acknowledgements, literature cited, appendixes ... · ecoregions of nebraska and kansas (color...
TRANSCRIPT
47
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was supported by Contract No. F10PD77626 from the USFWS to Blue Heron Con-servation Design and Printing, LLC. Dan Severson and staff of Quivira NWR sponsored the project and assisted with all field visits, planning meetings, gathering of information for the refuge, and review of report drafts. Kimberly Farr, Melanie Olds, and Barry Jones helped prepare certain figures and tables. Wayne King, USFWS Regional Biologist, helped initiate the project and provided admin-istrative support and review of the report. Meg
Estep and Pete Striffler provided assistance with obtaining and analyzing the hydrological data for the study including providing the WRIA information for Quivira NWR. Toni Griffin and Meg VanNess provided information and assistance with information pertaining to the ongoing CCP for the refuge. Karen Kyle of Blue Heron Conservation Design and Printing LLC administered the contract for the project and provided assistance with analyses of data and geo-graphical information, preparation of report drafts, and publication of the final report.
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LITERATURE CITED
Adams, G.I. 1903. Physiographic divisions of Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 18:109-123.
Arbogast, A.F. 1998. Late Quaternary paleoenvironments and landscape evolution on the Great Bend Sand Prairie. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin 242.
Balleau Groundwater, Inc. 2010. Hydrologic model of Big Bend Groundwater Management District No. 5.
Barbour, M.G. and W.D. Billings. 1991. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Basin Management Team. 2009. Rattlesnake Creek Partnership, second four-year review of manage-ment program, 2005-2008. Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources. (www.ksda.gov/subbasin/cid/749).
Blackmar, F.W. 2002. Quivira. Transcribed from Vol. II, Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embrac-ing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, and prominent persons. Standard Publishing Company, Chicago, IL 1912.
Buchanan, R. 1984. Kansas geology. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
Buller, G. 1976. Indian Chapter. In Broken hoops and plains people – a catalogue of ethnic resources in the humanities: Nebraska and surrounding area. Nebraska Curriculum Development Center.
Burns and McDonnell. 1999. Quivira National Wildlife Refuge Water Resources Study additional inves-tigations. Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Chapman, S.S., J.M. Omernik, J.A. Freeof, D.G. Huggins, J.R. McCauley, C.C. Freeman, G. Steinauer, R.T. Angelo, T. Robert and R.L. Schlepp. 2001. Ecoregions of Nebraska and Kansas (color poster with map descriptive text summary tables and photographs). U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.
Christensen, V.G. 2002. Characterization of surface-water quality based on real-time monitoring and
regression analysis, Quivira National Wildlife Refuge, south-central Kansas, December 1998 through June 2001. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 01-4248.
Cutler, W.G. 1883. History of the state of Kansas. A.T. Andreas, Chicago, IL.
Dodge, D.A., B.R. Hoffman and M.L. Horsch. 1978. Soils survey of Stafford County, Kansas. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC.
Eberle, M.E., T.L. Welker and T.L. Welker. 1996. Survey of fishes from Rattlesnake Creek in central Kansas. Kansas Academy of Science (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3628049).
Estep, M.A. 2000. Quivira National Wildlife Refuge water conservation plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lakewood, CO.
Fader-Langendoen, D. Editor. 2001. Plant communities of the Midwest: classification in an ecological con-text. Association for Biodiversity Information, Arlington, VA. www.natureserve.org/library/kan-sassubset.pdf.
Fader, S.W. and L.E. Stullken. 1978. Geohydrology of the Great Bend Prairie, south-central Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey, Irrigation Series No. 4.
Fent, O.S. 1950. Pleistocene drainage history of central Kansas. Kansas Academy of Science 53:81-90.
Fessler, W.J. 1929. Captain Nathan Boone’s Journal. In Chronicles of Oklahoma Vol. 7, No. 1., Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, OK.
Fischman, R.L. and R.S. Adamcik. 2011. Beyond trust species: the conservation potential of the National Wildlife Refuge System in the wake of climate change. Natural Resources Journal 51:1-33.
Garneau, G.W. 1995. Detection and characterization of the distribution of mineral intrusion in the Great Bend Prairie Aquifer, south-central Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey Open-file Report 95-35.
50 Heitmeyer et al.
GEI Consultants, Inc. and Burns and McDonnell. 1998. Quivira National Wildlife Refuge water resource study, Document No. 97-806-4.
General Land Office. 1870-72. GLO field notes, Quivira region, Kansas.
Grajeda, R. 1976. Chicano Chapter. In Broken hoops and plains people – a catalogue of ethnic resources in the humanities: Nebraska and surrounding area. Nebraska Curriculum Development Center.
Guttentag, E.D, F.J. Heimes, N.C. Krothe, R.R. Luckey and J.B. Weeks. 1984. Geohydrology of the High Plains Aquifer in parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1400-B.
Heitmeyer, M.E. and L.H. Fredrickson. 2005. An evalu-ation of ecosystem restoration and management options for Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, Utah. University of Missouri-Columbia, Gaylord Memorial Laboratory Special Publication No. 8. Puxico, MO.
Heitmeyer, M.E. and K. Westphall. 2007. An evaluation of ecosystem restoration and management options for Gilbert and Calhoun Divisions of Two Rivers National Wildlife Refuge, Utah. University of Missouri-Columbia, Gaylord Memorial Laboratory Special Publication No. 13. Puxico, MO.
Heitmeyer, M.E., V.L. Fields, M.J. Artmann and L.H. Fredrickson. 2009. An evaluation of ecosystem restoration and management options for Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Greenbrier Wetland Services Report No. 09-01. Blue Heron Conservation Design and Printing LLC, Bloomfield, MO.
Heitmeyer, M.E., M.J. Artmann and L.H. Fredrickson. 2010. An evaluation of ecosystem restoration and management options for Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge. Greenbrier Wetland Services Report No. 10-02. Blue Heron Conservation Design and Printing LLC, Bloomfield, MO.
Heitmeyer, M.E., R.L. Esser, J.D. Eash and B.J. Newman. 2012. Hydrogeomorphic evaluation of ecosystem restoration and management options for Hamden Slough National Wildlife Refuge. Greenbrier Wetland Services Report No. 12-01. Blue Heron Conservation Design and Printing LLC, Bloomfield, MO.
Jian, X. 1998. Simulation of canal and control-pond oper-ation at the Quivira National Wildlife Refuge, south-central Kansas. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 97-4289.
Kansas Geological Survey. 2008. Surficial geology of south-central Kansas – map.
Latta, B.F. 1950. Geology and ground-water resources of Barton and Stafford counties, Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin No. 88.
Luckey, R.R. and M.F. Becker. 1999. Hydrogeology, water use, and simulation of flow in the High Plains Aquifer in northwestern Oklahoma, southeast-ern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, northeast-ern New Mexico, and northwestern Texas. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 99-4104.
Meretsky, V.J., R.L. Fischman, J.R. Karr, D.M. Ashe, J.M. Scott, R.F. Noss and R.L. Schroeder. 2006. New directions in conservation for the National Wildlife Refuge System. Bioscience 56:135-143.
Merriam, D.F. 1963. Geologic history of Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin 162.
Natural Resource Conservation Service. 2010. Ecological site information system, ecological site descrip-tion, Quivira National Wildlife Refuge. (http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/about.aspx).
Nelson, P. 2005. The terrestrial natural communities of Missouri, 2nd Edition. The Missouri Natural Areas Committee, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, MO.
Ogle, G.A. and Company. 1904. Standard atlas of Stafford County, Kansas including a plat book of the vil-lages, cities, and townships of the county. Geo. A. Ogle and Company Publishers and Engravers, Chicago, IL.
Rattlesnake Creek/Quivira Partnership. 2000. Rattlesnake Creek management program proposal. Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources (http://www.ksda.gov/subbasin/cid/749).
Salina Testing Laboratory. 1967. Report of foundation soil investigation: dike across Big Salt Marsh, Quivira National Wildlife Refuge, Stafford County, Kansas. Salina Testing Laboratory, Salina, KS.
Sophocleous, M.A. 1992. Steam-aquifer modeling of the lower Rattlesnake Creek Basin with emphasis on the Quivira National Wildlife Refuge. Kansas Geological Survey Open-file Report 92-10.
Sophocleous, M.A. and J. McAllister. 1990. Hydrologic-balance modeling of the Rattlesnake Creek water-shed, Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey Ground Water Series No. 11.
Sophocleous, M.A. and S.P. Perkins. 1993. Stream-aquifer modeling and preliminary mineral intrusion anal-ysis of the lower Rattlesnake Creek Basin with emphasis on the Quivira National Wildlife Refuge. Kansas Geological Survey Open-file Report 93-7
Sophocleous, M.A. 1997. Water budget and stream rout-ing study for the Quivira National Wildlife Refuge. Kansas Geological Survey report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Steele, F.A. 1953. History of Stafford County. Unknown publisher.
51HGM EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION FOR QUIVIRA NWR
Striffler, P.S. 2011. Quivira National Wildlife Refuge Water Resource Inventory and Assessment. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Water Resources, Lakewood, CO.
