ACTION PLAN FOR

REJUVENATION OF DAMODAR

RIVER IN JHARKHAND

JHARKHAND STATE POLLUTION CONTROL

BOARD, DHURWA, RANCHI, JHARKHAND-834004

CONTENT

CHAPTER I

❖ BACKGROUND

❖ INTRODUCTION

❖ PHYSIOGRAPHY

❖ WATER RESOURCES & RAINFALL

❖ ANNUAL RAINFALL

❖ DEVIATION OF RAINFALL

❖ SEASONAL RAINFALL

❖ RAINFALL TREND IN RABI SEASON

❖ AVERAGE MOTHLY RAINFALL

❖ MOVING AVERAGE OF THE RAINFALL

❖ EXTREME EVENT ANALYSIS

❖ SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

❖ GROUND WATER RESOURCES

❖ DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND MAPS

CHAPTER II

DAMODAR RIVER BASIN

RIVER COURSE AND MAJOR TRIBUTARIES

CHAPTER III- SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

❖ WATER RESOURCES AND ITS USES

❖ MINING AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

❖ NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC HAZARDS

❖ IDENTIFIED STRETCHES FOR REDUCING POLLUTION

CHAPTER IV- ACTION PLAN

❖ ACTION PLAN- SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM ACTION AND THE

IDENTIFIED AUTHORITIES FOR INITIATING ACTIONS AND THE TIME

LIMITS FOR ENSURING COMPLIANCE

❖ SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM ACTION PLANS FOR REJUVENATION OF

RIVERS AND THE IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR

EXECUTION OF THE ACTION PLANS AND THE TIME LIMITS ARE GIVEN IN

TABLE AS BELOW

❖ PROPOSED ACTION PLAN BY VARIOUS DEPARTMENT OF GOVT. OF

JHARKHAND

❖ PROPOSED ACTION PLAN FOR RESTORATION OF JHARKHAND RIVERS

❖ ACTION PLAN AT VILLAGE LEVEL

❖ TIMELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF MODEL RESTORATION PLAN in 2019-

2020 and 2020-2021

Chapter-1

JHARKHAND & ITS WATER RESOURCES

1.1 BACKGROUND:-Hon’ble National Green Tribunal passed the following orders in OA No.

673/2018 & M.A. No. 1777/2018 titled News item published in “The Hindu “authored by Shri Jacob

Koshy titled“More river stretches are now critically polluted: CPCB on 20.09.2018 as per excerpts

below.

“The issue taken up for consideration in this matter is abatement of pollution in 351 river stretches in

the country, identified as such by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The said river

stretches 2 are not meeting the prescribed standards of the water quality in terms of Bio-chemical

Oxygen Demand (BOD). Existence of polluted river stretches is evidence to show that the State

Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) have failed to perform their statutory obligation to take

appropriate action to achieve the objects of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1974.

Having regard to the importance of the issue and in the light of judgments of the Hon’ble Supreme

Court in M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India & Ors.1, M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India And Ors.2 (Calcutta

Tanneries' Matter), Vellore Citizen’ Welfare Forum Vs. Union of India3, S. Jagannath Vs. Union of

India & Ors.4, And Quiet Flows The Maily Yamuna5, Tirupur Dyeing Factory Owners Association

Vs. Noyyal River Ayacutdars Protection Association & Ors.6 and TechiTagi Tara Vs. Rajendra Singh

Bhandari & Ors.7 and of this Tribunal in Manoj Mishra Vs. Union of India8, M.C. Mehta Vs. Union

of India9, Mahendra Pandey Vs. Union of India &Ors.10, Sobha Singh & Ors. Vs. State of Punjab &

Ors. 11, Nityanand Mishra Vs. State of M.P. & Ors12, Stench Grips Mansa’s Sacred Ghaggar River

(Suo-Moto Case)13, Doaba Paryavaran Samiti Vs. State of U.P. & Ors.14, Arvind Pundalik Mhatre

Vs. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change & Ors.15, Meera Shukla Vs. Municipal

Corporation, Gorakhpur & Ors.16, Amresh Singh Vs. Union of India & Ors.17, Sudarsan Das Vs.

State of West Bengal & Ors.18, Satish Kumar vs. U.O.I & Ors.19, this Tribunal noted 1 (1987) 4 SCC

463 ¶14 & (1988) 1 SCC 471 2 (1997) 2 SSC 411 3 (1996) 5 SSC 647 4 (1997) 2 SCC 87 5 (2009) 17

SSC 720 6 (2009) 9 SSC 737 7 (2018) 11 SCC 734 8 O.A. No. 6/2012, 2015 ALL(I) NGT REPORTER

(1) (DELHI) 139 9 O.A No. 200 of 2014, 2017 NGTR (3) PB 1 10 O.A. No. 58/2017 11 O.A.No.

101/2014 12 O.A. No. 456/2018 13 O.A. No. 138/2016 (TNHRC) 14 O.A. No. 231/2014 15 O.A. No.

125/2018 16 O.A. No. 116/2014 17 Execution Application No. 32/2016 in O.A. No. 295/2016 18

O.A.No. 173 of 2018 19 O.A No. 56 (THC) of 2013 3 the need for steps to check discharge of

untreated sewage and effluents, plastic waste, e-waste, bio-medical waste, municipal solid waste,

diversion of river waters, encroachments of catchment areas and floodplains, over drawal of

groundwater, river bank erosion on account of illegal sand mining. There is need for installation of

Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs), Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs), Sewage Treatment

Plants (STPs), Solid Waste Treatment and processing facilities etc.

It was also noted that BOD was required to be less than 3.0 mg/l, Dissolved Oxygen more than 5.0

mg/l and Faecal Coliform bacteria less than 500 MPN/100 ml”

1.2 Introduction

The State of Jharkhand was created as the 28thState of the Indian Union by the Bihar Re-organization

Act on 15th November 2000, the birth anniversary of the legendary Bhagwan Birsa Munda. It

comprises of the forest tracts of Chhotanagpur plateau and Santhal Paragna. It is bounded by Bihar on

the North, Orissa on the South, Chhattisgarh on the west and West Bengal on the East. Topography of

the State is mostly undulating, hilly and sloping with mountains, forests, river basins and valleys. It

has a rich endowment of forests and mineral resources. It has some of the richest deposits of coal and

iron ore in the world. It is the largest producer of coal, copper, kyanite and mica in the country. It is

blessed with rich fauna and flora.

The State is home to nearly a tenth of the country’s Scheduled Tribes1, who constitute 28% of

Jharkhand’s population. Another 12% of the population is from Scheduled Castes. Jharkhand is

mostly rural, with 77.77% of the State’s population in villages. The State has 24 districts, 38 sub-

divisions, 260 blocks, 4118 panchayats and 32620 villages. For safeguarding and protecting the

interest of the Scheduled Tribes and for ensuring equity and social justice in the planned process of

development, the State is following Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) approach in 12 districts fully and 2

districts partly, covering 112 blocks.

With an area of 79714 km2 which accounts for 2.42% of the country’s area, Jharkhand supports a

population of 32.97 million (2011) which constitutes 2.72% of the country’s population. South Bihar,

as it was called in the earlier dispensation, is a hill state comprising ethnic groups (tribals), Hos,

Mundas, Santhals and others ; The state needs intensive development initiatives.

