acid-bases and combustion

7/27/2019 Acid-Bases and Combustion

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Acid-Bases and Combustion

Analysis

Group 3

Steven

Syahdiva Zaki Moesbar

Johannes SalikinZakharia Jaka


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I. Introduction

When an acid and a base are placed together, they react to neutralize the acid and base

properties, producing a salt. The H(+) cation of the acid combines with the OH(-) anion of thebase to form water. The compound formed by the cation of the base and the anion of the acid is

called a salt. The combination of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide produces commontable salt, NaCl

Combustion of any organic acid consist of C, H, and O will produce :

CxHyOz + O2 CO2 + H2O

II. Theory or Fundamental Principles

Gastritis

Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach. It can

occur suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic). It is caused by many factors such as :

1. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): A bacteria that lives in the mucous lining of the

stomach. Without treatment the infection can lead to ulcers, and in some people

would be stomach cancer

2. Pernicious anemia: A form of anemia that occurs when the stomach lacks a

naturally occurring substance needed to properly absorb and digest vitamin B12.3. Bile reflux: A backflow of bile into the stomach from the bile tract (that connects

to the liver and gallbladder).

4. Infections caused by bacteria and viruses.

Such disease could be detected by many symptom such as vomiting, nausea, abdominal

disease, headache and many more. There are also some methods on detecting gastritis in some

ways :

1. Upper endoscopy. An endoscope, a thin tube containing a tiny camera, is

inserted through your mouth and down into your stomach to look at the stomachlining. The doctor will check for inflammation and may perform a biopsy, a

procedure in which a tiny sample of tissue is removed and then sent to a

laboratory for analysis.

2. Blood tests. The doctor may perform various blood tests such as checking your

red blood cell count to determine whether you have anemia, which means that you
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/acid.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/base.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/acidbase.html#c2http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/acidbase.html#c2http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/salt.html#c1http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-peptic-ulcer-diseasehttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-anemia-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/upper-endoscopyhttp://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/upper-endoscopyhttp://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-anemia-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-peptic-ulcer-diseasehttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/salt.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/acidbase.html#c2http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/acidbase.html#c2http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/base.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/acid.html#c1


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do not have enough red blood cells. He or she can also screen for H. pylori

infection and pernicious anemia with blood tests.

3. Fecal occult blood test (stool test). This test checks for the presence of blood in

your stool, a possible sign of gastritis.

pH of Stomach

Your stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, but the pH of your stomach isn't necessarily the

same as the pH of the acid! The pH of your stomach varies, from 1-2 up to 4-5. When you eat,the stomach releases proteases and hydrochloric acid to aid in digestion. By itself, the aciddoesn't really do much for digestion, but the proteases that cleave proteins work best in an acidic

environment or low pH, so after a high-protein meal, your stomach pH may drop to as low as 1

or 2. However, buffers quickly raise the pH back to 3 or 4. After the meal has been digested,your stomach pH returns to a resting level of about 4 or 5. Your stomach secretes acid in

response to food, so first thing in the morning you can expect a slightly acidic stomach pH, but

not an acidic level representative of pure hydrochloric acid.

Antacid

Antacids are a type of medication that can control the acid levels in your stomach.

They are available over the counter from pharmacies and are commonly used to treat the

symptoms ofheartburn and indigestion. It works by neutralizing the acid in the stomach to aid

digestion. Some antacids also coat the surface of the oesophagus (gullet) with a protective

barrier against stomach acid or produce a gel on the stomachs surface which helps stop acid

leaking into the oesophagus.

There are some types of antacids that are sold commercially in drug store :

Al(OH)3 MgCO2 MgSiO3
http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-stool-testing-blood-fecal-occult-blood-testhttp://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Indigestion/Pages/Introduction.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Indigestion/Pages/Introduction.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspxhttp://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-stool-testing-blood-fecal-occult-blood-test


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Antacids react with hydrochloric acid inside the stomach. Below is the reaction between

the antacid compounds with the acid :

Compound Chemical

Formula

Chemical Reaction

Aluminumhydroxide

Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) -----> AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

Calcium carbonate CaCO3 CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) -----> CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) +CO2(g)

Magnesiumcarbonate

MgCO3 MgCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) -----> MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) +CO2(g)

Magnesium

hydroxide

Mg(OH)2 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) -----> MgCl2(aq) + 2

H2O(l)

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) -----> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) +

CO2(g)

Acid-Bases Reaction and Properties

Substances have long been classified as acids orbases according to some general

properties which are summarized below. Theirreactions with each other produce salts

Acid-bases reactions combine could neutralize either acid or bases. In case of strong acid,

it should be reacted with the strong bases and vice versa. So, the reaction called as a

neutralization reaction.