Ungar. I.A. 1961. An ecological study of the vegetation of the Big Salt Marsh, Stafford County, Kansas. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kansas,Lawrence, KS.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1953. Memorandum No. 46 Procedure, Great Salt Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, Kansas.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1954. Preliminary appraisal report – Great Salt Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, Stafford and Rice counties, Kansas.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1962. Master plan for physical and biological development of Quivira National Wildlife Refuge. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Stafford, KS.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. Wetland and water management plan, Quivira National Wildlife Refuge, Stafford, KS.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999. Fulfilling the prom-ise: the National Wildlife Refuge System. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. Fish and Wildlife Service, Refuge management manual, part 601, National Wildlife Refuge System. . U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
Wedel, W.R. 1942. Archeological remains in central Kansas and the possible bearing on the location of Quivira. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 101:1-24.
Wilson, B.B. 1993. An assessment of the impact of irriga-tion on the Quivira National Wildlife Refuge. M.S. Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
Ziegler, A. 2009. Quality of water flowing into the Quivira National Wildlife Refuge, Kansas. U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Center (http://ks.water.usgs.gov/studies/qw/quivira).
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PP
EN
DIX
A. L
ist o
f bird
spe
cies
by
com
mun
ity ty
pe o
n Q
uivi
ra N
WR
.
Spe
cies
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ccur
aN
est
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re-
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er (o
pen)
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(dry
/ w
et)
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- do
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/ w
et)
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t
Tree
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and
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m
(Shr
ub)
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ssla
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andh
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n/ N
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er
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ated
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53HGM EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION FOR QUIVIRA NWR
Spe
cies
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tflat
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re-
grou
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pen)
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- do
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m
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Con
t’d. n
ext p
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54 Heitmeyer et al.
Spe
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tflat
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pen)
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55HGM EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION FOR QUIVIRA NWR
Spe
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her
uxux
XX
XE
aste
rn P
hoeb
euu
ux●
XX
XS
ay's
Pho
ebe
oxox
XX
XX
XX
XG
reat
-cre
sted
Fly
catc
her
uuox
●X
XX
Wes
tern
Kin
gbird
ccux
●X
XX
XX
XX
XE
aste
rn K
ingb
irdcc
ux●
XX
XX
XX
XX
Sci
ssor
-taile
d Fl
ycat
cher
uuux
●X
XX
XX
XX
Logg
erhe
ad S
hrik
euu
uo●
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
Nor
ther
n S
hrik
erx
ooX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XB
ell's
Vire
ouu
ux●
XX
XW
arbl
ing
Vire
ouu
ux●
XX
XR
ed-e
yed
Vire
ouo
rx●
XB
lue
Jay
cucu
●X
XX
Bla
ck-b
illed
Mag
pie
oooo
XX
XX
XX
Am
eric
an C
row
cucu
●X
XX
XX
Hor
ned
Lark
cuua
●X
XP
urpl
e M
artin
ooxx
●X
XX
App
endi
x A
., co
nt’d
.
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
56 Heitmeyer et al.
Spe
cies
aO
ccur
aN
est
Sal
tflat
/ ba
re-
grou
ndb
Wat
er (o
pen)
c
Stre
am
Sal
t-gr
ass
(dry
/ w
et)
Mea
- do
w
(dry
/ w
et)
Tall
emer
g-en
t
Tree
sS
and
Plu
m
(Shr
ub)
Gra
ssla
nd &
S
andh
ills
Agr
i-cu
l-tu
red
Sha
l-lo
wD
eep
Rip
aria
n/ N
ear
Wat
er
Isol
ated
-sc
at-
tere
d;
grov
e
Larg
e up
land
/ sh
elte
rbel
tS
hort
<1.5
mTa
ll >1
.5m
Sho
rt-M
idpr
airie
Mid
-Ta
ll pr
airie
Tree
Sw
allo
wuo
cx●
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XN
. Rou
gh-w
inge
d S
wal
low
cccx
●X
XX
XX
XB
ank
Sw
allo
wcc
ox●
XX
XX
Clif
f Sw
allo
waa
cx●
XX
XX
XX
Bar
n S
wal
low
aaax
●X
XX
XX
Bla
ck-c
appe
d C
hick
adee
uuuu
●X
Tufte
d Ti
tmou
sexx
ooX
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
Nut
hatc
huu
uu●
XB
row
n C
reep
erxx
ooX
Car
olin
a W
ren
oooo
XB
ewic
k's
Wre
noo
xx●
XX
Hou
se W
ren
ccux
●X
XX
Sed
ge W
ren
oxox
XX
XX
XM
arsh
Wre
nux
uuX
XG
olde
n-cr
owne
d K
ingl
etox
ooX
XX
Rub
y-cr
owne
d K
ingl
etux
uoX
XX
Blu
e-G
ray
Gna
tcat
cher
uurx
●X
XX
Eas
tern
Blu
ebird
uuuo
●X
XX
XX
XX
XM
ount
ain
Blu
ebird
xxoo
XX
XX
XX
XTo
wns
end'
s S
olita
irerx
roX
XS
wai
nson
's T
hrus
hox
oxX
XX
Am
eric
an R
obin
ccca
●X
XX
Gra
y C
atbi
rdcc
ox●
XX
XX
Nor
ther
n M
ocki
ngbi
rduu
uo●
XX
XB
row
n Th
rash
ercc
or●
XX
XX
XA
mer
ican
Pip
itux
uxX
XX
Ced
ar W
axw
ing
uouu
XX
XX
XTe
nnes
see
War
bler
rxxx
XX
XX
XO
rang
e-cr
owne
d W
arbl
erux
uxX
XX
XX
Nas
hvill
e W
arbl
erox
oxX
XX
XX
Yello
w W
arbl
erur
ux●
XX
XX
XYe
llow
-rum
ped
War
bler
uxuo
XX
XX
XX
XX
Pal
m W
arbl
erox
xxX
XX
XX
XX
XB
lack
-pol
l War
bler
oxxx
XX
XX
XB
lack
-and
-Whi
te W
arbl
errx
xxX
XX
XX
Am
eric
an R
edst
art
oxox
XX
XX
XN
orth
ern
Wat
erth
rush
oxxx
XC
omm
on Y
ello
wth
roat
ccuo
●X
XX
XX
X
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
App
endi
x A
., co
nt’d
.
57HGM EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION FOR QUIVIRA NWR
Spe
cies
aO
ccur
aN
est
Sal
tflat
/ ba
re-
grou
ndb
Wat
er (o
pen)
c
Stre
am
Sal
t-gr
ass
(dry
/ w
et)
Mea
- do
w
(dry
/ w
et)
Tall
emer
g-en
t
Tree
sS
and
Plu
m
(Shr
ub)
Gra
ssla
nd &
S
andh
ills
Agr
i-cu
l-tu
red
Sha
l-lo
wD
eep
Rip
aria
n/ N
ear
Wat
er
Isol
ated
-sc
at-
tere
d;
grov
e
Larg
e up
land
/ sh
elte
rbel
tS
hort
<1.5
mTa
ll >1
.5m
Sho
rt-M
idpr
airie
Mid
-Ta
ll pr
airie
Wils
on's
War
bler
oxox
XX
XX
XYe
llow
-bre
aste
d C
hat
orrx
●X
XX
XX
Spo
tted
Tow
hee
(Ruf
ous-
side
d)ux
cuX
XX
XX
Am
Tre
e S
parr
owux
caX
XX
XX
XX
Chi
ppin
g S
parr
owcr
cxX
XX
Cla
y-co
lore
d S
parr
owcx
cxX
XX
XX
Fiel
d S
parr
owuu
uu●
XX
XX
XVe
sper
Spa
rrow
uxor
XX
XX
XLa
rk S
parr
owcu
ux●
XX
XX
XX
Lark
Bun
ting
orxx
XX
Sav
anna
h S
parr
owux
uoX
XX
XX
XG
rass
hopp
er S
parr
owuu
ox●
XX
Le C
onte
's S
parr
owox
orX
XN
elso
n's
Shar
p-ta
iled
Spar
row
oxox
XX
XFo
x S
parr
owox
orX
XX
XX
Son
g S
parr
owcx
ccX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XLi
ncol
n's
Spa
rrow
oxuo
XX
XX
XX
XS
wam
p S
parr
owux
uuX
XX
XW
hite
-thro
ated
Spa
rrow
uxuu
XX
XX
XH
arris
' Spa
rrow
cxcc
XX
XX
XX
XW
hite
-cro
wne
d S
parr
owux
uuX
XX
XX
XX
XD
ark-
eyed
Jun
cocx
caX
XX
XX
Lapl
and
Long
spur
rxou
XX
Che
stnu
t-col
lare
d Lo
ngsp
urrx
xrX
XN
orth
ern
Car
dina
lcu
uc●
XX
XX
XR
ose-
brea
sted
Gro
sbea
kor
xxX
XX
Bla
ck-h
eade
d G
rosb
eak
orxx
●X
XX
Blu
e G
rosb
eak
ooxx
●X
XX
XX
XIn
digo
Bun
ting
uorx
●X
XX
XX
Dic
kcis
sel
ccrx
●X
XX
Bob
olin
kuu
xx●
XX
XX
Red
-win
ged
Bla
ckbi
rdaa
aa●
XX
XX
Eas
tern
Mea
dow
lark
cccc
●X
XX
XW
este
rn M
eado
wla
rkcc
cc●
XX
XX
Yello
w-h
eade
d B
lack
bird
aacr
●X
XX
XR
usty
Bla
ckbi
rdxx
rrX
XX
App
endi
x A
., co
nt’d
.
