ACHIEVING EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL

COOPERATION: INVESTING IN ENVIRONMENT FOR

DEVELOPMENT

The Case of SEA and the MDGs Experiences in Ghana

Winfred NelsonGhana National Development Planning Commission

EU Green WeekBrussels Belgium June 12-15 2007

Environment and Development NexusGhana’s economy is heavily dependent on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, tourism and forest sector etc.Local population depends directly on the immediate environment for their livelihoodGhana signatory to numerous environment conventionsCost of environmental degradation-renewable natural resources- 5.5% of GDP1000$ per capita income by 2015 Sustainable Process of Wealth Creation

Optimising the use of ENV. Resources in GROWTH and POVERTY REDUCTIONDealing efficiently with the effects of GROWTH on Environment

BOLE

WA

SENE

WEST GONJA

SISSALA

EAST GONJA

HO

YENDI

KINTAMPO

KRACHI

WENCHI

ATEBUBU

NANUMBA

ASSIN

AFRAM PLAINS

NKWANTA

WASSA-AMENFI

JUABESO-BIA ATWIMA

SEKYERE EAST

GUSHIEGU-KARAGA

WEST MAMPRUSI

GA

NADOWLI

BUILSA

DORMAA

NKORANZA

TANO

ASUNAFO

JAMAN

JASIKAN

HOHOE

ASUTUFI

WASSA WEST

EAST MAMPRUSI

KETU

SEFWI WIAWSO

SABOBA-CHEREPONI

AOWIN-SUAMAN

OFFINSO

BAWKU EAST

NZEMA EASTJOMORO

AKATSI

SEKYERE WEST

SUNYANI

EAST AKIM

ZABZUGU-TATALE

AMANSIE EAST

KADJEBI

KPANDOKWAHU SOUTH

TOLON-KUMBUNGU

KETA

NORTH TONGU

GOMOA

JIRAPA LAMBUSSIE

BOLGATANGA

TECHIMAN

ADANSI EAST

ASUOGYA

SAVELUGU-NANTON

DANGBE WEST

BEREKUM

FANTEAKWA

TEMA

BIRIM NORTH

MPOHOR WASSA

EAST

KASSENA NANKANI

AGONA

KWAEBIBREM

BIREM SOUTH

LAWRA

AMANSIE WEST

WEST AKIM

ASANTE AKIM NORTH

BAWKU WEST

BONGO

UPPER DENKYIRA

MANYA KROBO

ASANTE AKIM

SOUTH

ADANSI WEST

AHAFO ANO

SOUTH

EJURA-SEKYEDUMASI

EJISU-JUABEN

YILO KROBO

DANGBE EAST

AFIGYA SEKYERE

WEST DAGOMBA

AHANTA WEST

MFANTSIMAN

TWIFU HEMAN LOWER

DENKYIRA

AHAFO ANO

NORTHKWABRE

SUHUM KRABOA COALTAR

EWUTU AFUTU SENYA

SOUTH TONGU

AKWAPIM NORTH

BOSOMTWE KWANWOMA

ASIKUMA ODOBEN BRAKWA

BINHBIBIANI ANHWIASO

BEKWAI

AKWAPIM SOUTH

KUMASI METRO

AJUMAKO ENYAN ESSIEM

SHAMA AHANTA

EAST

NEW JUABEN

ACCRA METRO

KOMENDA EDINA EGUAFO

ABIREM

ABURA ASEIBU

KWAMANKESE

CAPE COAST

RECLASSIFIED ECOLOGICAL ZONESCOASTAL SAVANACOASTAL SAVANA/RAINFORESTCOASTAL SAVANNA/SEMI DECIDOUSGUINEA SAVANNAGUINEA SAVANNA/SUDAN SAVANNASEMI DECIDOUSSEMI DECIDOUS /RAINFORESTSEMI DECIDOUS/TRANSITIONALSUDAN SAVANNATRANSITIONALTRANSITIONAL/GUINEA