Acid Properties:

When dissolved in water, acids

1. Conduct electricity2. Change blue litmus to red3. Have a sour taste4. React with bases to neutralizetheir properties

5. React with active metals to

liberate hydrogen.

Base Properties:

When dissolved in water, bases

1. Conduct electricity2. Change red litmus to blue3. Have a slippery feeling4. React with acids to neutralizetheir properties.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/acid.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/base.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/acidbase.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/salt.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/salt.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/acidbase.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/base.html#c1http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/acid.html#c1


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Besides, acid is a compound that dissolve in water water to produce solutions containing

hydronium ions, H3O+

(aq), and bases dissolve in water to produce hydroxide ions, HO-

(aq). When an acidic solution and a basic solution are mixed, hydroxide ions react with

hydronium ions to produce water molecules:

H3O+

(aq) + HO-(aq)

2 H2O

or H+

(aq) + HO(aq) H2O

Abbreviating the hydronium ion as H+

(aq) makes it easier to count the water molecules

produced. Below are the reaction between Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide :

But, neutralization sometimes could left some residue which is known as salts. Ingeneral, the term salt refers to any ionic compound that could be produced by a neutralization

reaction. Salts contain metal cations, and anions that may be monatomic (like chloride) or

polyatomic anions derived from oxyacids. The formula of a salt can be predicted from theknown charges of the cation and anion as we have seen previously for binary ionic

compounds. Sodium sulfate, for example, has the formula Na2SO4. When a formula includes

more than one polyatomic ion, it is enclosed in parentheses with a subscript to indicate the

relative number of ions. Magnesium nitrate is Mg(NO3)2. There are two nitrate ions (charge 1-

each) for every Mg

2+

ion. When necessary, we include the charge on the cation as part of thename. Mercury(II) acetate is Hg(C2H3O2)2.

Some salts form crystalline solids which include some water molecules as part of the

structure. Such salts are called hydrates, and we include the water molecules in the formula

using a dot and a coefficient. For example, copper(II) sulfate forms blue crystals with five watermolecules per formula unit, so the formula is CuSO4

.5H2O. Hydrates can be dried by strong

heating, which drives the water molecules out of the crystal. Below is the example of equation :

HCl (g) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

NaOH (s)Na

+(aq) + OH

-

(aq)

H+

(aq) + Cl(aq) + Na+

(aq) + OH-

(aq)Na

+(aq) + Cl

-

(aq) + H2O

H+

(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O


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HBr + NaOH NaBr + H2O ( salt : NaBr)

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O ( salt : NaCl)

Strong Acid

Using the formula above, it is very easy to calculate the pH of a strong acid. Virtuallybecause 100% is ionized with the solution, each mole of the strong acids reacts with the solution.

For example 0.1 M of Hydrochloric Acid will be dissolved in water. HCl reacts with water togive 1 mole of hydrogen ions and 1 mole of chloride ions. Which means, if the concentration of

acid is 0.1 M then the concentration of hydrogen ions is also 0.1 M. Therefore,

log [0.1] = -1

pH HCl = -log [0.1]

-(-1) = 1Then, the pH of the acid is 1.

Examples of Strong Acids:

HCl - hydrochloric acid

HNO3 - nitric acid

H2SO4 - sulfuric acid

HBr - hydrobromic acid

HI - hydroiodic acid

HClO4 - perchloric acid

Weak Acid

A weak acid is an acid which doesn't ionize fully with the solution. For example ethanoicacid is an example of weak acid. It reacts with water to produce hydroxonium ions and ethanoate

ions, but the reverse reaction is more successful than the forward one.
http://chemistry.about.com/od/acidsbases/ig/Acids---Structures/Hydrochloric-Acid.-Qsg.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/acidsbases/ig/Acids---Structures/Nitric-Acid.-Qsf.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/acidsbases/ig/Acids---Structures/Sulfuric-Acid.-Qsk.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---H/Hydrobromic-Acid-Structure.-Uxv.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---H/Hydrogen-Iodide.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---P/Perchloric-Acid.-UqT.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---P/Perchloric-Acid.-UqT.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---H/Hydrogen-Iodide.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---H/Hydrobromic-Acid-Structure.-Uxv.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/acidsbases/ig/Acids---Structures/Sulfuric-Acid.-Qsk.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/acidsbases/ig/Acids---Structures/Nitric-Acid.-Qsf.htmhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/acidsbases/ig/Acids---Structures/Hydrochloric-Acid.-Qsg.htm


