pg. 1

ACTION PLAN FOR

REJUVENATION OF

SUBARNAREKHA RIVER IN

JHARKHAND

JHARKHAND STATE POLLUTION CONTROL

BOARD, DHURWA, RANCHI, JHARKHAND-834004

pg. 2

CONTENT

CHAPTER I

❖ BACKGROUND

❖ INTRODUCTION

❖ PHYSIOGRAPHY

❖ WATER RESOURCES & RAINFALL

❖ ANNUAL RAINFALL

❖ DEVIATION OF RAINFALL

❖ SEASONAL RAINFALL

❖ RAINFALL TREND IN RABI SEASON

❖ AVERAGE MOTHLY RAINFALL

❖ MOVING AVERAGE OF THE RAINFALL

❖ EXTREME EVENT ANALYSIS

❖ SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

❖ GROUND WATER RESOURCES

❖ DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND MAPS

❖ RIVERS AND RIVER BASINS

CHAPTER II

❖ THE SUBARNAREKHA RIVER

❖ SUBARNAREKHA RIVER BASIN

❖ WATER QUALITY GOALS AS PER THE EXISTING PROVISIONS OR

GUIDELINES/ SPECIFICATIONS OF CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL

BOARD (CPCB)

❖ RIVER COURSE AND MAJOR TRIBUTARIES

❖ SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

❖ WATER RESOURCES AND ITS USES

❖ MINING AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

❖ NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC HAZARDS

❖ IDENTIFIED STRETCHES FOR REDUCING POLLUTION

pg. 3

CHAPTER III- VISION MISSION AND STRATEGY FOR SUBARNAREKHA

RIVER

❖ VISION STATEMENT OF JHARKHAND STATE POLLUTION CONTROL

BOARD

❖ VISION STATEMENT FOR CLEAN RIVERS IN JHARKHAND

❖ MISSION STATEMENT FOR CLEAN RIVERS

CHAPTER IV-CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS OF WATER QUALITY IN

JHARKHAND RIVERS

❖ IDENTIFICATION OF MONITORING LOCATIONS

❖ CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD'S NORMS FOR DESIGNATED

BEST USE

CHAPTER V-SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION IN RIVERS

❖ MAJOR DRAINS

❖ SEWAGE/SULLAGE GENERATED FROM URBAN AREAS

❖ SEWAGE/SULLAGE GENERATED FROM RURAL AREAS

❖ INDUSTRIAL SOURCES IN THE CATCHMENT AREA OF RIVER

SWARNREKHA

❖ SOLID WASTE

CHAPTER VI-MEASURES FOR CONTROL OF POLLUTION AND TIMELINES

❖ SETTING UP OF NEW TREATMENT FACILITIES

❖ SETTING UP OF ONLINE EFFLUENT MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR STPS

AND ETPS

❖ TIMELINES FOR PROJECTS

❖ STEPS TO CLEAN RIVERS OF JHARKHAND:- ACHIEVABLE WATER

QUALITY GOALS WITH SPECIFIC TIMELINES

❖

CHAPTER VII- ACTION PLAN

❖ ACTION PLAN- SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM ACTION AND THE

IDENTIFIED AUTHORITIES FOR INITIATING ACTIONS AND THE TIME

LIMITS FOR ENSURING COMPLIANCE

pg. 4

❖ SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM ACTION PLANS FOR REJUVENATION

OF RIVERS AND THE IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR

EXECUTION OF THE ACTION PLANS AND THE TIME LIMITS ARE

GIVEN IN TABLE AS BELOW

❖ PROPOSED ACTION PLAN BY VARIOUS DEPARTMENT OF GOVT. OF

JHARKHAND

❖ PROPOSED ACTION PLAN FOR RESTORATION OF JHARKHAND

RIVERS

❖ ACTION PLAN AT VILLAGE LEVEL

❖ TIMELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF MODEL RESTORATION PLAN

in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021

pg. 5

Chapter-1

JHARKHAND & ITS WATER RESOURCES

1.0 BACKGROUND:-Hon’ble National Green Tribunal passed the following orders in OA

No. 673/2018 & M.A. No. 1777/2018 titled News item published in “The Hindu “authored by

Shri Jacob Koshy titled “More river stretches are now critically polluted: CPCB on

20.09.2018 as per excerpts below.

“The issue taken up for consideration in this matter is abatement of pollution in 351 river

stretches in the country, identified as such by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

The said river stretches 2 are not meeting the prescribed standards of the water quality in

terms of Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Existence of polluted river stretches is

evidence to show that the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) have failed to perform

their statutory obligation to take appropriate action to achieve the objects of the Water

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.

Having regard to the importance of the issue and in the light of judgments of the Hon’ble

Supreme Court in M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India & Ors.1, M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India

And Ors.2 (Calcutta Tanneries' Matter), Vellore Citizen’ Welfare Forum Vs. Union of India3,

S. Jagannath Vs. Union of India & Ors.4, And Quiet Flows The Maily Yamuna5, Tirupur

Dyeing Factory Owners Association Vs. Noyyal River Ayacutdars Protection Association &

Ors.6 and TechiTagi Tara Vs. Rajendra Singh Bhandari & Ors.7 and of this Tribunal in

Manoj Mishra Vs. Union of India8, M.C. Mehta Vs. Union of India9, Mahendra Pandey Vs.

Union of India &Ors.10, Sobha Singh & Ors. Vs. State of Punjab & Ors. 11, Nityanand

Mishra Vs. State of M.P. & Ors12, Stench Grips Mansa’s Sacred Ghaggar River (Suo-Moto

Case)13, Doaba Paryavaran Samiti Vs. State of U.P. & Ors.14, Arvind Pundalik Mhatre Vs.

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change & Ors.15, Meera Shukla Vs. Municipal

Corporation, Gorakhpur & Ors.16, Amresh Singh Vs. Union of India & Ors.17, Sudarsan

Das Vs. State of West Bengal & Ors.18, Satish Kumar vs. U.O.I & Ors.19, this Tribunal

noted 1 (1987) 4 SCC 463 ¶14 & (1988) 1 SCC 471 2 (1997) 2 SSC 411 3 (1996) 5 SSC 647

4 (1997) 2 SCC 87 5 (2009) 17 SSC 720 6 (2009) 9 SSC 737 7 (2018) 11 SCC 734 8 O.A. No.

6/2012, 2015 ALL(I) NGT REPORTER (1) (DELHI) 139 9 O.A No. 200 of 2014, 2017 NGTR

pg. 6

(3) PB 1 10 O.A. No. 58/2017 11 O.A.No. 101/2014 12 O.A. No. 456/2018 13 O.A. No.

138/2016 (TNHRC) 14 O.A. No. 231/2014 15 O.A. No. 125/2018 16 O.A. No. 116/2014 17

Execution Application No. 32/2016 in O.A. No. 295/2016 18 O.A.No. 173 of 2018 19 O.A No.

56 (THC) of 2013 3 the need for steps to check discharge of untreated sewage and effluents,

plastic waste, e-waste, bio-medical waste, municipal solid waste, diversion of river waters,

encroachments of catchment areas and floodplains, over drawal of groundwater, river bank

erosion on account of illegal sand mining. There is need for installation of Effluent Treatment

Plants (ETPs), Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs), Sewage Treatment Plants

(STPs), Solid Waste Treatment and processing facilities etc.

It was also noted that BOD was required to be less than 3.0 mg/l, Dissolved Oxygen more

than 5.0 mg/l and Faecal Coliform bacteria less than 500 MPN/100 ml”

1.1 Introduction

The State of Jharkhand was created as the 28th

State of the Indian Union by the Bihar Re-

organization Act on 15th November 2000, the birth anniversary of the legendary Bhagwan

Birsa Munda. It comprises of the forest tracts of Chhotanagpur plateau and Santhal Paragna.

It is bounded by Bihar on the North, Orissa on the South, Chhattisgarh on the west and West

Bengal on the East. Topography of the State is mostly undulating, hilly and sloping with

mountains, forests, river basins and valleys. It has a rich endowment of forests and mineral

resources. It has some of the richest deposits of coal and iron ore in the world. It is the largest

producer of coal, copper, kyanite and mica in the country. It is blessed with rich fauna and

flora.

The State is home to nearly a tenth of the country’s Scheduled Tribes1, who constitute 28% of

Jharkhand’s population. Another 12% of the population is from Scheduled Castes. Jharkhand

is mostly rural, with 77.77% of the State’s population in villages. The State has 24 districts,

38 sub-divisions, 260 blocks, 4118 panchayats and 32620 villages. For safeguarding and

protecting the interest of the Scheduled Tribes and for ensuring equity and social justice in

1 The main tribes in Jharkhand are Asur, Birhor, Birjia, Chik Baraik, Korba, Lohara, Mahali, Mal Paharia,

Kumarbhag Paharia, Souriya Paharia, Savar, Santal, Oraon, Munda, Ho and Kharia.

pg. 7

the planned process of development, the State is following Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) approach in

12 districts fully and 2 districts partly, covering 112 blocks.

