Abu Bakr (r)Abu Bakr (r)From Hijrah to Early KhilaafahFrom Hijrah to Early Khilaafah

A.S. Hashim, MDA.S. Hashim, MD

From wikipedia.comFrom wikipedia.com

Sources of ReferenceSources of Reference

Tabaqat ibn Sa'd Tarikh ar-Rusul wa al-MulukEncyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Leidenal-Bidayah wa'an-Nihayah Life of Muhammad Sahih al-Bukhari, Tabari:The Encyclopaedia of Islam."The Life of Muhammad - A translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah" by A. Guillaume, Oxford University Press, Qutayba al Dinawari. Al Imamah Wa'l Siyasa.

In this Slide ShowIn this Slide Show

Al-Masjid Al-NabawiAl-Masjid Al-Nabawi

The brotherhood in FaithThe brotherhood in Faith

At Badr, Ohod, and the Ditch EncountersAt Badr, Ohod, and the Ditch Encounters

At Hudaibiya, Khaybar, and the conquest of MeccaAt Hudaibiya, Khaybar, and the conquest of Mecca

With the Prophet's death and the aftermathWith the Prophet's death and the aftermath

Ali and the oath of allegiance, and Fatima’s Ali and the oath of allegiance, and Fatima’s objectionsobjections

The wars of Ridda (apostasy)The wars of Ridda (apostasy)

The collection of the QuranThe collection of the Quran

Al-Masjid al-NabawiAl-Masjid al-Nabawi

In Medina, Muhammad decided to In Medina, Muhammad decided to construct a mosque immediately. construct a mosque immediately. A piece of land was chosen and the price A piece of land was chosen and the price of the land was paid for by Abu Bakr. of the land was paid for by Abu Bakr. Muslims constructed the mosque Muslims constructed the mosque collectivelycollectivelyThe Prophet himself participated in the The Prophet himself participated in the constructionconstructionAbu Bakr also took part in the construction. Abu Bakr also took part in the construction.

The Original MosqueThe Original Mosque

The original mosque was an open-air building with a raised platform The original mosque was an open-air building with a raised platform for the reading of the Quran. for the reading of the Quran. It was a rectangular enclosure of 98 × 115 ft, It was a rectangular enclosure of 98 × 115 ft, It was built with palm trunks and mud walls, and accessed through It was built with palm trunks and mud walls, and accessed through three doors: three doors:

Bab Rahmah (Door of Mercy) to the south, Bab Rahmah (Door of Mercy) to the south, Bab Jibril (Door of Gabriel) to the west and Bab Jibril (Door of Gabriel) to the west and Bab al-Nisa' (Door of the Women) to the east. Bab al-Nisa' (Door of the Women) to the east.

Inside, Muhammad created a shaded area to the south called the Inside, Muhammad created a shaded area to the south called the suffah suffah

and aligned the prayer space facing north towards Jerusalem.and aligned the prayer space facing north towards Jerusalem.When the Qibla was changed, the direction was changed to face the When the Qibla was changed, the direction was changed to face the Ka'ba in Mecca,Ka'ba in Mecca,

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Replica of al-Masjid al-NabawiReplica of al-Masjid al-Nabawi

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Nowadays: al-Masjid al-NabawiNowadays: al-Masjid al-Nabawi

Brotherhood in FaithBrotherhood in Faith

Abu Bakr was paired with Khaarijah ibn Zaid Abu Bakr was paired with Khaarijah ibn Zaid Ansaari as a brother in faith. Ansaari as a brother in faith.

Abu Bakr's relationship with his brother-in-Islam Abu Bakr's relationship with his brother-in-Islam was most cordial, was most cordial,

The relationship was further strengthened when The relationship was further strengthened when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah.Khaarijah.

