academy plus; acid/bases study notes

8/8/2019 Academy Plus; Acid/Bases study notes

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The concentration formula;

"#$%!$%!&%!$'()*+&,+!&%!+#-!.)*'/0&!+#&+!#&1!')0!&,1!')0&*!'&%%!$,20/1-13!"#$%!

+$'-!$+!$%!4/%+5!

!

!"#"$%!

!

,6!')0!

76!')0&*!8')09:;!

$,+)!@&+-*3!"#$%!$%!=-*?!%$'(0-3!C00!?)/!#&=-!+)!1)!$%!@)*A!)/+!@#$2#!')0-2/0-!$%!

&2$1!D!&,1!+#-,!A,)@!+#&+!&,!&2$1!')0-2/0-!@$00!1),&+-!$+%!#?1*)E-,!$),!+)!@&+-*3!!

!

F70!8&G;!H!FIJ!!!KK!

!

L)@!?)/!&2$1!')0-2/0-!$%!F70!&,1!+#-*-.)*-!+#-!FH!$),!.*)'!+#-!F70!')0-2/0-!$%!

1),&+-1!+)!@&+-*3!"#-!@&+-*!@$00!B-2)'-!FMJH!8+#-!@&+-*!@$00!$,2*-&%-!B?!),-!F!

')0-2/0-!&,1!+#-!2#&*E-!),!+#-!@&+-*!@$00!&0%)!$,2*-&%-!B?!N!+#-*-.)*-!$+!@$00!,)+!

B-!O,-/+*&0P!2#&*E-!&,?')*-;3!!

FMJH!$%!&!#?1*),$/'!$),!$+!$%!+#-!%&'-!&%!FH!%$,2-!@&+-*!$%!,-/+*&03!"#$%!$),!$%!

).+-,!/%-1!+)!2&02/0&+-!+#-!(F!).!+#-!%)0/+$),3!"#-!70Q!$%!)B+&$,-1!.*)'!+#-!F70!&,1!$%!+#-!*-'&$,$,E!(*)1/2+!&.+-*!#?1*)E-,!#&%!B--,!*-')=-13!!

!

F70!8&G;!H!FIJ80;!!!FMJH8&G;!H!70Q!8&G;!

!

&'()"'(**+!,"-'+!")'+"./"01!0+!)2()31!"45./67"81+,"9*:"

"#-!')*-!#?1*),$/'!$),!2),2-,+*&+$),!E)-%!/(!+#-!0)@-*!+#-!(F!E-+%3!(F!$%!&!

*-&1$,E!).!#)@!%+*),E9@-&A!+#-!&2$1!)*!B&%-!$%3!R+!$%!B&%-1!),!&!%2&0-!B-+@--,!NQ

NS!+*&1$+$),&00?T!#)@-=-*!$+!2&,!')=-!$,+)!,-E&+$=-!(F!&,1!)=-*!NS!+))3!"#-!

.)*'/0&!.)*!(F!$%5!!

(F!6!Q0)ENUVFHW!

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;1"-'+!


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Difference between acids;

"#-*-!$%!&!1$..-*-,2-!B-+@--,!&2$1%3!"#$%!1$..-*-,2-!0$-%!$,!#)@!'&,?!F>XYJZ[L!

$),%!+#-!&2$1!2),+&$,%3!!!

\#-,!&,!&2$1!#&%!),0?!),-!#?1*)E-,!$),!$+!$%!A,)@,!&%!'),)(*)+$23!

\#-,!&,!&2$1!#&%!+@)!#?1*)E-,!$),!$%!A,)@,!&%!1$(*)+$23!

\#-,!&,!&2$1!#&%!+#*--!#?1*)E-,!$),!$%!A,)@,!&%!+*$(*)+$23!

!

Z[L[YC::>!+#-!')*-!#?1*)E-,!$),%!?)/!#&=-!D!+#-!]"YJLZ[Y!!+#-!&2$1!

B-2)'-%3!"#$%!$%!B-2&/%-!+#-!2),2-,+*&+$),!).!#?1*),$/'!$),%!E)-%!/(!&,1!?)/!