Jharkhand, literally meaning a forested region, is landlocked and is an integral part of the north-

eastern portion of the Peninsular Plateaus of India. As part of ancient Gondwanaland, Jharkhand has

rock formations ranging from the earliest Archean Era to the latest Post-tertiary period. It is a region

1 The main tribes in Jharkhand are Asur, Birhor, Birjia, Chik Baraik, Korba, Lohara, Mahali, Mal Paharia,

Kumarbhag Paharia, Souriya Paharia, Savar, Santal, Oraon, Munda, Ho and Kharia.

of diverse physical features consisting of a succession of plateaus, hills and valleys, drained by several

large rivers such as Damodar, Barakar, Subarnarekha, Koel, Brahmani, Baitarani and Mahanadi. The

northern part of Jharkhand adjoining Bihar broadly comes under the Gangetic river basin.

The State has a sub-humid climate with average annual rainfall of 1,350 mm. However, due to high

variability of monsoon rains, low moisture holding capacity of soils, absence of developed aquifers

due to the hard rock substrate and high run-off due to the undulating terrain, agriculture is fraught

with high risks2. Paddy, the principal crop of the State sown over 1.3 mha in 2001-02

3 had an average

yield of only 1.11 ton/ha4. Maize, minor millets and pulses are the other principal crops and together

occupy about 25% of the net sown area, with similar low yields. Oilseeds production is negligible.

Horticulture and floriculture is undeveloped in spite of a suitable climate.

Jharkhand is a mineral rich state, contributing 40% of the nation’s mineral wealth. Yet, it had little

impact on local livelihoods outside the industrial enclaves. Even in the most industrialized districts,

such as East Singhbhum, Bokaro, Ranchi and Dhanbad, the proportion of main workers engaged in

mining and industry is less than 3%. Agriculture remains the principal source of livelihoods for an

overwhelming majority of the population. About 48% of the State’s geographical area is cultivable.

However, the net sown area is only about 23% (all India 47%) of the geographical area and more than

half of the cultivable land remains fallow. Subsidiary farm-based activities like dairy, poultry, etc.

generally follow growth in agriculture. These have not developed in the State in spite of increasing

demand for the products. The State has a large population of scrub cattle, kept principally for draught

power and manure.

In the last 13 years, since the creation of the State, the Government has done effective work in

extending primary education in the rural areas. Government’s priority to spread road network in the

rural areas is very important. Similarly, the health sector also needs serious attention in the rural areas.

Health services in rural areas need improvement, the people are traditionally dependent on traditional

medicine men. In terms of potential opportunities, some of the considerations which require action to

reduce poverty and enhance food security are:

2 As per the categorization by Indian Meteorological Department, Jharkhand figures in the "drought corridor”

of the country, which also includes Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (drought prone districts of

Rayalaseema and Telengana regions), West Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh (including Chhatisgarh), Bihar and

parts of West Bengal adjoining Jharkhand.

3Planning Commission, ibid.

4 The average yield for India during the year was 1.9 ton/ha, with Tamil Nadu, having the highest average yield

at 3.2 ton/ha. Yields vary a great deal within Jharkhand due to the undulating topography and varying levels of

development of agriculture. Source: Fertilizer statistics 2002-03 New Delhi (Published in Jharkhand Agriculture

data book 2006)

▪ An overwhelming majority of the State’s population is rural and dependent on agriculture and

other natural resource based livelihoods.

▪ Less than half the cultivable land in the State is presently utilized.

▪ 85% of the net sown area is under mono-cropping.

▪ Potential of water resources is not adequately developed.

▪ Productivity of agriculture is significantly lower than potential.

▪ There is little diversity in the farm sector.

▪ The State is a net importer of food grains, oilseeds, milk and milk products and poultry.

▪ Intensification of agriculture would in the long run call for improved land husbandry,

including use of organic inputs given the undulating and hilly terrain and relatively low

fertility of soils.

▪ Almost a third of the State is classified as forests.

▪ Forests have been a significant source of income (produce/materials required for domestic use

in general/during scarcity) for nearly 1/3 of the population.

▪ Livelihood infrastructure of extension services and input-output markets is not adequately

developed.

1.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY

Physiography of the State: Physiographically Jharkhand state consists of series of four distinct

plateaus, the highest plateau is formed by western Ranchi plateau or the pat region, which is 800 to

1100 meters above the mean sea level. It covers the north-western part of the Ranchi district and

southern edge of Palamau district. The next plateau is known as the Ranchi, except the pat region.

This plateau is about 600 meters above mean sea level. The Ranchi plateau is separated from the other

surface of the same elevation by Damodar trough. The third plateau has an elevation of 300 meters

above mean sea level and may be termed as the lower Chotanagpur plateau. The fourth plateau is a

uniform surface formed by the river valleys, plains and lower parts of the outer plateau lying between

150-300 meters above mean sea level. Rajmahal hills and the Kaimur plateau belong to this category.

The soil in the state of Jharkhand has been formed from disintegration of rocks and stones. The soil

thus formed can be divided into various soil types including red soil, micacious soil, sandy soil, black

soil and laterite soil. Red soil is found mostly in the Damodar valley, and Rajmahal area. The

Micacious soil (which consist particles of mica) is found in the regions of Koderma, Jhumeritilaiya,

Barkagaon and areas around the Mandar hill. Sandy soil is generally found in Hazaribagh and

Dhanbad and black soil in Rajmahal areawhereas the lateritic soil is found in western part of Ranchi,

Palamu, and parts of Santhal Parganas and Singhbhum.

1.4 Water Resources & Rainfall

The state receives rainfall in the range of 1200-1300 mm per year against the national average of

1000mm. Precipitation is rather variable. Winter season precipitation is meagre and highly variable.

About 60 percent of the rainy days have rainfall below 2.5 mm. On about 40 percent rainy days,

evaporation level is more than 2.5 mm per day.

Jharkhand receives rain mainly from South Western monsoon wind. Generally, this monsoon

wind hits Jharkhand in the mid of June and continues up to the month of September. The total

precipitation during these months amounts to 90-95% of the total rainfall. July and August are

the peak month of the monsoon and are the backbone of the agriculture in Jharkhand. The

table given below shows that the state receives good amount of rainfall. However, the erratic

distribution of rainfall across monsoon months (June to September) creates drought situation in

the state. Graph showing the distribution of rainfall across months (JSAC) is given below :

The erratic rainfall of 5 years, for instance, depicts the pattern well in the graph above. During winter

months the state receives winter rain (10-5% of the total rainfall). These small rains become the

deciding factors for rabi crops for many farms. The South Chhotanagpur and Santhal Pargana

Divisions receive higher rainfall whereas Palamu Division receives lowest rainfall in the state.

Despite the fact that the state has a good rainfall, the surface water availability is not sufficient

especially for agriculture due to inadequate storage facilities etc. As far as the status of ground water

is concerned, it is also in the poor state due to little recharging of ground water by natural process and

the absence of artificial recharging facilities, as a result the water level in the plateau goes down.

1.4.1 Annual Rain fall:

Rainfall data for the catchment area has been collected from the India water portal for the last 100

Years. It has been grouped and made arithmetic average to get the decadal average rainfall. The

normal rainfall has been assumed at 1200 mm and deviation has been calculated based on the

assumption and arithmetic average of the decadal rain fall.

Extreme events related to rain fall has been measured with the deviation in the rain fall and number of

times that it has exceeded or fall short of the normal rainfall. These deviations have been depicted in

the graphs.

1.4.2 Deviation of rainfall:

The deviation has been measured with reference to the normal rain fall and all data has been taken

from the IMD data which is accepted country wise. It has been taken from the year 1900 onwards. In

the data it can be seen that in the last 10 Decades there has been seven decades with positive rainfall

and three decades have shown negative deviation.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Rainfall

Max Temp

Min Temp

Rain Fall over last century

If we see the deviation in the last 10 years there has been absolute reversal of the pattern and out of

the ten year only three years have positive deviation otherwise seven years have negative deviation.

