agreed under the UNFCCC.


3. Kenya’s Climate Change ResponseResponding to climate change is a national priority for Kenya, and the government is working to establish a comprehensive governance framework to guide climate change action. This includes a climate change framework policy and legislation, which are in their final stages of enactment. The proposed legislation establishes institutional structures, including a national climate change council headed by the President, and encourages a mainstreaming approach to climate change at the national and county levels. This over-arching governance framework was one of several recommendations put forward in the NCCAP, which has catalysed action since it was launched in 2013. This publication highlights Kenyan success stories in addressing climate change and demonstrates the range of activities undertaken by various stakeholders.

A low carbon climate resilient development pathway: Adaptation and mitigationThe NCCAP sets out a vision for a low carbon climate resilient development pathway, and prioritizes actions across eight subcomponents. The first subcomponent, low carbon climate resilient development provides the overarching framework and encourages actions that are aligned with national development priorities as established by the government and set out in Vision 2030.

The third subcomponent is adaptation, which is the priority of the Government of Kenya. The country is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and the government and partners are taking action to reduce vulnerability and build adaptive capacity. Interventions have been directed toward disaster risk reduction, humanitarian action, preparedness and response actions, with many actions taking place through the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA), including the National Drought Contingency Fund (see Box 1) and initiatives in the ASALs. Many county governments have integrated climate change in their County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs), acknowledging that climate change poses threats to sustainable development, and five counties are establishing County Adaptation Funds. Kenya is supporting action at the community level through the Integrated Programme to Build Resilience to

Box 1: Drought Management

The Government of Kenya has established a National Drought Contingency Fund that provides flexible financial resources to those impacted by drought. The fund facilitates early payment to reduce the time between warning of drought stress and response at the county level, reflecting a policy shift from crisis management to risk management. The Fund is the first of its kind in Africa and is expected to reduce the destructive impact of droughts.


Climate Change and Adaptive Capacity of Vulnerable Communities in Kenya, with support from the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund and implemented by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Many actions support adaptation within the agricultural sector and build climate resilience of pastoralists. Other areas of focus include building the capacity of government to enable adaptation, increasing availability of freshwater sources, strengthening disaster risk management and improving access to climate information (see Section I).

The fourth subcomponent of the NCCAP is mitigation. While reducing emissions is critical, the government prioritizes those mitigation actions that have climate resilience or significant sustainable development benefits. An example is electricity generation from geothermal energy, where actions both reduce emissions and lessen the vulnerability of the sector to climate change (See Box 2). Increasing renewable energy capacity is a priority of the government, which is embarking on wind projects in Turkana and Ngong Hills and several decentralized energy projects, such as mini-grids. Efforts to reduce energy demand take place at the household level (improved cook stoves, biogas and solar lighting) and in the industrial sector (energy audit and efficiency improvements supported by programmes led by the Kenya Association of Manufacturers [KAM]). Transport is also a key sector for action with the government undertaking the Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway Project that will encourage a shift of freight from road to rail; and establishing a Bus Rapid Transit system for Nairobi. Actions in the forestry sector include the green schools programme and tree planting initiatives, and the development of REDD+ actions led by the Kenya Forestry Service (KFS).

The private sector is a critical partner in addressing mitigation, with companies establishing pay-as-you-go solar lighting systems for households and manufacturing solar panels. Companies are also active in generating electricity using renewable energy, such as solar, biogas and bagasse. Kenya has been an active player in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and has registered sixteen CDM projects and sixteen Programmes of Activities in such sectors as

Box 2: Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy has a prominent role in the Government of Kenya’s plans for expanding electricity-generating capacity and reaching the goals of Vision 2030. Geothermal energy is optimal for low carbon climate resilient development because it contributes to greenhouse gas emission reductions and reduces the electricity sector’s vulnerability to climate change by reducing reliance on hydro-generation power. Kenya is among the top ten geothermal producers globally, and has an installed capacity of 573 MW (megawatt). The government’s 5000+ MW plan aims to expand geothermal power production to 1,500 MW in the next few years and to 5,000 MW by 2030.


reforestation, energy efficiency, geothermal, wind and hydro. Kenya is also active in the voluntary carbon market hosting the Kasigau Wildlife Corridor REDD project, the first activity to issue voluntary forestry carbon credits, and the Kenya Agriculture Carbon project, the first project in Africa to sell carbon credits for sequestering carbon in soil. MENRRDA has led the development of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) to encourage investment in biogas, bus rapid transit, clean cook stoves and solar lighting, geothermal and waste. Section II includes a list of mitigation actions.