%/11-,0?!#&=-!&!E*-&+-*!2),2-,+*&+$),!).!+#-'!&=&$0&B0-3!Y-'-'B-*!+#&+!+#$%!$%!

4/%+!&!E-,-*&0!*/0-!D!%$,2-!+#-*-!&*-!2&%-%!@#-*-!&2$1%!&*-!*-0/2+&,+!+)!E$=-!&@&?!$+%!#?1*)E-,!$),%!$,!+#-!.$*%+!(0&2-3!!

!

^)*!-_&'(0-!$.!@-!0))A!&+!FM`JS!T!@-!A,)@!+#&+!$+!#&=-!+#*--!#?1*)E-,!$),%!+#&+!

$+!2&,!()+-,+$&00?!E$=-!&@&?3!]$,2-!$+!#&=-!M!#?1*)E-,!$),%!@-!@)/01!+#$,A!+#&+!$+!

@)/01!B-!),-!).!+#-!%+*),E-%+!&2$1%3!F)@-=-*!$+!$%,P+a!"#$%!$%!B-2&/%-!+#-!M!

#?1*)E-,%!&*-!,)+!1),&+-1!&%!-&%$0?3!!

!

"#$,A!).!+@)!(-)(0-!(-*%),!C!&,1!(-*%),!b3!`-*%),!C!#&=-!0$++0-!'),-?!B/+!E$=-%!

&@&?!&!0)+!8cUd;!+)!2#&*$+?3!`-*%),!b!E$=-%!ecU!&!?-&*333!-=-,!+#)/E#!(-*%),!b!

#&%!M!+$'-%!')*-!'),-?!+#&,!(-*%),!C3!\#)!@$00!2),+*$B/+-!')*-K!`-*%),!C!3333!

-=-,!+#)/E#!#-9%#-!#&%!0-%%!'),-?!+#-?!O1),&+-P!+)!&!E*-&+-*!-_+-,+a!

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How does a diprotic acid behave in water?

C!1$(*)+$2!&2$1!@$00!#&=-!+@)!')0-2/0-%!&,1!+#-*-.)*-!@$00!B-!2&(&B0-!).!1),&+$,E!

+@)!FH!')0-2/0-%3!:-+P%!#&=-!&!0))A!&+!%/0(#/*$2!&2$1!&,1!#)@!$+!B-#&=-%5!

!

N;!"#-!.$*%+!#?1*)E-,!$),!$%!1),&+-1!+)!+#-!@&+-*3!\-!,--1!+)!%#)@!+#$%!$,!I!

%+-(%!%$,2-!@-!#&=-!+@)!#?1*)E-,!$),%!+#&+!2&,!B-!1),&+-13!!

FI]JS!8&G;!!H!!FIJ!80;!!!FMJH!8&G;!H!F]JSQ!8&G;!

!

`0-&%-!,)+-!+#&+!$,$+$&00?!+#-!*-&2+$),!$%!!%+*),E!%$,2-!+#-!()+-,+$&0!).!

%/0(#/*$2!&2$1!1),&+$,E!&,!#?1*)E-,!$),!$%!+#-!ZY[C"[]"!+#-*-.)*-!+#-!*-&2+$),!

@$00!E)!&B)/+!ffd!.)*@&*1a!"#$%!(*)1/2-1!&!'&%%$=-!1*)(!$,!(F3!

!

I;!"#-!%-2),1!*-&2+$),!$%!,)+!O&%!2)'(0-+-P!&%!+#-!.$*%+3!]$,2-!,)@!?)/!&*-!

@)*A$,E!@$+#!F]JSQ!

@#$2#!$%!%+$00!&,!&2$1$2!')0-2/0-!#)@-=-*!+#-!()+-,+$&0!).!1),&+$,E!#?1*)E-,!$),!$%!0-%%3!"#$%!@$00!'-&,!+#&+!+#-!1*)(!).!(F!$,!+#-!I,1!