1.4.3Seasonal Rainfall:

The district receives maximum rain from the advancing north east monsoon. Through the retreading

south west monsoon district also receives some rainfall. District has been mainly mono cropped and it

has only 3% area under irrigation as compared to 11% under the catchment area. It has been not

because that the district receives less rainfall but it has been mainly because land is undulating and it

causes fast runoff in the area. The variations as said above has been also high and it causes greater run

off. It has also been noticed in recent years that number of rainy days has been shrinking as evident

from the wet day data on the web site of India water portal.

Rain fall deviation from normal

Rainfall Deviation between 2000-2010

There has been wide variation in the rainfall during the Khariff and Rabi season. It has been put as

graph and it shows that there has been decreasing rend over the last few years which can lead to a

significant decrease in the coming years. The highest rainfall in Kahriff has been reported in the year

1990 at 1693 mm and lowest in the year 1992 at 688 mm. Number of rainy days has decreased from

69 days /year to 63 days/year in the last decade.

1.4.4 Rainfall trend in Rabi season:

The state and district are by-enlarge remain mono cropped, however the red lateritic soil is good for

vegetables and hence rainfall in Rabi or irrigation facilities has a great bearing on the cultivation in

Rabi season. Over the last few years there has been significant decrease in rainfall. Especially after

1996 the trend has been alarming.

The highest rainfall has been reported in the year 1919 at 138 mm and lowest rainfall has been

reported in the year 1999 at 37 mm. The trend has been showing that since 1992 in the month of

Kahriff rainfall and Moving average for same

Rainy days

December there has been rarely rain while before 1992 there has been rain in the month of December.

Even in January there has been decreasing trend.

1.4.5 Average Monthly Rainfall:

The data for the last 30 years has been collected to know the trends and deviations in the each half of

fifteen years. The data has been collected for last 50 years from the web site. The trends have shown

that there has been variation in average monthly rainfall and for some decade starting from 1990 it has

shown an increasing trend and then it has started showing a decreasing trend for the district.

It has implications on the agriculture production and all livelihood activities based on land and water.

Even the allied livelihood activities of fisheries and animal husbandry are bound to be affected by the

changes in the precipitation regime.

Ra

infa

ll i

n m

m

Average rainfall 72-86 Vs 87-01

72-86

87-01

1.4.6 Moving Average of the Rainfall:

It can be clearly seen that there has been a decreasing trend of rain fall indicted by the moving average

line. Post 1992 there has been decline in the average rain fall. The heaviest rain has been received in

the year 1994 at 1416.47 mm and lowest rainfall has been received in the year 1992 at 732.61 mm.

Rest of the years have received lesser rainfall and it varies with the last two year receiving

approximately 850 mm rainfall which is less than the average rain fall received by the state and the

district.

1.4.7 Extreme event analysis:

As mentioned above that in the last century there has been three decades with deficit average rainfall

where as in the last decade only there has been three average rainfall year. This indicates the absolute

reversal of trends in the last decade.

Rainfall and Moving average rainfall

Rainfall

Moving average

Rainfall Deviation ibetween 2000-2010

There have been consecutive droughts in the year 2001-02-03, 2005-06 and 2009-10. It can be seen

that on average every third year there has been drought.

1.4.8 Surface Water Resources

Considering average annual rainfall of 1200 mm, the state receives 95,652 MCM rain water annually.

However, as per the Second Bihar Irrigation Commission’s Report (1994), the total availability of

water in the state of Jharkhand is 33,489 MCM, including downstream discharge from the basins.

1.4.9 Ground Water Resources

Groundwater constitutes a major and widely used resource in Jharkhand for drinking and domestic

purposes. However, it is not uniformly distributed due to the varied hydrogeology of the state. About

20% of the available ground water is used for irrigation mainly from privately owned dug well or

shallow tube wells. District-wise ground water balance data indicate high levels of ground water

withdrawal in certain urban agglomerations where groundwater potential developed is only a tenth of

the utilizable reserves.

Presently, the availability of water resource is only 287810 lakh m3, out of which 237890 lakh m

3 is

from surface water and rest 49920 lakh m3 is from ground water. The total utilization of surface and

ground water in the state for irrigation purposes so far is only 47360 lakh m3, out of which 39640 lakh

m3 is surface water and 7720 lakh m

3 is ground water.

Today, nearly 90% of the water supplied to rural areas is from ground water sources whereas about

30% of the water supply in the urban areas comes from ground water sources and the rest from over

ground reservoirs and rivers. In the last 25 to 30 years the villages have shifted to the utilization of

water from surface water to ground water through wells and hand pump for their domestic purposes.

The annual replenishable ground water resource in the state has been established at 5.58 BCM

(Billion Cubic Meters) and net annual ground water availability is estimated to be 5.25 BCM (Central

Ground Water Board, 2006). Altogether, the state puts to use 21% of its ground water resources.

Table1 : Surface Water Snapshot of Jharkhand (Surface Water Information)

Average annual rainfall 1200 mm

Total average annual precipitation 95652 MCM

River Basin Area 79,262 sq. km

Surface water availability 27,528 MCM

Ground water availability 5,251MCM

Surface water usage 6,965 MCM

Allocation of Water- Table II

Surface Water Ground Water

Irrigation purpose 41% 89.40%

Industry & Drinking 5321 MCM 538 MCM

Municipal Use 6% 10.60%

Industrial Use 13.76% Nil

1.5 Drainage systems and Maps

Jharkhand falls under the Chotanagpur Plateau from the North Eastern position of peninsular plateaus

of India. The entire state is drained into Bay of Bengal. Major rivers such as Son, Damodar, Barakar,

Subarnarekha, Brahmi and Baitarani and their sub drainage systems form nine major catchments in

the state. These drainage systems and catchments are depicted by following two maps:

Demarcation of micro-catchment areas

The state of Jharkhand has 678 sub catchment areas, which has been further divided into 1952 mini

catchment areas and finally broken up into 10,439 micro catchment areas5. The Rural Development

Department has sought support from Jharkhand Space Application Centre (JSAC) under the aegis

Department of Information Technology, Government of Jharkhand. JSAC digitized all sub- catchment

area, mini-catchment areas and micro-catchment areas. These digitized maps are available for

planning, review and monitoring. Each micro-catchment area has been given a unique code along

with broad features of the catchment area. Below is the map showing micro- catchment areas in

Jharkhand:

5 The area covered under a micro -catchment area varies from 60 hectares to more than 3,000 hectares

depending on the drainage outlet of that area.

Major River basins and their watershed distribution

There are basically two regions of water shed in Jharkhand state, one that drain water into Ganges

river basin and second that is on southern part of Jharkhand state which drains water into rivers

flowing into Bay of Bengal other than Ganga and Brahmaputra.

The northern part of state that comes under Ganges water shed mainly drain its water to Lower

Ganga.

Damodar River basin which is sub basin of Ganges basin which drains into Lower Ganga. Damodar

sub basin have about 64 water shed in its basin as per Central Ground water board.

On the southern part there are about 32 water shed that drains water into Subarnarekha Riverwhich

further discharge water into Bay of Bengal.

Chapter 2

Damodar River Basin

Damodar is a rain fed, shallow, wide and flashy river, originating near the Khamarpat Hill on

Chotanagpur Plateau in the Palamau district of Jharkhand. It is a sub-basin and part of the

Ganges River System, having 10% of the total length and 2.7% of the total area of the Ganga

master basin. Damodar River flows through the industrial towns of Chandrapura, Ramgarh,

Bokaro, Jharia, Sindri, Dhanbad, Asansol, Andal, Durgapur, Burdwan, and Howrah before

joining the lower Ganga at Shayampur, 55 km downstream of Howrah (Sen 1991; Chandra

2003;

Bhattacharyya 2011). Its upper reaches known as Deonad, and in some of the local Jharkhand

languages, Damodar is also called as Damuda, ‘damu’ means sacred and ‘da’ means water.