With an area of 79714 km2 which accounts for 2.42% of the country’s area, Jharkhand

supports a population of 32.97 million (2011) which constitutes 2.72% of the country’s

population. South Bihar, as it was called in the earlier dispensation, is a hill state comprising

ethnic groups (tribals), Hos, Mundas, Santhals and others ; The state needs intensive

development initiatives.

Jharkhand, literally meaning a forested region, is landlocked and is an integral part of the

north-eastern portion of the Peninsular Plateaus of India. As part of ancient Gondwanaland,

Jharkhand has rock formations ranging from the earliest Archean Era to the latest Post-

tertiary period. It is a region of diverse physical features consisting of a succession of

plateaus, hills and valleys, drained by several large rivers such as Damodar, Barakar,

Subarnarekha, Koel, Brahmani, Baitarani and Mahanadi. The northern part of Jharkhand

adjoining Bihar broadly comes under the Gangetic river basin.

The State has a sub-humid climate with average annual rainfall of 1,350 mm. However, due

to high variability of monsoon rains, low moisture holding capacity of soils, absence of

developed aquifers due to the hard rock substrate and high run-off due to the undulating

terrain, agriculture is fraught with high risks2. Paddy, the principal crop of the State sown

over 1.3 mha in 2001-023 had an average yield of only 1.11 ton/ha

4. Maize, minor millets and

pulses are the other principal crops and together occupy about 25% of the net sown area, with

similar low yields. Oilseeds production is negligible. Horticulture and floriculture is

undeveloped in spite of a suitable climate.

Jharkhand is a mineral rich state, contributing 40% of the nation’s mineral wealth. Yet, it had

little impact on local livelihoods outside the industrial enclaves. Even in the most

industrialized districts, such as East Singhbhum, Bokaro, Ranchi and Dhanbad, the

2 As per the categorization by Indian Meteorological Department, Jharkhand figures in the "drought corridor” of the country, which also includes Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (drought prone districts of Rayalaseema

and Telengana regions), West Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh (including Chhatisgarh), Bihar and parts of West

Bengal adjoining Jharkhand. 3Planning Commission, ibid. 4 The average yield for India during the year was 1.9 ton/ha, with Tamil Nadu, having the highest average yield

at 3.2 ton/ha. Yields vary a great deal within Jharkhand due to the undulating topography and varying levels of

development of agriculture. Source: Fertilizer statistics 2002-03 New Delhi (Published in Jharkhand Agriculture

data book 2006)

pg. 8

proportion of main workers engaged in mining and industry is less than 3%. Agriculture

remains the principal source of livelihoods for an overwhelming majority of the population.

About 48% of the State’s geographical area is cultivable. However, the net sown area is only

about 23% (all India 47%) of the geographical area and more than half of the cultivable land

remains fallow. Subsidiary farm-based activities like dairy, poultry, etc. generally follow

growth in agriculture. These have not developed in the State in spite of increasing demand for

the products. The State has a large population of scrub cattle, kept principally for draught

power and manure.

In the last 13 years, since the creation of the State, the Government has done effective work

in extending primary education in the rural areas. Government’s priority to spread road

network in the rural areas is very important. Similarly, the health sector also needs serious

attention in the rural areas. Health services in rural areas need improvement, the people are

traditionally dependent on traditional medicine men. In terms of potential opportunities, some

of the considerations which require action to reduce poverty and enhance food security are:

▪ An overwhelming majority of the State’s population is rural and dependent on

agriculture and other natural resource based livelihoods.

▪ Less than half the cultivable land in the State is presently utilized.

▪ 85% of the net sown area is under mono-cropping.

▪ Potential of water resources is not adequately developed.

▪ Productivity of agriculture is significantly lower than potential.

▪ There is little diversity in the farm sector.

▪ The State is a net importer of food grains, oilseeds, milk and milk products and

poultry.

▪ Intensification of agriculture would in the long run call for improved land husbandry,

including use of organic inputs given the undulating and hilly terrain and relatively

low fertility of soils.

▪ Almost a third of the State is classified as forests.

▪ Forests have been a significant source of income (produce/materials required for

domestic use in general/during scarcity) for nearly 1/3 of the population.

▪ Livelihood infrastructure of extension services and input-output markets is not

adequately developed.

pg. 9

1.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY

Physiography of the State: Physiographically Jharkhand state consists of series of four

distinct plateaus, the highest plateau is formed by western Ranchi plateau or the pat region,

which is 800 to 1100 meters above the mean sea level. It covers the north-western part of the

Ranchi district and southern edge of Palamau district. The next plateau is known as the

Ranchi, except the pat region. This plateau is about 600 meters above mean sea level. The

Ranchi plateau is separated from the other surface of the same elevation by Damodar trough.

The third plateau has an elevation of 300 meters above mean sea level and may be termed as

the lower Chotanagpur plateau. The fourth plateau is a uniform surface formed by the river

valleys, plains and lower parts of the outer plateau lying between 150-300 meters above mean

sea level. Rajmahal hills and the Kaimur plateau belong to this category.

The soil in the state of Jharkhand has been formed from disintegration of rocks and stones.

The soil thus formed can be divided into various soil types including red soil, micacious soil,

sandy soil, black soil and laterite soil. Red soil is found mostly in the Damodar valley, and

Rajmahal area. The Micacious soil (which consist particles of mica) is found in the regions of

Koderma, Jhumeritilaiya, Barkagaon and areas around the Mandar hill. Sandy soil is

generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad and black soil in Rajmahal area whereas the

lateritic soil is found in western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal Parganas and

Singhbhum.

1.3 Water Resources & Rainfall

The state receives rainfall in the range of 1200-1300 mm per year against the national

average of 1000mm. Precipitation is rather variable. Winter season precipitation is meagre

and highly variable. About 60 percent of the rainy days have rainfall below 2.5 mm. On about

40 percent rainy days, evaporation level is more than 2.5 mm per day.

Jharkhand receives rain mainly from South Western monsoon wind. Generally, this

monsoon wind hits Jharkhand in the mid of June and continues up to the month of

September. The total precipitation during these months amounts to 90-95% of the total

rainfall. July and August are the peak month of the monsoon and are the backbone of

the agriculture in Jharkhand. The table given below shows that the state receives good

amount of rainfall. However, the erratic distribution of rainfall across monsoon months

pg. 10

(June to September) creates drought situation in the state. Graph showing the

distribution of rainfall across months (JSAC) is given below :

The erratic rainfall of 5 years, for instance, depicts the pattern well in the graph above.

During winter months the state receives winter rain (10-5% of the total rainfall). These small

rains become the deciding factors for rabi crops for many farms. The South Chhotanagpur

and Santhal Pargana Divisions receive higher rainfall whereas Palamu Division receives

lowest rainfall in the state.

Despite the fact that the state has a good rainfall, the surface water availability is not

sufficient especially for agriculture due to inadequate storage facilities etc. As far as the

status of ground water is concerned, it is also in the poor state due to little recharging of

ground water by natural process and the absence of artificial recharging facilities, as a result

the water level in the plateau goes down.

1.3.1 Annual Rain fall:

Rainfall data for the catchment area has been collected from the India water portal for the last

100 Years. It has been grouped and made arithmetic average to get the decadal average

rainfall. The normal rainfall has been assumed at 1200 mm and deviation has been calculated

based on the assumption and arithmetic average of the decadal rain fall.

Extreme events related to rain fall has been measured with the deviation in the rain fall and

number of times that it has exceeded or fall short of the normal rainfall. These deviations

have been depicted in the graphs.

pg. 11

1.3.2 Deviation of rainfall:

The deviation has been measured with reference to the normal rain fall and all data has been

taken from the IMD data which is accepted country wise. It has been taken from the year

1900 onwards. In the data it can be seen that in the last 10 Decades there has been seven

decades with positive rainfall and three decades have shown negative deviation.

Rainfall

Max Temp

Min Temp

Rain Fall over last century

pg. 12

If we see the deviation in the last 10 years there has been absolute reversal of the pattern and

out of the ten year only three years have positive deviation otherwise seven years have

negative deviation.

1.3.3Seasonal Rainfall:

The district receives maximum rain from the advancing north east monsoon. Through the

retreading south west monsoon district also receives some rainfall. District has been mainly

mono cropped and it has only 3% area under irrigation as compared to 11% under the

catchement area. It has been not because that the district receives less rainfall but it has been

Rain fall deviation from normal

Rainfall Deviation ibetween 2000-2010

pg. 13

mainly because land is undulating and it causes fast runoff in the area. The variations as said

above has been also high and it causes greater run off. It has also been noticed in recent years

that number of rainy days has been shrinking as evident from the wet day data on the web site

of India water portal.

There has been wide variation in the rainfall during the Khariff and Rabi season. It has been

put as graph and it shows that there has been decreasing rend over the last few years which

can lead to a significant decrease in the coming years. The highest rainfall in Kahriff has been

reported in the year 1990 at 1693 mm and lowest in the year 1992 at 688 mm. Number of

rainy days has decreased from 69 days /year to 63 days/year in the last decade.