3/5

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-G/&+$),!$%!,)+!&%!%$E,$.$2&,+!&%!+#-!.$*%+!),-!@&%3!!

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F]JSQ!8&G;!!H!FIJ!80;!"!]JSIQ!8&G;!H!FMJH8&G;!

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"#-!B&2A9.)*+#!&**)@!$%!(0&2-1!+#-*-!),!(/*()%-!+)!%#)@!+#&+!+#-!I,1

!*-&2+$),!$%!,)!0),E-*!&%!()@-*./0!&%!+#-!.$*%+!),-!@&%3!>)/!%#)/01!&0%)!@*$+-!$+!)/+!+#-!%&'-!

@&?!$,!+#-!-_&'a!!

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A point or two on conjugate acids/bases;

")!/,1-*%+&,1!+#$%T!@-!,--1!+)!*-.-*!B&2A!+)!)/*!-_&'(0-!).!#?1*)2#0)*$2!&2$1!$,!

@&+-*5!

!

F70!8&G;!H!FIJ80;!!!FMJH8&G;!H!70Q!8&G;!

!Y-'-'B-*!@#&+!#&((-,-1K!"#-!#?1*)2#0)*$2!&2$1!1),&+-1!$+%!%(&*-!#?1*)E-,!+)!

@&+-*3!JA!@#&+!@&%,P+!'-,+$),-1!B-.)*-!$%!+#&+!&2$1!&,1!B&%-%!&*-!,)+!2)'(0-+-!

*-&2+$),%3!!

"#&+!'-&,%!+#&+!+#-*-!&*-!+@)!&**)@%!&!B&2A!&,1!.)*@&*1!),-333!

!

;1"'1-"01=+"-+",++"1!>?"1!+"(221-:"

Z))1!G/-%+$),3!"#-!*-&%),!.)*!),0?!),-!&**)@!$%!+#&+!!F70!1),&+-%!$+%!#?1*)E-,!

$),%!+)!&!E*-&+!-_+-,+3!F?1*)2#0)*$2!&2$1!@$00!*-&2+!%)!+#&+!&0')%+!ffd!).!$+!$%!

2),=-*+-1!$,+)!FMJH!&,1!!70Q3!!"#-!)+#-*!Nd!@$00!B-!&!bC7g!*-&2+$),!).!FMJH8&G;!&,1!70Q!8&G;3!

!

&'()"3,"31!3@()31!:"

$),$h&+$),!*-.-*%!+)!#)@!'&,?!RJL!')0-2/0-%!+#-!&2$1!(*)1/2-%3!"#-!')*-!$),%!$+!

(*)1/2-%!+#-!]"YJLZ[Y!$+!$%!D!%$,2-!$),$h&+$),!2&,!),0?!)22/*!@#-,!?)/!1),&+-!

&!#?1*)E-,!$),3!R),$h&+$),!&00)@%!+#-!&2$1$2!%)0/+$),!+)!2),1/2+!-0-2+*$2$+?a!]$,2-!

+)!2),1/2+!-0-2+*$2$+?!?)/!,--1!iJB""31!"'(C+"1!")'+",?,)+=:"

"#-!70Q!$%!*-.-**-1!+)!&%!+#-!2),4/E&+-!B&%-!).!F703!"#$%!$%!B-2&/%-!@#-,!+#-!

*-&2+$),!1)-%!E)!B&2A@&*1%!8$,!+#-!)11!Nd!).!+$'-;!+#-!70Q!$%!&2+/&00?!&2+$,E!&%!&!

B&%-!+)!*-.)*'!F703!R+!+&A-%!+#-!#?1*)E-,!$),!.*)'!+#-!FMJH!&,1!+#-!*-&2+$),!$%!

*-=-*%-13!!

F)@-=-*!%$,2-!F70!$%!&!=-*?!%+*),E!&2$1!')%+!$+!O*-2*-&+-1P!@$00!*-&2+!&E&$,3!"#$%!

1?,&'$2!@$00!2),+$,/-!+)!*-)22/*3!!

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4/5


5/5

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D03E"(!E"L+)(>

academy plus; acid/bases study notes

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