Damodar basin is known for its coal deposits; accounting for 46% of the country’s coal

reserves.

It is considered as the centre of coking coal in the country (Sharma and Ram 1966). However,

Damodar basin is poor in metallic minerals. It flows through one of the richest mineral belts

in the world before joining the Hooghly at about 55 km downstream of Howrah. Coal mining

and mine-based industrial activities are the major source of economy with low agricultural

productivity in the upper part of the basin. The mining and industrial activities have made the

valley vulnerable to soil erosion and pollution. The ‘river of sorrow’ as Damodar was known

has now turned into the ‘river of agony’ from pollution point of view. Indian industry

depends on this region heavily; out of total 91% of the coal consumed by industry in this

country, a large share, i.e., 60% comes from the coal bearing belt of Damodar basin. The coal

requirement for power generation in the Jharkhand and West Bengal states entirely depends

on this area.

The catchment area of Damodar River basin extends from 22° 45′N to 24° 30′N to 84° 45′E to 88° 00′E and is covering parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal which is about 11.8 and

8.6% of the total geographical areas of these two states, respectively (Fig. 1). The drainage

area of Damodar River basin extends over Hazaribagh, Ramgarh, Koderma, Giridih,

Dhanbad, Bokaro, and Chatra districts in Jharkhand and Burdwan and Hooghly districts in

West Bengal. It partially covers Palamau, Ranchi, Lohardaga, and Dumka districts in

Jharkhand and Howrah, Bankura, and Purulia districts in West Bengal. The observation

reveals that three-fourth of the total basin area lies in Jharkhand and one-fourth in West

Bengal. The total catchment area of basin is reported to be 25,820 km2 (DVC 1992).

However, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has delineated catchment area of the

Damodar basin as 23,170 km2 only with sub-catchment areas as follows:

Sl. No. Name of the State Catchment Area (Km2)

1 Main Damodar River 15,280

2 Baraker tributary 7,025

Fig. 1 Drainage map of Damodar River basin

3 Bokaro–Konar tributaries 865

Total 23,170

River Course and Major Tributaries Damodar River along with its major tributary Barakar constitutes the core area of the

Damodar River basin. Barakar, Konar, Bokaro, Haharo, Jamnia, Ghari, Guaia, Khudia, and

Bhera are the major tributaries and sub-tributaries of Damodar River (DVC 1992; CMRI

2001). The river in its upper reaches traverses through the steep slope of the pat region to

descend on the gneissic flat plain of Chandwa, and flow of the river becomes sluggish over

the flattop surface (Fig. 4a). The landscape around the river changes after its entry into

Gondwana area and confluence with

Dharamauti. Waterfalls occur abound the courses of the streams due to steeper gradient of the

stream in this region. After it, the river passes through the hard sandstone and grit of

Gondwana rocks in hilly and woody areas. In this part, a number of tributaries such as Saphi,

Batuka, Nalkari, Barki-Garhi, and Ramghat-Haharo meet with the Damodar River both from

the southern and the northern sides. Before entering the Gondwana basin, these tributaries

have characteristic headword erosion and flow over the Archaean granite-gneissic surface.

The tributaries Konar and Bokaro originate over the Hazaribagh plateau near Hazaribagh

town, and their combined courses meet Damodar River near Tenughat. The river Konar flows

over Archaean gneiss country rocks, and a dam has been constructed near Gumea (Fig. 2).

The Bokaro River flows through the Archaean gneiss and enters into the Gondwana basin

near Bokaro coalfields. Damodar traverses further east after Tenughat and joined by some

more tributaries both from the

north and south side before reaching Panchet. The Jamunia and the Khudia which flow over

the Raniganj coalfields area are the main tributaries joined the Damodar River from north

side. Ijri and Gowai tributaries meet the Damodar River from the south side near the western

end of the Panchet reservoir. A dam has been constructed on the Damodar River near Panchet

hill, 5 km west of its confluence with the river Barakar.

The river Barakar originate from the Koderma plateau and runs for a long distance before

meeting the Damodar River near Dishergarh. The Barakar River has a total catchment area of

7,025 km2. It traverses through a steep-sided valley near its source region and drains into

Tilaiya reservoir near Hazaribagh. The Barakar further emerges out of Tilaiya reservoir and

meanders southeast. Barsoti and Usri are two important tributaries of river Barakar. A

multipurpose dam has been constructed on the Barakar River at Maithon, which is 13 km

upstream of Dishergarh.

The Damodar River passes through flat alluvial plain after its confluence with Barakar River

and runs towards southeast and east up to Barsul in Burdwan (Fig. 4b). Near Durgapur, 60

km east of its confluence with the Barakar, a barrage has been constructed over the Damodar

River. After that, the river turns toward south near the village Chachai. The river flow

becomes very sluggish at this part, and surplus water during monsoon seasons is carried by

several spill channels locally, known as hanas. Damodar splits into two channels,

Mundeswari and Amta, after flowing further south. The Damodar further traverses over the

Arambagh of Hooghly district and Uluberia of Howrah district to join the Hooghly River at

55 km downstream of Kolkata.

Physiographically, the upper catchment of the Damodar basin is quite different tothe lower

part of the basin (DVC 1992). Three major geological features of the Damodar basin are:

(i) Peninsular shield mainly consisting of granites and gneisses of the Archaean Age,

(ii) Gondwana tract filled up by sediment during the Permo-Carboniferous period (Older

Alluvium)

(iii) Bengal basin filled with

Newer Alluvium during Tertiary and Quaternary periods. Based on these geomorphological

characteristics, Damodar valley may be divided into three micro-geomorphic units:

(i) Plateaus, Hills and Ghats: Several plateaus are identified and classified asUpper,

Middle, and Lower plateaus and, respectively, named as Ranchi, Hazaribagh, and

Koderma plateau in the upper Damodar region. Similar land form characteristics

have been observed in these plateaus. The flat,severely gullied, isolated, low

rounded hills and monadnocks are scattered all over the platform (Mahadevan

2002).

(ii) Dissected and Degradational Uplands:The dissected and degradational uplands

stretch over the middle part of Damodar valley. The areas fall in Purulia, Bankura

Burdwan, and Birbhum districts of West Bengal and Ramgarh, Bokaro, Dhanbad,

Giridih, Jamtara, and Dumka districts of Jharkhand. Major river valley is flanked

from west to east by the typical landforms. These are the remnants of the older

peneplains and marked by steep slope with very high relative relief around

Parashnath hill. This area has highest elevation of 1345 m in the Damodar valley

region.

(iii) Aggradational Flat Plains: This region is separated to the west from the

degradational and dissected uplands by a line approximately joining Arambagh,

Burdwan, and Bolpur. This region is characterized by monotonous flat alluvial

plains of shifting rivers with less than 15 m relative relief.