Enabling actions: Facilitating the climate change responseEnabling actions increase climate resilience and lower emissions by building awareness and creating the governance structures to facilitate action. The government has taken various actions, listed in Section III, to achieve the NCCAP’s second subcomponent goal of establishing a robust policy, legislative and institutional framework. Kenya’s actions are guided by the Constitution (2010) that establishes a clean and healthy environment is a fundamental right under the Bill of Rights. A highlight is for Kenya is the National Climate Change Framework Policy and legislation, which are under consideration by the Senate and Cabinet (see Box 3). Kenya’s governance approach is guided at the national level by the NCCRS, NCCAP and NAP; was well the National Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan. The NCCS uses stakeholder processes to develop all strategies, plans and policies (see Box 4).

Other government ministries and departments recognise the importance of climate change in their policies and strategies. The National Treasury has developed a draft climate finance policy. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF) has developed a draft Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Framework Programme 2015-2030, and promotes climate-friendly actions in its Agricultural Sector Development Strategy. The agriculture (farm forestry) rules establish and maintain farm forestry on at least 10 per cent of every agricultural land holding. The Ministry of Energy

Box 3: Climate Change Policy and Bill

The Government of Kenya, led by the MENRRDA, worked with stakeholders from civil society, the private sector, and national and county governments to develop a national climate change framework policy and legislation. The policy and bill both adopt a climate change mainstreaming approach that includes integration of climate change considerations into development planning, budgeting and implementation in all sectors and at all levels of government. The Bill establishes the National Climate Change Council, chaired by His Excellency, the President, which is responsible for overall coordination and advisory functions. The bill also establishes a climate change fund – a financing mechanism for priority climate change actions and interventions.


and Petroleum (MOEP) and the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) have developed regulations to promote renewable energy and improve energy efficiency (see Section III for more information).

Technology development and transfer is being stimulated through the fifth subcomponent, directed by the learning of the Technology Needs Assessment undertaken by NEMA. Technology innovation is supported by development partners that have established the Kenya Climate Innovation Centre that helps entrepreneurs grow their ideas and provides funding for clean technology businesses. The Renewable Energy and Adaptation to Climate Technologies (REACT) window of the Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund

provides support to companies to develop business ideas based on low cost clean energy solutions that help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change (see Section IV for more information).

Monitoring actions and understanding results is a critical aspect of the sixth subcomponent, National Performance and Benefit Measurement Framework. The NCCS is developing a tracking tool to report on accomplishments under the NCCAP; and work is underway on the Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development project to help the government track progress on adapting to climate change. Such information will inform the work of the Ministry of Devolution and Planning (MODP) to develop indicators and track the mainstreaming of climate change in the Second Medium Term Plan and in CIDPs. Kenya submitted its Second National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2015, which included an updated GHG emission inventory for 2010. Work is underway to improve emissions information, including the establishment of a GHG inventory unit to manage information data and reporting on GHG emissions and removals. In addition, the Kenya Forest Service (KFS) is developing a National Forest Inventory and national land classification system to be the future basis of estimating removals and emissions from the land use, land-use change and forestry sector. This work includes national forest resource mapping and the System for Land-based Emissions Estimation in Kenya (SLEEK), which is a measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system to estimate land-based emissions in Kenya.

Box 4: Multi-stakeholder Engagement

The processes to develop the climate change policies and plans led by the MENRRDA stress public participation and wide consultation.

For example, the development of the NCCAP included the engagement of multi-stakeholder, multi-disciplinary working groups with repre-sentation from the public and private sectors, academia and civil society. This broad engage-ment helped the various stakeholders understand their role in implementing the action plan and facilitated action. The engagement of develop-ment partners in the action plan process helped them understand and direct support toward the government’s climate change priorities.


The Action Plan recognizes the importance of Knowledge Management and Capacity Development, the seventh subcomponent. The MENRRDA established the National Climate Change Resource Centre in 2015, to be a one-stop space for climate change related information and knowledge, including the Climate Information Portal (See Box 5). The Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) has worked to improve its climate observation network, including the installation of automated weather stations, and has established the National Climate Diagnostic Laboratory to improve climate knowledge and information management. The value of studying climate change is reflected in the establishment of the Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation at the University of Nairobi.

Financing is critical for these actions, and Kenya will need to access resources from both public and private sources, and from both within Kenya and overseas. Efforts are taking place across government, with MENRRDA, National Treasury, county governments and others working to put in place the necessary enabling environment to attract climate friendly investments in the key sectors of the economy. These efforts, listed in section VII, include the development of a draft climate finance policy, Green Climate Fund (GCF) readiness, appointment of NEMA as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the Adaptation Fund and appointment of the National Treasury as the National Designated Authority (NDA) for the GCF.