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
58 Heitmeyer et al.
Spe
cies
aO
ccur
aN
est
Sal
tflat
/ ba
re-
grou
ndb
Wat
er (o
pen)
c
Stre
am
Sal
t-gr
ass
(dry
/ w
et)
Mea
- do
w
(dry
/ w
et)
Tall
emer
g-en
t
Tree
sS
and
Plu
m
(Shr
ub)
Gra
ssla
nd &
S
andh
ills
Agr
i-cu
l-tu
red
Sha
l-lo
wD
eep
Rip
aria
n/ N
ear
Wat
er
Isol
ated
-sc
at-
tere
d;
grov
e
Larg
e up
land
/ sh
elte
rbel
tS
hort
<1.5
mTa
ll >1
.5m
Sho
rt-M
idpr
airie
Mid
-Ta
ll pr
airie
Bre
wer
's B
lack
bird
oxuu
XX
XC
omm
on G
rack
lecc
cu●
XX
XX
Gre
at-ta
iled
Gra
ckle
cccc
●X
XX
XX
Bro
wn-
head
ed C
owbi
rdcc
ca●
XX
XX
XX
Orc
hard
Orio
leuu
ox●
XX
XB
altim
ore
(Nor
ther
n) O
riole
ccrx
●X
XX
Pur
ple
Finc
hxx
rr●
XX
XH
ouse
Fin
choo
oo●
XX
XX
Pin
e S
iski
nor
ouX
XX
Am
eric
an G
oldf
inch
cocc
●X
XX
XX
XX
XH
ouse
Spa
rrow
cuuu
●X
XX
Xa S
peci
es &
Occ
uran
ce b
ased
on
Dec
embe
r 201
0 re
fuge
bird
list
, but
om
itted
acc
iden
tal s
peci
es.
Doe
s no
t inc
lude
nes
ting
habi
tat f
or w
ater
fow
l bec
ause
prim
ary
impo
rtanc
e on
Q
uivi
ra N
WR
is fo
od a
nd c
over
hab
itat f
or w
ater
fow
l dur
ing
mig
ratio
ns.
Occ
uran
ce c
odes
writ
ten
in o
rder
of s
prin
g, s
umm
er, f
all,
and
win
ter a
s on
refu
ge b
ird li
st.
Cod
es:
c=co
mm
on; u
=unc
omm
on; o
=occ
asio
nal;
r=ra
re; x
= no
occ
uran
ce.
For e
xam
ple,
ccc
c m
eans
spe
cies
is c
omm
on in
all
seas
ons.
Sup
ersc
ript E
or T
mea
ns th
e sp
ecie
s is
fede
rally
en
dang
ered
or t
hrea
tene
d.b B
are
incl
udes
are
as w
ith n
o or
spa
rse
vege
tatio
n th
at a
rea
gene
rally
<0.
5 ac
res
and
~0-2
" wat
er.
c The
qua
lity
and
use
of 'W
ater
' is
influ
ence
d by
con
ditio
ns o
f sub
mer
gent
/floa
ting
aqua
tic v
eget
atio
n an
d/or
if it
is ic
e-fre
e in
win
ter.
Dee
p is
gen
eral
ly >
15-3
0cm
.d A
ssoc
iatio
n w
ith 'A
gric
ultu
re' h
abita
t may
be
nega
tive
and/
or p
ositi
ve, d
epen
ding
on
vario
us fa
ctor
s. E
.g.,
Ofte
n B
obw
hite
attr
acte
d to
gra
ins
for f
ood,
but
agr
icul
ture
has
als
o R
efer
ence
s: B
irds
of N
orth
Am
eric
a ac
coun
ts M
arch
15,
201
1; Q
NW
R o
bser
vatio
ns; K
ansa
s G
AP
App
endi
x A
., co
nt’d
.
59HGM EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION FOR QUIVIRA NWR
App
endi
x B
. Li
st o
f mam
mal
spe
cies
by
com
mun
ity ty
pe o
n Q
uivi
ra N
WR
.
Spe
cies
a
Wat
er
Sal
tgra
ss(d
ry/w
et)
Mea
dow
(d
ry/w
et)
Tall
emer
- ge
nt
Tree
sS
and
Plu
m
(Shr
ub)
Gra
ssla
nd &
S
andh
ills
Agr
icul
-tu
reC
OM
ME
NTS
Rip
aria
n/ N
ear
wat
er
Isol
ated
-sc
atte
red;
gr
ove
Larg
e up
land
/ sh
elte
rbel
tS
hort
<1.5
mTa
ll >1
.5m
Sho
rt-M
idpr
airie
Mid
-Ta
ll pr
airie
Arm
adill
o, N
ine-
band
edX
XX
Allu
vial
, san
dy s
oils
; w
oode
d ar
eas
grad
ing
into
sav
anna
h an
d sc
rub
Bat
, Bra
zilia
n Fr
ee-ta
iled
XB
ridge
s, c
ulve
rts,
build
ings
, cav
es
Bat
, Eas
tern
Red
XX
X
Bre
edin
g ra
nge;
Edg
e sp
ecie
s; u
se tr
ee a
nd
plum
, esp
. pre
fer
ripar
ian
area
s
Bad
ger,
Am
eric
anX
XX
X
Onl
y us
e pl
um w
hen
open
are
as to
dig
bu
rrow
s
Bea
ver,
Am
eric
anX
XC
otto
nwoo
d, w
illow
pr
efer
red
Bob
cat
XX
XA
ssoc
iatio
n w
ith p
rey
(cot
tont
ail)
Cot
tont
ail,
East
ern
XX
XX
XX
Pre
fer d
ense
thic
kets
Coy
ote
XX
XO
pen
coun
tryD
eer,
Whi
te-ta
iled
XX
XX
Gop
her,
Plai
ns P
ocke
tX
XX
XC
hara
cter
istic
of S
and
Pra
irie
Jack
rabb
it, B
lack
-taile
dX
XP
refe
rs h
eavi
ly g
raze
d gr
assl
and
Mol
e, E
aste
rnX
XX
XX
Bur
row
s in
moi
st, l
oose
lo
amy
or s
andy
soi
ls
Mou
se, D
eer
XX
XX
Spa
rse
grou
nd
vege
tatio
n as
soc,
esp
ta
llgra
ss
Mou
se, N
. Gra
ssho
pper
XX
San
dy s
oils
; ope
n;
graz
ed; s
ands
age
scru
b op
timal
Mou
se, P
lain
s H
arve
stX
Mou
se, P
lain
s Po
cket
XX
Dry
, san
dy s
oils
Mou
se, W
este
rn H
arve
stX
XX
XX
XD
ense
cov
er, l
itter
(u
ngra
zed)
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
60 Heitmeyer et al.
Spe
cies
a
Wat
er
Sal
tgra
ss(d
ry/w
et)
Mea
dow
(d
ry/w
et)
Tall
emer
- ge
nt
Tree
sS
and
Plu
m
(Shr
ub)
Gra
ssla
nd &
S
andh
ills
Agr
icul
-tu
reC
OM
ME
NTS
Rip
aria
n/ N
ear
wat
er
Isol
ated
-sc
atte
red;
gr
ove
Larg
e up
land
/ sh
elte
rbel
tS
hort
<1.5
mTa
ll >1
.5m
Sho
rt-M
idpr
airie
Mid
-Ta
ll pr
airie
Mou
se, W
hite
-foot
edX
XX
XM
uskr
atX
XO
poss
umX
XPr
airie
Dog
, Bla
ck-ta
iled
X
Rac
coon
XX
Usu
ally
with
in 1
/4-m
i of
wat
erR
at, H
ispi
d C
otto
nX
Rat
, Ord
's K
anga
roo
X
San
d du
nes
optim
al;
pref
er s
andy
soi
ls &
with
ba
re a
reas
with
in
gras
slan
d
Shre
w, L
east
XX
X
Low
or w
et p
rairi
e op
timal
/sub
optim
al;
mes
ic m
ixed
or t
allg
rass
Shre
w, S
hort
-taile
dX
Litte
r im
pt; l
owla
nd
prai
rie a
pre
ferr
ed
habi
tat
Skun
k, S
trip
edX
XSq
uirr
el, E
aste
rn F
oxX
X
Vole
, Pra
irie
XX
XP
refe
r upl
and
prai
rie;
litte
r; un
graz
ed
Wea
sel,
Long
-taile
dX
XX
XX
Bur
row
s of
pre
y (m
amm
als)
; not
ab
unda
nt a
nyw
here
KS
Woo
drat
, Eas
tern
XX
Xa K
ansa
s G
AP,
Sta
fford
Co.
and
obs
erva
tions
larg
ely
used
to d
evel
op s
peci
es li
st.