Kahriff rainfall and Moving average for same

Rainy days

pg. 14

1.3.4 Rainfall trend in Rabi season:

The state and district are by-enlarge remain mono cropped, however the red lateritic soil is

good for vegetables and hence rainfall in Rabi or irrigation facilities has a great bearing on

the cultivation in Rabi season. Over the last few years there has been significant decrease in

rainfall. Especially after 1996 the trend has been alarming.

The highest rainfall has been reported in the year 1919 at 138 mm and lowest rainfall has

been reported in the year 1999 at 37 mm. The trend has been showing that since 1992 in the

month of December there has been rarely rain while before 1992 there has been rain in the

month of December. Even in January there has been decreasing trend.

1.3.5 Average Monthly Rainfall:

The data for the last 30 years has been collected to know the trends and deviations in the each

half of fifteen years. The data has been collected for last 50 years from the web site. The

trends have shown that there has been variation in average monthly rainfall and for some

decade starting from 1990 it has shown an increasing trend and then it has started showing a

decreasing trend for the district.

pg. 15

It has implications on the agriculture production and all livelihood activities based on land

and water. Even the allied livelihood activities of fisheries and animal husbandry are bound

to be affected by the changes in the precipitation regime.

1.3.6 Moving Average of the Rainfall:

It can be clearly seen that there has been a decreasing trend of rain fall indicted by the

moving average line. Post 1992 there has been decline in the average rain fall. The heaviest

rain has been received in the year 1994 at 1416.47 mm and lowest rainfall has been received

in the year 1992 at 732.61 mm. Rest of the years have received lesser rainfall and it varies

with the last two year receiving approximately 850 mm rainfall which is less than the average

rain fall received by the state and the district.

Ra

infa

ll i

n m

m

Average rainfall 72-86 Vs 87-01

72-86

87-01

pg. 16

1.3.7 Extreme event analysis:

As mentioned above that in the last century there has been three decades with deficit average

rainfall where as in the last decade only there has been three average rainfall year. This

indicates the absolute reversal of trends in the last decade.

There have been consecutive droughts in the year 2001-02-03, 2005-06 and 2009-10. It can

be seen that on average every third year there has been drought.

Rainfall and Moving average rainfall

Rainfall

Moving average

Rainfall Deviation ibetween 2000-2010

pg. 17

1.3.8 Surface Water Resources

Considering average annual rainfall of 1200 mm, the state receives 95,652 MCM rain water annually.

However, as per the Second Bihar Irrigation Commission’s Report (1994), the total availability of

water in the state of Jharkhand is 33,489 MCM, including downstream discharge from the basins.

1.3.9 Ground Water Resources

Groundwater constitutes a major and widely used resource in Jharkhand for drinking and domestic

purposes. However, it is not uniformly distributed due to the varied hydrogeology of the state. About

20% of the available ground water is used for irrigation mainly from privately owned dug well or

shallow tube wells. District-wise ground water balance data indicate high levels of ground water

withdrawal in certain urban agglomerations where groundwater potential developed is only a tenth of

the utilizable reserves.

Presently, the availability of water resource is only 287810 lakh m3, out of which 237890 lakh m3 is

from surface water and rest 49920 lakh m3 is from ground water. The total utilization of surface and

ground water in the state for irrigation purposes so far is only 47360 lakh m3, out of which 39640 lakh

m3 is surface water and 7720 lakh m3 is ground water.

Today, nearly 90% of the water supplied to rural areas is from ground water sources whereas about

30% of the water supply in the urban areas comes from ground water sources and the rest from over

ground reservoirs and rivers. In the last 25 to 30 years the villages have shifted to the utilization of

water from surface water to ground water through wells and hand pump for their domestic purposes.

Table1 : Surface Water Snapshot of Jharkhand (Surface Water Information)

Average annual rainfall 1200 mm

Total average annual precipitation 95652 MCM

River Basin Area 79,262 sq. km

Surface water availability 27,528 MCM

Ground water availability 5,251MCM

Surface water usage 6,965 MCM

pg. 18

The annual replenishable ground water resource in the state has been established at 5.58 BCM

(Billion Cubic Meters) and net annual ground water availability is estimated to be 5.25 BCM (Central

Ground Water Board, 2006). Altogether, the state puts to use 21% of its ground water resources.

Allocation of Water- Table II

Surface Water Ground Water

Irrigation purpose 41% 89.40%

Industry & Drinking 5321 MCM 538 MCM

Municipal Use 6% 10.60%

Industrial Use 13.76% Nil

1.4 Drainage systems and Maps

Jharkhand falls under the Chotanagpur Plateau from the North Eastern position of peninsular

plateaus of India. The entire state is drained into Bay of Bengal. Major rivers such as Son,

Damodar, Barakar, Subarnarekha, Brahmi and Baitarani and their sub drainage systems form

nine major catchments in the state. These drainage systems and catchments are depicted by

following two maps:

pg. 19

Demarcation of micro-catchment areas

The state of Jharkhand has 678 sub catchment areas, which has been further divided into

1952 mini catchment areas and finally broken up into 10,439 micro catchment areas5. The

Rural Development Department has sought support from Jharkhand Space Application

Centre (JSAC) under the aegis Department of Information Technology, Government of

Jharkhand. JSAC digitized all sub- catchment area, mini-catchment areas and micro-

catchment areas. These digitized maps are available for planning, review and monitoring.

Each micro-catchment area has been given a unique code along with broad features of the

catchment area. Below is the map showing micro- catchment areas in Jharkhand:

5 The area covered under a micro -catchement area varies from 60 hectares to more than 3,000 hectares

depending on the drainage outlet of that area.

pg. 20

JSAC has developed/ compiled information related to each of the catchment area with its code, boundaries and

other features, which are available in website (http://210.212.20.94:8081/rural_GIS/Default.aspx). SLNA and

PIAs are able to access the required maps, etc. for various purposes. A sample of coding of catchment area is

shown in the following picture:

pg. 21

1.5 Rivers & River basins: The State has following main rivers and river

basins:

Rivers : Subarnarekha, Damodar, Barakar, South Koel, North Koel, Shankh, Ajay,

Mayurakshi, Gumani, Kharkai, Ganga, Sone, Batane, Auranga, More, Karo and Bansloi;

River Basins : Subarnarekha, Damodar, Barakar, South Koel, North Koel, Mayurakshi,

Gumani, Ajay, Bilasi, Chandan Chir, Sone Stem with Kanhar, Punpun-Kiul, Harohar, Koa-

Bhena, Sankh, Dwarka mor.

The following map shows the broad division of the state with one side confluence towards

river Ganges in the north and north-east and the other part draining out towards south and

south-east meeting the Bay of Bengal.

pg. 22

Drought is a situation whereby the shortfall in the precipitation from monsoon becomes more

than 15% of the normal. The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1,200 mm. Rainfall

is concentrated during the four monsoon months from June through September. Over 80% of

the rain is received in the state during this period. Further, the quantum and distribution of

rainfall have a profound impact on the overwhelmingly rain-fed farming system. High

variability of monsoon rains, low moisture holding capacity of soils, absence of developed

aquifers due to the hard rock substrate and high run-off due to the undulating terrain make

agriculture fraught with high risks6. Even in years of normal monsoons with overall rainfall

around the long-term average, farmers are often faced with the spectre of total crop failure

due to long dry spells at critical junctures (such as Hathia rain failure) in the crop cycle

during the wet season when almost 90% of the crops are cultivated. This phenomenon is

observed almost regularly once in every 3 years.

6 As per the categorization by Indian Meteorological Department, Jharkhand figures in the "drought corridor” of

the country, which also includes Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (drought prone districts of Rayalaseema

and Telengana regions), West Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh (including Chhatisgarh), Bihar and parts of West

Bengal adjoining Jharkhand.

pg. 23

Chapter 2

Subarnarekha River Basin

2.0 The Subarnrekha River:

The word “Subarnarekha” literally means “streak of gold.” It is a combination of two

words; “Subarna” meaning gold and “rekha” meaning line or streak in Indian languages.

Traditionally, it is believed that gold was mined at a village named Piska near the origin of

the river. This was the reason for the river being named as Subarnarekha. It has been known

that gold particles were found in the Subarnarekha River bed sediments at ancient time. At

some places, even today people are searching for the gold particles in the sandy beds of the

river. As the tributaries of Subarnarekha flow over gold-bearing rocks of the Panch Pargana

plain, they pick up particles of gold from the auriferous rocks for deposition in the bed of

Subarnarekha. Still, it carries grains of the glittering metal which is often panned from its

sandy bed by the local residents along the middle reaches of the river.