Box 5: National Climate Change Resource Centre

An MENRRDA initiative that provides a one-stop repository of climate change related information, equipped with an online climate change portal. This centre, located in Nairobi at KMD headquarters, is a national facility complete with a library, amphitheatre and training facilities. The resource centre incorporates green building concepts such as use of solar power, biogas and water recycling. It is the national repository for climate change information and is open for public use.


4. Challenges and Path Ahead Kenya is committed to action on climate change, and is allocating domestic resources and working with international development partners to address the issues. Despite the bold steps and action described in this publication, challenges remain and significant investments are required. A large challenge is financing the higher upfront cost of low carbon climate resilient investments. Bilateral and multilateral funding, as well as resources through international climate finance mechanisms – such as the GCF, Adaptation Fund, CDM and emerging market mechanisms – are essential for Kenya to continue on its low carbon climate resilient pathway. The INDC indicates that achieving mitigation and adaptation targets is subject to international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. At least US$ 40 billion is required for mitigation and adaptation actions across all sectors up to 2030.


I. AdaptationAdaptation is the priority of the Government of Kenya to enable people to cope with and take advantage of the opportunities presented by climate change. Adaptation involves taking practical actions to manage risks, reduce vulnerabilities of communities and strengthen the resilience of the economy against the impacts of a changing climate. The following examples demonstrate Government of Kenya and partner actions to implement NCCAP priorities.

Integrated Programme to Build Resilience to Climate Change and Adaptive Capacity of Vulnerable Communities in Kenya: builds resilience to climate change and adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities in Kenya, with a focus on food security, water management, coastal ecosystem management, and environmental management.

Partners: NEMA (NIE), UNFCCC Adaptation Fund

Galana/Kulalu Food Security Project: aims to develop 500,000 acres of irrigated land. Phase 1 will establish a 10,000 acre model farm to demonstrate water efficient technologies.

Partners: Ministry of Water and Irrigation, National Irrigation Board

Kenya: Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Phase 2: strengthens climate risk management and natural resource base related knowledge; builds institutional and technical capacity for improved planning and coordination to manage current and future climate risks; and invests in communities’ priorities in sustainable land and water management and alternative livelihoods that help them adapt to climate risk.

Partners: MOPD, UNFCCC Special Climate Change Fund administered by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Ending Drought Emergencies: the Common Programme Framework operationalises a commitment to end drought emergencies by 2022 through a collaborative approach across sectors, counties, and development partners. NDMA leads efforts and establishes mechanisms such as the National Drought Contingency Fund which is guided by contingency planning and early warning systems.

Partners: NDMA, MODP, Development Partners

Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project: increases availability and productivity of irrigation water and builds capacity of water sector institutions, including integrated and particularity basin planning.

Partners: MENRRDA, World Bank

Coastal Region Water Security and Climate Resilience Project: increases water supply to Mombasa County through construction of dams; and increases access to water and sanitation in Kwale County through investments in water, sanitation and irrigation.


Partners: MENRRDA, World Bank

Low Emission and Climate Resilient Development (LECRD) Project: focuses on climate change coordination processes, access to clean and efficient energy systems, greenhouse gas inventory; national and county decision-making tools for climate change, and climate knowledge management and capacity.

Partners: MENRRDA, United States Agency for International Development (USAID)-UNDP

Water Towers Protection and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: identifies and develops integrated management plans for ecological and economical sustainable land use systems in the watershed systems that feed into lakes Victoria, Turkana and Baringo.

Partners: MENRRDA, County Governments, USAID-UNDP through the LECRD project

Kenya Integrated Climate Risk Management Project: builds national and sectoral capacity for climate analysis that informs effective use of disaster risk reduction and adaptation resources.

Partners: NDMA, Government of Sweden

Arid Lands Support Programme: improves the coping strategies of over 500,000 of the poorest people in Turkana, Wajir, Mandera and Marsabit counties by providing support during drought and livestock insurance.

Partners: Boma, Oxfam, Trocaire, Government of United Kingdom (UK)

Implementing a Resilience Framework to Support Climate Change Adaptation in the Mt. Elgon Region of the Lake Victoria Basin Project: improves scientific knowledge of climate change information and demonstrates increased social and ecological resilience to address climate vulnerability in the Mt. Elgon water tower.

Partners: International Union for Conservation of Nature, African Collaborative Centre for Earth Systems Science, Lake Victoria Basin Commission, USAID

Climate Smart Agriculture Loan Programme: provides funding to microfinance institutions for on-lending to farmers to invest in commodities and resources that will increase their resilience to climate change. Focus is dairy, indigenous chicken, cassava and sorghum in the high productive zones.

