ad grad presentation

8/3/2019 AD Grad Presentation

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Dump Trucks FatalitiesDump Trucks Fatalities

By Tawan BoonpunyaBy Tawan Boonpunya


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Common ActivitiesCommon Activities

Dump trucks are used primarily to haulDump trucks are used primarily to hauldirt and soil to and from the job site.dirt and soil to and from the job site.


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FatalitiesFatalities

347 cases or about 3.2% of recorded347 cases or about 3.2% of recordedincidents are related to dump trucks.incidents are related to dump trucks.


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Causes of DeathCauses of Death

Ran overRan over 66%66%

Collapsed bedCollapsed bed 11%11%

ElectrocutedElectrocuted 9%9% DrowningDrowning 4%4%

Flipped overFlipped over 3%3%

OtherOther 6%6%


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Typical ExampleTypical Example

386.386.Employee#1 was run over by a dump truckEmployee#1 was run over by a dump truckwhile the truck was backing up to unloadwhile the truck was backing up to unload

asphalt for road work. The employee wasasphalt for road work. The employee wasin the blind spot of the drivers mirror.in the blind spot of the drivers mirror.The employers truck was equipped with aThe employers truck was equipped with abackback--up alarm and other employees yelledup alarm and other employees yelled

and blew horns to warn him to get out ofand blew horns to warn him to get out ofthe way. He did not pay attention to thethe way. He did not pay attention to thewarning and was killed.warning and was killed.


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Avoiding FatalitiesAvoiding Fatalities

Avoid being in the trucks blind spot.Avoid being in the trucks blind spot.

Pay close attention when crossing orPay close attention when crossing orwalking along moving vehicles path.walking along moving vehicles path.

Be aware of overhead power lines.Be aware of overhead power lines.

Use proper support when repairingUse proper support when repairinghydraulic parts on the trucks bed.hydraulic parts on the trucks bed.

Make sure backMake sure back--up alarm is in properup alarm is in properworking condition.working condition.

Use a flagperson.Use a flagperson.


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DUMB truckDUMB truck


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Lightning FatalitiesLightning Fatalities

By: Bradley HunterBy: Bradley Hunter


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Work being done outside when thunder isWork being done outside when thunder isheard in the distance.heard in the distance.

Workers on roof tops and up in lifts haveWorkers on roof tops and up in lifts haveincreased exposure to being struck.increased exposure to being struck.

The One More mentality is dangerous.The One More mentality is dangerous.


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The percentage breakdown of causes ofThe percentage breakdown of causes of

death by electrocution among nondeath by electrocution among non--electrical workers in construction, 1992electrical workers in construction, 1992--1999 Avg.1999 Avg.

5.2%5.2%


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Typical ExamplesTypical Examples

An employee was installing sheathing on the roofof anAn employee was installing sheathing on the roofof anaddition to a house. The employee was struck by lightningaddition to a house. The employee was struck by lightningand was electrocuted.and was electrocuted.

On 7/15/97, approximately 1430 hours, 4 employees whoOn 7/15/97, approximately 1430 hours, 4 employees whowere working to install nailers on a roofparapet werewere working to install nailers on a roofparapet werebeginning to get their tools together and descend from thebeginning to get their tools together and descend from theroof because of an approaching thunderstorm. While gettingroof because of an approaching thunderstorm. While gettingtheir tools, employee 1 was struck by lightning and was foundtheir tools, employee 1 was struck by lightning and was found

unconscious on the deck of the roof by employee 2 standingunconscious on the deck of the roof by employee 2 standingnear him and employees 3 and 4. Employee 3 stated he triednear him and employees 3 and 4. Employee 3 stated he triedcpr but he had not been trained. Employee 4, the supervisor,cpr but he had not been trained. Employee 4, the supervisor,descended the ladder and called 911 on his cell phone fromdescended the ladder and called 911 on his cell phone fromhis truck. Employee 1 was taken to the hospital where he laterhis truck. Employee 1 was taken to the hospital where he laterdied on 8/3/97.died on 8/3/97.


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30/30 Rule:30/30 Rule: The 30The 30--30 rule for lightning safety could save30 rule for lightning safety could saveyour life. The first '30' means that you need to take cover if you hearyour life. The first '30' means that you need to take cover if you hearthunder within 30 seconds of the lightning flash (known as thethunder within 30 seconds of the lightning flash (known as the"flash to bang" ratio). Then wait at least 30 minutes after the last"flash to bang" ratio). Then wait at least 30 minutes after the lastlightning flash or thunder before resuming normal activity (thelightning flash or thunder before resuming normal activity (thesecond '30').second '30').

LightningMeter:LightningMeter: Lightning detector provide an earlyLightning detector provide an earlywarning of approaching lightning strikes from as far away as 40warning of approaching lightning strikes from as far away as 40miles and lets you know if the storm is coming your way.miles and lets you know if the storm is coming your way.

An audible alarm sounds when there's a strike and a correspondingAn audible alarm sounds when there's a strike and a correspondingLED light illuminates accordingly at lightning distances of 20LED light illuminates accordingly at lightning distances of 20--4040miles, 12miles, 12--24 miles, 624 miles, 6--12 miles and within 6 miles. The detector is12 miles and within 6 miles. The detector ishoused in a small pagerhoused in a small pager--like casing that can be clipped on a beltlike casing that can be clipped on a beltloop and runs on a single AA battery.loop and runs on a single AA battery.


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Other CommentsOther Comments

Lightning can strike laterally from 10 milesLightning can strike laterally from 10 milesaway.away.

A typical strike delivers between 10000A andA typical strike delivers between 10000A and40000A, generates temperatures as high as40000A, generates temperatures as high as90032 degrees Fahrenheit.90032 degrees Fahrenheit.

Lightning does strike the same place twice,Lightning does strike the same place twice,sometimes more than once during the samesometimes more than once during the samestorm. If it has struck, chances are it will strikestorm. If it has struck, chances are it will strikeagain.again.


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Welding Fatalities

Welding Fatalities

By Dane GilbertBy Dane Gilbert


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ConstructionWeldingConstructionWelding

WeldWeld --A mix of metals that joins at leastA mix of metals that joins at leasttwo separate parts. Welds can betwo separate parts. Welds can beproduced by applying heat or pressure, orproduced by applying heat or pressure, or

both heat and pressure, and they may orboth heat and pressure, and they may ormay not use an additional filler metal.may not use an additional filler metal.

CommonWelds:CommonWelds: arc weld, groove weld,arc weld, groove weld,spot weld , groove weld, fillet weldspot weld , groove weld, fillet weld

Welding takes place on a construction siteWelding takes place on a construction siteboth on the ground level, as well as high inboth on the ground level, as well as high inthe air on multistory buildings. Weldingthe air on multistory buildings. Weldingwill often take place in confined spaces.will often take place in confined spaces.


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Welding Related FatalitiesWelding Related Fatalities

Total Deaths = 98Total Deaths = 98

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Fall Fire Electrocuted Struck by Other

Deaths


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FallsFalls

Employee #1 was welding metalEmployee #1 was welding metaldecking to the joists adjacent to thedecking to the joists adjacent to thedecking edge when he fell backwarddecking edge when he fell backwardand dropped 15 ft onto the concreteand dropped 15 ft onto the concretefloor. He sustained head injuries andfloor. He sustained head injuries andwas killed. The decking was notwas killed. The decking was not

equipped with a standard guardrailequipped with a standard guardrailand no personal fall protection wasand no personal fall protection wasbeing used.being used.


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Fire/ExplosionFire/Explosion

Employees were connecting a gas flowEmployees were connecting a gas flowline and a gas sales line to a separatorline and a gas sales line to a separatorunit. While the employee welded theunit. While the employee welded theremaining nipple onto the gas flow line, aremaining nipple onto the gas flow line, afire and explosion occurred, burningfire and explosion occurred, burningemployee #1, who was standing nearby.employee #1, who was standing nearby.

He was killed.He was killed.


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ElectrocutionElectrocution

An employee was welding wear cracks in aAn employee was welding wear cracks in a44--footfoot--byby--66--footfoot--byby--44--foot laundry tub.foot laundry tub.He was working in a wet environment. HeHe was working in a wet environment. Hecontacted the welding electrode and wascontacted the welding electrode and waselectrocuted.electrocuted.