A child was born after Abu Bakr had died, by the A child was born after Abu Bakr had died, by the name of Umm Kulthoomname of Umm Kulthoom

Khaarijah and Abu BakrKhaarijah and Abu Bakr

Khaarijah was living at al-Sunh, a suburb of Medina, Khaarijah was living at al-Sunh, a suburb of Medina, and Abu Bakr also settled there.and Abu Bakr also settled there.After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina he bought After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina he bought another house near the house of Muhammad another house near the house of Muhammad (pbuh).(pbuh).The climate of Medina was damp The climate of Medina was damp

It adversely affected the health of the immigrants, It adversely affected the health of the immigrants, so on their arrival most of them fell sick. so on their arrival most of them fell sick.

Abu Bakr also suffered from fever tooAbu Bakr also suffered from fever tooand during his sickness he was attended to by Khaarijah and during his sickness he was attended to by Khaarijah and his family. and his family.

Abu Bakr’s BusinessAbu Bakr’s Business

At Mecca, Abu Bakr was a trader in cloth At Mecca, Abu Bakr was a trader in cloth In Medina, he started the same business. In Medina, he started the same business. He was a wholesaler, and had his store at al-Sunh, He was a wholesaler, and had his store at al-Sunh, From From al-Sunhal-Sunh cloth was supplied to the market at Medina. cloth was supplied to the market at Medina.Soon his business flourished and became prosperous. Soon his business flourished and became prosperous. Abu Bakr's daughter A’isha, who was already engaged to Abu Bakr's daughter A’isha, who was already engaged to Muhammad,Muhammad,

She was handed over to Muhammad in a simple marriage She was handed over to Muhammad in a simple marriage ceremony, ceremony, and this further strengthened the relation between Abu Bakr and and this further strengthened the relation between Abu Bakr and Muhammad.Muhammad.

At Badr and Ohod EncountersAt Badr and Ohod Encounters

Abu Bakr was involved in the first battle against Quraish at Abu Bakr was involved in the first battle against Quraish at the Battle of Badr, the Battle of Badr, Abu Bakr did not participate in the fight, instead he was one Abu Bakr did not participate in the fight, instead he was one of the guards of Muhammad's tent. of the guards of Muhammad's tent. He also participated in the Battle of Ohod which ended in a He also participated in the Battle of Ohod which ended in a rout by the majority of the Muslims. rout by the majority of the Muslims. Before the battle begun, Abu Bakr's son ‘Abdul Rahman was Before the battle begun, Abu Bakr's son ‘Abdul Rahman was still non-Muslim.still non-Muslim.

He fought on the side of the Quraish in Badr, and now in He fought on the side of the Quraish in Badr, and now in OhodOhodHe came forward and threw down a challenge for a duel. He came forward and threw down a challenge for a duel.

The 54 yrs old Abu Bakr accepted the challenge but was The 54 yrs old Abu Bakr accepted the challenge but was stopped by Muhammad. stopped by Muhammad.

At Ohod EncounterAt Ohod Encounter

In the second phase of Ohod, Khalid ibn al-Walid’s In the second phase of Ohod, Khalid ibn al-Walid’s cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Muslim victory to defeat. Muslim victory to defeat. Many Muslim warriors were routed from the battle field Many Muslim warriors were routed from the battle field

but in Sunni accounts Abu Bakr remained, guarding but in Sunni accounts Abu Bakr remained, guarding Muhammad from the attacks of the Quraish soldiers, Muhammad from the attacks of the Quraish soldiers, while Shi'a and many Sunni accounts dispute this. while Shi'a and many Sunni accounts dispute this. Shi'a criticize Abu Bakr’s lack-luster military Shi'a criticize Abu Bakr’s lack-luster military achievements in comparison with the genuinely achievements in comparison with the genuinely accomplished Ali.accomplished Ali.They say it was Ali and a few others including Abu They say it was Ali and a few others including Abu Dujana who surrounded the Prophet and defeated the Dujana who surrounded the Prophet and defeated the attackers.attackers.Abu Bakr was 54 yrs old at the time of this battle, Abu Bakr was 54 yrs old at the time of this battle,

The Trench and KhaybarThe Trench and Khaybar

Abu Bakr was present in: Abu Bakr was present in: the Battle of the Trench the Battle of the Trench and also in the struggle against Banu Quraidha. and also in the struggle against Banu Quraidha. He participated in Treaty of Hudaibiya and was made one of the He participated in Treaty of Hudaibiya and was made one of the witnesses over the pact.witnesses over the pact.