Partners: DAI-Matrix Development Consultants-International Institute for Sustainable Development Consortium, UK Government through the StARCK+ Programme


ACT! Changieni Rasilimali facility: promotes improved participation and governance with non-state actors for natural resource management and climate change interventions.

Partners: Act, Change, Transform (ACT!), Governments of Sweden and the UK

East Africa Breweries Ltd: partners with Kenya Agricultural Research Institute to undertake research on sorghum, which is drought resistant and used in the production of low-cost beer; and to produce and certify seeds to farmers. The farmers also benefit from a weather-indexed insurance.

Partners: East Africa Breweries, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Jubilee Insurance, European Co-operative for Rural Development

Kenya Tea Development Agency: works to increase the climate resilience of its farmers and address energy options for factory processes. In collaboration with the Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, has developed new drought-tolerant, high yielding tea varieties. The agency has developed four mini-hydro plants that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Partners: MALF, Kenya Tea Development Agency, Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, Rainforest Alliance, Ethical Tea Partnership, Food and Agriculture Organization

ACRE: provides an innovative weather-based index insurance product that covers farmer’s input in the event of drought or excessive rainfall. This public-private sector initiative collects rainfall data, processes the information and administers payments through a mobile platform.

Partners: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture, UAP Insurance, Safaricom and Kenya Meteorological Department

Crop Insurance Framework: based on Area Yield Index Insurance, the crop insurance framework benefits rural smallholder farmers in three counties (Embu, Bungoma and Nakuru), and will be launched nationally in early 2016.

Partners: MALF, MENRRDA, USAID-UNDP through the LECRD project, World Bank


II. MitigationAs Kenya takes action to achieve its Visions 2030 development aspirations, GHG emissions will rise. Moving to a low carbon development pathway will ensure that Kenya’s contribution to global emissions remains low. Climate change mitigation actions, described below, reduce or prevent GHG emissions by using new technologies, improving energy efficiency, and sequestering carbon in soils or trees. Many of these actions have been catalysed by mechanisms under the UNFCCC, such as the CDM, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and REDD+.

NAMAs: development of NAMA proposals to attract investment for for biogas, bus rapid transit system, clean cook stoves and solar lighting, geothermal and waste initiatives.

Partners: MENRRDA, MOEP, Mitigation Momentum Project that is funded by the Government of the Germany, UNDP Low Emission Capacity Building Programme that is funded by the European Commission and the Governments of Germany and Australia, Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) that is funded by Governments of the Netherlands and United Kingdom

Geothermal: installed capacity of geothermal reached 573 megawatts (MW) in July 2015. The commissioning of two geothermal plants in 2015 meant that geothermal contribution to Kenya’s national energy mix increased to approximately 50 per cent. Electricity generated by this clean, renewable clean source of energy is expected to increase to 1,800 by 2017 and 5,000 MW by 2030.

Partners: MOEP, Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), Geothermal Development Corporation (GDC) with loan support from the World Bank, European Investment Bank, African Development Bank (AfDB) and the Governments of France, Japan and Germany

Wind Power Projects: the Lake Turkana Wind power project to be constructed on a 40,000 acre site in Marsabit County is the largest wind farm in Africa. When completed, 365 wind turbines will generate 310 MW of electricity. The Ngong Hills wind farm contributes 25 MW of electricity to the national grid. Pipeline projects include a 100 MW wind farm in Kajiado, and a 90 MW project in Lamu.

Partners: MOEP, KenGen, Kenya Electricity Transmission Company, AfDB, European Investment Bank, KfW (Germany), Proparco (France), FMO Netherlands, and Government of Belgium

Mini-Grids: provides access to clean energy through the creation of green hydro and solar installations that serve rural communities that are not connected to the main electricity grid.

Partners: MOEP, KenGen, World Bank, African Development Bank, UNDP, Governments of France, Germany, United Kingdom and United States


Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway Project: the biggest infrastructure project in Kenya since independence will shift movement of freight from road to rail consistent with the priorities of the NCCAP. The 609 kilometre line will initially be diesel-powered, with the possibility of electrification in future. It will have the capacity to transport 22 million tonnes a year of cargo (about 40 per cent of cargo from Mombasa port) and 960 passengers per trip, travelling at 120 kilometres per hour. The project will connect Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and South Sudan in subsequent phases.

Partners: Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, Kenya Railways Corporation, China Road and Bridge Corporation, China Exim Bank

Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) System for Nairobi: will provide dedicated lanes and off-board fare collection to enhance service delivery. It will decongest the city roads and improve local air quality. The first of five interconnected lines is expected to be operational in Nairobi by 2018.