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All welders who are working above theAll welders who are working above theground level on a building should be tiedground level on a building should be tiedoff at all times in order to avoid falloff at all times in order to avoid fall

injuries. The use of lanyards, nets, andinjuries. The use of lanyards, nets, andsafety harnesses should be employed at allsafety harnesses should be employed at alltimestimes

Welders should be extra careful to avoidWelders should be extra careful to avoidwelding while any flammable or toxicwelding while any flammable or toxicliquids/gases are present.liquids/gases are present.

All welding should take place under dryAll welding should take place under dryconditions.conditions.


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Scissor Lift FatalitiesScissor Lift FatalitiesBy Luke JarchowBy Luke Jarchow


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Scissor lifts are hydraulic lifts thatScissor lifts are hydraulic lifts thatenable workers of various trades toenable workers of various trades towork on a platform at elevatedwork on a platform at elevatedheights. Scissor lifts are similar toheights. Scissor lifts are similar towheeled scaffolding with thewheeled scaffolding with theexception that they can be drivenexception that they can be driven

where the work is to be done,where the work is to be done,generally by use of a joystick control.generally by use of a joystick control.


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A. PlatformA. Platform HeightHeight--ElevatedElevated

3232 ft. (9.75 m)ft. (9.75 m)

B. Platform HeightB. Platform Height --

LoweredLowered4 ft. 3 in. (1.30 m)4 ft. 3 in. (1.30 m)

C. Platform Railing Height*C. Platform Railing Height* 3 ft.3 ft. 7.5 in. (1.10 m)7.5 in. (1.10 m)

D. Overall HeightD. Overall Height 6 ft.6 ft. 5 in. (1.96 m)5 in. (1.96 m)

E. Platform SizeE. Platform Size4545 x 84 in. (1.14 xx 84 in. (1.14 x 2.132.13

m)m)

F. Platform ExtensionF. Platform Extension 3 ft. (91 cm)3 ft. (91 cm)

G. Overall WidthG. Overall Width 33 ft. 10 in. (1.17 m)ft. 10 in. (1.17 m)

H. Overall LengthH. Overall Length 77 ft.ft. 6.5 in. (2.30 m)6.5 in. (2.30 m)

I. WheelbaseI. Wheelbase 55 ft.ft. 8.5 in. (1.74 m)8.5 in. (1.74 m)

J. Ground ClearanceJ. Ground Clearance 3.03.0 in. (7.62 cm)in. (7.62 cm)

Platform CapacityPlatform Capacity 700 lbs. (318 kg)700 lbs. (318 kg)

Capacity on PlatformCapacity on PlatformExtensionExtension

250 lbs. (113 kg)250 lbs. (113 kg)

Lift/Lower TimeLift/Lower Time 60/57 sec.60/57 sec.


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According to OSHA documentation 83According to OSHA documentation 83deaths related to the use of scissordeaths related to the use of scissorlifts have occurred between April oflifts have occurred between April of1992 and January of 2004. That is1992 and January of 2004. That isapproximately 7 deaths annually andapproximately 7 deaths annually andalmost 1% of the total annualalmost 1% of the total annual

construction related fatalities.construction related fatalities.


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The most common occurrences ofThe most common occurrences offatalities resulted from the liftfatalities resulted from the lifttipping over. Some othertipping over. Some otheroccurrences are as follows:occurrences are as follows:

Electrocution from overhead powerElectrocution from overhead power

Hydraulic failure during maintenanceHydraulic failure during maintenance

Falling from lift without fall protectionFalling from lift without fall protection Crushed between lift andCrushed between lift and other objectsother objects


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One fatality occurred as follows:One fatality occurred as follows:Victim was blowing dust off overheadVictim was blowing dust off overheadbeams in preparation for painting a 23beams in preparation for painting a 23foot high ceiling. Victim apparently movedfoot high ceiling. Victim apparently movedscissors lift and drove into a 12 inch x 12scissors lift and drove into a 12 inch x 12inch x 6 inch deep hole. The scissors liftinch x 6 inch deep hole. The scissors liftfell over causing fatal trauma to thefell over causing fatal trauma to the

victim.victim.


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Almost all scissor lift injuries andAlmost all scissor lift injuries andfatalities are easily avoidable by takingfatalities are easily avoidable by takingthe proper precautions while using them.the proper precautions while using them.The following are simple precautionsThe following are simple precautions

which should always be done, but arewhich should always be done, but areoften neglected:often neglected:

1.1. Always make sure the lift is in safeAlways make sure the lift is in safeoperating condition.operating condition.

2.2. Always secure safety chain across theAlways secure safety chain across theback.back.

3.3. Always use outriggers when elevated.Always use outriggers when elevated.


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4.4. Always lower lift before driving andAlways lower lift before driving and

check surface area to be driven on forcheck surface area to be driven on forbumps or holes which may cause lift tobumps or holes which may cause lift tobecome unstable.become unstable.

5.5. Always check your surroundings, aboveAlways check your surroundings, aboveand below, before raising or lowering theand below, before raising or lowering thelift.lift.

6.6. Always use personal fall protection ifAlways use personal fall protection ifwork above lift surface must be done,work above lift surface must be done,and NEVER stand on the lift railings.and NEVER stand on the lift railings.


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ConclusionConclusion

Scissor lifts have become almost aScissor lifts have become almost anecessity in the field and exponentiallynecessity in the field and exponentiallyimprove labor efficiency. Used properlyimprove labor efficiency. Used properlythey are fairly safe, however, if safetythey are fairly safe, however, if safetyprocedures are neglected they become asprocedures are neglected they become asdangerous and deadly as any other piecedangerous and deadly as any other piece

of equipment used in construction.of equipment used in construction.


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Drywall Installation andDrywall Installation andFinishingFinishing

BCN 5737 Advanced Construction SafetyBCN 5737 Advanced Construction Safety

By Dino ZuppaBy Dino Zuppa

April 13, 2007April 13, 2007


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IntroductionIntroduction

This presentation is organized in theThis presentation is organized in thefollowing manner:following manner:

identification of OSHA fatality cases;identification of O

SHA fatality cases;

drywall images;drywall images;

description of typical cases;description of typical cases;

analysis of cases; andanalysis of cases; and recommended safety procedures.recommended safety procedures.


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Identification of OSHA CasesIdentification of OSHA Cases

The search terms used included drywall,The search terms used included drywall,wallboard and plasterboard.wallboard and plasterboard.

Cases that did not directly deal with theCases that did not directly deal with theinstallation or finishing of drywall, butinstallation or finishing of drywall, butincluded one of the search terms, wereincluded one of the search terms, wereeliminated from the analysis.eliminated from the analysis.

In total,In total, 3939 cases were analyzed for thiscases were analyzed for thisassignment.assignment.


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Images of Drywall Installation andImages of Drywall Installation and

Finishing in Residential and NonFinishing in Residential and Non--Residential Work EnvironmentsResidential Work Environments


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Image: Drywall Finishing, NonImage: Drywall Finishing, Non--ResidentialResidential


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Image: Drywall Installation,Image: Drywall Installation,ResidentialResidential


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Image: Scaffold and Children,Image: Scaffold and Children,ResidentialResidential


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Image: High Scaffold, ResidentialImage: High Scaffold, Residential


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Typical IncidentTypical Incident

A drywall installer was working on theA drywall installer was working on thesecond floor landing of a home. He wassecond floor landing of a home. He wascovering nail holes on the ceiling when hecovering nail holes on the ceiling when hefell through an unguarded opening to thefell through an unguarded opening to theconcrete floor below. He landed on hisconcrete floor below. He landed on hishead. He was airlifted to the hospital,head. He was airlifted to the hospital,

where he died a short time later.where he died a short time later.