Chapter 3 Socio-Economic Importance

Water Resource and Its Uses

The Damodar River was regarded as a flood-prone river due to its long history of the endemic

floods and commonly known as ‘Sorrow of Bengal.’ History of the endemic floods in the

Damodar River can be traced back from 1730 onward (Bhattacharyya 1999). Records show

that during the floods, peak flow of 8496 cumec or more occurred thirty seven times between

the years 1823 and 2007 (Bhattacharyya 2011). Different strategies including construction of

embankments, weir, dams, and barrages were adapted to deal the caprices of this vital water

resource by government agencies and local peoples. Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC), a

multitask organization, was constituted in year 1948 on the model of Tennessee Valley

Authority (TVA) for development and management of natural resources of Damodar River

basin. Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) constructed India’s first multipurpose dams at

Tilaiya (1953), Konar (1955), Maithon (1957), and Panchet (1959). A barrage was

constructed on Damodar River near Durgapur for irrigation purpose in 1955. In year 1978,

one more reservoir was constructed on the mainstream of Damodar at Tenughat in Jharkhand

state (Chandra 2003; Bhattacharyya 2011). Dams of Damodar Valley Corporation are capable

of moderating floods of 6.51 lac cusec to 2.5 lac cusec. Four reservoirs of DVC having a

flood reserve capacity of 1292 mcm. This can moderate a peak flood of 18,395 cumec to a

safe carrying capacity of 7076 cumec. Four DVC reservoirs store 419 mcm of water which

are supplied to meet industrial, municipal, and domestic requirements in West Bengal and

Jharkhand states. Durgapur barrage was mainly commissioned to supply the irrigation water

especially for Burdwan, Bankura, and Hooghly districts of West Bengal. The DVC has

generated irrigation capacity of 3640 km2, besides water supply for industrial and domestic

uses (Chandra 2003). Effective water management planning of Damodar Valley Corporation

has turned the devastating river Damodar from a ‘River of Sorrow’ to a ‘River of

Opportunities.’

(ii) Mineral Resources and Industrial Activities

Damodar basin is regarded as the storehouse of Indian coal. Apart from coal, iron, limestone,

bauxite, baryte, mica, fire clay, china clay, etc., are the other minerals associated with the

geological formations of the Damodar valley. Coal is the most important mineral resource of

the basin, and coal deposits in the Damodar River basin may be divided into seven coalfields,

namely Jharia, Raniganj, East Bokaro,West Bokaro, North Karanpura, South Karanpura, and

Ramgarh (Fig. 3). Out of these coalfields, Jharia and Raniganj are oldest one and it bears

large number of workable coal mines. Besides coal, limestone quarries are found in Palamau

and North Karanpura areas and fireclay in Jharia and Raniganj coalfields area (Chandra

1992).Damodar River basin is a highly industrialized area having a large number of coal

mines and coal-based industrial establishments such as steel plants, thermal power stations,

coal washeries, metal smelting plants, chemical plants, cement mills, beehive cock oven

plants, metal alloy, steel re-rolling mills, refractories, mica and glass industries, as well as

lime and brick kilns. There are more than 300 operating coalmines, which provide basic

inputs for the other activities. Other than major industries, there are a number of small scale

as well as ancillary industrial units. These units apart from providing jobs to the local

population contribute significantly to the economy of the basin. The units comprise of mini

workshop, tobacco processing units, textile and textile product units, petroleum and coal

product units, chemical and chemical product units. There are five steel plants, eleven

thermal power plants, ten cement factories, twenty-four coal washeries, sixty-four

refractories, four hard coke oven plants, fourteen beehive coke oven plants, three

hydroelectric power plants and number of other miscellaneous industries exist in the

Damodar River basin. The thermal power stations of the basin having total installed capacity

of 10,200 MW. Apart from these, three hydroelectric power plants having a capacity of 144

MW and one gas turbine power plant in Maithan with a capacity of 82.5 MW are also

contributing toward the power generation in the basin.

(iii) Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards

Damodar is a rainfed river, and about 80% of the annual river discharge occurs during the

four monsoon months ranging from June to September. Around 1400 mm annual rainfall

occurs over the Chotanagpur plateau area, out of this more than 85% rainfall takes place in

the monsoon months between June and August. The high monsoonal rainfall resulted

imbalances in river flow and caused frequent flash floods in many parts of the basin. Though,

floods sometimes affect the lower Damodar Valley but after construction of dams and

reservoirs, the havoc it created in earlier years is now a matter of history (Ghosh 2013). The

floods were virtually an annual ritual for Damodar River basin in the past. The damage was

probably more in some years and of lesser magnitude in other years. The great floods of the

Damodar River in pre-dam phase are recorded in the years of 1770, 1855, 1866,1873, 1874,

1875, 1876, 1884, 1891, 1897, 1900, 1907, 1913, 1927, 1930, 1935,and 1943. The massive

floods in southern West Bengal had been occurred in 1959,1978, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2006,

2007, and 2009 in spite of flood regulation by the DVC and construction of dams and

reservoirs. This signifies the vulnerability of lower valley to sudden floods even in post-dam

era during monsoon season (Bhattacharyya 2011).

Damodar flows through India’s richest mining and industrial belt and considered as the most

polluted river in India. The river Damodar and its tributaries drain almost the entire coal

mining areas of North and South Karanpura, West and East Bokaro, Ramgarh, Jharia and

Raniganj coalfields. Occurrences of coal and easy availability of water and power favored the

setting of coal-based industries and power plants in this area. Coal washeries, thermal power

plants, coke oven plants, soft-coke batteries,steel, cement, and explosives plants are the major

industrial units of theDamodar basin. These industrial units draw water from the Damodar

River or it stributaries and many of them are discharging their untreated effluents into the

river. The contamination of the river water is mainly due to excessive excavation and

disposal of oil, fly ash, poisonous metals and coal dust. Defective and unscientific excavation

operations, outmoded processing activities, and deficiency of right upkeep were intensified

by insufficient pollution check measures and public ignorance toward environmental

protection (Fig. 4c–f). The inhabitants residing in the valley were gradually being poisoned

due to the fact that Damodar and its tributaries were the only source of drinking water for

majority of inhabitants residing in the locality. Study shows that the total suspended solids

(TSS) concentration at most places along the upper and middle stretches of the Damodar

River is much higher than the permissible limit (Fig. 4f). Coal mining and washeries account

for the bulk of pollution in terms of atmospheric dusts, suspended solids, oil, and grease.

Open-cast mining accounts for 60% of the coal production in the Damodar valley.

The open-cast mining and associated activities cause serious problems of land degradation,

dust generation, and deterioration in environmental quality of the region (Choubey 1991;

CMRI 2001; Tiwary 2001; Singh et al. 2008). The disposal and management of overburden

materials and fly ash is also a serious challenge for the coal authorities. Mine fire is the other

serious environmental issue associated with the coal mining areas of Damodar River basin

(Fig. 4d). More than seventy coalmine fires, covering 17.32 km2 areas are reported from the

mining areas of Jharia coalfields (BCCL 2003). Jharia mine fire is one of the largest coalmine

fire complexes in the world (Gupta and Prakash 1998). Mine fire gives rise to continuous and

uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2, NOx, SO2, CO, CH4, C2H6, and

C3H6 due to surface and subsurface burning of coals throughout the coalfield areas.

(iv) Erosion and Siltation

The fluvial environment of the lower Damodar basin has undergone gradual changes in post-

dam era due to construction of dams and reservoirs and diversion of water through canals.