Mar
ch 3
1, 2
011;
http
://w
ww
.k-s
tate
.edu
/kan
sasg
ap/K
S-G
AP
Pha
se1/
final
repo
rt/in
dex.
htm
G
AP
did
not i
nclu
de e
xtirp
ated
or m
igra
tory
spe
cies
on
thei
r lis
t.B
eave
r and
mus
krat
not
list
ed in
Sta
fford
Co.
, but
com
mon
on
QN
WR
.S
wift
fox
liste
d an
d re
d fo
x no
t lis
ted
for S
taffo
rd C
o. a
nd n
o re
cord
s fo
r sw
ift fo
x ne
ar Q
NW
R; o
bs. o
f red
fox
near
QN
WR
.M
ink
& M
ule
deer
not
list
ed fo
r Sta
fford
, but
rare
ly s
een
on Q
NW
R.
Spo
tted
skun
k m
entio
ned
in o
ld n
arra
tive(
s), b
ut n
o kn
own
obse
rvat
ions
in a
rea
in m
any
year
s.W
ease
l not
list
ed fo
r Sta
fford
, but
list
ed fo
r Ric
e C
o. a
nd in
refu
ge n
arra
tives
.
App
endi
x B
., co
nt’d
.
61HGM EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION FOR QUIVIRA NWR
App
endi
x C
. Li
st o
f am
phib
ian
and
rept
ile s
peci
es a
nd li
fe h
isto
ry n
otes
by
com
mun
ity ty
pe o
n Q
uivi
ra N
WR
.
SPEC
IES
HA
BIT
AT, H
AB
ITS,
NO
TES
CH
RO
NO
LOG
YB
REE
DIN
G
CH
OR
USE
SES
T. M
AX.
LI
FESP
AN
FRO
GS
& T
OA
DS
(AN
UR
A)
Gre
at P
lain
sTo
adA
naxy
rus
cogn
atus
resi
dent
in u
plan
d m
ixed
- and
sho
rt-gr
ass
prai
rie (r
arel
y w
oodl
ands
) but
occ
urs
in fl
oodp
lain
s, m
ostly
w &
c K
S;
digs
bur
row
s in
bar
e, s
andy
are
as; u
nder
grou
nd d
urin
g su
mm
er d
ays,
em
ergi
ng fo
r foo
d at
nig
ht; u
nder
grou
nd
durin
g w
inte
r; 2
clut
chs/
seas
on
activ
e ea
rly M
ar-e
arly
Nov
(p
eak
early
May
to m
id-J
ul);
late
Mar
thru
Aug
, con
greg
ate
at te
mpo
rary
poo
ls
late
Mar
thru
Aug
(p
eak
early
May
to
mid
-Jun
); m
ost
robu
st 1
0P-2
A
>10y
rs
Woo
dhou
se's
To
adA
naxy
rus
woo
dhou
sii
pref
ers
low
land
s, s
andy
are
as n
ear r
iver
s &
stre
ams
KS
, an
d un
com
mon
in w
oode
d up
land
s; u
ses
smal
l mam
mal
bu
rrow
s as
retre
ats
durin
g da
y an
d fo
rage
s ab
oveg
roun
d at
nig
ht; b
reed
s op
portu
nist
ical
ly in
di
tche
s, p
onds
, riv
er fl
oodp
lain
s
activ
e m
id-F
eb &
mid
-Oct
(p
eak
late
May
to e
arly
Aug
); br
eedi
ng s
ites
Mar
to A
ug
late
Mar
to la
te A
ug
(pea
k M
ay &
Jun
e);
10P
-2A
>13y
rs
Bla
ncha
rd's
C
ricke
t Fro
gA
cris
bl
anch
ardi
mos
t act
ive
durin
g da
y, b
ut b
oth
day
and
nigh
t whe
n te
mpe
ratu
re w
arm
; pre
fer m
uddy
, bea
chlik
e ed
ges
of
smal
l sha
llow
stre
ams
& p
onds
; avo
ids
deep
wat
er;
bree
ds in
ditc
hes,
mar
shes
, pon
ds, s
tream
s; e
ggs
hatc
h af
ter 3
-4 d
ays;
tadp
oles
5-1
0 w
ks; f
eeds
und
erw
ater
and
on
sur
face
activ
e Fe
b - N
ov (p
eak
late
Apr
to
mid
-Aug
); br
eedi
ng s
ites
mid
-M
ar to
late
Jul
(pea
k M
ay to
la
te J
un);
fem
ales
foun
d w
ith
eggs
from
mid
-Apr
to m
id-J
ul
bree
ding
site
s m
id-
Mar
to la
te J
ul (p
eak
May
to la
te J
un);
chor
us h
eard
at
othe
r tim
es to
o; 1
P-
3A w
hen
tem
ps a
re
war
m
>4yr
s
Bor
eal C
horu
s Fr
ogP
seud
acris
m
acul
ata
dam
p m
eado
ws
and
past
ures
, stre
ams,
ditc
hes,
tem
p or
pe
rman
ent p
onds
/lake
s, fl
oodp
lain
s, m
oist
woo
ds; u
ses
othe
r ani
mal
bur
row
s du
ring
extre
me
wea
ther
; egg
s at
tach
ed to
pla
nt s
tem
s in
wat
er &
take
2 w
ks to
hat
ch;
tadp
oles
met
amor
phos
e w
ithin
2 m
os
activ
e ea
rly F
eb to
mid
-Nov
(p
eak
early
Apr
to la
te J
un);
emer
ges
earli
er in
spr
ing
than
ot
her a
nura
ns
chor
uses
from
late
Fe
b th
ru A
ug (p
eak
early
Apr
to e
arly
Ju
n); 7
P-3
A
Plai
ns L
eopa
rd
Frog
Lith
obat
es
blai
ri
com
mon
in p
erm
anen
t & te
mp
aqua
tic h
abita
t; tra
vels
fa
r fro
m w
ater
; no
know
n ho
me
rang
e or
terr
itory
; dig
s in
to m
ud a
nd le
aves
of l
ake
and
stre
am b
otto
ms
durin
g w
inte
r; di
et in
cl c
ricke
ts, g
rass
hopp
ers,
wor
ms,
sna
ils,
nona
quat
ic in
sect
s; p
reda
tors
incl
racc
oons
, opo
ssum
s,
and
skun
ks
activ
e al
l yea
r, on
ly in
win
ter
whe
n te
mpe
ratu
res
are
favo
rabl
e (p
eak
late
Apr
to
early
Aug
)
reco
rded
ear
ly M
ar
to la
te A
ug (p
eak
mid
-Apr
to m
id-J
un);
12P
-2A
Bul
lfrog
Lith
obat
es
cate
sbei
anus
rest
ricte
d to
per
man
ent w
ater
s w
here
dee
p ha
bita
t av
aila
ble;
bur
row
in m
ud u
nder
wat
er d
urin
g w
inte
r; op
portu
nist
ic fe
eder
(e.g
., in
sect
s, s
mal
l ver
tebr
ates
); eg
gs h
atch
4-5
day
s; ta
dpol
es 3
-14
mos
in w
ater
activ
e m
id-F
eb to
ear
ly D
ec
(pea
k la
te A
pr to
late
Jul
); br
eeds
ear
ly M
ar to
mid
-Aug
(p
eak
mid
-May
to la
te J
un,
late
r tha
n ot
her a
nura
)
bree
ds e
arly
Mar
to
mid
-Aug
(pea
k m
id-
May
to la
te J
un);
12P
-3A
>7yr
s
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
62 Heitmeyer et al.
SPEC
IES
HA
BIT
AT, H
AB
ITS,
NO
TES
trave
l up
to 3
00 ft
CH
RO
NO
LOG
YB
REE
DIN
G
CH
OR
USE
SES
T. M
AX.