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Analysis of Drywall Installation andAnalysis of Drywall Installation andFinishing IncidentsFinishing Incidents


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Type of ConstructionType of ConstructionFat alities by Type of Const ruction

46%

28%

23%

3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Residen t ial Com m er cial Unknow n Indust r ial


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Type of Drywall ActivitiesType of Drywall Activities

Fatalities by Type of Dryw all Activit ies

46% 44%

10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Installing Finishing Unclear


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Personal Information Provided onPersonal Information Provided onthe Victimthe Victim

Level of Personal In form at ion Pr ovided on Victim

87%

13%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

N o Per sona l In form at ion

Provided

Per sonal In form at ion Pr ovided


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Type ofPersonal InformationType ofPersonal InformationProvidedProvided

Type of Per sona l Inform at ion Pr ovided on Victim

80% 80%

60%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

New Em ployee Under 30 Years of Age Did Not Speak English


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Example ofPersonal InformationExample ofPersonal Information(When Provided)(When Provided)

A 24 year old male, employed with theA 24 year old male, employed with thecompany only 2 weeks, was finishingcompany only 2 weeks, was finishingdrywall on the ceiling from a mobiledrywall on the ceiling from a mobile

scaffold. The scaffold was two frames highscaffold. The scaffold was two frames highand approximately 12 feet high. Theand approximately 12 feet high. Thescaffold was not fully planked and withoutscaffold was not fully planked and withouta guardrail system. The employee was nota guardrail system. The employee was not

trained and only communicated intrained and only communicated inSpanish. The employee fell to the groundSpanish. The employee fell to the groundbelow and died from his injuries.below and died from his injuries.


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Information Provided on Date andInformation Provided on Date andTime of IncidentTime of Incident

Inform at ion Prov ided on Dat e and Time of Incident

56%

44%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

No Dat e or Tim e of Incident

Provided

Dat e an d Time of Inciden t

Provided


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Time of IncidentTime of Incident

Tim e of Inciden t

76%

18%

6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

In the A.M. Unknow n In the P.M.


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7 Major Causes7 Major Causes

The fatal incidents for drywall installationThe fatal incidents for drywall installationand finishing were separated into sevenand finishing were separated into sevenmajor causes of fatalities: falls,major causes of fatalities: falls,electrocution, burns, carbon monoxideelectrocution, burns, carbon monoxidepoisoning, collapse of roof, nonpoisoning, collapse of roof, non--construction related, and unclear.construction related, and unclear.


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Causes of FatalitiesCauses of Fatalities

Causes of Fatalities

3%

3%

5%

5%

5%

10%

69%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Unclear

Carbon M onoxide Poisoning

Non-Construction

Collapse of Roof

Burns

Electrocution

Fall


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Causes: Residential Vs. CommercialCauses: Residential Vs. Commercial

Causes of Fatalities - Residential

0%

6%

6%

6%

11%

11%

61%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Non-Construction

Unclear

Collapse of Roof

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Burns

Electrocution

Fall


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Causes: Residential Vs. CommercialCauses: Residential Vs. Commercial

Cau ses of Fatalities - Commercial

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

9%

91%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Unclear

Non-Construction

Collapse of Roof

Carbon Mon oxid e Poison ing

Burns

Electrocution

Fall


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Causes: Installation Vs. FinishingCauses: Installation Vs. Finishing

Cau ses of Fatalities - In stallation

0%

0%

6%

6%

11%

11%

67%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Non-Construction

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Un clear

Burns

Collapse of Roof

Electr ocution

Fall


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Causes: Installation Vs. FinishingCauses: Installation Vs. Finishing

Causes of Fatalities - Finishing

0%

0%

0%

6%

6%

12%

76%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Unclear

Collapse of Roof

Carbon M onoxide Poisoning

Non-Construction

Burns

Electrocution

Fall


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More Detailed Analysis of Causes ofMore Detailed Analysis of Causes ofIncidentsIncidents

Electrocution fatalities resulted fromElectrocution fatalities resulted frominadequate ground fault protectioninadequate ground fault protection

Burn fatalities resulted from flash firesBurn fatalities resulted from flash fires

Carbon monoxide poisoning fatalitiesCarbon monoxide poisoning fatalitiesresulted from lack of ventilationresulted from lack of ventilation

Collapse of a roof fatalities resulted fromCollapse of a roof fatalities resulted from

faulty roof trussesfaulty roof trusses NonNon--construction related fatalities resultedconstruction related fatalities resulted

from heart attacks on the jobfrom heart attacks on the job


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Details on Fall IncidentsDetails on Fall IncidentsDetails of Fall Inciden ts

11%

22%

30%

37%

48%

67%

67%

70%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Ladder on Scaffold

Staircase

Moving Scaffold

Greater than 20'

Unprotected Opening

Faulty Guardrail

Scaffold

Skull Fracture

F ll I id t R id ti l VF ll I id t R id ti l V


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Fall Incidents: Residential Vs.Fall Incidents: Residential Vs.CommercialCommercial

Details of Fall Inciden ts - Residential

6%

6%

11%

28%

33%

39%

56%

61%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Moving Scaffold

Ladder on Scaffold

Greater than 20'

Staircase

Scaffold

Unprotected Opening

Skull Fractu re

Faulty Guardrail

Fall Incidents: Residential VsFall Incidents: Residential Vs


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Fall Incidents: Residential Vs.Fall Incidents: Residential Vs.CommercialCommercial

Details of Fall Incidents - Commercial

0%

9%

36%

36%

45%

45%

64%

82%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Staircase

Ladder on Scaffold

Moving Scaffold

Faulty Guardrail

Unprotected Opening

Skull Fracture

Greater than 20'

Scaffold

Fall Incidents: Installation VsFall Incidents: Installation Vs


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Fall Incidents: Installation Vs.Fall Incidents: Installation Vs.FinishingFinishing

Details of Fall Incidents - Installation

11%

11%

11%

28%

33%

50%

50%

61%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Ladder on Scaffold

Moving Scaffold

Staircase

Unprotected "Opening"

Greater than 20'

Faulty Guardrail

Skull Fracture

Unprotected "Opening"


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Fall IncidentsFall Incidents -- FinishingFinishingDetails of Fall Incidents - Finishing

6%

12%

24%

29%

29%

41%

47%

59%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Ladder on Scaffold

Greater than 20'

Staircase

Scaffold

Moving Scaffold

Unprotected Opening

Faulty Guardrail

Skull Fracture


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Recommended Safety ProceduresRecommended Safety Procedures

Only 13% of the cases provided personalOnly 13% of the cases provided personalinformationinformation

OSHA should be more consistent andOSHA should be more consistent and

thorough in documenting casesthorough in documenting cases Documentation should include:Documentation should include:

personal demographic informationpersonal demographic information work experience , training and companywork experience , training and company

informationinformation Description of work environmentDescription of work environment All circumstances of the incidentAll circumstances of the incident A detailed assessment of the causeA detailed assessment of the cause


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Of the 13% of cases that providedOf the 13% of cases that providedpersonal information, 80% were newpersonal information, 80% were newemployees, 80% had little experience andemployees, 80% had little experience and

60% did not speak English60% did not speak English

As a result, mandatory training/educationAs a result, mandatory training/educationand testing should be provided forand testing should be provided for

employees who are new, have littleemployees who are new, have littleexperience and do not speak Englishexperience and do not speak English


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69% of all fatalities were fall related69% of all fatalities were fall related

All drywall installers and finishers shouldAll drywall installers and finishers shouldhave mandatory training/education andhave mandatory training/education andtesting on all procedures relating to falltesting on all procedures relating to fallprotection including scaffold construction,protection including scaffold construction,scaffold moving, guardrails, working nearscaffold moving, guardrails, working near

stair cases and openingsstair cases and openings


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59% of all fatalities referred to a skull59% of all fatalities referred to a skullfracture (the actual number is probablyfracture (the actual number is probablyhigher)higher)

More effective head protection should beMore effective head protection should beconsidered and made mandatoryconsidered and made mandatory


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The analysis showed some differencesThe analysis showed some differencesbetween residential and commercialbetween residential and commercialconstruction, and drywall installation andconstruction, and drywall installation and

drywall finishing.drywall finishing.