The upper Damodar River catchment is susceptible to soil erosion, and extent of erosion

depends on the slope, rainfall intensity, soil characteristics, and vegetative cover. The soil

erosion problem is more severe in the catchment areas of the five reservoirs. Severe erosion

in the catchment is not only causing formation of wasteland but also posing the problem of

siltation and reduction in the reservoirs storage capacity (Ghosh 2014). Continuous sediment

generation and its transportation to the lower part of the valley kept on raising the river bed

year after year (Fig. 4b). The problem of siltation has also been aggravated by storing of

monsoon rainwater in the dams and barrages as the annual flushing of sand–silt–clay was

greatly checked. In this way, the then dynamic Damodar is now flowing very sluggishly

through the braided course. The bars and islands are so stable that not only those are used for

crop production due to higher fertility status but even settlements have been developed in

many places as also the pathways across the river in the dry period (Ghosh 2014). Land-use

alteration and natural river flows have a great impact in terms of volume and velocity of

water flows and determining the relationship between dissolved and sediment load to the

water discharge, river bank erosion, frequent shifts in the direction of river course sand

discontinuation of some old distributaries. The reduced river flow and increased sediment

load cause heavy siltation and led to the development of increasing quantum of falls channels

(blind rivers), marshes, oxbow lakes, etc. Further, to save the dams from bursting due to

overfilled reservoirs, the DVC authorities release huge quantity of water with a very short

notice, making an avalanche of water flow over the already monsoon submerged agricultural

fields and settlements. On the other hand, during the dry summer season while the farmers

are hoarsely crying for irrigation water for their parched fields to save crops, the DVC

remains reluctant to release adequate quantity of water as that may lower the water level in

the reservoirs affecting adversely the generation of hydroelectric power which is committed

for the industries in the upper catchments. Such circumstance forced the farmers to tap the

groundwater more and more for irrigating their lands and overexploitation of groundwater led

to lowering of water table and minimization of available annual water resource for future

exploitation.

Out of the 7 identified Polluted River Stretches in Jharkhand 4 River stretches comes

under Damodar Basin identified stretches are as follows:

1. Nalkari River – along Patratu

2. Garga River – along Telmuchu bridge

3. Konar River – along Tilaya and Konar

4. Damodar River – along Phusro Road bridge to Turio

1. Nalkari River

The Nalkari, a tributary of the Damodar river that flows through the eastern states of Jharkhand and

West Bengal. Around 7 kilometers from Patratu in Jharkhand, the Nalkari carries huge quantities of

oil and ash, discharged by the Patratu Thermal Power Station (PTPS).

The Patratu dam was built to store the fresh water of the Nalkari river, so that the PTPS can run.

The effluents discharged from the plant are being thrown in the river, which is not only poisoning

the Nalkari but also, the Damodar river, which it meets downstream.

PARTICULARS OF SEWER DRAIN FALLING INTO NALKARI RIVER:

SNo. LOCATION SOURCE OF

GENERATION

DISCHARGE

(KLD)

LENG

TH

(km)

WIDTH

(m)

DEPTH

(m)

GRADIENT OF

THE

RIVER(cm/km)

Max Min

1 Patratu PTPS Colony Not

Known

Not

Known

1.5 2 1 Not Known

2 Patratu Patratu

Railway

Colony

Not

Known

Not

Known

3 2 1 Not Known

3 Saunda Saunda “D”

Colony

Not

Known

40 2 1 1 Not Known

4 Saunda Central Saunda

Colony

Not

Known

106 3 1 1 Not Known

PARTICULARS OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS FALLING INTO NALKARI RIVER:

SNo. LOCATION SOURCE OF

GENERATION

DISCHARGE

(KLD)

LENGTH

(km)

WIDTH

(m)

DEPTH

(m)

GRADIENT OF

THE

RIVER(cm/km)

Max Min

1 Sayal Sayal “D”

OCP

4860 Not

Known

2 2 2 Not Known

2 Sayunda Sayunda”D”

Mine Water

2430 Not

Known

3 2 1 Not Known

3 Bhurkhnda Bhurkhunda

Colliery

32 Not

Known

4 3 2 Not Known

2. Garga River

Origin – Near Kasmar Village 'Kalaundi Baandh, Jharkhand

Total Length – 46.51km Garga flows through Bermo and Chas and discharge into

Damodar River near Telmuchu Bridge

It faces direct discharge of drain water of Chas Municipal Corporation areas and

Bokaro Steel City residential colonies.

State government to remove illegal hutments along the banks of Garga, especially in

Chira Chas locality, and set up a wastewater (sewage) treatment plants so that toxic

water is not discharged into the river.

We would also suggest Chas Municipal Corporation to construct soak pits for houses

near the riverbed so that direct discharge of sewage into the river can be prevented

The NGO functionary added that soil and sand were being illegally extracted from

Garga banks that would cause long-term ecological damage.

STATUS OF WATER QUALITY OF GARGA RIVERS

YEAR

LOCATION

DO(mg/l)

pH

BOD(mg/l)

COD(mg/l)

FECAL

COLIFORM

(MPN/100ml

)

TOTAL

COLIFOR

M(MPN/10

0ml)

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min M

a

x

2017 Garga River

near Talmuchu

Bridge

5.9 6.9 6.4 7.5 4.8 6.2 96 112 - - - -

2018 Garga River

near Talmuchu

Bridge

5.8 7.4 6.3 7.5 2.3 4.6 92 108 - - - -

3. Konar River

Origin – Sultana village on the Hazaribagh-Chatra Road

Konar with its tributary Siwani drains a greater portion of the Hazaribagh plateau, and then

descending through the barren wastes of scrub and jungle passes Gomia to receive the waters of

the Bokaro River, shortly before it joins the Damodar River near Jaridih Bazar in Bokaro district.

STATUS OF WATER QUALITY OF KONAR RIVERS

YEAR

LOCATION

DO(mg/l)

pH

BOD(mg/l)

COD(mg/l)

FECAL

COLIFORM

(MPN/100ml)

TOTAL

COLIFORM(MPN/10

0ml)

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

2017 Near Swang Coal

Washery

7.3 7.8 6.4 8.4 1.7 2.8 56 72 - - - -

2018 Near Swang Coal

Washery

7.2 7.5 6.6 8.2 1.9 2.6 72 96 - - - -

PARTICULARS OF SEWER DRAIN FALLING INTO KONAR RIVER:

SNo. LOCATION SOURCE OF

GENERATION

DISCHARGE

(KLD)

LENGTH

(km)

WIDTH

(m)

DEPTH

(m)

GRADIENT OF THE

RIVER(cm/km)

Max Min

1 Hazaribagh Hazaribagh

Town

Not

Known

Not

Known

3 3 2 Not Known

2 Konar Konar Colony Not

Known

Not

Known

1 1 1 Not Known

4. Damodar River

Origin – Chandwa, Latehar, Chota Nagpur Plateau, Jharkhand

The Damodar River is one of the most Pollute drivers in eastern India. It lies on the Chota

Nagpur Plateau in the state of Jharkhand. The river runs according to an easterly itinerary for

a stretch of around 592 km, traversing Jharkhand and West Bengal to the estuary of the

Hooghly River.

The tributaries and sub-tributaries of the Damodar include:-

Konar ,Barakar, Haharo, Bokaro, Ghari, Jamunia, Khadia, Guaia, Bhera

At present, Damodar is one of the most contaminated rivers in India due to the various

industries that have mushroomed on its riverbanks. There are number of coal-oriented

industries that are scattered over the Damodar basin. Majority of them are government-owned

coke oven plants, coal washeries, iron & steel plants, glass, zinc and cement plants and

thermal power plants.

In addition, there are number of towns situated on the banks of the river. As narrated earlier,

Dhanbad, Ramgarh and Phusro are the important towns within Jharkhand state.

While the industrial units are controlling their discharges by adopting suitable treatment

methods, there is no treatment given to the domestic sewage being discharged into the

river.

Data from Jharkhand State Pollution Board was studied, which clearly indicates that

the liquid discharge from industries into the river is within the prescribed norms. This

means untreated sewage discharge is the main cause of pollution of Damodar water, although

further confirmatory investigation may be required to corroborate the fact and the level of

pollution in the river.