LI
FESP
AN
SA
LAM
AN
DE
RS
(CA
UD
ATA
)
Bar
red
Tige
r Sa
lam
ande
rA
mby
stom
a m
avor
ortiu
m
muc
h of
sum
mer
& w
inte
r in
unde
rgro
und
cave
s or
bu
rrow
s of
oth
er a
nim
als,
em
ergi
ng a
t nig
ht o
r afte
r rai
n;
cour
tshi
p in
wat
er, e
ggs
on s
ticks
or w
eeds
at w
ater
's
edge
(few
wks
to h
atch
); of
ten
use
shal
low
, non
-flow
ing
wat
er in
floo
dpla
in; e
phem
eral
& p
erm
anen
t wat
ers
used
; loo
se s
oils
impt
activ
e an
nual
ly in
KS
from
ea
rly F
eb to
mid
-Dec
, pea
k m
id-A
pr to
eal
ry J
ul; b
reed
s af
ter r
ains
from
Dec
to M
ar
>12y
rs
TUR
TLE
S (C
HE
LON
IA)
Com
mon
Sn
appi
ngTu
rtle
Che
lydr
a se
rpen
tina
varie
d se
mi-a
quat
ic h
abita
t, bu
t pre
fers
wat
er b
odie
s w
ith s
oft m
ud b
otto
m, a
q ed
ge v
eget
atio
n, a
nd s
unke
n w
ood;
mos
tly n
octu
rnal
and
bur
ied
in m
ud a
bout
as
deep
as
neck
to a
llow
bre
athi
ng w
ith li
ttle
effo
rt; b
reed
in
wat
er; n
est 4
-7" i
n sa
ndy
or lo
amy
soil,
som
etim
es fa
r fro
m w
ater
; egg
s ha
tch
55-1
25 d
ays;
om
nivo
rous
; man
y pr
edat
ors
of e
ggs
and
youn
g--lg
bird
s, fi
shes
, sna
kes,
bu
llfro
gs, a
nd s
m m
amm
als;
win
ter i
n m
ud; u
nabl
e to
re
tain
moi
stur
e lik
e so
me
othe
r tur
tles
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
late
Dec
(p
eak
early
May
to la
te J
ul);
mat
ing
betw
een
Apr
& N
ov;
egg
depo
sitin
g Ju
ly-A
ug a
nd
hatc
h A
ug-O
ct (5
5-12
5 da
ys)
>38y
rs
Nor
ther
n (W
este
rn)
Pain
ted
Turt
le
Chr
ysem
ys
pict
a (b
ellii
)
slow
-mov
ing
to s
till,
shal
low
wat
ers
with
sof
t mud
bo
ttom
, aq
veg,
& 1
/2-s
ubm
erge
d w
ood;
bur
row
s in
mud
up
to 1
-1/2
ft d
eep
in w
inte
r; ha
tchl
ings
can
sur
vive
w
inte
rs th
roug
h na
tura
l fre
ezin
g (u
p to
54%
of b
ody
fluid
s); s
leep
at n
ight
in w
ater
on
logs
or b
otto
m a
nd
bask
and
feed
dur
ing
day;
om
nivo
rous
; man
y pr
edat
ors
of y
oung
; nes
ts d
ug in
sof
t soi
l up
to 4
" dee
p, a
nd e
ggs
hatc
h in
2 to
2-1
2 m
os; y
oung
may
not
em
erge
unt
il la
te
fall
or fo
llow
ing
sprin
g
activ
e m
id-F
eb to
late
Dec
(p
eak
late
Apr
to la
te J
ul);
mat
ing
usu
Mar
to J
un; e
gg-
layi
ng M
ay to
Jul
>20y
rs
Orn
ate
Box
Turt
leTe
rrap
ene
orna
ta
mos
t abu
ndan
t on
W o
pen
prai
rie, b
ut a
lso
like
past
ure
& o
pen
woo
dlan
d an
d fie
lds;
terr
estri
al; d
igs
unde
rgro
und
up to
18"
in g
rass
land
and
as
shal
low
as
6"
in w
oodl
and
or u
ses
dens
or b
urro
ws
of o
ther
ani
mal
s fo
r win
ter;
diur
nal;
hom
e ra
nge
of a
bout
5 a
c, b
ut n
ot
terr
itoria
l; la
y 1-
2 cl
utch
es; e
ggs
hatc
h lit
tle p
ast 2
mos
; yo
ung
sexu
ally
mat
ure
at 7
-8 y
rs; p
rimar
ily c
arni
voro
us;
mam
mal
s as
coy
otes
and
sku
nks
are
pred
ator
s; d
aily
activ
e la
te F
eb to
mid
-Dec
(p
eak
mid
-May
to m
id-A
ug);
mat
ing
mos
t com
mon
in s
prin
g an
d fa
ll, a
nd n
estin
g m
ost
com
mon
in J
une
>26y
rs
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
App
endi
x C
., co
nt’d
.
63HGM EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION FOR QUIVIRA NWR
SPEC
IES
HA
BIT
AT, H
AB
ITS,
NO
TES
CH
RO
NO
LOG
YB
REE
DIN
G
CH
OR
USE
SES
T. M
AX.
LI
FESP
AN
Slid
er
(Red
-ear
ed)
Trac
hem
ys
scrip
ta
(ele
gans
)
sem
iaqu
atic
; qui
et, p
erm
anen
t wat
er w
ith s
oft m
ud
botto
m, a
q ve
g, &
bas
king
site
s; w
inte
r in
botto
m m
ud o
r sh
orel
ine
earth
; act
ive
in d
ay, s
leep
in w
ater
at n
ight
ei
ther
floa
ting
or o
n bo
ttom
; nes
t 1-4
" dee
p in
loos
e,
dam
p so
il ne
ar w
ater
's e
dge;
egg
s ha
tch
2 to
2-1
/2 m
os;
youn
g em
erge
afte
r or w
ait u
ntil
sprin
g; o
mni
voro
us
activ
e M
ar to
Oct
; usu
bre
ed
Mar
to J
un a
nd in
fall
(>2x
/yr)
>25y
rs
Yello
w M
ud
Turt
leK
inos
tern
on
flave
scen
s
pref
ers
quie
t wat
er w
ith m
ud o
r san
dy b
otto
m a
nd
pres
ence
of a
q ve
g; a
ctiv
e af
tern
oon;
act
ive
afte
rnoo
n to
du
sk &
from
mid
nigh
t to
sunr
ise;
may
fora
ge o
n la
nd
btw
n w
ater
s; b
ask
on b
rush
or l
ogs;
win
ters
in m
ud
abov
e or
bel
ow w
ater
or i
n m
uskr
at d
ens,
stu
mps
; om
nivo
rous
; pre
dato
rs o
f you
ng in
cl s
nake
s, fi
sh, a
nd
othe
r tur
tles
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
mid
-Oct
(p
eak
mid
-May
to m
id-J
ul);
bree
ding
like
ly b
efor
e Ju
n (n
ot
wel
l doc
umen
ted)
; nes
ting
in
Jun
& h
atch
wi 3
mos
;
>10y
rs
Spin
y So
ftshe
ll (W
este
rn)
Apa
lone
sp
inife
ra
(har
tweg
i)
sem
iaqu
atic
; use
var
iety
of w
ater
type
s; p
refe
rs a
reas
w
ith s
andb
ars
or m
udfla
ts a
nd s
oft b
otto
ms;
win
ters
se
vera
l inc
hes
in m
ud u
nder
wat
er; a
ctiv
e m
ostly
in d
ay;
nest
s ar
e on
land
, a c
avity
in s
and
or s
oft s
oil 4
-10"
de
ep; y
oung
may
not
em
erge
unt
il ne
xt s
prin
g;
carn
ivor
ous;
pre
dato
rs o
f egg
s an
d yo
ung
are
mos
tly
mam
mal
s
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
mid
-Oct
(p
eak
mid
-May
to m
id-J
ul);
mat
ing
Apr
- M
ay; n
estin
g Ju
n,
som
e Ju
l; ha
tch
late
sum
mer
-fa
ll
>25y
rs
LIZA
RD
S (L
AC
ER
TILI
A)
Less
er E
arle
ss
Liza
rdH
olbr
ooki
a m
acul
ata
"Spe
cies
in n
eed
of in
form
atio
n" (s
ee w
ebsi
te).
Fla
t, sa
ndy,
cul
tivat
ed, c
lay,
or g
rave
l site
s w
ith lo
ose
soil
&
little
to n
o ve
geta
tion;
aro
und
prai
rie d
og to
wns
and
sa
ndy
area
s ar
ound
impo
undm
ents
and
stre
ams
or
river
s; u
nder
grou
nd in
col
d m
onth
s; a
ctiv
e in
day
; hom
e ra
nge
whe
re o
ne m
ale
usua
lly d
omin
ant;
mos
t die
t gr
assh
oppe
rs &
true
bug
s
activ
e la
te M
ay to
late
Oct
(p
eak
mid
-May
to m
id-J
ul);
egg-
layi
ng M
ay o
r Jun
, hat
ch in
1-2
m
os
Prai
rie L
izar
d (N
orth
ern)
Sce
lopo
rus
cons
obrin
us
(gar
man
i)
pref
ers
dry,
ope
n fo
rest
s in
e K
S, b
ut in
sc-
w K
S in
habi
ts
low
, san
dy re
gion
s; b
urro
ws
in g
roun
d in
win
ter;
activ
e du
ring
day;
hom
e ra
nge
1/10
ac;
use
s lo
gs &
rock
s fo
r ba
skin
g an
d fo
ragi
ng; f
emal
e la
ys 1
-10
eggs
& li
kely
ha
ve 2
-3 c
lutc
hes
of 2
-7 e
ggs
(und
ergr
ound
)/sea
son;
un
derg
roun
d ne
sts
in lo
ose
soil;
eat
s in
sect
s an
d sp
ider
s
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
ear
ly N
ov
(pea
k la
te A
pr to
ear
ly J
ul);
bree
ds M
ay to
Aug
& e
ggs
hatc
h in
1-2
mos
>1yr
App
endi
x C
., co
nt’d
.
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
64 Heitmeyer et al.
SPEC
IES
HA
BIT
AT, H
AB
ITS,
NO
TES
CH
RO
NO
LOG
YB
REE
DIN
G
CH
OR
USE
SES
T. M
AX.