The Subarnarekha is a rain-fed river and ranked as the smallest river basin among fourteen

major river basins of India. The Subarnarekha River originates near Nagri village (23° 18′

02″N and 85° 11′ 04″E) in the Ranchi district and runs through some major cities and towns,

i.e., Jamshedpur, Chaibasa, Ranchi, Bhadrak before joining to the Bay of Bengal near

Kirtania port (21° 33′ 18″N and 87° 23′ 31″E) in Orissa. The catchment area of the

Subarnarekha River basin extends over 19,296 km2 and accounts for 0.6% of the

geographical area of India (Roy et al. 2013). The total annual yield of water flowing within

the basins is in the order of 7940 million m3. The Subarnarekha River basin is bounded by

north latitudes of 21° 33′ to 23°32′ and east longitudes of 85° 09′ to 87° 27′ and flows in the

north-east corner of the Peninsular India (Fig. 1). Chota Nagpur plateau bounded the

Subarnarekha River basin from the north-west side, while it is restricted by the Brahmani

River basin in the south-west, Burhabalang River basin in the south, and by the Bay of

Bengal in the south-east side. The Subarnarekha flows through Ranchi, Saraikela, and east

Singhbhum districts of Jharkhand, west Midnapore district of West Bengal, and Balasore

district of Orissa. It flows a distance of about 395 km from its origin before falling into the

Bay of Bengal. Out of the total travel distance of 395 km, river flows 269 km in Jharkhand,

64 km in West Bengal, and 62 km in Orissa (CBPCWP 1986; Giri and Singh 2014a).

Subarnarekha is a very important river to satisfy the irrigation, industrial and municipal water

pg. 24

demands of these three states. The state-wise distribution of the catchment area and its

percentage in respect to the total river basin drainage area are given in Table 1.

State Wise Distribution of Catchment Area

Table III

Sl. No. Name of the State Catchment Area

(Km2)

Percentage

1 Jharkhand 13,193 68.4

2 Orrisa 3,114 16.1

3 West Bengal 2,989 15.5

Total 19,296 100

pg. 25

2.1 Water Quality Goals as per the existing provisions or guidelines/

specifications of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

It is an important aspect for revival of River Subrnarekha, Nalkari, Garga, Shank, Damodar,

Jumar & Konar in context of their utility as streams are perennial rivers. The ultimate goal for

beneficial use of river will determine the level of actions to be taken for maintaining the

water quality. Under the present circumstances, it appears that River Subrnarekha, Nalkari,

Garga, Shank, Damodar, Jumar & Konar may serve the purpose of outdoor bathing

(organized) and for meet the outdoor bathing standards. The industrial effluents generated

from various industries in the catchment of River Subrnarekha, Nalkari, Garga, Shank,

Damodar, Jumar & Konar, which are ultimately falling and contributing to the pollution load

of the rivers shall be treated to meet the effluent discharge standards stipulated under

Schedule-VI of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 which is given as Annexure-I. The

river water quality for outdoor bathing (organized) requires more stringent conditions and

river water quality has to maintain adequate Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content. Suggested

criteria for outdoor bathing (organized) for River River Subrnarekha, Nalkari, Garga, Shank,

Damodar, Jumar & Konar are given in the following Table - IV.

Table IV:-

Sl. No. Parameters Class ‘B’ Water Quality Criteria for

Outdoor Bathing (Organized)

1. Ph 6.5 to 8.5

2. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 5 mg/l or less

3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5

days, 200

C)

3 mg/l or less

4. Faecal Coliforms Organism 500 or less (MPN/100 ml)

2.2 River Course and Major Tributaries

The River Subarnarekha is originated near the Nagri village, at a distance of about 15 km

south-west of Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand (Fig. 2a). On the Ranchi plateau, the river

lazily winds its way for 60 km till its water plunge down a 74-m-high cliff, creating a scenic

waterfall known as Hundru Fall (Fig. 2b). The river thereafter flows through a 25-km-long-

deep gorge till it emerges out of the Ranchi plateau and debouches on the flatter piedmont

pg. 26

plain of Panch Pargana. By now, the river swells fairly big, some 500 m wide. After having

travelled through a course of 145 km over the Panch Pargana plain, the river cuts through a

narrow defile across the volcanic lavas of Dalma range. After emerging from the range, the

river sweeps through a fairly wide floor of the Dhalbhum valley for another 150 km till it

finally leaves the rocky granitic terrain of Jharkhand and takes to a more meandering course

on the unconsolidated alluvial material in the Medinipur district of West Bengal and Balasore

district of Orissa (CBPCWP 1986; Jain et al. 2007). After several turns, the river eventually

empties its enormous volume of water along with its rather heavy silt load into the shallow

shelf of the Bay of Bengal at Kirtania near Talsari (Fig. 2).

Fig. (2) a- The origin place of the Subarnarekha River at Nagri village, b- Subarnarekha

plunge down a 74 m high cliff at Hundru (Hundru Fall), c- the river near mouth at Kirtania,

d- confluence of Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers at Sonari near Jamshedpur

pg. 27

Table V: - Major Tributaries of Subarnrekha River

The Subarnarekha has an asymmetrical catchment basin; the right-bank tributaries draining

more than three-fourths of the total basin area, whereas the left-bank tributaries drain hardly

one-fourth of the basin. On the right bank, there are four major tributaries, the Raru, the

Kanchi, the Karkari, and the Kharkai, draining between them nearly half of the Subarnarekha

basin, covering around 9050 km2 area, while on the left side there is only one sizable stream,

namely the Dulung, which drains an area of some 1173 km2 (Table 2). The Kharkai is the

largest tributary of the Subarnarekha originated on the slopes of the Simlipal massif in

Mayurbhanj district and contributing nearly 45% of the total annual flow of the Subarnarekha

River. It drains a catchment area of 5825 km2 and flows through a course of 145 km before

joining Subarnarekha at Sonari near Jamshedpur town (Fig. 2d). The Kharkai is also a gold-

bearing river, some of its tributaries like the Sanjai, Sona Sanhua, and the Bonai are known to

have placer gold in their beds.

pg. 28

2.3 Socio-Economic Importance

2.3.1 Water Resource and Its Uses

Since the basin is located in the moderately heavy rainfall area of Peninsular India,

especially along the belt of storm tracks originating in the Bay of Bengal, it receives a

substantial quantity of rainwater (about 28,609 million cubic meters) every year (CBPCWP

1986). About 82% of the total annual flow actually occurs over only four wet months (June–

September), while in the remaining part of the year, the Subarnarekha River and its tributaries

run almost dry. If the total annual flow is taken into consideration, the mean discharge of the

river would come around 250 m3/s. At places, especially in the upper and the middle reaches,

the river flow during the dry period becomes sluggish, and it behaves like a stagnant pool of

water, often highly charged with pollutants. The Subarnarekha and its tributaries are

sustaining a large population of Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Orissa and form the main

sources of urban water supply. The water resources of the Subarnarekha River basin are

summarized in Table VI.

Table VI: - Water Resource Potential of Subarnarekha River Basin

Table VII:- Land use Pattern of Subarnarekha River Basin

Though Subarnarekha basin is rich in mineral and mineral-based industries, it is still

dominated by its agrarian economy. Agriculture, as an economic activity, has not yet been

pg. 29

properly developed within the Subarnarekha basin, and necessary inputs including irrigation

facilities are still rather inadequate. About 62% of the basin area is classified as cultivable,

and nearly 31% is devoted to forests. The forests within the basin are in poor state of

maintenance and required rigorous protective measures. The net sown area occupies 40% of

the basin, while 22% is left unused as fallow land or as cultivable waste (Table 4).

The Subarnarekha River basin presents a classic example of conflict among competing uses

of water both sectorally and across regions. The river water has been used by different

agencies for different purposes. It is used by industry as a direct process input and as a

disposal agent for the dilution of effluents; by agriculturists for irrigation; and by household

sector for drinking and other domestic uses (Jain et al. 2007). A number of irrigation and

multipurpose projects were initiated to fulfill the water and energy demand of the eastern

region. This includes Subarnarekha Multipurpose Project, an inter-state project in Jharkhand,

West Bengal, and Orissa; Kanchi Irrigation Schemes, and ten Medium Irrigation Projects of

Jharkhand. The main objectives of the Subarnarekha Multipurpose Project (SMP) are (i) to

provide reliable water supply to agricultural lands in Jharkhand, Orissa, and West Bengal, (ii)

to supply 740 million m3 water per year for municipal and industrial uses in Jharkhand, (iii)

to reduce flood damage in Orissa and West Bengal by constructing 463 million m3 flood-

storage capacity dam at Chandil, (iv) to construct embankments by Orissa and West Bengal

governments in their respective territories along the flooding reaches of the river, and (v) to

generate 30 MW of hydroelectric power through medium, mini-, and micro-hydroelectric

projects located at various points of the canal system.

The Subarnarekha Multipurpose Project was initiated in 1982–83 with the objective of

irrigation, hydropower generation, and water supply. However, the feasibility and economic

viability of the project have decreased due to the attempts to implement all project

components simultaneously and the consequent delays. This Multipurpose Project envisaged

the construction of two dams, one at Chandil across the Subarnarekha and the other across the

Kharkai at Icha near Chaibasa, two barrages at Galudih across the Subarnarekha and the other

across the Kharkai at Ganjia near Adityapur and a network of canals from these. Three small

storage reservoirs at Haldia, Jambhira, and Baura and a network of canals from these

reservoirs are also proposed in Orissa. However, the construction work of Chandil dam and

Galudih barrage is only completed, while all other components are either delayed or still

incomplete.

pg. 30

A multipurpose reservoir is constructed across the Subarnarekha River at Getalsud (23° 27′N

and 85° 33′E), about 40 km east of Ranchi city in 1971 to meet municipal water demands of

Ranchi town, industrial needs of the Heavy Engineering Corporation (HEC), and other

industrial units of the adjoining areas. Getalsud dam has a catchment area of 717 km2, dam

height of 35.5 m, and water storage capacity of 288.5 Mm3. Two powerhouses of 65 MW

capacities each have been also commissioned near to dam site. Both the powerhouses have

one unit of 65 MW each (Jain et al. 2007). Some of the major water storage/diversion

structures of river basin are summarized in Table VIII.