PARTICULARS OF SEWER DRAIN FALLING INTO DAMODAR RIVER:

SNo. LOCATION NAME OF

INLETTING

DRAIN

DISCHARGE

(KLD)

LENGTH

(km)

WIDTH

(m)

DEPTH

(m)

GRADIENT OF

THE

RIVER(cm/km)

Max Min

1 Bachra Bachra

Colliery

15946.8 Not

Known

2 15 3 Not Known

2 Urimari Urimari

Colliery

200 Not

Known

1 3 1 Not Known

3 Sayal Sayal

Colliery

Not

Known

Not

Known

1 1 2 Not Known

4 Giddi Giddi

Colliery

1525 Not

Known

1 2 1 Not Known

5 Bhurkunda Bhurkhunda

Colliery

312 Not

Known

2 1 1 Not Known

6 Barkakhana Barkakhana

Railway

Colony

Not

Known

Not

Known

4 2 2 Not Known

7 Ramgarh Ramgarh

Cantt

Not

Known

Not

Known

0.5 3 1 Not Known

8 Ramgarh Ramgarh

Township

Not

Known

Not

Known

0.5 1 0.5 Not Known

9 Rajrappa Rajrappa

Colony

CCL

1500 Not

Known

5 2 1 Not Known

PARTICULARS OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS FALLING INTO DAMODAR RIVER:

SNo

.

LOCATION SOURCE OF

GENERATION

DISCHARGE

(KLD)

LENG

TH

(km)

WIDTH

(m)

DEPTH

(m)

GRADIENT

OF THE

RIVER(cm/km)

Max Min

1 Piparwar Ashoka OCP

Mine water

Not

Know

Not

Known

4 10 5 Not Known

2 Bachara Bachara

Underground(

Mine Water

800 Not

Known

1 2 1 Not Known

3 Urimari

Mines

Birsa

OCP(Mine

Water)

400 300KL

D

2 2 1 Not Known

4 Urimari

Mines

Urimari

OCP(Mine

Water)

400 Not

Known

1 2 1 Not Known

5 Karma

OCP

Karma OCP 624 Not

Known

0.5 2 1 Not Known

6 Giddi Giddi “A”

Mnie Water

1050 Not

Known

4 1 1 Not Known

7 Giddi Giddi “C”

Mine Water

300 Not

Known

2 5 2 Not Known

8 Religarha Religarha

OCP Mine

Water

Not

Known

Not

Known

2 5 2 Not Known

9 Rajrappa Rajrappa OCP

Mine Water

50 Not

Known

2 2 2 Not Known

-

STATUS OF WATER QUALITY OF DAMODAR RIVER

YEAR

LOCATION

DO(mg/l)

pH

BOD(mg/l)

COD(mg/l)

FECAL

COLIFORM

(MPN/100ml)

TOTAL

COLIFORM(MPN/10

0ml)

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

2017 Damodar at

Phusro Road

Bridge

6.9 7.5 7.2 7.5 2.1 2.7 76 92 - - - -

2018 Damodar at

Phusro Road

Bridge

7.2 7.6 7.3 7.6 2.0 2.5 80 96 - - - -

Solid Waste Management Factsheet:-

Sl.

N

o

ULB

Collection Wet Waste Dry Waste

No of

Wards

(No.)

No of

Wards

with

D2D

(No.)

Total

Waste

generation

(TPD)

Total

Waste

collection

(TPD)

Total

Wet

Waste

generati

on

(TPD)

Total

Wet

Waste

Collecti

on

(TPD)

Total Wet

Waste

Processin

g (TPD)

%

Processing

No. of

Recycler

Tagged

No.)

Total

Dry

Waste

Generat

ion

(TPD)

Total

Dry

Waste

Collectio

n (TPD)

Total Dry

Waste

Processing

through

Recycler

(TPD)

1 Chas 35 35 46.5 46.5 19.5 18 18 92.31 6 27.5 27.5 20

2 Dhanbad 55 55 455 455 257.1 257.1 257 99.96 12 197.9 197.9 130

3 Phusro 28 28 22 22 9 9 5 55.56 1 12 12 8

Chapter 4

ACTION PLAN WITH TIMELINE

A. Action Plan- Short Term and Long Term Action and the Identified

Authorities for initiating actions and the time limits for ensuring compliance

Sl.No. Action plan for rejuvenation of river Concerned

Dept.

Time Target

A Industrial Pollution Control

1 Compliance of industries located in catchment area with

respect to effluent discharge standards and its disposal as per

consent conditions

JSPCB Continuous

2 Inventorization of the industries in the catchment area of

Rivers covering assessment on aspects relating to Status of

Consents under Water & Air Acts and Authorization, Effluent

Generation, ETP capacities and final mode of effluent

discharges

JSPCB Continuous

3 Actions against the Identified industries in operation without

Consents under Water & Air Acts/Authorization under the

H& OW ( M & TM) Rules, 2016 as amended

JSPCB Continuous

4 Action against the industries not installed ETPs or ETPs exist

but not operating or ETP outlet or treated effluent is not

complying to the effluent discharge standards or norms

JSPCB Continuous

5 Action against the red category industries for installation of

OCEMS and not transferring data to CPCB and JSPCB

JSPCB Continuous

6 Small scale/tiny and service providing units located in urban

or semi-urban limits like Dairies, Auto Service Stations to

have minimum provision of O & G traps

Local

Authorities/

Municipal

Corporation

December

2019

7 Prohibition of burning of any kind of waste including agro

residues

State Govt. /

District

Administration

and Local

Authorities

& Agriculture

Department

Continuous

8 Directions to all the Industries which are observed to be not in

operation or closed or temporarily closed to remain close till

further orders from JSPCB.

JSPCB/ District

Administration

Continuous

9 Estimation of industrial effluent generation and the existing

CETP capacity and to arrive gap between the industrial

effluent generation and the existing treatment capacity

State

Government ,

District/Local

Administration

September

2020

10 Channelization of industrial effluents to CETPs for ensuring

treatment to comply with the discharge standards.

Identification of suitable site within industrial areas,

Execution and Commissioning of Adequate Capacity CETPs.

State

Government ,

District/Local

Administration

December

2020

B. Short term and long term action plans for rejuvenation of rivers and the

implementing agencies responsible for execution of the action plans and the

time limits are given in table as below :-

Sl.No. Action Plan For Rejuvenation Of River Concerned

Dept. Time Target

A Sewage Treatment and Disposal Plan

1

District-wise estimation of total sewage generation,

existing treatment capacities, quantum of disposal of

sewage presently through drains and the gaps in sewage

treatment capacity.

State

Government,

UDD, Water

Resource Dept.,

District

Administration

and Local bodies

March 2020

2

To undertake measurement of flow of all the drains

presently contributing pollution load in rivers and to

formulate detailed project report (DPR) for each drain

and corresponding town and submission of DPR.