LI
FESP
AN
Six-
lined
R
acer
unne
rA
spid
osce
lis
sexl
inea
ta
dry,
ope
n, s
andy
are
as w
ith li
ttle
leaf
y ve
g; a
lso
open
, ro
cky,
gra
zed,
& c
ultiv
ated
are
as; i
n 2
coun
ties,
foun
d m
ost a
bund
in n
atur
al s
and
prai
rie a
nd s
andy
bas
ins;
pr
efer
s hi
gher
tem
ps th
an m
ost o
ther
KS
liza
rds;
un
derg
roun
d du
ring
cold
er m
os; a
ctiv
e du
ring
day
(8A
-3P
ne
KS
; hom
e ra
nge
<1/4
ac;
1-8
(av
3) e
ggs/
clut
ch
burie
d fe
w in
ches
ben
eath
san
dy s
oil;
may
hav
e >1
cl
utch
/sea
son;
eat
s sp
ider
s, s
nails
, ins
ects
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
mid
-Oct
(p
eak
early
May
to la
te J
ul);
mat
ing
in M
ay, J
un; n
est J
un o
r Ju
l; ha
tch
in 2
mos
SN
AK
ES
(SE
RP
EN
TES
)
East
ern
(Kan
sas)
G
loss
y Sn
ake*
**
Ariz
ona
eleg
ans
(ele
gans
)
"Kan
sas
spec
ies
in n
eed
of c
onse
rvat
ion"
(see
web
site
) an
d ch
arac
teris
tic (p
eak
abun
danc
e) in
san
d pr
airie
. P
refe
rs d
ry, o
pen,
san
dy a
reas
; prim
arily
noc
turn
al;
unde
r roc
ks o
r in
burr
ows
durin
g da
y; a
vera
ge 8
eg
gs/c
lutc
h &
may
be 1
clu
tch/
seas
on; d
iet o
f sm
all
rode
nts
and
lizar
ds
late
Apr
to e
arly
Oct
(pea
k la
te
May
to e
arly
Jul
); m
ates
May
-Ju
l; ha
tch
2-3
mos
East
ern
(Yel
low
belly
)R
acer
Col
uber
co
nstri
ctor
(fl
aviv
entri
s)
open
gra
ssla
nd, p
astu
re, p
rairi
e ar
eas
in s
umm
er &
ro
cky
woo
ded
hills
ides
in
sprin
g an
d fa
ll; c
omm
on in
sa
nd p
rairi
e in
Har
vey
Co
publ
; diru
rnal
; av
hom
e ra
nge
25 a
c, b
ut n
ot s
eem
terr
itoria
l; us
es ro
ck c
revi
ces
on
woo
ded
hills
ides
in w
inte
r & k
now
n to
co-
habi
t with
oth
er
snak
es; e
ggs
laid
in tu
nnel
s or
in b
urro
ws
of s
m
mam
mal
s (e
.g.,
mol
es);
eats
any
sm
all a
nim
al th
at
mov
es
activ
e ea
rly J
an to
mid
-Nov
(p
eak
late
Apr
to e
arly
Aug
); br
eeds
May
; egg
s la
id m
id-J
un
to e
arly
Aug
Prai
rie
Kin
gsna
keLa
mpr
opel
tis
calli
gast
er
open
woo
ds, g
rass
land
, san
d pr
airie
; sec
retiv
e; b
enea
th
rock
s or
in b
urro
ws
of o
ther
ani
mal
s in
win
ter;
noct
urna
l in
hot
sum
mer
s; d
oes
not b
reed
eve
ry y
ear;
cons
trict
or--
sm m
amm
als,
sna
kes,
and
liza
rds
activ
e la
te J
an to
late
Nov
(p
eak
late
Apr
to m
id-J
ul);
bree
d in
spr
ing;
5-1
7 (a
v 9-
11)
eggs
laid
Jun
or J
ul a
nd h
atch
in
1-3
mos
(lat
e A
ug o
r Sep
)
>23y
rs
Gop
her S
nake
(Bul
lsna
ke)
Pitu
ophi
s ca
teni
fer
open
gra
ssla
nds,
ope
n w
oods
, edg
e, c
ultiv
ated
fiel
ds;
gene
rally
diu
rnal
; use
s de
ep c
revi
ces
on ro
cky
hills
ides
an
d bu
rrow
s of
sm
mam
mal
s du
ring
win
ter;
lays
egg
s in
so
ft ea
rth b
enea
th ro
cks
& lo
gs; f
avor
s ro
dent
s fo
r foo
d
activ
e la
te M
ar to
mid
-Nov
(p
eak
mid
-May
to m
id-A
ug);
mat
ing
Apr
and
May
; egg
s la
id
May
-Jul
hat
chin
g A
ug, S
ep
>33y
rs
(Wes
tern
) M
assa
saug
a
Sis
truru
s ca
tena
tus
(terg
emin
us)
varie
ty o
f hab
itats
from
sag
ebru
sh a
nd ro
cky
prai
rie
hills
ides
to o
pen
wet
land
s; p
eak
abun
d in
gra
ssy
wet
land
s; in
col
d, u
se ro
ck c
revi
ces
or ro
dent
bur
row
s;
diur
nal i
n sp
ring
and
fall
and
noct
urna
l in
hot s
umm
er;
mos
tly e
ats
frogs
, liz
ards
, oth
er s
nake
s an
d ro
dent
s
activ
e la
te M
ar to
ear
ly D
ec
(pea
k ea
rly M
ay to
late
Jul
); m
ates
spr
ing
and
fall;
3-1
3 (a
v6) y
oung
bor
n in
Jul
and
A
ug
>20y
rs
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
App
endi
x C
., co
nt’d
.
65HGM EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION FOR QUIVIRA NWR
SPEC
IES
HA
BIT
AT, H
AB
ITS,
NO
TES
CH
RO
NO
LOG
YB
REE
DIN
G
CH
OR
USE
SES
T. M
AX.
LI
FESP
AN
Plai
nbel
ly
Wat
er
Snak
e
Ner
odia
er
ythr
ogas
ter
swam
ps, m
arsh
es, s
low
-mov
ing
stre
ams;
but
may
w
ande
r gre
at d
ista
nces
from
wat
er d
urin
g su
mm
er;
bask
s on
drif
twoo
d, lo
w-h
angi
ng b
ranc
hes,
stu
mps
, br
ush;
fora
ging
at n
ight
; in
win
ter,
use
brus
h &
rock
pile
s or
und
ergr
ound
bur
row
s; p
rimar
y fo
od is
leop
ard
frogs
an
d bu
llfro
gs, b
ut y
oung
pre
fer f
ishe
s
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
ear
ly N
ov
(pea
k la
te A
pr to
ear
ly J
ul);
mat
ing
Apr
& M
ay; y
oung
in
Jul,
Aug
, & S
ep (4
-30
youn
g/br
ood)
>14y
rs
Dia
mon
dbac
k W
ater
Sn
ake
Ner
odia
rh
ombi
fer
perm
lake
s, m
arsh
es, s
wam
ps, b
ackw
ater
s; b
asks
on
brus
h, lo
gs, g
rass
y ba
nks;
use
s m
uskr
at d
ens
or o
ther
bu
rrow
s ar
ound
wat
er d
urin
g co
ld; p
rimar
y fo
ods
are
slow
-mov
ing
or d
ead
fishe
s
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
late
Oct
(p
eak
late
Arp
to m
id-J
un);
mat
e in
spr
ing;
you
ng (1
3-62
/litte
r) b
orn
from
Aug
to e
arly
O
ct
>4yr
s
Nor
ther
n W
ater
Sn
ake
Ner
odia
si
pedo
n
vario
us a
quat
ic h
abita
ts, f
rom
fast
to s
till w
ater
s; b
asks
on
ove
rhan
ging
or n
ear-
wat
er b
ranc
hes
and
logs
; w
inte
rs in
dee
p cr
evic
es o
n ro
cky
hills
ides
to b
elow
w
ater
leve
l cra
yfis
h bu
rrow
s; s
ome
fem
ales
repr
oduc
e ev
ery
othe
r yea
r; ea
ts m
ostly
fish
, som
e fro
gs a
nd to
ads
activ
e la
te J
an th
ru O
ct (p
eak
early
May
to la
te J
ul);
mat
ing
in
sprin
g; y
oung
(6-6
6/lit
ter,
av 2
0-25
) Aug
to O
ct
>9yr
s
Gra
ham
's
Cra
yfis
h Sn
ake
Reg
ina
grah
amii
pond
s, s
lugg
ish
prai
rie s
tream
s, ri
ver v
alle
ys, w
et
mea
dow
s; a
ctiv
e in
day
in s
prin
g an
d fa
ll an
d du
ring
nigh
t in
sum
mer
; fem
ales
don
't br
eed
until
3rd
sea
son,
bu
t mal
es m
atur
e af
ter 1
yea
r; re
sts
and
win
ters
in
cray
fish
burr
ows;
feed
s pr
imar
ily o
n cr
ayfis
h
activ
e ea
rly F
eb to
late
Oct
(p
eak
late
Apr
to e
arly
Jun
); br
eeds
Apr
-May
; you
ng (4
-39
/litte
r, av
16)
late
Jul
, Aug
, or
Sep
Bro
wn
Snak
eS
tore
ria
deka
yi
moi
st a
reas
in w
oodl
ands
and
edg
e; a
ctiv
e in
day
dur
ing
sprin
g an
d fa
ll an
d at
nig
ht d
urin
g su
mm
er; u
nder
grou
nd
in w
inte
r, as
dee
p as
2 ft
; pre
ferr
ed fo
od is
ear
thw
orm
s
gene
rally
act
ive
early
Jan
to
late
Nov
(pea
k m
id-A
pr to
mid
-Ju
l); m
atin
g in
spr
ing
and
fall;
yo
ung
in la
te J
ul to
Sep
>7yr
s
Wes
tern
R
ibbo
n Sn
ake
Tham
noph
is
prox
imus
edge
s of
sw
amps
, mar
shes
, lak
es, s
tream
s, ri
vers
; di
urna
l and
noc
turn
al, d
epen
ding
on
tem
ps; b
aks
on
mat
ted
reed
s an
d gr
asse
s; fe
eds
on w
ater
s ed
ge in
veg
; us
es w
ater
to e
scap
e; w
inte
rs b
enea
th g
roun
d in
bu
rrow
s; fe
eds
on s
m fr
ogs,
toad
s, s
alam
ande
rs, a
nd
fishe
s
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
mid
-Nov
(p
eak
early
May
to e
arly
Aug
); m
ates
Apr
and
May
; you
ng (4
-28
/litte
r, av
12-
13) l
ate
Jun
to
Sep
>3yr
s
(Wes
tern
) Pl
ains
Gar
ter
Snak
e
Tham
noph
is
radi
x (h
ayde
nii)
open
, gra
ssy,
pra
rie, e
sp. n
ear w
ater
; und
ergr
ound
w
hen
cold
; act
ive
usu
in d
ay; b
asks
on
grav
el rd
s of
ten;
ab
und
in s
and
prai
rie; e
ats
earth
wor
ms,
her
ps, f
ishe
s,
sm ro
dent
s
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
late
Dec
(p
eak
mid
-May
to m
id-A
ug);
mat
es A
pr a
nd M
ay a
nd
som
etim
es fa
ll; y
oung
(5-
60/li
tter,
av 2
0) la
te J
ul, A
ug, o
r S
ep
>8yr
s
App
endi
x C
., co
nt’d
.