Table VIII: - Water Storage/Diversion Structure of Subarnarekha River Basin

2.3.2 Mining and Industrial Activities

The upper part of Subarnarekha basin harbors some extensive mineral deposits, and thus, a

number of industries have been established along the banks of the river. The mineral

resources of Subarnarekha basin are mainly comprises of ores of Cu, Fe, U, Cr, Au, V,

industrial minerals including kyanite, asbestos, barytes, apatite, china clay, talc, limestone,

dolomite, and building stones (Giri et al. 2013). All these have been exploited for various

purposes, some on large scale and some on small scale. The arc-shaped Singhbhum copper

belt between Mayurbhanj and Singhbhum districts at the right bank of the Subarnarekha

ranked as the one of the richest copper-bearing horizons of India. Rakha, Mushabani, and

Surda were historically important centers for the copper mining in this region. Subarnarekha

also has to bear country’s richest uranium deposits, and mining activities are taking place

pg. 31

near Jaduguda areas of Singhbhum district by the Uranium Corporation of India (UCIL).

Jaduguda, Turamdih, Batin, and Narwapahar are the major centers of productive uranium

mines.

Deposits of chromite associated with ultramafic intrusive rocks were reported in the Chaibasa

region of Jharkhand. Iron ore deposits occur at Gorumahisani, Badampahar, and Sulaipat

areas. There are several deposits of kyanite occur in the Subarnarekha River basin including

India’s richest deposits at Lapsa Buru. The basin studded with numerous small quarries for

building stones and road metals. Slabs of dolerite, Singhbhum granites, Kolhan limestone and

sandstone, and Chota Nagpur granite–gneiss are extensively used in building and road

constructions.

The Subarnarekha River passes through an industrial rich belt of Jharkhand and Orissa. There

are four major industrial areas occur along the bank of the Subarnarekha: (i) Ranchi–Hatia

industrial area, (ii) alumina processing plant at Muri, (iii) the iron and steel plant and

industrial complex at Jamshedpur, and (iv) Jaduguda–Ghatsila mining and industrial

complex. Heavy Engineering Corporation (HEC), Usha Martin Industries, MECON, Steel

Authority of India (SAIL), Indian Aluminum Industries, Tata Steel, TELCO, Indian Tube

Company, Tin Plate (of India), Tata Pigments, Hindustan Copper Ltd., and Uranium

Corporation of India are the major existing industrial units in the basin. Other important

small- and medium-sized industries in the basin are tobacco products in Chakradharpur;

cement, asbestos sheets, glass, and ceramics at Chaibasa; locomotives and coaches,

automobiles, agricultural equipments, wires and cables, iron and steel machinery, metal tubes

and conduits, copper and brass, chemicals and caustics, fertilizers, and soaps are the other

industries exist at Jamshedpur. Studies have indicated that the water quality of Subarnarekha

River has deteriorated mainly due to discharge of untreated, domestic and industrial, and

mining effluents at various river stretches (CBPCWP 1986).

2.3.3 Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards

The river “Subarnarekha” is the lifeline for tribal communities inhabiting the Chota Nagpur

region and the people of the north Orissa. It does not merely represent a river but means a lot

more than that for this region. However, it has also become the death line when it submerges

major areas of Balasore such as Bhogarai, Baliapal, Basta, Jaleswar blocks, and some parts of

Rasgovindpur block of Mayurbhanj every year during rainy season, causing large-scale

pg. 32

devastation in the villages situated on both sides of the river. Every year, people suffer from

the same problem; the only change is in the intensity of the flood. Annual average rainfall in

the basin is in the order of 1250 mm with the maximum and minimum rainfall recorded as

1420 and 1150 mm, respectively. Out of this, about 90% of this rainfall is recorded during the

south-west monsoon season, i.e., June–October (Jain et al. 2007). The water level of the

Subarnarekha rose beyond its danger line due to heavy rain in July 2007, and it crossed the

previous highest flood level (HFL) of 12.2 m recorded in 1997. Flash floods due to heavy

rainfall in the upper catchment areas were also recorded in the Subarnarekha River in year

1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, and 2009 (Maiti et al. 2009). The floods were devastating in nature;

it took many lives and submerging thousands of houses and destroyed thousands of hectare

kharif crops. Severe deforestation, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and severe soil

degradation in the upper catchment of the Subarnarekha basin were the main causes for such

ecological disaster.

Throughout the Subarnarekha basin, the soil mantle has been subjected to heavy erosion, and

the topsoil is liable to be washed down the river if adequate protection is not provided

immediately. Erosion control and soil conservation in the upper catchment are therefore

essential for sustainable agricultural development and conservation of the water resources of

the Subarnarekha basin. Certain parts of Jumar sub-basin have also been severely affected by

gully erosion. There is great fluctuation between the wet season and dry season flows if the

total annual flow is taken into account. The fact is that the entire amount of annual flow is

actually spread over the four wet months (June–September). During the flood stage, the

Subarnarekha turns into a large, turbulent stream of highly turbid water and is charged with

sediments of yellow ochre color. The silt load during the rainy season is very high, indicative

of heavy soil erosion, especially in the upper catchment zone. While floods occur frequently

in the wet season, during the rest eight months, the flow in the Subarnarekha drops down to a

mere trickle, leaving the river as a series of fordable pools of water almost throughout its

length, barring the tidal and lower estuarine stretch of the course.

Subarnarekha’s rich natural resource base has proved to be disastrous for the basin. Large-

scale environmental degradation of the basin owes to the unplanned and unregulated mining

and mineral processing industries. Unscientific mining practices and unplanned dumping of

wastes and mining tailing create many environmental problems in the region. The erosion and

transportation of wastes from exposed dumps and mining tailing during the monsoon seasons

increase suspended solids and heavy metal loads in the river water and caused siltation in the

pg. 33

dams and reservoirs. Mining of construction and building materials, such as granite, basalt,

quartzite, dolerite, sandstone, limestone, dolomite, gravels, and river sands, has created many

environmental problems and created vast stretches of wasteland in the river basin. The copper

mining around Ghatsila and Mosabani has degraded the water quality to a large extent, and in

many places, concentration of toxic metals was observed above the prescribed limits. There is

also apprehension about water contamination due to seepage of radioactive waste from tailing

ponds of the Uranium Corporation of India near Jaduguda areas. Radioactive pollution is a

serious health hazard in the water bodies of the region which necessities precautions to be

taken.

The mine tailing and dumps of injurious minerals must be carefully monitored for assessing

their possible impact on the environment in the Subarnarekha basin. Besides mining, the

other factors responsible for pollution in the river are considerable amount of domestic and

industrial wastewater generated from the towns which is discharged into the river. For

mitigating pollution, proper remedial measures should be adapted in the towns and the

industrial units responsible for polluting the surface water and groundwater systems. The

locations around Tatisilwai, Muri, Ghatsila, Mosabani, and Jamshedpur indicate severe

pollution in the Subarnarekha River (Giri and Singh 2014b). The need of stringent control of

the quality of the industrial, mining, and domestic wastewater effluents discharged into the

river is utmost important because the total volume of water flows in the river on the whole is

on the lower side, especially during the dry season. During the long dry period, the

Subarnarekha turns into stagnant brook, and at many places, it losses pollutants diluting

capability and totally incapable of washing down the pollutants discharged into it from the

urban and industrial centers such as Hatia, Ranchi, Muri, Jamshedpur, Jaduguda, and

Ghatsila. The surface water quality in the greater part of the Subarnarekha River is graded as

classes D and E on the basis of laboratory measurements of the constituents (CBPCWP

1986). Up gradation of the existing river water quality requires an appropriate treatment. It

would be necessary to take up a well-planned pollution control action program not only at

different towns and industries, but throughout the basin.

pg. 34

2.3.4 Identified stretches for reducing pollution- Table IX

The different identified stretches across Subarnarekha for reducing pollution are

RIVER STRETCH SAMPLING POINT PROBABLE SOURCE

OF POLLUTION

Subarnarekha Hatia Dam To

Jamshedpur

1) Hatia Dam,

2) Namkum Bridge,

3) Tatisilway,

4) Getalsudh Dam,

5) Muri Road Bridge,

6) Chandil dam,

7) Chandail Road Bridge,

8) JSR(Upstream),

9) JSR(Downstream)

1) Effluent Discharge from

Rice Mills, HEC,

2) Effluent Discharge from

Tipudana Industrial area and

Sewage Discharge from Hatia

Urban area and RMC.