RECLASSIFIED ECOLOGICAL ZONES BY DISTRICT

LEGEND

25 0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers

N

N

25 0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers

LEGEND

POVERTY INCIDENCE BY DISTRICTS

BOLE

WA

SENE

WEST GONJA

SISSALA

EAST GONJA

HO

YENDI

KINTAMPO

KRACHI

WENCHI

ATEBUBU

NANUMBA

ASSIN

AFRAM PLAINS

NKWANTA

WASSA-AMENFI

JUABESO-BIA ATWIMA

SEKYERE EAST

GUSHIEGU-KARAGA

WEST MAMPRUSI

GA

NADOWLI

BUILSA

DORMAA

NKORANZA

TANO

ASUNAFO

JAMAN

JASIKAN

HOHOE

ASUTUFI

WASSA WEST

EAST MAMPRUSI

KETU

SEFWI WIAWSO

SABOBA-CHEREPONI

AOWIN-SUAMAN

OFFINSO

BAWKU EAST

NZEMA EASTJOMORO

AKATSI

SEKYERE WEST

SUNYANI

EAST AKIM

ZABZUGU-TATALE

AMANSIE EAST

KADJEBI

KPANDOKWAHU SOUTH

TOLON-KUMBUNGU

KETA

NORTH TONGU

GOMOA

JIRAPA LAMBUSSIE

BOLGATANGA

TECHIMAN

ADANSI EAST

ASUOGYA

SAVELUGU-NANTON

DANGBE WEST

BEREKUM

FANTEAKWA

TEMA

BIRIM NORTH

MPOHOR WASSA

EAST

KASSENA NANKANI

AGONA

KWAEBIBREM

BIREM SOUTH

LAWRA

AMANSIE WEST

WEST AKIM

ASANTE AKIM NORTH

BAWKU WEST

BONGO

UPPER DENKYIRA

MANYA KROBO

ASANTE AKIM

SOUTH

ADANSI WEST

AHAFO ANO

SOUTH

EJURA-SEKYEDUMASI

EJISU-JUABEN

YILO KROBO

DANGBE EAST

AFIGYA SEKYERE

WEST DAGOMBA

AHANTA WEST

MFANTSIMAN

TWIFU HEMAN LOWER

DENKYIRA

AHAFO ANO

NORTHKWABRE

SUHUM KRABOA COALTAR

EWUTU AFUTU SENYA

SOUTH TONGU

AKWAPIM NORTH

BOSOMTWE KWANWOMA

ASIKUMA ODOBEN BRAKWA

BINHBIBIANI ANHWIASO

BEKWAI

AKWAPIM SOUTH

KUMASI METRO

AJUMAKO ENYAN ESSIEM

SHAMA AHANTA

EAST

NEW JUABEN

ACCRA METRO

KOMENDA EDINA EGUAFO

ABIREM

ABURA ASEIBU

KWAMANKESE

CAPE COASTPOVERTY INCIDENCE BY DISTRICTS

8 - 2526 - 4041 - 5556 - 7071 - 8586 - 100

Outline of Presentation

Environment-Development NexusExperiences of Environment Mainstreaming

Strategic Environment Assessment processesMillennium Development Goals

Observations of the processesSome recommendationsSummary and Conclusion

Environment Mainstreaming ProcessesNot just adding on environment themes in national policy frameworkAssessing the implications of the environment on any planned action legislation, policies. programmes etcA comprehensive integration and interweaving of environment and socio-economic issuesDealing with trade-offs in the complete planning cycle

Mainstream into what?Whole process of decision making and implementation includes(National Development Policy Frameworks-Ghana/Growth & Poverty Reduction ) Planning & BudgetingMonitoring and EvaluationAt National, Sector and District levels

Why SEA?Examination of the GPRS I (inter and intra conflicts and synergies) indicated environment and sustainable consequences of the policy interventions were not critically assessed.Purpose of SEA

Assess the environmental issues, risks and opportunities presented by the implementation of the policies of government and other stakeholders at national regional and local levelsMainstream environment within the five thematic areas of policy identified in the 2003 edition of the GPRS.Identify appropriate mechanisms to ensure that sound environmental management contributes to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction in GhanaCreating institutional systems that allow broad participation in decision making processes.

What did SEA do? Incorporation of SEA principles within guidelines for sectoral and district development plans

Advisory Notes on relevant SEA findings

Development of individual products such as handbooks, training manuals, guidelines and reports, checklists etc.