Partners: Nairobi County Government, Ministry of Transport, World Bank, AfDB, Government of Japan, European Union in partnership with KfW and European Investment Bank

Green Schools Programme: launched by his Excellency the President in 2013, aims to plant three million seedlings per year schools by planting trees in the compounds of public schools.

Partners: MENRRDA, KFS, UK Government support for model school in Nyandarua County

Sustainable Forestry Management programmes: support the goal of 10 per cent forest cover through improved see production, REDD+ activities and tree breeding.

Partners: MENRRDA, KFS, European Commission, Governments of Japan and Finland

Kasigau Corridor REDD project: protects 200,000 hectares of dry land forest in Taita Taveta. It is first activity in Africa to issue voluntary forestry carbon credits, and provides the benefits of carbon financing to nearly 150,000 people, creating 400 jobs and promoting agricultural intensification, fuel wood substitution and agroforestry.

Partners: Wildlife Works, BNP Paribas, Nedbank Group

Kenya Agricultural Carbon Project: benefits 60,000 smallholder farmers in Kisumu and Kitale, who have improved farming practices though integrated water management, sustainable intensification, improved weather management and agroforestry. It is the first project in Africa to sell soil carbon credits on the voluntary markets.

Partners: World Bank Bio Carbon Fund, SCC-VI Agroforestry

Eco Manyatta Afrika: promotes green building principles through design and construction of a prototype eco-manyatta in Narok. The eco-manyatta is constructed using interlocking brick blocks instead of trees. Biogas systems are used for cooking and solar energy provides lighting.

Partners: Narok County Government, International Labour Organization, UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and UN Human Settlements Programme with support of the UK Government


Improved Cookstoves: Energizing Development Kenya County Programme has supported over 1.5 million households to invest in improved cook stoves and 120,000 households to access small solar systems for lighting and basic electricity services. ClimateCare is managing a loan programme that has distributed ethanol cook stoves in Kibera and improved charcoal jikos at Finlay Farm. Stove testing facilities have been established at the University of Nairobi and the Kenya Industrial Research Institute. Burns Manufacturing has established a factory for the local manufacture of the Jiko Koa.

Partners: MOEP; Governments of Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Australia, UK and Switzerland

Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation: provides subsidized energy audits and energy efficiency training. KAM works with Cooperative and Stanbic Banks to provide loans for companies to invest in recommended renewable energy and energy efficiency.

Partners: MOEP, supported by the Governments of Denmark, France and the United Kingdom

M-Kopa Solar: provides pay-as-you-go solar lighting systems for off-grid households. The systems provide lighting, phone charging and power for a radio. Payments are made via Safaricom’s M-Pesa mobile money platform.

Ubbink East Africa: produces solar panels using imported components at a Naivasha factory that is the first solar module manufacturing site in the East Africa community.

Tamambuzi flower farm: installation of a 60 kW solar system to reduce operational expenses, cut carbon dioxide emissions, and provide lighting to employees’ homes, replacing kerosene lights.

Biojoule Kenya, a subsidiary of the VP Group: Kenya’s first biogas electricity producer with a plant in Naivasha that produces 2.6 MW of electricity using crop waste, providing 2 MW to the national grid.

Oserian Flower Farm: US$ 12 million investment in a 3 MW geothermal power plant in Naivasha that provides 98 per cent of the company’s electricity requirements.

Mumias Sugar Company: a CDM project, this 35 MW bagasse based cogeneration project supports the company’s power requirements and exports excess electricity to the national grid.


III. Policy and Regulatory FrameworkKenya’s Constitution provides the basis for action on climate change by guaranteeing citizens a clean and healthy environment, which is a fundamental right under the Bill of Rights. Kenya’s climate change governance structure has been informed by global and regional commitments and obligations, such as the UNFCCC, Africa’s African Climate Change Strategy (2011) and East Africa’s Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Master Plan (2011). Actions to develop a policy and institutional framework to guide Kenya toward a low carbon climate resilient development pathway are described below.

Intended Nationally Determined Contribution: Kenya’s mitigation contribution is to abate its greenhouse gas emissions by 30 per cent by 2030 relative to the business as usual scenario. Kenya also commits to mainstream adaptation into Medium Term Plans and to implement actions. Achievement of these contributions will require financial, technology and capacity building support (MENRRDA).

Second Medium Term Plan of Vision 2030: Mainstreaming of climate change in national planning, by identifying actions to address climate change, many of them recommended in the NCCAP (MODP).