3)Tatisilway Industrial area

and Agricultural Run off

4)Agricultural Run off

5) Sewage Discharge from

Railway colony

6) Agricultural Run off

7)Domestic Sewage and

Agricultural run off

8) JSR Industrial effluent

discharge and Jamshedpur

notified area committee

9)Industrial area effluent

discharge and Domestic

Sewage

pg. 35

Chapter-3

Vision Mission and Strategy for Subarnarekha River

3.0 Vision statement of Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board: Jharkhand State

Pollution Control Board aims at taking Jharkhand through the path of sustainable

development, equitable opportunities and appropriate governance by rigorous implementation

of environmental laws; by being pro-active in preventing and mitigating pollution; by

committing to the tenants of good governance; by enhancing involvement of all; and by

promoting self regulation and self certification among stake holders.

3.1 Vision statement for clean rivers in Jharkhand: Vision statement for Clean Rivers in

Jharkhand can be stated as – To achieve clean rivers, with safe drinking water to all its

inhabitants for sustaining and nourishing life and efficient use of water in irrigation using

micro-irrigation techniques and in industry by using water efficient technologies with

mandatory provision for treatment of waste water and reuse it for other purposes except for

drinking.

3.2 Mission statement for clean rivers:

3.2.1 To prepare and implement a comprehensive action plan for clean Rivers-:

Build holistic awareness among people, companies, farmers and other water users for

importance of rivers in identified patches with people centered monitoring mechanisms and

mitigating adverse impact of water pollution on health of people living in the different river

basin.

3.2.2 Strategy for clean rivers:

To achieve mission for clean rivers steps that will be necessary have been identified by the

JSPCB and has been communicated with the concerns for actions. This has been jointly

developed by the JSPCB and the different stakeholders in the chain. It has been done by

convening meetings and workshops for sharing the idea and then collating it for joint action

with defined timelines and expected results. The strategic steps are followings-

pg. 36

Identification of stake holders

Community in the river basin and especially in the polluted stretches:

Communities in the river stretches are mostly rural communities mixed with a

cosmopolitan community in the industrialized belts. Approximately 79 villages along

with suburban areas falls in the catchment of the proposed river stretch. The villages'

houses close to 7663 families with a population size of 40071.

Companies in the identified locations: Companies in the catchment area includes

USHA Martin limited, Waxpol, HEC, Tipudana industrial area, Tata steel, Adhunik

group of companies, Tayo, Tata Maintenance and others.

Municipal corporations in the identified stretches: There are two municipal

corporations in the catchment area of the river – Ranchi Municipal Corporation and

Jamshedpur Municipal Corporation.

Community and private health care centers: As such there are no health care facilities

on the banks of the river which disposes medical waste in the river.

Main line departments like water resources, Agriculture, industries, Panchayati raj,

Rural development and others.

Nodal department

Convergence and Integration of departmental plans: The district level monitoring

committee will be responsible for convergence and dove tailing of the programmes

from different departments.

Monitoring of the action plans executed on regular intervals> it will be done by the

district level monitoring committee headed by District Collector.

pg. 37

Chapter-4

Current Status and Trends of Water Quality in Jharkhand Rivers

4.0 Identification of monitoring locations

4.0.1 River Subarnarekha:-

The water quality of river Swarnrekha is being monitored at 5 locations, starting from Hatia

up to Jamshedpur on monthly basis under National Water Quality monitoring Programme

(NWMP) and it will be monitored across all types of polluting sources like Industrial,

domestic and agriculture pollution.

Effluent Discharge from Rice Mills, HEC,

Effluent Discharge from Tipudana Industrial area and Sewage Discharge from Hatia Urban

area and RMC

Tati silway Industrial area and Agricultural Run off

Agricultural Run off

Sewage Discharge from Railway colony

Agricultural Run off

Domestic Sewage and Agricultural run off

JSR Industrial effluent discharge and Jamshedpur notified area committee

Industrial area effluent discharge and Domestic Sewage

4.1 Central pollution control board's norms for designated best use :-

Central pollution control board has set certain norms for classifying water quality based on

the 8 defined para meters and these has been the guiding lines for setting up standards for

cleaning river water qualities.

Table: - X

Sl. No. Constituent

Parameters

Designated best uses classes

A B C D E BELOW

E

1 Total Coliforms

Organism,

MPN/100ml, Max

50 500 5000 - - Not

meeting

A, B, C,

D

& E

2 pH value 6.5 to

8.5

6.5 to

8.5

6 to 9 6.5 to

8.5

6.5 to

8.5

pg. 38

3 Dissolved Oxygen,

mg/l,

Min

6 5 4 4 criteria

4 Biochemical Oxygen

Demand, mg/l, 5 days

20C,

Max

2 3 3

5 Free Ammonia (as N)

mg/l, Max

1.2

6 Sodium absorption

Ratio,

Max

26

7 Electrical

Conductivity at

25C micro mhos/cm,

Max

2250

8 Boron, mg/l, Max 2

Note:

Class A: Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection

Class B: Outdoor bathing (Organised)

Class C: Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection

Class D: Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries

Class E: Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal.

pg. 39

4.1.1Analysis report of Swarnrekha river basin under NWMP of Nov., 2018:-

Table: - XI

Lab

Ref. No.

Station

Code

No.

Name of the

sampling

point.

Date/time

of sample

collected

Temp

A/W in

oC

PH

Value

D.O.

mg/lt

BOD

mg/lt

COD

mg/lt

T.H

mg/

lt

Ca++

mg/lt

Mg++

mg/lt

Cl-

mg/lt

Alk

mg/lt

Acidity

mg/lt

T.S.

mg/lt

TSS

mg/lt

TDS

mg/lt

T.C

MPN

100

F.C.

MPN

100

503/18

23

Swarnrekha

river,

At.- Tatisilwai

28.12.2018

3.20 PM 18/15 7.4 7.2 3.3 60 110 28.8 9.272 14 70 6 440 40 400 750 140

500/18

2385

Swarnrekha

river,

Namkum Road

Bridge

28.12.2018

1.05 PM 20/15 6.5 5.6 3.2 64 110 28.8 9.272 14 70 6 370 40 330 930 150

474/18

2386

Swarnrekha

river,

At.- Mardu

Village

12.12.2018

11.35 AM 24/18 6.8 8 2.6 52 108 19.2 16.64 16 72 6 430 44 386 750 140

496/18

2395 Hatia Dam

28.12.2018

8.40 AM 20/13 7.3 8.3 1.9 40 112 30.4 8.784 14 68 6 332 32 300 930 150

505/18

2397

Swarnrekha

river,

At. - Getalsud

Dam

28.12.2018

4.30 PM 18/16 7.5 8.2 2.7 52 110 28.8 9.272 14 76 6 358 50 308 930 150

pg. 40

449/18

23

Swarnrekha

river,

At.- Tatisilwai

22.11.2018

2.38 PM 26/22 7.6 5.5 3.1 60 108 19.2 16.64 16 72 6 438 40 398 930 150

446/18

2385

Swarnrekha

river,

Namkum Road

Bridge

22.11.2018

10.35 AM 26/22 6.5 5.3 3.4 64 112 30.4 8.784 16 72 6 368 38 330 750 140

466/18

2386

Swarnrekha

river,

At.- Mardu

Village

28.11.2018

11.20 AM 23/18 7.5 7.9 2.6 48 110 28.8 9.272 14 74 6 432 46 386 930 150

444/18

2395 Hatia Dam

22.11.2018

8.35 AM 25/21 7.4 8.5 2.5 44 114 36 5.856 16 70 6 330 32 298 750 140

453/18

2397

Swarnrekha

river,

At. - Getalsund

Dam

22.11.2018

4.50 PM 24/20 7.5 8 2.7 48 114 36 5.856 16 78 6 360 52 308 750 140

Current status of quality of water in River Swarnrekha:- From the above table which shows results along different indicators shows that

water quality is improving on all parameters and hence it can besaid that in the coming times it will further improve.

pg. 41

Water quality data as per designated best use excluding rainy season for Subarnarekha River at few sampling stations

(August To October)

Parameters Designated best

use

2017-

18

2018

-19

2017

-18

2018-

19

2017-

18

2018-

19

2017-

18

2018-

19

2017-

18

2018-

19

2017

-18 2018-19

Sl.

