Acid/Bases Review

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYzH_NiIAaY&feature=related

Section 2.3 Carbon Compounds

The branch of science that studies compounds that contain carbon atoms is known a organic chemistry(Inorganic chemistry is the study of all of the other types of compounds)FYI- Biochemistry is the study of the molecules within living things!

The Chemistry of Carbon

Carbon is unique because it has 4 valence electrons which means it has 4 electrons that want to share 4 electrons from other atoms

Which type of bonds would these atoms form?•COVALENT BONDS – Share electrons!

Carbon’s BondsCarbon can bond with many elementsTo form the molecules of life, carbon can bond with

Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Nitrogen

Carbon can also bond to other carbons•Can form chains, rings•Single, double, and triple bonds

Macromolecules

Macromolecules “giant molecules” are large organic compounds made from thousands of smaller molecules

They are formed by the process of polymerization

• Monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers

Macromolecules

Macromolecules are classified into 4 main groups:

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Composed of Carbon

Hydrogen &

Oxygen atoms ( in a1:2:1 ratio)

Carbohydrates

FunctionUsed by living things as their main source of energy

• When the bonds are broken between the sugar molecules, energy is released & used for cell activities

• Extra sugars are stored as starches (long chains of sugars) Potatoes, carrots, corn

Some organisms use carbohydrates for structural purposes (i.e. plants, invertebrates)

Carbohydrates

Simple sugarsSingle sugar molecules (monosaccharides)

• Glucose

• Galactose (milk)

• Fructose (fruit)

2 simple sugars (disaccharides)• Sucrose (table sugar)

Made from glucose and fructose

Carbohydrates

Complex CarbohydratesPolysaccharides – formed by many monosaccharides

• Many animals store their extra sugar as glycogen• Stored in your muscles to supply them with energy to

function

2 simple sugars (disaccharides)• Sucrose (table sugar)

Made from glucose and fructose

Carbohydrates

Plants and PolysaccharidesPlants store their extra sugar as starches

They also make cellulose• These fibers are tough and flexible

They give plants their strength and rigidity

Lipids

Large molecules that are generally not soluble in water

Composed ofMostly carbon and hydrogen atoms

Fats, oils, waxes

Lipids

FunctionsUsed to store energy in the body

Parts of biological membranes

Waterproof coverings

Steroids (hormones)

Lipids

Made from a glycerol molecule combined with fatty acids

The fatty acids are chains of carbon joined to each other

• If all the carbons are joined together with a single bond – they are called “saturated”

They are saturated because they have the highest amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to their carbons

Saturated fats are unhealthy because their straight chains make it easier for them to layer up in arteries to form plaque

They tend to be solids at room temperature

Lipids

Made from a glycerol molecule combined with fatty acids

The fatty acids are chains of carbon joined to each other

• If at least 2 carbons are joined together with a double bond – they are called “unsaturated”

They are unsaturated because they do not have the most hydrogen atoms bonded to their carbons

Unsaturated fats are healthier fats because their “kinked” chains make it difficult for them to layer up in arteries to form plaque

They tend to be liquids at room temperature

Nucleic Acids

Consist ofHydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Contain a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Nucleic acids are polymers made from nucleotides (monomers) that are joined by covalent bonds

http://intranet.canacad.ac.jp:3445/BiologyIBHL1/1031

Nucleic Acids

FunctionStore and transmit hereditary (genetic) information of your cells

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid: sugar- deoxyribose)

• RNA (ribonucleic acid: sugar- ribose)

Proteins

Consist ofNitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygenPolymer made of amino acids (monomers)

• Amino acids- contain an amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl group (-COOH)

Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds (covalent bonds)

• Polypeptide- more than 2 amino acids bonded together

Proteins

FunctionsControl the rate of reactions

Regulate cell processes

Form cellular structures

Transport substance in or out of cells

Fight disease

Proteins

More than 20 amino acids are found in nature

All amino acids can join to other amino acids by bonding their amino group to their carboxyl group

The “R” groups differ

between amino acids

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/ProteinStructure.html

Protein Organization

Instructions for how amino acids are assembled are “coded” in each cell’s DNA

Proteins have 4 levels of structurePrimary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Proteins Structure

PrimaryThe sequence of a protein’s amino acids

http://biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/labManual/chapter_2.htm

Proteins Structure

SecondaryThe folding or coiling of a polypeptide chain

• Alpha helix (curly)

• Beta-pleated sheets (crimpy)

http://biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/labManual/chapter_2.htm

Proteins StructureTertiary

The 3D arrangement of the polypeptide chain

http://biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/labManual/chapter_2.htm

Proteins StructureQuaternary

Proteins with more than one chain

Describes how the chains are arranged relative to each other

http://biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/labManual/chapter_2.htm

Protein Structure

The shape of a protein is the result of…Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

van der Waals forces &

Hydrogen bonds

…between the amino acids that make up the polypeptide chains

**The specific structure of hemoglobin allows it to carry oxygen within red blood cells