Additional research should be conductedAdditional research should be conductedspecifically focusing on these differencesspecifically focusing on these differences

and training and education should addressand training and education should addressthese differencesthese differences


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Dozer FatalitiesDozer Fatalities

By Shannon CloseBy Shannon Close


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Typically used for earthwork orTypically used for earthwork ordemolitiondemolition

Also used in roadwork and farmingAlso used in roadwork and farming

Used for leveling ground, removingUsed for leveling ground, removingtrees and debris, and breaking uptrees and debris, and breaking upearthearth


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About 80 fatalities foundAbout 80 fatalities found

Most common are runovers andMost common are runovers andejections/tippingejections/tipping

Other include explosion/burn, falls,Other include explosion/burn, falls,electrocutionelectrocution


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Typical ExampleTypical Example--RunoverRunover

Employee #1 was operating a smallEmployee #1 was operating a smallJohn Deere bulldozer on level groundJohn Deere bulldozer on level groundtracking forward. He stood on thetracking forward. He stood on the

right hydraulic arm to see if a chainright hydraulic arm to see if a chainattached to the blade was draggingattached to the blade was draggingon the ground. He lost his balance,on the ground. He lost his balance,

fell forward, and was crushed underfell forward, and was crushed underthe crawler track.the crawler track.


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Typical ExampleTypical Example--EjectionEjection

Employee #1 was unloading aEmployee #1 was unloading abulldozer from a trailer. As he wasbulldozer from a trailer. As he wasbacking up, the dozer went off thebacking up, the dozer went off the

edge of the trailer. Employee #1,edge of the trailer. Employee #1,who was not wearing a seatbelt,who was not wearing a seatbelt,either jumped or was thrown fromeither jumped or was thrown from

the cab. The rops landed across histhe cab. The rops landed across hischest, and he was killed almostchest, and he was killed almostimmediately.immediately.


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Require seatbelt and ropsRequire seatbelt and rops

If not in the operator seat, dozerIf not in the operator seat, dozermust be shutdownmust be shutdown

Require working horn and backRequire working horn and back--upupsignalsignal


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Concrete PlacementConcrete Placement


By Jake VickersBy Jake Vickers


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Concrete placement is commonlyConcrete placement is commonlydone by transferring concrete from adone by transferring concrete from aholding tank or truck to the pour site.holding tank or truck to the pour site.

The most common transportationThe most common transportationmethods for large pours include largemethods for large pours include largeconcrete buckets carried by cranes,concrete buckets carried by cranes,

or hoses that are attached toor hoses that are attached toconcrete trucks by booms, similar toconcrete trucks by booms, similar toa crane.a crane.


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After reviewing the OSHA FatalityAfter reviewing the OSHA Fatalityspreadsheet, there were thirtyspreadsheet, there were thirty--fivefivefatalities directly related to concretefatalities directly related to concrete

placement.placement.


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Numerous concrete workers wereNumerous concrete workers wereelectrocuted in separate incidences whileelectrocuted in separate incidences whileusing bull floats with aluminum handles.using bull floats with aluminum handles.

The handles came into contact withThe handles came into contact withoverhead power lines, killing the workers.overhead power lines, killing the workers.


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Workers have died during concrete poursWorkers have died during concrete poursafter falling from scaffolding or formworkafter falling from scaffolding or formworkused for castused for cast--inin--place concrete.place concrete.


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Numerous workers have been killed whenNumerous workers have been killed whena concrete bucket, used to transporta concrete bucket, used to transportconcrete, fell from its boom and landed onconcrete, fell from its boom and landed on

them.them.

Oh, Crap!


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To avoid electrocution duringTo avoid electrocution duringconcrete pours, workers andconcrete pours, workers andequipment operators should beequipment operators should be

aware of all surrounding electricalaware of all surrounding electricalwires. Dangerous power lines shouldwires. Dangerous power lines shouldbe shut off during the pour. Whenbe shut off during the pour. When

possible, concrete finishers shouldpossible, concrete finishers shouldwork from angles where their toolswork from angles where their toolsare distant from electrical lines.are distant from electrical lines.


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For fall incidences related to concreteFor fall incidences related to concretepours, workers should always be tied offpours, workers should always be tied offto the formwork or scaffold that isto the formwork or scaffold that is

supporting them. If the structure makes itsupporting them. If the structure makes itimpossible for them to always be tiedimpossible for them to always be tied--offoffwhen moving, there should be adequatewhen moving, there should be adequate

railings and stairs to lessen the likelihoodrailings and stairs to lessen the likelihoodof a fall.of a fall.


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For incidences involving employees being struckFor incidences involving employees being struckby equipment or debris, workers should neverby equipment or debris, workers should neverbe permitted to be directly under a concretebe permitted to be directly under a concrete

bucket or boom. All equipment should bebucket or boom. All equipment should beinspected before, after, and during each use,inspected before, after, and during each use,and should be put out of service if there is aand should be put out of service if there is aproblem. Cranes transporting concrete shouldproblem. Cranes transporting concrete should

always be secured on solid ground, and shouldalways be secured on solid ground, and shouldnever attempt to transport more than thenever attempt to transport more than theallowable load.allowable load.


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Extension LaddersExtension Ladders

Supriya GhuleSpring 2007


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A ladder is one of the simplest most easyA ladder is one of the simplest most easy--toto--use tools in the construction industry.use tools in the construction industry.

Most common types of accidents are:Most common types of accidents are:

Electrocution due to overhead powerElectrocution due to overhead power--lineslines

Tipping of the ladder or slipping off theTipping of the ladder or slipping off theladder while climbing up or down.ladder while climbing up or down.

Attempting to move the ladder whileAttempting to move the ladder whilestanding on it or trying to reach away fromstanding on it or trying to reach away fromthe ladders.the ladders.


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Causes of AccidentsCauses of Accidents

Lack of training beforeLack of training beforeuse and inspection beforeuse and inspection beforeuse.use.

Lack of safety or toolLack of safety or tool--boxbox

meetings.meetings.

Carrying tools orCarrying tools ormaterials while going upmaterials while going upor down on the ladder.or down on the ladder.

Negligence andNegligence andcomplacency about usecomplacency about useby the workers.by the workers.


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During the years 1980 through 1985, the contact ofDuring the years 1980 through 1985, the contact ofmetal ladders with overhead power lines accountedmetal ladders with overhead power lines accountedforfor approximately 4%approximately 4% of all workof all work--relatedrelatedelectrocutions in the United States (e.g., 17 out of 382electrocutions in the United States (e.g., 17 out of 382

deaths for 1985) [NIOSH]deaths for 1985) [NIOSH] An analysis of Census of Fatal Occupational InjuriesAn analysis of Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries

data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the yearsdata from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the years19921992--1999 showed that the1999 showed that the major causes of deathsmajor causes of deathsfrom falls were falls from roofs (33%), ladders (14%);from falls were falls from roofs (33%), ladders (14%);

One finding was that at leastOne finding was that at least 16%16% of what wereof what were

classified as falls were actuallyclassified as falls were actually collapses or tipcollapses or tip--oversoversof the surfaces the workers were standing on.of the surfaces the workers were standing on. The average fatality rate as a result of falls fromThe average fatality rate as a result of falls from

working surfaces is 0.49 per 100000 workers.working surfaces is 0.49 per 100000 workers. (2000)(2000)


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In 2006, OSHA issued 2,115 citations for violations ofIn 2006, OSHA issued 2,115 citations for violations of29 CFR29 CFR1926.1053, Ladders1926.1053, Ladders..

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data for 2005 show 129Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data for 2005 show 129fatalities in the United States that were attributed to falls fromfatalities in the United States that were attributed to falls fromladders, with an average of 122 fatalities per year betweenladders, with an average of 122 fatalities per year between

2000 and 2004.2000 and 2004. From 2000 through 2006 and found 43 events involvingFrom 2000 through 2006 and found 43 events involving

ladder safety issues. These events resulted in 33 injuries andladder safety issues. These events resulted in 33 injuries and1 fatality.1 fatality.

Nationally, the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics recordedNationally, the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics recorded1,310 work1,310 work--related fatalities due to contact with power linesrelated fatalities due to contact with power lines

(1992(1992--2001). Of these 1,310 fatalities, 29 involved painters2001). Of these 1,310 fatalities, 29 involved painterswhere the source of injury is a ladder and the exposure is duewhere the source of injury is a ladder and the exposure is dueto contact with overhead power lines.to contact with overhead power lines.