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At times, only 1% of the ethanoic acid molecules have converted into ions and the rest of

it will remain as ethanoic acid. To calculate the pH of a weak acids, is to calculate the

dissociation of an acid in the reaction and could be expressed as the equilibrium constant, Ka.For example,

The Ka of this reaction is as follows,

Here are the list of Ka of some basic acids. Note that the smaller the Ka, the weaker the acid.

And he higher the Ka the acid will be stronger.

acid Ka (mol dm- )hydrofluoric acid 5.6 x 10- methanoic acid 1.6 x 10- ethanoic acid 1.7 x 10- hydrogen sulphide 8.9 x 10-

After finding the Ka of the solution, we are ought to find the pKa of the solution. Andunlike Ka who has units (mol dm

-3), pKa doesn't. pKa bears exactly the same relationship to Ka

as pH with Hydrogen ion, it's formula is :

pKa = -log [Ka]

Acid Ka (mol dm- ) pKahydrofluoric acid 5.6 x 10- 3.3methanoic acid 1.6 x 10- 3.8ethanoic acid 1.7 x 10- 4.8hydrogen sulphide 8.9 x 10- 7.1

By calculating the pKa of the Ka given above, we can see the trends of the pKa. As the

pKa get lower, the acid will be stronger, and if the pKa gets higher, the acid will be weaker.

Below are some examples of weak acids :


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Organic Acid

Organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties and the most commonorganic acid is carboxylic acids which is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH. Sulfonic

acids containing the group SO2OH which is relatively a stronger acid. A few common examples

of organic acids are lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, and uric acid. Ingeneral, organic acids are weak acids and do not ionize completely in a solution unlike strongacids do. On the other hand, organic acids are very soluble in organic solvents. Here are the

molecular structure of organic acid :

Combustion Analysis

The combustion includes a sample of unknown substance which is burn in a large excess

of oxygen gas. The combustion products will be trapped separately from each other and the

weight of each combustion product will be determined. From this, you will be able to calculate

the empirical formula of the substance. This technique has been most often applied to organic

compounds.

Common Weak Acids

Acid Formula

Formic HCOOH

Acetic CH3COOH

Trichloroacetic CCl3COOH

Hydrofluoric HF

Hydrocyanic HCN

Hydrogensulfide

H2S


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Here are some points to make combustion analysis :

1) The elements making up the unknown substance almost always include carbon and hydrogen.Oxygen is often involved and nitrogen is involved sometimes. Other elements can be involved,

but problems with C and H tend to predominate followed by C, H and O and then by C, H, O andN.

2) We must know the mass of the unknown substance before burning it.

3) All the carbon in the sample winds up as CO2 and all the hydrogen in the sample winds up as

H2O.

4) If oxygen is part of the unknown compound, then its oxygen winds up incorporated into the

oxides. The mass of oxygen in the sample will almost always be determined by subtraction.

5) Often the N is determined via a second experiment and this introduces a bit of complexity tothe problem. Nitrogen dioxide is the usual product when nitrogen is involved. Sometimes thenitrogen product is N2, sometimes NH3.

This is the example of explaining the example of combustion analysis :

Dianabol is one of the anabolic steroids that has been used by some athletes to

increase the size and strength of their muscles. It is similar to the male hormone

testosterone. Some studies indicate that the desired effects of the drug are minimal, and

the side effects, which include sterility and increased risk of liver cancer and heart

disease, keep most people from using it. The molecular formula of Dianabol, which

consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, can be determined using the data from two

different experiments. In the first experiment, 14.765 g of Dianabol is burned, and

43.257 g CO2 and 12.395 g H2O are formed. In the second experiment, the molecular

mass of Dianabol is found to be 300.44. What is the molecular formula for Dianabol?