Broad awareness raising Civil society, NGOsParliamentary representativesMinisters

Trained wide range of stakeholders -MDA level 27, District Assemblies 108 out of 110

SEA: Key Recommendations-updating the GPRS II

MACRO GOV HD VULN P & G

Accounting for NR depletion

Allocation of Budgetary Resources for Environment

Institutionalising the Mainstreaming of SD Principles by adopting SEA

Promote compliance and Enforcement

Protect All Basic Rights

Education in Environment at all levels for attitudinal change

Increase Access to safe water and sanitation for improved health outcomes

Sustainable management of WR –

Recognising and dealing with the effects of Climate Variability and change

Early Warning Systems for Disasters and Extreme Events

Restoration of degraded NR

Sustainable Management of NR

Sustainable Consumption –Waste, Energy, Chemicals

Other issues –Tourism, Renewable Energy, Mining

Some Key Lessons and ChallengesNew Concept-acceptability not easyLocal expertise and donor collaboration

o Low and lack of effectiveness of participation of NGOs, CSOs private sectorImplementation of some of the recommendations not easy e.g. green accountingMonitoring PlanPoor reflection of SEA in 2006-2009 District Medium Term Development Plan

Some Key Lessons and Challenges Cont’d

Remarkable improvements of mainstreaming environment largely due to SEA process

o Broad awareness raising of environmental and social issues (all ministries; all districts)

o Gradually policy makers are beginning to have a deep appreciation to consider environment as a priority for poverty reduction

o Selection and in-depth analysis of selective sectoral and districts SEA e.g water, Drylands,Transport, Energy, Tourism

B. Mainstreaming and MDGsHistorically MDGs are not new. Pursued in diverse ways over the last few decadesThe MDGs establish broad development agenda but they do not in themselves offer plans of action for a particular country to achieve the goals.Ensuring that national plans, programmes and policy frameworks are in harmony with each other and consistent with the MDGs. E.g. Integration of the MDGs into the GPRS II (2006-2009)-Sustainable Natural Resources MDGs are synergistic and mutually reinforcing

The Annual Progress Reports give status information on the achievement of the MDGs.

MDG7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability

MDG 1: Eradicate extreme Poverty and Hunger

MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Poor women exposed to indoor air pollution, burden of collecting fuel wood and water, and unequal access to land and natural resources

MDG 4: Reduce Child MortalityEnvironmentally related diseases- indoor and local air pollution, unsafe water, poor sanitation

MDG 5: Improve Maternal HealthPhysical stresses associated with the gathering of environmental resources such as firewood, good drinking water poses greater risk during pregnancy Food availability, water quality, poor sanitation etc caused by environmental degradation tend to affect maternal health.

MDGS INTERRELATIONSHIPS

Continuous Degradation of natural resources such as food, medicinal plants, fuel wood etc. and land degradation might lead to poverty

MDG2: Achieve Universal Basic EducationAvailability of water and energy sources. Particularly girls spend more hours gatherring water and firewood

Burden of environmental health threats

MDG 8:Global Partnership For Growth and Dev’tIssues of unfair ToT, burden of debt, and overexploitation of environmental asset minimised thro’ mutual collaboration

MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases

Environmental degradation might lead to poor local economic Mishaps, rural-urban migration and overcrowding. These may lead to HIV/AIDS etc.

Increase in temp associated with climate change,poor sanitation conducive for vector multiplication

STATUS OF MDGs IN GHANAGOAL/ TARGET INDICATORS 2003 2005 2006

GOAL1:TARGET 1- HALVE THE PROP. OF PPLE BELOW POVERTY LINE BY 2015

PROPORTION BELOW POVERTY LINE 1992---36.5%

1998--27%

- 18% -

TARGET 2- HALVE THE PROP OF PPLE WHO SUFFER FROM HUNGER

UNDER 5 CHILDREN WHO ARE MALNOURISHED

30% 18%

GOAL 2:TARGET 3- ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION BY 2015

NET PRIMARY ENROLMENT RATIO 55.9%

59.1%

68.8%

RATIO OF FEMALES TO MALES IN PRIMARY

.77% .95% .95%

JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL .88% .88% .88%

% OF FEMALE ENROLMENT IN SSS

- 43.5%

49.5%

RATIO OF FEMALE TO MALE IN SENIOR SEC. SCH.