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Example 1Example 1

Three employees were installing rain gutter on the eastThree employees were installing rain gutter on the eastside of a twoside of a two--story farm house. The eaves on the housestory farm house. The eaves on the housewere 18 feet above the ground. After the employeeswere 18 feet above the ground. After the employeesreturned from lunch, two of them were putting tools intoreturned from lunch, two of them were putting tools into

their van. They had their backs to the house. The othertheir van. They had their backs to the house. The otheremployee was carrying an extension ladder to the vanemployee was carrying an extension ladder to the vanwithout first retracting it. The ladder contacted anwithout first retracting it. The ladder contacted anoverhead power line that was 14 feet from the eastoverhead power line that was 14 feet from the easteaves and was 18 to 20 feet above the ground. Theeaves and was 18 to 20 feet above the ground. Theemployee was pronounced dead of electrocution onemployee was pronounced dead of electrocution onarrival at a local hospital.arrival at a local hospital.


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Example 2Example 2

An employee climbed a 32An employee climbed a 32--foot woodenfoot woodenextension ladder to cut down threeextension ladder to cut down threeconductors from a utility pole. Hisconductors from a utility pole. His

employer told him that the conductorsemployer told him that the conductorswere dewere de--energized. Unfortunately, theenergized. Unfortunately, theconductors were energized; and, when theconductors were energized; and, when the

employee cut into the first one with a pairemployee cut into the first one with a pairof bolt cutters, he was electrocuted.of bolt cutters, he was electrocuted.


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Example 3Example 3

The victim was climbing down a 12'The victim was climbing down a 12'aluminum extension ladder when thealuminum extension ladder when theladder slipped on the concrete floor. Thisladder slipped on the concrete floor. This

ladder did not have rubber safety feet andladder did not have rubber safety feet andwas not tied in. The ladder was leaningwas not tied in. The ladder was leaningagainst a platform 9'5" above the floor,against a platform 9'5" above the floor,

and was located near the center of this 25'and was located near the center of this 25'wide platform inside a warehouse.wide platform inside a warehouse.


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Example 4Example 4

On march 23, 1993, employees #1 and #2, of WashingOn march 23, 1993, employees #1 and #2, of WashingUnlimited, were cleaning the exterior of a two story brickUnlimited, were cleaning the exterior of a two story brickveneer single family residence using manual tools and aveneer single family residence using manual tools and apower washer. The employees were attempting to cleanpower washer. The employees were attempting to clean

the chimney, which was approximately 33 ft high on thethe chimney, which was approximately 33 ft high on thenorth side of the house. The employees were using twonorth side of the house. The employees were using twovertical sections of mobile scaffolding that allowed themvertical sections of mobile scaffolding that allowed themto reach only a height of approximately 16 ft. Theto reach only a height of approximately 16 ft. Theemployees placed a 32 ft extension ladder on top of theemployees placed a 32 ft extension ladder on top of thescaffold to reach the upper chimney. When onescaffold to reach the upper chimney. When oneemployee climbed the ladder, the scaffold tipped overemployee climbed the ladder, the scaffold tipped overand both employees fell to the ground. Employee #1and both employees fell to the ground. Employee #1died and employee #2 was hospitalized.died and employee #2 was hospitalized.


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Ladder InspectionLadder Inspection Always check a ladder before using it. InspectAlways check a ladder before using it. Inspect

wood ladders for cracks and splits in the wood.wood ladders for cracks and splits in the wood.Check all ladders to see that steps or rungs areCheck all ladders to see that steps or rungs aretight and secure. Be sure that all hardware andtight and secure. Be sure that all hardware and

fittings are properly and securely attached. Testfittings are properly and securely attached. Testmovable parts to see that they operate withoutmovable parts to see that they operate withoutbinding or without too much free play. Inspectbinding or without too much free play. Inspectmetal and fiberglass ladders for bends andmetal and fiberglass ladders for bends andbreaks.breaks.

Never use a damaged ladder. Tag it "Defective"Never use a damaged ladder. Tag it "Defective"and report it to the boss so that it may beand report it to the boss so that it may beremoved from the job.removed from the job.


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Keep the steps and rungs of ladders free of grease, oil, wet paint,Keep the steps and rungs of ladders free of grease, oil, wet paint,mud, snow, ice, paper and other slippery materials. Also clean suchmud, snow, ice, paper and other slippery materials. Also clean suchdebris off your shoes before climbing a ladder.debris off your shoes before climbing a ladder.

Always face a ladder when climbing up or down. Use both handsAlways face a ladder when climbing up or down. Use both handsand maintain a secure grip on the rails or rungs.and maintain a secure grip on the rails or rungs.

Never carry heavy or bulky loads up a ladder. Climb up yourselfNever carry heavy or bulky loads up a ladder. Climb up yourself

first, and then pull up the material with a rope.first, and then pull up the material with a rope. Climb and stand on a ladder with your feet in the center of the stepsClimb and stand on a ladder with your feet in the center of the steps

or rungs.or rungs. Do not overreach from a ladder, or lean too far to one side. A goodDo not overreach from a ladder, or lean too far to one side. A good

rule is to always keep your belt buckle inside the rails of a ladder.rule is to always keep your belt buckle inside the rails of a ladder. Never climb onto a ladder from the side, from above the top or fromNever climb onto a ladder from the side, from above the top or from

one ladder to another.one ladder to another. Never slide down a ladder.Never slide down a ladder.

Never set up or use a ladder in a high wind, especially aNever set up or use a ladder in a high wind, especially alightweight metal or fiberglass type.lightweight metal or fiberglass type.


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Do not use a ladder thatDo not use a ladder thatis damaged or one that isis damaged or one that isnot sturdy enough tonot sturdy enough towithstand the load orwithstand the load or

weight of the personsweight of the personsworking on it.working on it.

Do not try to make aDo not try to make aladder reach farther byladder reach farther by

setting it on boxes,setting it on boxes,barrels, bricks, blocks orbarrels, bricks, blocks orother unstable bases.other unstable bases.


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Ladder Selection and InspectionLadder Selection and Inspection

Never splice or tie two short ladders together to make a longNever splice or tie two short ladders together to make a longsection.section.

Top support for a ladder is as important as good footing.Top support for a ladder is as important as good footing.

The top should rest evenly against a flat, firm surface.The top should rest evenly against a flat, firm surface. When a ladder is used for access to an upper landingWhen a ladder is used for access to an upper landing

surface, it must extend three rungs, or at least three feetsurface, it must extend three rungs, or at least three feetabove the landing surface.above the landing surface.

A ladder used for access to an upper landing surface shouldA ladder used for access to an upper landing surface should

be secured against sideways movement at the top or held bybe secured against sideways movement at the top or held byanother worker whenever it is being used.another worker whenever it is being used.

i d O li d O l


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Required OverlapsRequired Overlaps

Length ofLength ofLadderLadder

RequiredRequiredOverlapOverlap

Up to 36Up to 36

FeetFeet

33 FeetFeet

Over 36 toOver 36 to48 feet48 feet

4 feet4 feet

Over 48 toOver 48 to60 feet60 feet

5 feet5 feet

Proper angles for UseProper angles for Use


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Proper angles for UseProper angles for Use

The technically proper angle for aThe technically proper angle for anonnon--selfself--supporting ladder issupporting ladder isabout 75 degrees aboveabout 75 degrees abovehorizontalhorizontal..

If ladders are set up at aIf ladders are set up at a steepersteeperangleangle than 75 degrees abovethan 75 degrees above

horizontal, theyhorizontal, they must be tied off atmust be tied off atthe topthe top to prevent this formto prevent this formhappening.happening.

TheThe distance from the foot of adistance from the foot of aladder to the wall should never beladder to the wall should never bemore than onemore than one--half the height tohalf the height to

the support pointthe support point, an angle of about, an angle of about63 degrees above horizontal63 degrees above horizontal

Extension Ladder DosExtension Ladder Dos


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Extension Ladder Do sExtension Ladder Do s

When using a ladder to climb onto a roof or platform, extend theWhen using a ladder to climb onto a roof or platform, extend theladder at least 3 ft past the edge it is resting against.ladder at least 3 ft past the edge it is resting against.