No

sampling

station pH

D.O

(mg/l)

B.O.D

(mg/l)

T.C

(MPN/100ml

F.C

(MPN/100ml) class

1

Swarnrekha

river,

At.- Tatisilwai

Maximum 7.5 6.8 7.0 7.0 3.1 3.1 930 930 210 150 D D

Minimum 6.8 6.5 5.6 6.8 3.0 3.0 750 750 140 140 C C

Average 7.15 6.65 6.3 6.9 3.05 3.05 840 840 175 145 D D

2

Chandil Road

Bridge

Maximum 7.7 7.6 7.9 8.0 0.4 0.8 - - - - - -

Minimum 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.4 0.2 0.3 - - - - - -

Average 7.49 7.49 7.7 7.69 0.3 0.4 - - - - - -

3

On

Swarnrekha

river before

meeting to

kharkai

Maximum 7.8 7.5 7.8 7.8 0.6 0.7 - - - - - -

Minimum 7.2 7.2 7.0 7.4 0.3 0.4 - - - - - -

Average 7.54 7.36 7.43 7.6 0.44 0.44 - - - - - -

4

On Kharkai

river before

meeting

Swarnrekha

river

Maximum. 7.6 7.83 7.2 6.4 9.0 7.0 - - - - - -

Minimum 7.0 6.2 3.0 3.4 1.8 2.3 - - - - - -

Average 7.3 7.21 4.47 4.5 5.93 5.4 - - - - - -

pg. 42

Chapter- 5

Sources of Water Pollution in Subarnarekha River

5.0 Major Drains

The major daring pouring in to the river at various stretches contains drains from

suburban areas and from municipal corporations. These carry domestic waste and also waste

from agricultural fields. There are treatment facilities for sewage from municipal corporations

but sewage from sub urban areas located on the banks of the river drains untreated and causes

pollution. There are approximately 7 drains of 5 Mtr widths that pour in to the river.

Municipal Corporation has been advised for treatment of these drains.

These drains carry at some places untreated waste and it has been identified and plan has

been prepared for establishing treatment plants at suitable location before these drains drain

in to river Swarnrekha.

5.1 Sewage/sullage generated from Urban Areas

There are 2 local bodies which are discharging their wastewater either directly or

indirectly into River Swarnrekha. In addition, 4 Industrial Focal Points, 02 Area

Development Authority are also discharging directly or indirectly into River Swarnrekha. 37

STPs have been installed at Ranchi and Jamshedpur by the different industries and

government. Apart from this there are 36 ETPs in Ranchi and 67 ETPs in Jamshedpur for

reducing pollution of the river. The details of STPs installed and ETPs installed are given in

Annexure attached below.

5.2 Sewage/sullage generated from Rural Areas

There are approximately 79 villages falling under the catchment of the river. Some of

these villages are in the sub urban areas and generate more waste than rural villages. There

are some 19 villages which are sub urban and generate 300 KLD where as average generation

by the rest of the villages are between 125 KLD to 175 KLD.

5.3 Industrial Sources in the Catchment Area of River Swarnrekha

5.3.1Industrial units located at Ranchi, Tupudana, Hatia and Jamshedpur

The main industrial units in Ranchi are USHA martin, HEC, WAXPOL, Sehra

industries and many small industries running at Tupudana industrial area. At Jamshedpur

pg. 43

there are many industries which involve big industries like Tata Steel to small industries in

Adityapur industrial area.

Most of the industries have established there ETPs and STPs and this are evident from the

data mentioned above.

5.4 Solid Waste

Solid waste management is being done in line with the Government's order and has both

centralized and decentralized systems. For Ranchi city Ranchi Municipal Corporation is

responsible for waste management in both capacities centralized and decentralize. Solid

waste management scenario in the region of Ranchi, Ramgarh, Hazaribagh, Bokaro, Dhanbad

& Jamshedpur: -

pg. 44

Solid Waste Management Factsheet:-

Sl.

No

ULB

Collection Wet Waste Dry Waste

No of

Wards

(No.)

No of

Wards

with

D2D

(No.)

Total

Waste

generation

(TPD)

Total

Waste

collection

(TPD)

Total

Wet

Waste

generati

on

(TPD)

Total

Wet

Waste

Collecti

on

(TPD)

Total Wet

Waste

Processin

g (TPD)

%

Processing

No. of

Recycler

Tagged

No.)

Total

Dry

Waste

Generat

ion

(TPD)

Total

Dry

Waste

Collectio

n (TPD)

Total Dry

Waste

Processing

through

Recycler

(TPD)

1 Adityapur 35 35 45.3 36.24 26.3 26.3 19.72 74.98 2 10 10 10

2 Saraikela 11 11 6.1 6.1 3.4 3.4 1.7 50.00 3 2 2 1.5

3 Ranchi 53 53 526 430 315 258 50 15.87 8 158 129 65

4 Jamshedpur 12 12 190 190 110 105 105 95.45 80 55 54.8 54.8

5 Mango 36 36 73.3 66.5 40 33.2 33.2 83.00 6 12.6 12.6 9.5

pg. 45

Chapter 6

Measures for Control of Pollution

6.0 Setting up of new Treatment Facilities

The existing treatment facilities are not adequate. In order to completely stop the untreated

waste being discharged directly or indirectly into river Swarnrekha, additional new facilities

and up gradation of existing facilities is required. The action plan envisages the following

facilities to be set up/ upgraded to meet the challenges of pollution in River Swarnrekha:

(i) Setting up of Sewage Treatment Plants in Urban areas

(ii) Setting up of treatment facilities for sewage/sludge in Rural areas

(iii) Setting up of facilities for reuse of treated wastewater

(iv) Setting up treatment facilities in Industrial Areas

6.1 Setting up of Online Effluent Monitoring Systems for STPs and ETPs

It has also been observed that the treatment facilities are operating as per norms but there is

strong need to effectively monitor the treatment facilities. In order to ensure effective

monitoring, it is envisaged to install online systems for monitoring:

(i) Setting up of online system for monitoring STPs

(ii) Setting up online system for monitoring of industrial effluents

Table:-XVIII- Details of Under Construction/ Proposed Sewerage Treatment Plants(STPs)

Sr.

No

.

Construction/Propose

d STPs under

Municipal Unit

Total

Designed

Capacity

(MLD)

Stage (Under

Construction/

Proposed) Scheme

Target Date

of

Completion

1 Ranchi Municipal

Corporation (Zone-1) 1 37

UNDER

CONSTRUCTI

ON

Sate/JNNU

RM Dec-2019

2 Adityapur Municipal

Corporation 4 36

UNDER

CONSTRUCTI

ON

AMRUT May-20

3 Sahibganj Nagar

Parishad 2 12

UNDER

CONSTRUCTI

ON

Namami

Gange Aug-19

4 Rajmahal Nagar

Panchayat 1 3.5

UNDER

CONSTRUCTI

ON

Namami

Gange June-20

pg. 46

5 Mango municipal

Corporation - 43 PROPOSED

Asian

Developme

nt Bank

(ADB)

-

6 Jugsalai Nagar Parishad - 8.5 PROPOSED

Asian

Developme

nt Bank

(ADB)

-

7 Ranchi Municipal

Corporation(Zone-234) - 380 PROPOSED

World

Bank/Asian

Developme

nt

Bank(ADB

)

-

8 Dhanbad Municipal

Corporation - 84 PROPOSED

Namami

Ganga

Phase-III/

Asian

Developme

nt

Bank(ADB

)

-

9 Phusro Nagar Parishad - 14 PROPOSED

Namami

Ganga

Phase-III

-

pg. 47

Chapter 7

ACTION PLAN WITH TIMELINE

A. Action Plan- Short Term and Long Term Action and the Identified

Authorities for initiating actions and the time limits for ensuring compliance

Sl.No. Action plan for rejuvenation of river Concerned

Dept.

Time Target

A Industrial Pollution Control

1 Compliance of industries located in catchment area with

respect to effluent discharge standards and its disposal as

per consent conditions

JSPCB Continuous

2 Inventorization of the industries in the catchment area of

Rivers covering assessment on aspects relating to Status

of Consents under Water & Air Acts and Authorization,

Effluent Generation, ETP capacities and final mode of

effluent discharges

JSPCB Continuous

3 Actions against the Identified industries in operation

without Consents under Water & Air Acts/Authorization

under the H& OW ( M & TM) Rules, 2016 as amended

JSPCB Continuous

4 Action against the industries not installed ETPs or ETPs

exist but not operating or ETP outlet or treated effluent is

not complying to the effluent discharge standards or

norms

JSPCB Continuous

5 Action against the red category industries for installation

of OCEMS and not transferring data to CPCB and

JSPCB

JSPCB Continuous

6 Small scale/tiny and service providing units located in

urban or semi-urban limits like Dairies, Auto Service

Stations to have minimum provision of O & G traps

Local

Authorities/

Municipal

Corporation

December

2019

pg. 48

7 Prohibition of burning of any kind of waste including

agro residues

State Govt. /

District

Administration

and Local

Authorities

& Agriculture

Department

Continuous

8 Directions to all the Industries which are observed to be

not in operation or closed or temporarily closed to

remain close till further orders from JSPCB.

JSPCB/

District

Administration

Continuous

9 Estimation of industrial effluent generation and the

existing CETP capacity and to arrive gap between the

industrial effluent generation and the existing treatment

capacity

State

Government ,

District/Local

Administration

September

2020

10 Channelization of industrial effluents to CETPs for

ensuring treatment to comply with the discharge

standards.

Identification of suitable site within industrial areas,

Execution and Commissioning of Adequate Capacity

CETPs.