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
66 Heitmeyer et al.
SPEC
IES
Com
mon
G
arte
r Sn
ake
Tham
noph
is
sirta
lis
HA
BIT
AT, H
AB
ITS,
NO
TES
varie
ty o
f hab
itats
, esp
. with
moi
st v
eg--
mar
shes
, wet
m
eado
ws,
wat
er e
dge,
woo
dlan
d, w
oodl
and
edge
, cu
ltiva
ted
field
s; h
ome
rang
e 22
-35
ac; a
ctiv
e in
day
; pr
imar
y fo
ods
are
frogs
and
ear
thw
orm
s
CH
RO
NO
LOG
Yac
tive
(ear
ly F
eb to
mid
-Nov
(p
eak
early
May
to la
te A
ug);
mat
es e
arly
spr
ing
and
som
etim
es fa
ll; y
oung
(av
20/li
tter)
late
sum
mer
or f
all
BR
EED
ING
C
HO
RU
SES
EST.
MA
X.
LIFE
SPA
N
>14y
rs
Line
d Sn
ake
Trop
idoc
loni
on
linea
tum
hills
ides
of o
pen
prai
ries
and
woo
dlan
d ed
ge; h
uman
ac
tivity
see
ms
to e
ffect
pop
ver
y lit
tle; n
octu
rnal
; hid
e be
neat
h ro
cks
and
debr
is d
urin
g da
y; u
nder
grou
nd
durin
g co
ld; e
ats
excl
usiv
ely
earth
wor
ms
activ
e la
te F
eb to
mid
-Nov
(p
eak
late
Apr
to m
id-A
ug);
mat
e sp
ring
and
fall;
you
ng (2
-12
/litte
r, av
6-7
) in
Aug
Wes
tern
(P
lain
s)
Hog
nose
Sn
ake*
**
Het
erod
on
nasi
cus
(nas
icus
)
"Kan
sas
spec
ies
in n
eed
of c
onse
rvat
ion"
(see
web
site
).
Gra
ssla
nd o
r san
d pr
airie
; diu
rnal
; bur
row
s un
der s
andy
lo
ose
soil
whe
n in
activ
e; n
ot te
rrito
rial a
nd h
ome
rang
e si
ze v
arie
s de
pend
on
reso
urce
s; e
ggs
laid
in n
ests
few
in
ches
bel
ow s
oil s
urfa
ce; i
ncub
atio
n 50
-65
days
; usu
ea
ts to
ads,
rept
ile e
ggs,
sm
all l
izar
ds &
sna
kes;
pla
ys
dead
for u
p to
5 m
inut
es
activ
e A
pr to
Oct
(pea
k Ju
n &
Ju
l); m
ates
in M
ay, f
ew in
fall;
eg
gs (4
-23
& a
v 9/
clut
ch) l
aid
in J
ul
>19y
rs
East
ern
Hog
nose
Sn
ake*
**
Het
erod
on
plat
irhin
os
"Kan
sas
spec
ies
in n
eed
of c
onse
rvat
ion"
(see
web
site
).
Pre
fers
san
dy a
reas
, mos
t com
mon
in c
Low
Pla
ins
in
river
val
leys
, esp
e K
S b
orde
r; bu
rrow
s de
ep in
to lo
ose
soil
or s
and
to a
void
col
d te
mps
; nes
ts b
urro
wed
out
se
vera
l inc
hes
belo
w s
oil s
urfa
ce; e
ats
mos
ty fr
ogs
and
toad
s
activ
e A
pr to
Oct
(pea
k M
ay &
m
id-J
ul);
mat
ing
Apr
, May
; eg
gs (4
-61,
av2
2/cl
utch
) in
late
Ju
n, J
ul
>7yr
s
.k-s
tate
.edu
/kan
sasg
ap/K
S-G
AP
Pha
se1/
final
repo
rt/i
1)n
1 D
istri
butio
n co
nfirm
atio
n: h
ttp://
ww
wde
x.ht
m (A
pril
1, 2
012
200
2 Fo
rt H
ays
Sta
te U
niv.
QN
WR
inve
ntor
y - Q
NW
R s
tudy
(QN
WR
File
s)
3 N
otes
& d
istri
butio
n ad
apte
d fro
m C
ollin
s et
al.
2010
4 P
erso
nal o
bser
vatio
ns, m
ainl
y Q
NW
R s
taff
Not
e: W
este
rn C
horu
s Fr
og is
not
incl
uded
in C
ollin
s et
al.
2010
; but
list
ed in
KS
-GA
P.
OA
DS
(AFR
OG
S &
TN
UR
A)
SPEC
IES
WIT
H R
EPO
RTE
D O
CC
UR
REN
CE
IN S
TAFF
OR
D, R
ENO
, AN
D/O
R R
ICE
CO
UN
TIES
, BU
T N
OT
DO
CU
MEN
TED
ON
QU
IVIR
A N
WR
:
Spot
ted
Cho
rus
Frog
Pse
udac
ris
clar
kii
open
pra
irie
gras
slan
d an
d w
oodl
and
edge
; bre
eds
in
open
, sha
llow
poo
ls, b
ut s
ome
mat
e in
per
man
ent
wat
er; e
ggs
depo
site
d on
gra
sses
or s
tem
just
bel
ow
wat
er s
urfa
ce; e
ggs
hatc
h 2-
10 d
ays;
tadp
oles
m
etam
orph
ose
in la
te s
umm
er; l
ikel
y un
derg
roun
d in
dry
w
eath
er
late
Mar
to la
te S
ep (p
eak
mid
-A
pr to
ear
ly J
un);
bree
ds la
te
Mar
to la
te A
ug, d
epen
ding
on
rain
fall
& te
mps
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
App
endi
x C
., co
nt’d
.
67HGM EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION FOR QUIVIRA NWR
SPEC
IES
HA
BIT
AT, H
AB
ITS,
NO
TES
CH
RO
NO
LOG
YB
REE
DIN
G
CH
OR
USE
SES
T. M
AX.
LI
FESP
AN
Gre
at P
lain
s N
arro
wm
outh
Toad
Gas
troph
ryne
ca
rolin
ensi
s
com
mon
und
er ro
cks
on d
ry, o
pen
upla
nd (g
rass
y sl
opes
, woo
dlan
d ed
ge o
r ope
n w
oods
); to
lera
nt o
f va
rious
hab
itat;
whe
re n
o ro
cks,
use
rode
nt b
urro
ws;
se
cret
ive-
-mos
tly u
nder
grou
nd; u
se te
mp
wtld
s fo
r br
eedi
ng--
oppo
rtuni
stic
, >1x
btw
n M
ay-A
ug; t
adpo
les
met
amor
phos
e w
ithin
20-
30 d
ays;
die
t nea
rly a
ll an
ts;
pred
ator
s in
cl b
ullfr
ogs,
Leo
pard
frog
s, a
nd s
hrew
s.
activ
e m
id-M
ar to
ear
ly N
ov
(pea
k ea
rly M
ay to
ear
ly J
ul);
bree
ds e
arly
Apr
& la
te J
ul w
ith
peak
in J
un
bree
ds e
arly
Apr
&
late
Jul
with
pea
k in
Ju
n; c
horu
ses
9P-
mid
nigh
t
>6yr
s
Plai
ns
Spad
efoo
tS
pea
bom
bifro
ns
prai
ries
& o
pen
flood
plai
ns, p
refe
rrin
g lo
ose
soil
or s
and,
ge
nera
lly w
& c
KS
; use
s ot
her a
nim
al b
urro
ws
for
retre
ats
& a
ttach
es e
ggs
to p
artly
sub
mer
ged
vege
tatio
n or
oth
er; e
mer
ges
at n
ight
to fo
rage
, esp
afte
r rai
n
activ
e m
id-J
an to
mid
-Oct
(p
eak
early
May
thru
mid
-Jul
); br
eeds
from
late
Mar
to m
id-
Aug
(pea
k ea
rly M
ay to
late
Ju
n)
mos
t rob
ust c
horu
s 10
P to
3A
&m
in o
f 3.