Set up the ladder at aSet up the ladder at a safe anglesafe angle. Put your toes against the bottom. Put your toes against the bottomof the rails and stretch your arms out at shoulder height. You shouldof the rails and stretch your arms out at shoulder height. You shouldbe able to grasp the rung with your hands (see front).be able to grasp the rung with your hands (see front).

Use an extension ladderUse an extension ladder no longer than 44 ftno longer than 44 ft.. On twoOn two--section extension ladders, the sections must overlap at leastsection extension ladders, the sections must overlap at least

3 ft. Overlap must be at least 4 ft for ladders over 33 ft.3 ft. Overlap must be at least 4 ft for ladders over 33 ft. Locate or create a level and firm surface for the base of the ladder.Locate or create a level and firm surface for the base of the ladder. Secure the topSecure the top and, when feasible, the bottom of the extensionand, when feasible, the bottom of the extension

ladder.ladder. wear a safety harnesswear a safety harness and tie off to a welland tie off to a well--anchored lifeline oranchored lifeline or

other support (not to the ladder) when working higher than 10 ft.other support (not to the ladder) when working higher than 10 ft. When climbing up or down, always face the extension ladder andWhen climbing up or down, always face the extension ladder and

maintainmaintain threethree--point contactpoint contact with two hands and a foot or twowith two hands and a foot or twofeet and a hand.feet and a hand.

E t i L dd D tE t i L dd D t


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Extension Ladder DontsExtension Ladder Donts

Do not move ladder by rocking, jogging orDo not move ladder by rocking, jogging orpushing it away from a supporting wall.pushing it away from a supporting wall.

Do not leave tools or materials on top ofDo not leave tools or materials on top of

ladders.ladders. Never push or pull anything sideways while on aNever push or pull anything sideways while on a

ladder.ladder.Allow only one person at a time on a ladder.Allow only one person at a time on a ladder.

Never use a ladder as a horizontal platform,Never use a ladder as a horizontal platform,plank, scaffold or material hoist.plank, scaffold or material hoist. Never use a ladder on a scaffold platform.Never use a ladder on a scaffold platform.

C ti dC ti d


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ContinuedContinued

Never use metal laddersNever use metal laddersaround exposed electricalaround exposed electricalwiring. Metal ladders should bewiring. Metal ladders should bemarked with tags or stickersmarked with tags or stickersreading "CAUTIONreading "CAUTION--Do Not UseDo Not Use

Around Electrical Equipment"Around Electrical Equipment"or similar wording.or similar wording.

RULE of THUMB:RULE of THUMB: If theIf theoverhead power line is 50 kVoverhead power line is 50 kVor less, then stay at least 10or less, then stay at least 10

feet away. For everything else,feet away. For everything else,keep at least 35 feet away.keep at least 35 feet away.

C l iC l i


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ConclusionConclusion

The fact is, a ladder is one of the simplest mostThe fact is, a ladder is one of the simplest mosteasyeasy--toto--use tools in the construction industry.use tools in the construction industry.

But,But, statistics suggest that the working men andstatistics suggest that the working men and

women in America abuse and misuse ladders inwomen in America abuse and misuse ladders inthe workplace as a rule rather than an exception.the workplace as a rule rather than an exception.

So, making a wellSo, making a well--designed and welldesigned and well--taughttaughtladder safety program and routine inspectionsladder safety program and routine inspections

are well worth the effort.are well worth the effort.

R fR f


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ReferencesReferences

http://www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/d0http://www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/d0100/d000170/d000170.html100/d000170/d000170.html

http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/BuildSahttp://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/BuildSa

fe/SafetyBreakEnglish/11fe/SafetyBreakEnglish/11--Ladders,_extension.pdfLadders,_extension.pdf

L th l t lid bl kL th l t lid bl k


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Leave the last slide blankLeave the last slide blank


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C B A blC B A bl


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Crane Boom AssemblyCrane Boom Assembly


By Andrew WehleBy Andrew Wehle

C A ti itiC A ti iti


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A crane boom is typically lowered to near ground level inA crane boom is typically lowered to near ground level inorder for the boom to be serviced, typically 4order for the boom to be serviced, typically 4--10ft above the10ft above theground.ground.

Ground workers either assemble or disassemble sections toGround workers either assemble or disassemble sections tothe crane via connectors, often utilizing load bearing pinsthe crane via connectors, often utilizing load bearing pins

that quickly connect two sections at critical joints.that quickly connect two sections at critical joints.

Workers often maneuver themselves directly under theWorkers often maneuver themselves directly under theboom in order to have better access to the connecting pins.boom in order to have better access to the connecting pins.

This practice is inherently dangerous in the event of the lossThis practice is inherently dangerous in the event of the losssupport of the crane sections.support of the crane sections.

Due to the tremendous weight of the crane sections, it isDue to the tremendous weight of the crane sections, it isconsidered a safe practice to properly support each sectionconsidered a safe practice to properly support each sectionof the crane while it is being serviced.of the crane while it is being serviced.



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Based on the information provided in theBased on the information provided in thedatabase , there were 33 fatalities relateddatabase , there were 33 fatalities relatedto the improper crane boom assembly &to the improper crane boom assembly &disassembly out of the 10,598 fatalitiesdisassembly out of the 10,598 fatalities

listedlisted



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Employee #1 and a coworker were taking apart the boom of aEmployee #1 and a coworker were taking apart the boom of acrane. Employee #1 crawled under the boom to remove the boomcrane. Employee #1 crawled under the boom to remove the boomsection pins. When the pins were removed, the boom sectionsection pins. When the pins were removed, the boom sectiondropped, crushing and killing employee #1.dropped, crushing and killing employee #1.

Employee #1 and four coworkers were engaged in replacing aEmployee #1 and four coworkers were engaged in replacing a

section of the boom on a truck crane. The crane operator hadsection of the boom on a truck crane. The crane operator hadlowered the boom and the jib and head section had been removed.lowered the boom and the jib and head section had been removed.The operator mounted a skytrack forklift and attached a sling to theThe operator mounted a skytrack forklift and attached a sling to thesecond section of the boom. The section was lifted slightly to relievesecond section of the boom. The section was lifted slightly to relievethe pressure on the pins. Employee #1 got under the boom andthe pressure on the pins. Employee #1 got under the boom andremoved one of the pins. When the pin was removed, the boomremoved one of the pins. When the pin was removed, the boomdropped slightly, and employee #1 said to a nearby coworker, "Idropped slightly, and employee #1 said to a nearby coworker, "I

hope this don't fall." when he removed the second bottom pin, thehope this don't fall." when he removed the second bottom pin, theboom fell, striking employee #1 in the head and pinning him to theboom fell, striking employee #1 in the head and pinning him to theground. He was killed.ground. He was killed.



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Typical ExampleTypical Example While attempting to dismantle the boom of a 35 ton truck craneWhile attempting to dismantle the boom of a 35 ton truck crane

employee #1 crawled under the boom and attempted to remove theemployee #1 crawled under the boom and attempted to remove thesuperstructure pins without blocking the boom with cribbing orsuperstructure pins without blocking the boom with cribbing orsecuring the base section with the lift cable when he removed thesecuring the base section with the lift cable when he removed thelower two pins the boom collapsed pinning him beneath thelower two pins the boom collapsed pinning him beneath theintermediate section of the crane.intermediate section of the crane.

At approximately 9:30 a.m. on August 14, 1992, employee #1 wasAt approximately 9:30 a.m. on August 14, 1992, employee #1 was

helping a coworker dismantle a crane boom at the butt section tohelping a coworker dismantle a crane boom at the butt section toadd another boom section. The coworker had already removed theadd another boom section. The coworker had already removed thepin on the driver's side and was sitting in the operator's stationpin on the driver's side and was sitting in the operator's stationwhen employee #1 stood under the butt section of the boom andwhen employee #1 stood under the butt section of the boom andknocked out the pin on the upper side. The boom scissored downknocked out the pin on the upper side. The boom scissored downand crushed employee #1 to death.and crushed employee #1 to death.