State

Government,

UDD, Water

Resource Dept.,

District

Administration

and Local bodies

March 2020

3

Proper design, execution of STPs with full utilization

capacity

State

Government,

UDD, Water

Resource Dept.,

District

Administration

and Local bodies

March 2020

4

Channelization including diversion of sewage generated

from household/town ships/villages to sewer

lines/interception of all the drains presently carrying

sewage and for ensuring proper treatment through the

upcoming STPs

State

Government,

UDD, Water

Resource Dept.,

District

Administration

March 2021

and Local bodies

5

Ensuring dairy/automobile service stations and Hotels /

Restaurants particularly located on road-side should

have a treatment system and levy of fine in case found

Violations

Local authorities March 2020

B Ground water quality

1 Sealing of contaminated hand pumps and found to be

unfit for drinking purpose by the public

Rural drinking

water and

Sanitation

Department and

Local authorities

September

2020

2 Supply of potable water to the affected communities in

the identified critical blocks

Rural drinking

water and

Sanitation

Department and

Local authorities

March 2020

3

Carrying assessment of ground water survey for quality

and to identify over exploited and critical blocks in the

districts

Ground Water

Authority March 2020

4

To conduct periodic surprise inspection of the industry

to rule out any forceful injection of industrial effluents

into ground water resource

JSPCB & Ground

Water Authority

Continuous

5

All the industry should be directed to obtain NOC from

the CGWB and action against the Units in Operation

without obtaining of NOC from CGWA

CGWB/ CGWA

and .Ground

Water Authority

Continuous

(The

proposed

new

industries

will be

directed to

obtain NOC

from

CGWA)

6

To ensure rain water harvesting by the industrial,

commercial and other institutions and groundwater

recharging with only clean water be encouraged by

CGWB/CGWA

CGWA/ Ground

Water Authority/

JSPCB

March 2020

C. Proposed Action Plan by various Department of Govt. of Jharkhand

Phases Actions Required

through work break

down structure

Role

Pre- Planning Phase

(Recognition Phase)

Identification of problem

related to river health

JSPCB

Assessment of drivers

and barriers for the

problem

JSCPB, Industries, WRD,

UDHD

Assessment of catchment

and valley area bio-

physical properties

WRD

Stakeholder consultations

and development of road

map

River Rejuvenation

Committee

Planning Phase

(Restoration Phase)

Formation of core team –

Management -technical

team- Community

mobilization team

River Rejuvenation

Committee

Survey of the river sites

and prioritization of

restoration measures

WRD, Industries, JSPCB,

UDHD

Community mobilization Industry, JSPCB, UDHD,

District Administration

Preparation of detailed

project report (Technical

and Financial)

River Rejuvenation

Committee

Implementation Phase

(Protection Phase)

Prioritization of measures River Rejuvenation

Committee

Implementation of

measures

UDHD, Industry, JSPCB,

District Administration

Monitoring/Regulation of

the implantation

measures

JSPCB (Regulate and

Monitor),

JSPCB to work in

coordination of UDHD,

Industries, District

Administration to execute the

measures

Documentation of

measures

JSPCB, UDHD and

Industries

Scaling Up Phase

(Improvement Phase)

Identification of lesson River Rejuvenation

Committee

Review and consultation River Rejuvenation

Committee

Planning for second

phase

River Rejuvenation

Committee

D. Achievable water quality goals with specific timelines

Sl.No. ACTION TO BE TAKEN TIMELINES

1 Identification and Cleaning of major drains directly

falling into Rivers of Jharkhand

September 2020

2

Cleaning all tributary drains of Jharkhand River, –

Setting up of decentralized sewage treatment plants and

allied works

September 2020

3 Trapping/ cleaning of remaining identified drains

directly falling into River

September 2020

4 Dredging of major drains and stretches of River bed September 2020/

continuous process

5 Laying of sewerage system in un-sewered areas Master Plan, September

2020/ continuous process

6 Rehabilitation & up-gradation of old sewerage

infrastructure

September 2020/

continuous process

7 Bio remediation & development of public space along

all major drains

September 2020

E. Proposed Action Plan For Restoration Of Jharkhand Rivers

Regular cleaning of River Bed for removal of Eichhornia Vegetation.

Removal of encroachment (Slum areas) & restriction on Bathing /washing activity all

along the river Bed.

Provision of sanitation facility (Such as Sulabh Sawchalaya) near slum area & dense

populated area to avoid open defecation. Provision of STP for Cities.

Treated sewage of the city will have to be utilized for irrigation / gardening purpose.

The treated sewage after disinfection shall be used for gardening or could be

commercially sold to Industries.

Various Municipal Councils can undertake the river front beautification activities and

rainwater harvesting project along the stretch of the river. Rainwater harvesting can

help in attaining the minimum flow in the river water for scouring the sediments and

dilution water availability.

Scavenging of river beds will have to be undertaken before onset of monsoon

F. Action Plan at Village Level:-

For Zilla Parishad: Joint action need to take by Zilha Parishad, Irrigation & Agriculture

Departments. Agriculture Department shall undertake public awareness program to convey that

agriculture / horticulture by untreated river water is unhygienic. Instead bulk sewage / sullage flowing

in the rivers, nallas will have to be treated by artificial wet land systems. Such systems rely on natural

purification by photosynthesis and subsequent aeration by “emergent macrophytes”. Pathogens are

destroyed during the process. Such systems will be suitable for small villages also. Effluent of

artificial wet land system can be safely used for agriculture because it will be free from pathogens.

Zilla Parishad should pass a resolution that it will spare appropriate land for artificial wet land system.

For Gram Panchayats: A resolution has to be passed by each Gram Panchayat of banks of river that,

they will not allow sewage / sullage from their respective villages to enter the river. Further they

should also provide sulabh shauchalay in villages to avoid open defecation. Narrow-bore sewerage

has been recommended for wastewater treatment. Water supply and sanitation department of Govt. of

Jharkhand should provide proto type designs for narrow-bore sewerage followed by a stabilization

pond.

G. Status of Flood Plain Zone and Environmental Flow (E-Flow)

Sl.No. Action plan for rejuvenation of river Concerned Dept. Time Target

A Flood Plain Zone (FPZ)

1 Plantation in Flood Plain Zone (FPZ) Forest, Environment

& Climate Change June 2020

2 Checking encroachments in the FPZ of river District /Local

Administration Regular

3 Prohibition of disposal of municipal plastic and bio-

medical waste particularly in drains Local Administration

September

2020

4 Protection and management of flood plain zone

State

Government/Water

Resource

Department

Up to March

2020 and

execution of

agreement by

October 2019

B Environmental Flow (E-Flow) and Irrigation Practices

1 Measurement of flow in the river and records

maintained

Water Resource

Department Regular

2

To conserve water and good irrigation practices to be

adopted by the farmers by organizing mass

awareness programmes and through media in

vernacular language.

Water Resource

Department/

Agriculture Dept.

Continuous

3 Completion of work for issues related to E-flow Water Resource

Department

Up to March

2020 execution

of agreement

by October

2019

4 Completion of work related ground water

recharge/rain water harvesting

Water Resource

Department

Up to March

2020 execution

of agreement

by October

2019

Annexure-III (To be revised, as monitoring and regulation to be done by JSPCB)

TIMELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF MODEL RESTORATION PLAN in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021

YEAR 2019-2020 2020-2021

QUARTER QUARTER III QUARTER IV QUARTER I QUARTER II QUARTER III QUARTER IV

PHASES AND ACTION YEAR JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Pre- Planning Phase: (Recognition)

Gathering of information of non-identified

polluted river stretch I

Reconnaissance survey sampling of river I

Assessment of water quality I

Planning Phase: (Restoration)

Identification of sources of pollution I

Preparation of Detailed Project Report I

In-situ bioremediation of drains II

Implementation Phase: (Protection)

Assessment of Treatment technologies,

available river flow, prevailing discharge

standards

II

Setting up of sewage treatment plants

(STPs)/Effluent treatment plants (ETPs)/

CETP

II

Complying the regulation under JSPCB for

existing industries, causing the pollution

based on survey data

I&II

Setting up tertiary level sewage treatment

facilities for grossly polluted stretches devoid

of perennial fresh water flow

II

Scaling Up Phase: (Improvement)

Augment river flow, if feasible II