SOLUTION

( The solution would be on the next page)


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Oxalic Acid

Oxalic acid is an organic acid. Despite its toxic nature, oxalic acid enjoys a variety of

uses in industry, primarily as a purifying agent in the pharmaceutical industry, a precipitatingagent in rare-earth metal processing, a bleaching agent in various industries, a grinding agent and

a rust-removal chemical. It is found mostly in the rhubarbs area of the plants or in the dark greenleaves that is harmless.

Its structure formula is C2H2O4 and at the ends of the structure has a COOH bonds.

Because it has 2 carboxylic bonds, so it could be defined that the oxalic acid is one of the

strongest organic acid. Below is the diagram of C2H2O4 structure :


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Physically, Oxalic acid is a white and crystalline substance. For every molecule

of oxalic acid, two more molecules of water are present in the crystal lattice. Solid oxalic

acid melts at 101-102 degrees Celsius and boils at 149-160 degrees Celsius. It is 1.6 - 1.7

times as dense as water at room temperature and highly water-soluble; roughly 1 gram

can dissolve in 7 mL of water.

Although it is very pure and white physically, but chemically oxalic acid is highly known

as dangerous and strong acid. Oxalic acid in solution is highly corrosive. The oxalate ions, when

divested of their hydrogen ions, can act as what are called bidentate ligands, meaning they bindto a metal ion in two places, so they can form complexes with metal ions. Many of the salts they

form with metals are insoluble. Kidney stones, for example, are often composed of calcium

oxalate. Oxalic acid can react violently with strong oxidizing agents and silver compounds, so itshould not be used in conjunction with these chemicals.

III. Questions

1. If you are Sari and Dini, what information will you get about this matter?

They will find out that gastritis symptoms are causing nausea and abdominal pain for the

sufferer and antacid is one of the cure for gastritis usually packed in a tablet and sold

commercially in the drug store. The antacid cure gastritis by neutralizing the enzyme,Hydrochloric acid, inside the stomach which causing infection. Gastritis would be occurred

also from too much medication using pain killer. At this case, Sari, who had gotten motor

accident, using the pain killer three times a day to cure her pain ankle and cold be indicatedto trigger the gastritis disease.

2. Do you know about the pH condition of a stomach?

Normally, the pH condition of a stomach should be between 3-5 but some people says

around 2 too. It is affected by the amount of food go through the digestion system. Whenmore food store inside, the stomach will automatically set the best environment to help the

digestion system to its optimum work rate.

3. How antacids could help gastritis sufferer?


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As it has been stated above, the antacids will neutralize too acid environment inside the

stomach which is caused by Hydrochloric acid. So, the substance inside the antacids are

bases in many types such as Aluminium and Potassium which bond with Hydroxide. Beloware some reaction between the antacids and Hydrochloric acid :

Al(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) -----> AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) -----> MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

4. You read from the label on the bottle of mylanta, it contains Aluminum hydroxide 1000

mg and Magnesium hydroxide 1000 mg for each 5 ml solutions. Can you make a

prediction of what chemical reactions occur in Sari's stomach?

Reaction of Magnesium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid:Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + 2H2O

Reaction of Aluminum hydroxide with hydrochloric acid:Al(OH)2 + 2HCl -> AlCl2 + 2H2O

5. You have HCl and CH3COOH 0.05 M and 50 ml each mixed with KOH 0.1 M 20 ml.

Calculate the reaction and its pH.

HCl (aq) + KOH (aq) KCl (s) + H2O (l) (1)

CH3COOH (aq) + KOH (aq) KCH3COO (s) + H2O (l) (2)

For (1), it is a neutralizing reaction because HCl is a strong acid and KOH also a strong

bases. So, the pH of KCl should be around 7 ( neutral condition)

For (2), we will find out that Ka of KCH3COO is 1.8 x 10-5

and therefore lets count out

with limiting reaction

CH3COOH (aq) + KOH (aq) KCH3COO (s) + H2O (l)

2.5 mmol 2 mmol - -

2 mmol 2 mmol 2 mmol 2 mmol0.5 mmol - 2 mmol 2 mmol

Then by using the formula (CH3COOH is a base salt) we would find the pOH

OH- = Ka x CH3COOH/ CH3COOH

= 1.8 x 10-5

x 0.25

= 4.5 x 10-6

So pOH = 6log 4.5

And the pH would be 8 + log 4.5 or around 8.653


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6. How do you explain the differences between weak acids and strong acids?

And how to calculate it's pH?

Strong acid is an acid whose atoms ionized completely into the solution, while weak acid

doesn't ionize completely. The lower the pH of an acid will show that the acid is stronger and

the higher the pH it will become weaker and weaker.