Language IssuesLanguage Issues


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Language IssuesLanguage Issues

An employee was working with his field crew to disassemble a crane boom.An employee was working with his field crew to disassemble a crane boom.The supervisor got under the crane and removed the cotter pin and struckThe supervisor got under the crane and removed the cotter pin and struckthe connector pin and the connector pin popped out. This foreman thenthe connector pin and the connector pin popped out. This foreman thenhand signaled to the Hispanic employee, who could not speak English, tohand signaled to the Hispanic employee, who could not speak English, toremove his cotter pin. The employee also under the crane boom like hisremove his cotter pin. The employee also under the crane boom like hisforeman, removed the cotter pin and struck the connector pin. The boomforeman, removed the cotter pin and struck the connector pin. The boomfell on him and he was crushedfell on him and he was crushed..

It should be noted that the following accident mentioned language in theIt should be noted that the following accident mentioned language in thenarrative of the accident. While language is not listed directly as a cause, Inarrative of the accident. While language is not listed directly as a cause, Ibelieve that it is worth noting that the foreman did not and could not speakbelieve that it is worth noting that the foreman did not and could not speakdirectly to the employee. It is clear from the narrative that the employeedirectly to the employee. It is clear from the narrative that the employeewas mimicking the previous actions of the foreman. It is possible that thewas mimicking the previous actions of the foreman. It is possible that theaccident might have been averted if there were better and clearer lines ofaccident might have been averted if there were better and clearer lines of

communication. How was the employee trained in regard to the safetycommunication. How was the employee trained in regard to the safetyprocedures regarding cranes given the language barrier? Could theprocedures regarding cranes given the language barrier? Could theemployee have recognized the hazard and informed the foreman ifemployee have recognized the hazard and informed the foreman iflanguage and culture was not an issue?language and culture was not an issue?



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gg

Require proper training of all employees in regardRequire proper training of all employees in regardto crane safety, including nonto crane safety, including non--English speakers.English speakers.

Provide rigid oversight and enforcement of allProvide rigid oversight and enforcement of allsafety rules regarding crane safety.safety rules regarding crane safety.

Provide all necessary blocking and cribbingProvide all necessary blocking and cribbingmaterial and insure that the material is readilymaterial and insure that the material is readilyavailable on site at all times when a crane is inavailable on site at all times when a crane is in

use.use. Make employees successfully demonstrate theMake employees successfully demonstrate the

proper procedures for safely blocking andproper procedures for safely blocking andcribbing a cranecribbing a crane

A idi F t litiA idi F t liti


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Crane must be properly blocked prior to servicing theCrane must be properly blocked prior to servicing theboom or anytime the crane is beingboom or anytime the crane is beingassembled/disassembled.assembled/disassembled.



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Require crane operators to oversee all craneRequire crane operators to oversee all craneoperations and provide them the authority to stopoperations and provide them the authority to stopall operations if procedures are not beingall operations if procedures are not beingfollowed.followed.

Require supervisoryRequire supervisory--level personnel to overseelevel personnel to oversee

ground operations involving the assembly andground operations involving the assembly anddisassembly of crane booms, jibs or sections.disassembly of crane booms, jibs or sections. If nonIf non--English speakers have not received properEnglish speakers have not received proper

training and there are no bilingual supervisorytraining and there are no bilingual supervisorypersonnel available, consider reassignment of thispersonnel available, consider reassignment of thisspecific task due to the high level of hazardspecific task due to the high level of hazardassociated with crane work until the languageassociated with crane work until the languagesituation can be properly addressed.situation can be properly addressed.



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Require all workers to avoid workingRequire all workers to avoid workingunderneath the crane sections byunderneath the crane sections bydesignating this area an unsafe work zone.designating this area an unsafe work zone.

Require workers to remove load bearingRequire workers to remove load bearingpins from the sides of the boom, so in thepins from the sides of the boom, so in theevent of a blocking failure, workers willevent of a blocking failure, workers willnot be in the direct line of the falling cranenot be in the direct line of the falling crane

sections.sections.



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Design for Safety IssuesDesign for Safety Issues Is it possible to encourage the craneIs it possible to encourage the crane

manufacturers to design a quick release formanufacturers to design a quick release forcrane sections that utilize side controls for thecrane sections that utilize side controls for the

attachment/detachment of accessory sections?attachment/detachment of accessory sections? The design of the crane itself may put workersThe design of the crane itself may put workers

unnecessarily at risk.unnecessarily at risk. Regardless of the safeties employed in the craneRegardless of the safeties employed in the crane

design, all crane boom service work must alwaysdesign, all crane boom service work must alwaysrequire proper blocking and support in the eventrequire proper blocking and support in the eventof failure.of failure.



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SpraySprayPaintingPainting

By Amber EdingtonBy Amber Edington



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Paint is applied by roller, brush, or spray.Paint is applied by roller, brush, or spray.

Sprayed paint can be applied by a can withSprayed paint can be applied by a can witha spray nozzle or from a power sprayer.a spray nozzle or from a power sprayer.

It is often necessary to climb ladders or beIt is often necessary to climb ladders or beon scaffolding in order to reach painton scaffolding in order to reach paintlocations.locations.

The cases discussed include both types ofThe cases discussed include both types of

spray painting.spray painting.

Spray Painting FatalitiesSpray Painting Fatalities


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Of the 10,599 cases reported in the dataOf the 10,599 cases reported in the databy OSHA, 201 wereby OSHA, 201 were paintingpainting cases.cases. This equates to approximately 1.9% of theThis equates to approximately 1.9% of the

fatalities reported.fatalities reported.

To narrow the focus,To narrow the focus, spray paintingspray painting waswasresearched.researched. 20 cases were identified relating to spray20 cases were identified relating to spray

painting.painting.

This equates to approximately 0.19% of theThis equates to approximately 0.19% of thefatalities reported.fatalities reported.

Spray painting accounts for approximatelySpray painting accounts for approximately9.95% of all painting fatalities.9.95% of all painting fatalities.



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Of the 20 recorded fatalities, causesOf the 20 recorded fatalities, causesinclude:include:

FallFall 35%35%

ElectrocutionElectrocution 20%20%

Run overRun over 15%15%

Faulty EquipmentFaulty Equipment 10%10%

FireFire 10%10% Fume InhalationFume Inhalation 10%10%



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FallFall Employee #1 was spray painting aEmployee #1 was spray painting a

condominium when he fell approximatelycondominium when he fell approximately25 ft from a small roof section. He25 ft from a small roof section. Hefractured his skull and was killed. Nofractured his skull and was killed. No

safety belt or other means of fallsafety belt or other means of fallprotection were in use.protection were in use.

FallFall Employee #1 was seen early in theEmployee #1 was seen early in the

morning spray painting a wall of a newmorning spray painting a wall of a newwarehouse. It is believed that he becamewarehouse. It is believed that he becameentangled with the spray air hose andentangled with the spray air hose andtripped, falling through a skylight andtripped, falling through a skylight andonto a concrete floor. He sustained aonto a concrete floor. He sustained aconcussion and was killed.concussion and was killed.

T i l E lT i l E l


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ElectrocutionElectrocution A painter was spray painting the side of aA painter was spray painting the side of a

condominium. A 7200condominium. A 7200--volt overhead power linevolt overhead power linewas located about 15 feet from the east wall ofwas located about 15 feet from the east wall of

the building. The painter moved a 40the building. The painter moved a 40--footfoot--longlongwerner aluminum extension ladder and broughtwerner aluminum extension ladder and broughtit into contact with the power line. He wasit into contact with the power line. He waselectrocuted.electrocuted.

FireFire Employees #1 and #2 were spray painting theEmployees #1 and #2 were spray painting the

interior of an apartment when a gas waterinterior of an apartment when a gas waterheater ignited the paint vapors, causing anheater ignited the paint vapors, causing anexplosion and fire. Employee #1 was killed andexplosion and fire. Employee #1 was killed andemployee #2 was hospitalized.employee #2 was hospitalized.



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The foreman was spray painting a line onThe foreman was spray painting a line onthe asphalt. He walked around in front ofthe asphalt. He walked around in front ofthe dump truck. The driver didn't knowthe dump truck. The driver didn't knowhe was there and could not see him andhe was there and could not see him and

struck him with the right front bumperstruck him with the right front bumperthrowing him under the duel axles. Hethrowing him under the duel axles. Hesustained crushing injuries to his abdomensustained crushing injuries to his abdomenand pelvis and later died.and pelvis and later died.