- - -

GOAL 4:TARGET 6- REDUCE UNDER 5 MORTALITY BY 2/3 BY 2015

UNDER 5 MORTALITY RATE 111 - -

TARGET 5: ACHIEVE EQUAL ACCESS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS TO SENIOR SEC. BY 2009

GOAL 3:TARGET 4: ELIMINATE GENDER DISPARITY IN PRIMARY/JUNIOR SEC. EDU. BY 2009

STATUS OF MDGs IN GHANAGOAL/ TARGET INDICATORS 2003 2005 2006

GOAL 5: TARGET 7- REDUCE MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO BY ¾ BY 2015

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO 2.05 1.97 1.87

GOAL 6:TARGET 8- HALT AND REVERSE THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS BY 2015

HIV PREVALENCE RATE AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN 3.6% 2.7% 3.2%

TARGET 9- HALT AND REVERSE THE INCIDENCE OF MALARIA

UNDER 5 MALARIA CASE FATALITY 2.8% 2.4% 2.1%

GOAL 7:TARGET 10- INTEGRATE THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEV’T INTO COUNTRY POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES AND REVERSE THE LOSS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES.

ANNUAL RATE OF DEFORESTATION 50,000

- -

PROPORTION OF POPULATION WITH ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER:

URBAN - 55% 56%

RURAL 46.4%

52% 53.2%

GOAL 8:TARGET 12- DEAL COMPREHENSIVELY WITH DEBT AND MAKE DEBT SUSTAINABLE IN THE LONG TERM

EXTERNAL DEBT SERVICE AS A PERCENTAGE OF EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES

5.2% 5.8% 3.2%

TARGET 11- HALF THE PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO SAFE WATER

ESTIMATED RESOURCES REQUIRED (2005-2015)

ITEM TOTAL ($m) AV. PER YR ($m)

Poverty and Hunger 3,743 374

Education 4,695 470

Gender Equality 565 57

Health 4,981 498

Environment 4,268 427

Water and Sanitation 1,963 196

Slum Upgrading 650 65

TOTAL 20,865 2,100

FINANCING GAPSome Assumptions:

that most of the resources needed will be for investment in schools, irrigation hospitals etc60% of our investment budget obtained from donor sources

We will need about $1.3 billion annually from ODA and other sources (locally and abroad)

Implication:Financing gap of $13 billion over the 10 year period (2005-2015)

Will the MDGs be one of the Global initiatives, normally ascribed to and yet benefit

little in the long run?

Key Observations Tendency that attention will be skewed towards the end (what should be achieved) rather than the means or the process (how to achieve).Attaining the goals is not the ultimate, the challenge is achieving them in a sustainable mannerInsufficient attention to the practical realities on the ground (local level)-The challenge is one of operationalising the MDGs at the Local levelEnvironment Triggers and Targets under the Multi-Donor Budget Support SystemBudget Ceilings set by Cabinet

Some Efforts- MDGs LocalisationSelection of Pilot districts Sensitisation Workshops-Media MDG Working Groups-Promoting Dialogue between District Assembles and otherStakeholdersAdoption of Adinkra symbols for each of the goals-advocqcy toolsSupport by Ministers of Local Government, Rural Devt and Environment, District ChiefExecutives

Budget and EnvironmentYear % Contribution by Donors % Contribution by GOG

2003 72.88 27.12 2004 58.10 41.90 2005 82 17.96 2006 81 19.43 2007 82 18.09

Total/Ave 75 25 Source: Ghana National Budget Statements Various years

Declining GOG funding to the environment sector in recent years

(from 10.4% in 2003 to 8.5% in 2006) Whiles the social sector has enjoyed comparative higher funding from 39% to 45% within the same period.

Recommendations Encourage the greening of Sector and district budgets to facilitate the greening of the National budgetIntensify capacity building and awareness creation and appreciation-Policy Makers Strengthen government and external partners collaboration-Capacity RetentionEstablish and Strengthen statutory environmental committees at decentralised levels

Summary & ConclusionsThough there may be several challenges, the structures for facilitating environment mainstreaming exist

Not automatic that environment issues in policy framework will trickle down

Effective mainstreaming of Environment issues calls for Financial CommitmentSkilled ManpowerPolitical and Local Commitment

Processes need to be normalized and strengthened at all phases of planning particularly budgeting