5" o
f rai
n &
at l
east
52
deg
rees
F
requ
ired
to s
timul
ate
mat
ing
TUR
TLE
S (C
HE
LON
IA)
Smoo
th
Softs
hell
(Mid
land
)
Apa
lone
m
utic
a (m
utic
a)
sem
iaqu
atic
; pre
fers
san
d or
mud
bot
tom
s w
ith m
od-fa
st
mov
ing
wat
er, r
arel
y aw
ay fr
om w
ater
exc
ept t
o ba
sk o
r ne
st; a
void
s op
en w
ater
; sen
sitiv
e to
dis
turb
ance
; usu
in
activ
e w
hen
wat
er le
vels
low
; in
grou
nd u
nder
wat
er a
t ni
ght;
burr
owed
in s
tream
/rive
r bot
tom
s in
win
ter;
mat
ing
in w
ater
; nes
ts in
san
dbar
s; 3
-25
(av
11) e
ggs/
clut
ch
that
hat
ch in
2-2
1/2
mos
; fem
ales
mat
gure
at 6
-9 y
rs
and
mal
es 4
yrs
; car
nivo
rous
(mos
tly in
sect
s); v
ario
us
pred
ator
s of
egg
s an
d yo
ung
activ
e la
te F
eb to
mid
-Nov
(p
eak
late
May
to m
id-A
ug);
mat
ing
Apr
, May
& in
fall;
nes
t pe
ak la
te M
ay &
Jun
;
ukn
LIZA
RD
S (L
AC
ER
TILI
A)
Wes
tern
Sl
ende
r Gla
ss
Liza
rd
Oph
isau
rus
atte
nuat
us
mos
tly e
KS
; inh
abits
ope
n an
d ed
ge h
abita
ts (e
.g.,
tallg
rass
and
san
d pr
airie
; ope
n w
oodl
ands
) ofte
n ne
ar
stre
ams
or p
onds
, esp
whe
re a
bund
aba
ndon
ed ro
dent
bu
rrow
s; m
ostly
diu
rnal
; max
hom
e ra
nge
of a
bout
1 a
c,
but n
ot te
rrito
rial;
unde
rgro
und
in ro
dent
bur
row
s be
low
fro
st li
ne in
win
ter;
5-17
egg
s la
id in
nes
t; fe
mal
e m
atur
e at
3-4
yrs
; eat
s in
sect
s, s
pide
rs, s
nails
, fro
gs, s
nake
s,
new
born
sm
mam
mal
s; fr
eq lo
ses
tail
as a
def
ense
m
echa
nism
, but
will
gro
w b
ack
activ
e ea
rly M
ar-e
arly
Dec
(p
eak
early
May
to la
te J
ul);
bree
ds M
ay; e
ggs
from
late
Ju
n to
mid
-Jul
; inc
ubat
e ab
out
7 w
ks
>9yr
s (m
in
natu
ral)
App
endi
x C
., co
nt’d
.
Con
t’d. n
ext p
age
68 Heitmeyer et al.
SPEC
IES
HA
BIT
AT, H
AB
ITS,
NO
TES
CH
RO
NO
LOG
YB
REE
DIN
G
CH
OR
USE
SES
T. M
AX.
LI
FESP
AN
Gre
at P
lain
s Sk
ink
Ple
stio
don
obso
letu
s
open
, roc
ky h
illsi
des
with
low
veg
; avo
ids
sand
y ar
eas;
bu
rrow
s be
neat
h so
il or
in c
revi
ces
durin
g w
inte
r; ac
tive
in d
ay, b
elow
sun
-war
med
rock
s; a
v ho
me
rang
e 50
ft in
di
amet
er, b
ut w
ill w
ande
r to
find
new
terr
if c
ondi
tions
un
favo
rabl
e; fe
mal
es b
uild
dee
p bu
rrow
s un
der r
ocks
to
lay
eggs
, 5-3
2 (a
v 12
)/clu
tch
with
1-2
mos
incu
batio
n pe
riod;
eat
s in
sect
s, s
pide
rs, a
nd s
nails
activ
e al
l yea
r (pe
ak la
te A
pr to
la
te J
ul);
bree
d in
May
>6yr
s
SN
AK
ES
(SE
RP
EN
TES
)
Gre
at P
lain
s R
at S
nake
Pan
ther
ophi
s em
oryi
rock
y hi
llsid
es &
can
yons
, cav
es, o
pen
woo
ds e
dge;
av
oids
hea
vily
fore
sted
regi
ons;
mos
tly n
octu
rnal
; dur
ing
day,
und
er ro
cks
or in
cre
vice
s; e
ats
mos
tly s
m
mam
mal
s an
d bi
rds
(con
stric
tor)
; egg
clu
tche
s pr
obab
ly
15-3
0 (a
v 13
)
activ
e la
te F
eb to
ear
ly N
ov
(pea
k la
te A
pr to
mid
-Jul
y);
mat
ing
likel
y in
spr
ing;
egg
-la
ying
in J
ul
>21y
rs
(Cen
tral
Pla
ins)
Milk
Sna
ke
Lam
prop
eltis
tri
angu
lum
(g
entil
is)
In w
KS
, roc
ky le
dges
of p
rairi
e ca
nyon
s &
stre
am
edge
s; a
ctiv
e in
day
, but
noc
turn
al in
hot
sum
mer
; 3-2
4 (a
v 5-
7) e
ggs/
clut
ch a
nd in
cuba
tion
40-6
5 da
ys; h
idde
n un
der s
un-w
arm
ed ro
cks;
use
s m
amm
al b
urro
ws
or
dens
on
rock
y w
oode
d hi
llsid
es d
urin
g w
inte
r; ea
ts s
m
lizar
ds, s
nake
s, n
ewbo
rn m
ice
activ
e la
te M
ar to
late
Nov
(p
eak
late
Apr
to e
arly
Jul
); m
atin
g in
spr
ing;
egg
-layi
ng
Jun
or J
ul; h
atch
Aug
/Sep
t
>21y
rs
Wes
tern
(B
lack
)R
at S
nake
Sco
toph
is
obso
leta
(o
bsol
eta)
mos
tly re
side
s e
1/2
KS
; pre
fers
rock
y hi
llsid
es o
f ope
n w
oodl
ands
; in
w p
art o
f ran
ge, i
n w
oode
d ar
eas
of
stre
ams
or ri
vers
; act
ive
mos
tly d
ay in
spr
ing
& s
umm
er,
and
mor
e no
ctur
nal i
n su
mm
er w
hen
hot;
hom
e ra
nges
25
-30
ac; w
inte
rs in
bur
row
s in
hill
side
s; 6
-44
eggs
laid
in
moi
st s
oil o
r in
logs
/rock
s; fr
eq c
limbs
tree
s in
sea
ch
of fo
od; c
onst
ricto
r--e
ats
smal
l mam
mal
s, b
irds,
egg
s,
snak
es, f
rogs
, liz
ards
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
ear
ly D
ec
(pea
k la
te A
pr to
mid
-Jul
); eg
g-la
ying
Jun
or J
ul; h
atch
1-2
m
os
>22y
rs
Rin
gnec
k Sn
ake
(Pra
irie)
Dia
doph
is
punc
tatu
s (a
rnyi
)
rock
y hi
llsid
es o
f ope
n w
oodl
and,
mos
tly e
KS
; lay
be
neat
h su
n-w
arm
ed ro
cks
on m
oist
soi
l in
day
and
activ
e at
nig
ht; b
elow
grou
nd in
win
ter;
nest
s lik
ely
loca
ted
unde
rgro
und
(pro
babl
y de
ep);
egg
clut
ches
1-1
0 (a
v 4)
; fem
ales
mat
ure
at 3
sea
sons
; eat
s m
ostly
wor
ms
and
som
e fro
gs
activ
e ea
rly M
ar to
ear
ly N
ov
(pea
k m
id-A
pr to
mid
-Jul
), bu
t ra
rely
see
n Ju
l-Aug
; egg
-layi
ng
late
Jun
or e
arly
Jul
; hat
ch la
te
Aug
or e
arly
Sep
>15y
rs
App
endi
x C
., co
nt’d
.