County Integrated Development Plans: Many county governments are addressing climate change in their policy and planning documents, including the CIDPs that outline development priorities (County Governments).

National Climate Change Framework Policy: adopts a climate change mainstreaming approach that includes integration of climate change considerations into development planning, budgeting and implementation in all sectors and at all levels of government (MENRRDA).

Climate change legislation: A Climate Change Bill is expected to be enacted into law. This legislation includes establishment of a National Climate Change Council that has responsibility for coordination of climate change actions, including mainstreaming climate change in national and county budgets, plans and programs (MENRRDA).

Draft National Policy on Climate Finance: aims to further Kenya’s national development goals through enhanced mobilization of climate finance (National Treasury and MENRRDA).

National Climate Change Response Strategy, 2010: the first national policy document on climate change has improved understanding of the issue and has guided policy decisions (MENRRDA).

National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017: sets out priority adaptation and mitigation actions that will help Kenya move toward a low carbon climate resilient development pathway. Effective implementation will be supported through the establishment of an enabling governance structure including a climate change policy and law, a funding mechanism and investment framework, a capacity development and management framework, and a national performance and benefit measurement system (MENRRDA).


National Adaptation Plan: consolidates the country’s vision on adaptation supported by macro-level adaptation actions that relate with the economic sectors and county level vulnerabilities in order to enhance long term resilience and adaptive capacity (MENRRDA).

Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan: sets out a framework to encourage a shift towards a development path that promotes resource efficiency and sustainable management of natural resources, social inclusion, resilience and sustainable infrastructure development (MENRRDA).

Agricultural Sector Development Strategy: the Agriculture (farm forestry) Rules require the establishment and maintenance of farm forestry on at least 10 per cent of every agricultural land holding (MALF).

Draft Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Framework Programme 2015-2030: promotes climate resilient and low carbon growth sustainable agriculture that ensures food security and contributes to national development goals in line with Kenya Vision 2030 (MALF and MENRRDA).

REDD+ Readiness: the proposal outlines a strategy for developing REDD+ in Kenya (REDD+ Coordination Office, KFS).

Renewable energy policy tools: 0% import duties and Value-added tax exemption on renewable energy materials, equipment and accessories; feed-in tariffs at a price level that attracts and stimulates new investment in the renewable energy sector (ERC).

Energy regulations: on solar water heating, energy management and solar photovoltaic systems were passed in 2012. The regulations require that: buildings using more than 100 litres per day shall use solar water heating systems; designated energy consuming facilities shall carry out energy audits and implement audit recommendations; and design, manufacture and sale of solar PV be licensed by the ERC. Draft regulations developed to set minimum energy performance standards for selected electrical appliances and improved biomass cook stoves (ERC).


IV. Knowledge Management and Capacity Development

Decisions and investments to address climate change need to be based on reliable information and robust data. Public access to information is enhanced through on-line tools and a resource centre, described below. Capacity is being built to enable stakeholders to understand climate change and to develop strategies and responses to address the challenges and opportunities.

National Climate Change Resource Centre: national repository for climate change information located at the KMD headquarters in Nairobi. The centre incorporates green building concepts such as solar power, biogas and water recycling. The centre has a library, amphitheatre, training facilities and an exhibition hall.

Partners: MENRRDA, LECRD project funded by USAID-UNDP

Kenya Climate Knowledge Portal: virtual online platform in the form of a one-stop climate change portal to enable public access to climate change information.

Partners: MENRRDA, Arid Lands Information Network, LECRD project funded by USAID-UNDP

Renewable Energy Portal: provides easy access to relevant information about entry requirements and procedures for operating a renewable energy power plant, the legal and regulatory framework for such investments (such as tariff regulation), and relevant market information.

Partners: ERC, World Bank

Enhancement of climate observational network: National Climate Diagnostic Laboratory at KMD headquarters improves climate knowledge and information management and capacity; installation of automated weather stations.

Partners: KMD, World Bank, LECRD project funded by USAID-UNDP

Climate change studies: includes the Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation at the University of Nairobi that offers masters and PhD programmes, and Egerton University where climate change and agriculture is a major research topic.

Climate Change and Your Business briefing note series: provides information for the private sector on the challenges and opportunities associated with climate change. The Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA) also developed a review of climate risk assessment tools and a list of funding options that are available to members.

Partners: KEPSA, CDKN that is funded by the Governments of the Netherlands and United Kingdom


V. Technology Technology development, transfer and diffusion are required to avoid the adverse effects of climate change and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Development partner support has helped the private sector scale up technology innovations, and the government has undertaken action to identify priority technologies. Select technology actions are described below.