To calculate the pH of a strong acid, we can use this formula:

And to calculate the pH of a weak acid, we could calculate the pKa of the acid by the acidconstant (Ka) which should be already known. We can find the pKa by using:

pKa = -log [Ka]

We can identify that the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid, and vice versa.

7. Do you think Sari could calculate the minimum of sodium carbonate she could spill toneutralize the sulfuric acid?

Sodium bicarbonate = NaHCO3Sulfuric acid = H2SO4 50ml 0.5M =0.025 mol

NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2OM 0,05 mol 0,025 mol

R 0,05 mol 0,025 mol 0,025 mol 0,05 mol 0,05 molS - - 0,025 mol 0,05 mol 0,05 mol

m NaHCO3 = 0,05 . (23+1+12+16.3) = 4,2 g

8. Determining the molecular formula


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Using mass ratio,Ar C = 12 ; O = 16 ; H = 1

CxHyOz + O2 CO2 + H2OM 1,35 g (Mr=90)

0,015 mol

R 0,015 mol 0,03 mol 0,015 molS - 1,32 g (0,03 mol) 0,27 g (0,015 mol)

ProductCO2

C=12/44 .1,32= 0.36 g

O=32/44 .1,32= 0,96 g

H2O

H=2/18 .0,27 = 0,03 g

O=16/18 . 0,27 = 0,24 g

CxHyOz = 1,35 g

0,36 g + 0,03 g + mO = 1,35 g

mO = 0,96 g

mole ratio

x= 0,36/12 = 0,03 mol 1y= 0,03/1 = 0,03 mol 1

z= 0,96/16 = 0,06 mol 2

CxHyOz

(CHO2)n=90 (12+1+32)n= 90

(45)n= 90n=2

organic acid formula is C2H2O4

Using mole ratio :

Ar C = 12 ; O = 16 ; H = 1aCxHyOz + bO2 cCO2 + dH2O

M 1,35 g (Mr=90)

0,015 mol

R 0,015 mol 0,03 mol 0,015 mol

1 2 1S - 1,32 g (0,03 mol) 0,27 g (0,015 mol)

CxHyOz + bO2 2CO2 + H2O

x=2

y=2z-2b=5


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C2H2Oz = 90

12.2+1.2+16.z = 90

24 + 2 + 16z = 9016z = 64

z = 4

the organic acid formula is C2H2O4

9. The structure of carboxylic group acid in molecule

Carboxyl group is symbolized by COOH, carboxyl group has both hydroxyl and carbonyl

group attached to one atom. Carboxyl groups frequently ionized, releasing Hydrogen atom

from the carboxyl groups as a free proton and the proton will switch back and forth on both

negatively charged oxygen atom.

10.Properties of oxalic acid and the reaction

Physically, Oxalic acid is a white and crystalline substance. For every molecule of oxalicacid, two more molecules of water are present in the crystal lattice. Solid oxalic acid melts at

101-102 degrees Celsius and boils at 149-160 degrees Celsius. It is 1.6 - 1.7 times as dense aswater at room temperature and highly water-soluble; roughly 1 gram can dissolve in 7 mL of

water.

C2O4H2 C2O4H

+ H+; pKa = 1.27

C2O4H C2O4

2+ H

+; pKa = 4.27


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References

Brown, Theodore. L, Chemistry the Central Science 12th edition, Pearson Prentice

Hall

http://www.wikihow.com/Treat-Gastritis

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http://www.wikihow.com/Treat-Gastritishttp://www.wikihow.com/Treat-Gastritishttp://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antacid-medicines/Pages/Definition.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antacid-medicines/Pages/Definition.aspxhttp://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem104/104Antacid.htm/http://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem104/104Antacid.htm/http://www.ehow.com/info_8195393_properties-oxalic-acid.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/info_8195393_properties-oxalic-acid.htmlhttp://chemicalsister.hubpages.com/hub/OxalicAcidhttp://chemicalsister.hubpages.com/hub/OxalicAcidhttp://chemicalsister.hubpages.com/hub/OxalicAcidhttp://www.ehow.com/info_8195393_properties-oxalic-acid.htmlhttp://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem104/104Antacid.htm/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antacid-medicines/Pages/Definition.aspxhttp://www.wikihow.com/Treat-Gastritis

acid-bases and combustion

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