State

Government ,

District/Local

Administration

December

2020

pg. 49

B. Short term and long term action plans for rejuvenation of rivers and the

implementing agencies responsible for execution of the action plans and the

time limits are given in table as below :-

Sl.No. Action Plan For Rejuvenation Of River Concerned

Dept.

Time

Target

A Sewage Treatment and Disposal Plan

1

District-wise estimation of total sewage generation,

existing treatment capacities, quantum of disposal

of sewage presently through drains and the gaps in

sewage treatment capacity.

State

Government,

UDD, Water

Resource Dept.,

District

Administration

and Local

bodies

March 2020

2

To undertake measurement of flow of all the drains

presently contributing pollution load in rivers and

to formulate detailed project report (DPR) for each

drain and corresponding town and submission of

DPR.

State

Government,

UDD, Water

Resource Dept.,

District

Administration

and Local

bodies

March 2020

3

Proper design, execution of STPs with full

utilization capacity

State

Government,

UDD, Water

Resource Dept.,

District

Administration

and Local

bodies

March 2020

4 Channelization including diversion of sewage

generated from household/town ships/villages to

State

Government, March 2021

pg. 50

sewer lines/interception of all the drains presently

carrying sewage and for ensuring proper treatment

through the upcoming STPs

UDD, Water

Resource Dept.,

District

Administration

and Local

bodies

5

Ensuring dairy/automobile service stations and

Hotels / Restaurants particularly located on road-

side should have a treatment system and levy of

fine in case found Violations

Local

authorities March 2020

B Ground water quality

1 Sealing of contaminated hand pumps and found to

be unfit for drinking purpose by the public

Rural drinking

water and

Sanitation

Department and

Local

authorities

September

2020

2 Supply of potable water to the affected

communities in the identified critical blocks

Rural drinking

water and

Sanitation

Department and

Local

authorities

March 2020

3

Carrying assessment of ground water survey for

quality and to identify over exploited and critical

blocks in the districts

Ground Water

Authority March 2020

4

To conduct periodic surprise inspection of the

industry to rule out any forceful injection of

industrial effluents into ground water resource

JSPCB &

Ground Water

Authority

Continuous

5

All the industry should be directed to obtain NOC

from the CGWB and action against the Units in

Operation without obtaining of NOC from CGWA

CGWB/ CGWA

and .Ground

Water

Continuous

(The

proposed

pg. 51

Authority

new

industries

will be

directed to

obtain NOC

from

CGWA)

6

To ensure rain water harvesting by the industrial,

commercial and other institutions and groundwater

recharging with only clean water be encouraged by

CGWB/CGWA

CGWA/

Ground Water

Authority/

JSPCB

March 2020

C. Proposed Action Plan by various Department of Govt. of Jharkhand

Phases Actions Required

through work break

down structure

Role

Pre- Planning Phase

(Recognition Phase)

Identification of

problem related to river

health

JSPCB

Assessment of drivers

and barriers for the

problem

JSCPB, Industries, WRD,

UDHD

Assessment of

catchment and valley

area bio-physical

properties

WRD

Stakeholder

consultations and

development of road

map

River Rejuvenation

Committee

pg. 52

Planning Phase

(Restoration Phase)

Formation of core team

– Management -

technical team-

Community

mobilization team

River Rejuvenation

Committee

Survey of the river sites

and prioritization of

restoration measures

WRD, Industries, JSPCB,

UDHD

Community

mobilization

Industry, JSPCB, UDHD,

District Administration

Preparation of detailed

project report

(Technical and

Financial)

River Rejuvenation

Committee

Implementation Phase

(Protection Phase)

Prioritization of

measures

River Rejuvenation

Committee

Implementation of

measures

UDHD, Industry, JSPCB,

District Administration

Monitoring/Regulation

of the implantation

measures

JSPCB (Regulate and

Monitor),

JSPCB to work in

coordination of UDHD,

Industries, District

Administration to execute

the measures

Documentation of

measures

JSPCB, UDHD and

Industries

Scaling Up Phase

(Improvement Phase)

Identification of lesson River Rejuvenation

Committee

Review and

consultation

River Rejuvenation

Committee

Planning for second

phase

River Rejuvenation

Committee

pg. 53

D. Achievable water quality goals with specific timelines

Sl.No. ACTION TO BE TAKEN TIMELINES

1 Identification and Cleaning of major drains directly

falling into Rivers of Jharkhand

September 2020

2

Cleaning all tributary drains of Jharkhand River, –

Setting up of decentralized sewage treatment plants

and allied works

September 2020

3 Trapping/ cleaning of remaining identified drains

directly falling into River

September 2020

4 Dredging of major drains and stretches of River

bed

September 2020/

continuous process

5 Laying of sewerage system in un-sewered areas Master Plan, September

2020/ continuous process

6 Rehabilitation & up-gradation of old sewerage

infrastructure

September 2020/

continuous process

7 Bio remediation & development of public space

along all major drains

September 2020

E. Proposed Action Plan For Restoration Of Jharkhand Rivers Regular cleaning of River Bed for removal of Eichhornia Vegetation.

Removal of encroachment (Slum areas) & restriction on Bathing /washing activity all

along the river Bed.

Provision of sanitation facility (Such as Sulabh Sawchalaya) near slum area & dense

populated area to avoid open defecation. Provision of STP for Cities.

Treated sewage of the city will have to be utilized for irrigation / gardening purpose.

The treated sewage after disinfection shall be used for gardening or could be

commercially sold to Industries.

Various Municipal Councils can undertake the river front beautification activities and

rainwater harvesting project along the stretch of the river. Rainwater harvesting can

help in attaining the minimum flow in the river water for scouring the sediments and

dilution water availability.

Scavenging of river beds will have to be undertaken before onset of monsoon

pg. 54

F. Action Plan at Village Level:-

For Zilla Parishad: Joint action need to take by Zilha Parishad, Irrigation & Agriculture

Departments. Agriculture Department shall undertake public awareness program to convey

that agriculture / horticulture by untreated river water is unhygienic. Instead bulk sewage /

sullage flowing in the rivers, nallas will have to be treated by artificial wet land systems.

Such systems rely on natural purification by photosynthesis and subsequent aeration by

“emergent macrophytes”. Pathogens are destroyed during the process. Such systems will be

suitable for small villages also. Effluent of artificial wet land system can be safely used for

agriculture because it will be free from pathogens. Zilla Parishad should pass a resolution that

it will spare appropriate land for artificial wet land system.

For Gram Panchayats: A resolution has to be passed by each Gram Panchayat of banks of

river that, they will not allow sewage / sullage from their respective villages to enter the river.

Further they should also provide sulabh shauchalay in villages to avoid open defecation.

Narrow-bore sewerage has been recommended for wastewater treatment. Water supply and

sanitation department of Govt. of Jharkhand should provide proto type designs for narrow-

bore sewerage followed by a stabilization pond.

G. Status of Flood Plain Zone and Environmental Flow (E-Flow)

Sl.No. Action plan for rejuvenation of river Concerned Dept. Time Target

A Flood Plain Zone (FPZ)

1 Plantation in Flood Plain Zone (FPZ)

Forest,

Environment &

Climate Change

June 2020

2 Checking encroachments in the FPZ of river District /Local

Administration Regular

3 Prohibition of disposal of municipal plastic and

bio- medical waste particularly in drains

Local

Administration

September

2020

4 Protection and management of flood plain zone State

Government/Water

Up to March

2020 and

execution of

pg. 55

Resource

Department

agreement by

October 2019

B Environmental Flow (E-Flow) and Irrigation Practices

1 Measurement of flow in the river and records

maintained

Water Resource

Department Regular

2

To conserve water and good irrigation practices

to be adopted by the farmers by organizing mass

awareness programmes and through media in

vernacular language.

Water Resource

Department/

Agriculture Dept.

Continuous

3 Completion of work for issues related to E-flow Water Resource

Department

Up to March

2020

execution of

agreement by

October 2019

4 Completion of work related ground water

recharge/rain water harvesting

Water Resource

Department

Up to March

2020

execution of

agreement by

October 2019

pg. 56

Annexure-III (To be revised, as monitoring and regulation to be done by JSPCB)

TIMELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF MODEL RESTORATION PLAN in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021

YEAR 2019-2020 2020-2021

QUARTER QUARTER III QUARTER IV QUARTER I QUARTER II QUARTER III QUARTER IV

PHASES AND ACTION YEAR JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Pre- Planning Phase: (Recognition)

Gathering of information of non-identified

polluted river stretch I

Reconnaissance survey sampling of river I

Assessment of water quality I

Planning Phase: (Restoration)

Identification of sources of pollution I

Preparation of Detailed Project Report I

In-situ bioremediation of drains II

Implementation Phase: (Protection)

Assessment of Treatment technologies,

available river flow, prevailing discharge

standards

II

Setting up of sewage treatment plants

(STPs)/Effluent treatment plants (ETPs)/

CETP

II

Complying the regulation under JSPCB for

existing industries, causing the pollution

based on survey data

I&II

Setting up tertiary level sewage treatment

facilities for grossly polluted stretches devoid

of perennial fresh water flow

II

Scaling Up Phase: (Improvement)

Augment river flow, if feasible II