Technology Needs Assessment (2013): prioritises environmental sustainable technology needs for mitigation and adaptation and develops their technology action plans. Priority technologies include: solar home systems, solar dryers, bio-digesters, drought resistant sorghum, roof-surface water harvesting and drip irrigation.

Partners: NEMA, Global Environment Fund administered by UNEP

National Designated Entity for the Climate Technology Centre and Network: the Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute was nominated in 2013 to serve as the national entity for the development and transfer of technologies, and as a focal point for interacting with the climate technology centre regarding requests from the country about its technology needs.

Partners: Ministry of Industrialization and Enterprise Development

Kenya Climate Innovation Centre: provides capacity building and financial support for entrepreneurs and small and medium enterprises to scale up and deploy innovative solutions in the water, renewable energy and agri-business sectors.

Partners: World Bank InfoDev, Governments of Denmark and the United Kingdom

REACT, Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund: provides repayable grants to develop business ideas based on low-cost clean energy solutions that help smallholder farmers adapt to climate change.

Partners: AGRA, Governments of Australia, Denmark, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden and the UK, and International Fund for Agricultural Development

Loan products for improved technologies: Micro-Africa, Rafiki Micro, Equity Bank, Family Bank and others provide loan products that help borrowers purchase climate-friendly technologies such as biogas systems, solar lighting, improved cook stoves and water storage tanks.


VI. National Performance and Benefit Measurement Effective implementation of climate change action is dependent on the feedback generated through monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) processes. The government is working to establish an integrated framework MRV+ system that will report on results of mitigation, adaptation and enabling actions at all levels of government. Actions that support the integrated national performance and benefit measurement system are described below.

Second National Communication to the UNFCCC: assesses Kenya’s national circumstances and responses to climate change, includes Kenya’s 2010 GHG inventory, and examines potential measures to abate the increase of GHG emissions. The report also reviews the likely impact of climate change, the vulnerability of various economic sectors, and possible adaptation measures

Partners: NEMA with support of the Global Environment Fund administered by UNEP

Forestry and Land-use System: establishes a national forest Inventory and national land classification system to estimate removals and emissions from the land use, land use change and forestry sector. Includes national forest resource mapping and the System for Land-based Emissions Estimation in Kenya (SLEEK), an MRV system to estimate land-based emissions in Kenya. A geographic information services lab has been established to enable mapping and tracking of land cover change.

Partners: KFS, Clinton Foundation and the Governments of Japan and Finland

Institutionalization of GHG Inventory process: establishes a GHG inventory unit to manage GHG information and data, and the reporting of GHG emissions and removals.

Partners: MENRRDA, USAID-UNDP through the LECRD project

Monitoring greenhouse gas emissions from livestock: The laboratory has equipment such as respiration chambers and manure management gadgets, to develop reliable data on greenhouse gas emissions. The lab at ILRI’s Mazingira Centre is the first of its kind in Africa.

Partners: ILRI, Government of Germany, Centre for International Forestry Research, UNEP, International Fund for Agricultural Development, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security

Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development project: helps the government track progress on adapting to climate change, and how adaptation programs effect development

Partners: MENRRDA, UK Government

Climate Change Indicators: integrates indicators to track progress on mainstreaming and monitoring of climate change in the national government’s handbook of national reporting and in county indicator handbooks.

Partners: MODP, County Governments, UNDP with support of UK Government


VII. Finance Realizing Kenya’s climate change goals, including the INDC commitment of a 30 per cent reduction in GHG gas emissions by 2030 from a business as usual scenario, will require substantial financial resources. To be successful, Kenya will need to continue to allocate national and county government resources toward climate priorities, facilitate national and international private sector investment, and attract international climate finance from bilateral and multilateral entities. Actions to facilitate climate finance flows are described below.

National Designated Authority (NDA) for the Green Climate Fund: The National Treasury has been designated as the NDA, or the national focal point, for the GCF.

National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the Adaptation Fund: NEMA is the NIE for the US$10 million Adaptation Fund project that assists vulnerable communities to adapt to climate change.

National Implementing Entity with the GCF: access to GCF funds is through NIEs that are accredited to undertake activities of a certain size. With the nomination of the National Treasury, Acumen Fund of the United States was approved by the GCF as an NIE for micro projects of up to US$ 10 million. NEMA is undergoing the GCF approval process to be accredited as an NIE for micro projects.

Kenya Climate Fund: to be established through the climate change legislation as a financing mechanism for priority climate change actions and interventions.

GCF readiness: assists the Government of Kenya to develop a strategic framework for interaction with the GCF and to develop a pipeline of programme and project proposals.