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There are several ways to preventThere are several ways to prevent

fatalities and accidents that occurfatalities and accidents that occurduring spray painting.during spray painting.

Use fall protectionUse fall protection

Be aware of surroundings, such asBe aware of surroundings, such aspower lines, guardrails, vehicles, etc.power lines, guardrails, vehicles, etc.

Have ample oxygen source or respiratorHave ample oxygen source or respiratorin small or enclosed spaces.in small or enclosed spaces.


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Truss Setting And RepairTruss Setting And Repair

By Richard David McInteeBy Richard David McIntee



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Workers set trusses by bracing eachWorkers set trusses by bracing eachtruss temporarily as it is hoisted uptruss temporarily as it is hoisted upby a crane.by a crane.

Workers position truss to the exactWorkers position truss to the exactposition it needs to be on the bearingposition it needs to be on the bearingwall.wall.



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Based on the Excel file given:Based on the Excel file given:

There were approximately 135 accidentsThere were approximately 135 accidentsinvolving truss setting and connecting.involving truss setting and connecting.

Approximately 160 fatalities and manyApproximately 160 fatalities and manymore injuries occurred on these accidentmore injuries occurred on these accidentsites.sites.



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at approximately 3:00 p.m. on october 11,at approximately 3:00 p.m. on october 11,1994, employee #1 had finished1994, employee #1 had finishedconnecting a 60 ft truss when he fellconnecting a 60 ft truss when he fell

approximately 25 ft from a column to theapproximately 25 ft from a column to theground and struck his head, back, andground and struck his head, back, andhips. He was taken by helicopter to thehips. He was taken by helicopter to thecooper medical trauma center in camden,cooper medical trauma center in camden,nj. He died on october 12, 1994.nj. He died on october 12, 1994.



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Fall protection must be mandatory ifFall protection must be mandatory ifa worker is connecting trusses abovea worker is connecting trusses above6 feet off the surface below.6 feet off the surface below.

Crane operators must become moreCrane operators must become moreaware of the power lines around theaware of the power lines around the

jobsite especially when settingjobsite especially when setting

trusses.trusses. Maybe workers should wear helmets.Maybe workers should wear helmets.



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Setting and connecting trusses is verySetting and connecting trusses is verydangerous work and fatalities aredangerous work and fatalities areinevitable, however, they can be reducedinevitable, however, they can be reduced

through better regulations and morethrough better regulations and moretraining for crane operators.training for crane operators.


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HVACHVAC

Related FatalitiesRelated Fatalities

Andy SurprenantAndy Surprenant

Professor HinzeProfessor Hinze

HVAC FatalitiesHVAC Fatalities


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HVAC FatalitiesHVAC Fatalities

All fatalities resulting from the initialAll fatalities resulting from the initialinstallation, repair, and demolition ofinstallation, repair, and demolition ofductwork, chillers, and all relatedductwork, chillers, and all related

equipmentequipment

14 HVAC related fatalities14 HVAC related fatalities


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14 HVAC related fatalities14 HVAC related fatalities

7 were a result of falling accidents7 were a result of falling accidents

6 were a result of electrocution6 were a result of electrocution 1 was a result of a crushing incident1 was a result of a crushing incident

Falling fatalities involving laddersFalling fatalities involving ladders


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g gg g

4 fatalities resulted4 fatalities resultedfrom falling off offrom falling off ofladdersladders

most of thesemost of theseinvolved improper useinvolved improper useof a ladderof a ladder

Ladders were tooLadders were too

short or improperlyshort or improperlypositionedpositioned

Fall fatalities through open holesFall fatalities through open holes


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g pg p

2 fatalities were a2 fatalities were aresult of a workerresult of a workerfalling through anfalling through anopen hole that hadopen hole that hadbeen cut for HVACbeen cut for HVACductsducts

Both holes were leftBoth holes were left

uncovered anduncovered andunprotectedunprotected

Falling death from a basket liftFalling death from a basket lift


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gg

1 death resulted from1 death resulted froma worker standing ona worker standing onthe midrail of athe midrail of abasket lift.basket lift.

He was reaching toHe was reaching tothe top of a duct in athe top of a duct in agymnasium and lostgymnasium and lost

his balancehis balance He fell 22 ft.He fell 22 ft.

HVAC deaths from electrocutionHVAC deaths from electrocution


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6 of the 14 HVAC deaths were a result of6 of the 14 HVAC deaths were a result ofelectrocutionelectrocution

These involve workers either coming intoThese involve workers either coming into

direct contact with live wires or contactingdirect contact with live wires or contactinglive wires with metal materialslive wires with metal materials

Electrocution examplesElectrocution examples


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A worker contacted a 7200 VA worker contacted a 7200 Vprimary line with a 13 foot copperprimary line with a 13 foot copperpipe being hoisted onto the roofpipe being hoisted onto the roof

Another worker contacted a liveAnother worker contacted a live

480 V reheat coil480 V reheat coil Workers were installing newWorkers were installing new

aluminum ducts in a 1904 homealuminum ducts in a 1904 homethat had had unthat had had un--insulatedinsulatedelectrical connections in the attic.electrical connections in the attic.

The workers contacted theThe workers contacted theconnection with a metal duct andconnection with a metal duct andwere electrocutedwere electrocuted

Reducing HVAC FatalitiesReducing HVAC Fatalities


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gg

Fall accidentsFall accidents

To avoid these incidents, workers need to useTo avoid these incidents, workers need to use

the proper equipment and follow the OSHAthe proper equipment and follow the OSHAregulations. Do not use a ladder that is 2 feetregulations. Do not use a ladder that is 2 feettoo short or climb onto the midrail of atoo short or climb onto the midrail of abasket. Tying off would also be a good ideabasket. Tying off would also be a good idea

to reduce the risk of injury or death.to reduce the risk of injury or death.

Reducing HVAC FatalitiesReducing HVAC Fatalities


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gg

ElectrocutionsElectrocutions

All of the electrocution fatalities could haveAll of the electrocution fatalities could have

been avoided if proper lockout techniques hadbeen avoided if proper lockout techniques hadbeen used to cut off electricity to the areasbeen used to cut off electricity to the areaswhere work was being donewhere work was being done


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Suspended ScaffoldingSuspended ScaffoldingF t litiF t liti


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By Roya MozaffarianBy Roya Mozaffarian



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Scaffolds are defined as temporary elevatedScaffolds are defined as temporary elevatedplatforms and their substructures, that are usedplatforms and their substructures, that are usedfor supporting workers or materials or bothfor supporting workers or materials or both ..

Factors associated with falls from scaffoldsFactors associated with falls from scaffoldsinclude:include:

Improper maintenanceImproper maintenance Improper erection/dismantling proceduresImproper erection/dismantling procedures Incorrect methods for mounting or dismountingIncorrect methods for mounting or dismounting OverloadingOverloading Absence of guardrailsAbsence of guardrails

Scaffold component failuresScaffold component failures Defective personal protective equipment (PPE)Defective personal protective equipment (PPE) Absence or improper use of PPE.Absence or improper use of PPE.

StatisticsStatistics


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Given info.Given info. Suspended scaffold incidentsSuspended scaffold incidentsincreased from 5 in 2004 to 18 in 2006.increased from 5 in 2004 to 18 in 2006.Since January 1, 2006, 22% of suspendedSince January 1, 2006, 22% of suspendedscaffold incidents have resulted in ascaffold incidents have resulted in a

worker death.worker death.Of the 18 suspended scaffold incidents inOf the 18 suspended scaffold incidents in2006, 67% did not have a licensed rigger2006, 67% did not have a licensed riggeron site and 50% involved workers withouton site and 50% involved workers withoutthe required Certificate of Training.the required Certificate of Training.

*New York City Department of Buildings*New York City Department of Buildings

Example#1Example#1


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pp

A worker was working fromA worker was working fromsuspended scaffolding approximatelysuspended scaffolding approximately125 ft above the floor of a water125 ft above the floor of a water

tower. Part of the scaffold riggingtower. Part of the scaffold riggingbroke and the employee fell from thebroke and the employee fell from thescaffold. The worker who was notscaffold. The w

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