Partners: National Treasury, GIZ and UNDP

County Adaptation Funds: assists county governments to prioritize and mainstream climate change adaptation into planning and to access climate finance. Successfully piloted in Isiolo county and lessons learned are informing implementation in Kitui, Makueni, Wajir and Garissa counties.

Partners: County Governments, NDMA, KMD, UK Met Office, International Institute for Environment and Development, UK Government support through the StARCK+ Programme

Climate Public Expenditure and Budget Review: initial assessment of the government’s climate relevant expenditure and establishment of specific national budgeting and accounting codes for the government’s Integrated Financial Management Information System.

Partners: National Treasury, UNEP, UNDP with UK Government support through the StARCK+ Programme

Joint Crediting Mechanism: signed to enable a low-carbon growth partnership between Japan and Kenya. The partnership will enable mitigation projects in Kenya that generate carbon credits that will be purchased by Japan

Partners: MENRRDA and Government of Japan


For More Information Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities

www.environment.go.kewww.kenyaforestservice.org www.meteo.go.ke

www.nema.go.kewww.sleek.environment.go.kewww.kccap.info

Government Partners

www.energy.go.kewww.erc.go.kewww.kilimo.go.keERC portal: www.renewableenergy.go.kewww.devolutionplanning.go.kewww.gdc.co.kewww.industrialization.go.kewww.kengen.co.ke

www.transport.go.kewww.kirdi.go.kewww.treasury.go.kekrc.co.kewww.water.go.kewww.ndma.go.kewww.cog.go.kewww.nib.or.ke

Non-State Actors

www.act.or.kewww.aecfafrica.org/windows/react-windowwww.alin.or.kewww.biojoule.comwww.burnstoves.comwww.cdkn.orgwww.clintonfoundation.orgwww.climatecare.orgwww.coderedd.orgwww.dai.comwww.ecomanyattaafrika.comwww.endev-kenya.co.kewww.ficcf.comwww.iied.comwww.iisd.org

www.iucn.orgwww.kenyacic.orgwww.ktdateas.comwww.mitigationmomentum.orgwww.m-kopa.comwww.mumias-sugar.comwww.oserian.comwww.oxfam.org/en/countries/kenyawww.tambuzi.co.kewww.trocaire.orgwww.ubbink.co.kewww.snvworld.org/en/countries/kenyawww.syngentafoundation.orgwww.viagroforestry.org


Development Partners and Multilateral Institutions

Australia dfat.gov.au/aid/Pages/australias-aid-program.aspx Belgium kenya.diplomatie.belgium.be/Denmark kenya.um.dk/en/danida-en/European Commission ec.europa.eu/echo/where/sub-saharan-africa/kenya_enFinland www.finland.or.keGermany www.giz.de giz.de/en/worldwide/317.htmlNetherlands kenia.nlembassy.orgNorway norad.no/en/front/countries/africa/kenya/Sweden www.sida.se/English/where-we-work/Africa/Kenya/United Kingdom www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/dfid-kenyaUnited States of American usaid.gov

www.adaptation-fund.orgwww.afdb.orgccafs.cgiar.orgwww.eib.orgenglish.eximbank.gov.cnwww.fao.orgwww.gcfund.orgwww.ifc.orgwww.ifad.org

www.ilri.orgwww.kfw-entwicklungsbank.dewww.lvbcom.orgwww.ltwp.co.kewww.worldbank.orgwww.ke.undp.orgwww.unep.orgunfccc.int


AcknowledgementsMany partners and funders have contributed to Kenya’s efforts to address climate change. We recognise that not all activities and partners are acknowledged in this document; and the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities (MENRRDA) is interested in learning about initiatives to address climate change underway in Kenya.

Please provide any updates to:The Principal Secretary Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development AuthoritiesEmail: [email protected] Website: www.environment.go.ke

The preparation of this document was supported financially by the Technical Assistance (TA) Component of the Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya Plus (StARCK+) Programme, which is funded by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID); the Low Emission and Climate Resilient Development (LECRD) Project, which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and administered by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); and Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN), which is funded by the Governments of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.

The Principal Secretary, and officials from the National Climate Change Secretariat, Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Regional Development Authorities (MENRRDA), provided guidance and leadership that enabled the development of this report. This report was authored and edited by experts from the TA Component of the StARCK+ Programme and a communications consultant engaged by the LECRD project.

The preparation of this document would not have been possible without the support, guidance and feedback from the LECRD Project; CDKN; and DFID’s TA Component. The document benefited from contributions of photographs from various organizations, including ClimateCare, GIZ, KenGen, SNV and StARCK+ TA Component.

REPUBLIC OF KENYA


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