Abu Bakr was a part of the Muslim campaign to Khaybar. Abu Bakr was a part of the Muslim campaign to Khaybar. He was given the leadership to conquer the Fort, but he failed to He was given the leadership to conquer the Fort, but he failed to do sodo soNext day Omar was given the same opportunity but he also failedNext day Omar was given the same opportunity but he also failedNext day Ali was given the same opportunity and he succeeded Next day Ali was given the same opportunity and he succeeded in a magnificent way, soundly defeating the resistance.in a magnificent way, soundly defeating the resistance.The rest of the 8 forts were soon captured under Ali’s leadershipThe rest of the 8 forts were soon captured under Ali’s leadership

At the Conquest of MeccaAt the Conquest of Mecca

When Muslims rushed for the Conquest of When Muslims rushed for the Conquest of Mecca, Abu Bakr was with them. Mecca, Abu Bakr was with them. Before the conquest of Mecca his father Abu Before the conquest of Mecca his father Abu Quhafa had converted to Islam. Quhafa had converted to Islam. Abu Bakr participated in the Battle of Hunain and Abu Bakr participated in the Battle of Hunain and Siege of Ta'if. Siege of Ta'if. He was part of the Muslim force in the campaign He was part of the Muslim force in the campaign of Tabuk under Muhammad's command of Tabuk under Muhammad's command For Tabuk, he was reported to have financial For Tabuk, he was reported to have financial support for the preparation of this expedition.support for the preparation of this expedition.

Ghadeer KhumGhadeer Khum

Following the Haj, the Prophet and multitude of others Following the Haj, the Prophet and multitude of others were on their way home, including Abu Bakr and Omar. were on their way home, including Abu Bakr and Omar. Juhfa was an intersection between Mecca and MedinaJuhfa was an intersection between Mecca and MedinaNear Juhfa, at an oasis called Ghadeer Khum, the Near Juhfa, at an oasis called Ghadeer Khum, the Prophet delivered a speechProphet delivered a speechThe Prophet stood on an elevation to be seen by the The Prophet stood on an elevation to be seen by the massive crowdmassive crowdHe took Ali with him, raising up both his and Ali’s armsHe took Ali with him, raising up both his and Ali’s armsHe gave a long speech, the highlight was:He gave a long speech, the highlight was:Ali is Appointed as Ali is Appointed as the Walithe Wali (in charge of the Ummah) (in charge of the Ummah) after the Prophetafter the Prophet

The Prophet’s Speech at Ghadeer KhumThe Prophet’s Speech at Ghadeer Khum

وااله من وال اللهم مواله علي فهذا مواله كنت وااله من من وال اللهم مواله علي فهذا مواله كنت منوأدر خذله من واخذل نصره من وانصر عاده من وأدر وعاد خذله من واخذل نصره من وانصر عاده من وعاد

دار حيثما معه دار الحق حيثما معه الحق

O' people, whosoever I am his leader, So is Ali to O' people, whosoever I am his leader, So is Ali to be his leaderbe his leader

O' lord, uphold him who upholds Ali, And antagonize him O' lord, uphold him who upholds Ali, And antagonize him who antagonizes Ali, And support him who supports Ali, who antagonizes Ali, And support him who supports Ali,

And impede him who impedes Ali, And let the truth be with And impede him who impedes Ali, And let the truth be with Ali wherever he goesAli wherever he goes

After the Speech in Ghadeer KhumAfter the Speech in Ghadeer Khum

  Omar came forward congratulating Ali saying:Omar came forward congratulating Ali saying:

     مؤمن% (ل' ك ومولى موالي+ +حت+ أصب علي، يا لك+ بخ2   بخ2 مؤمن% (ل' ك ومولى موالي+ +حت+ أصب علي، يا لك+ بخ2 بخ2ومؤمنهومؤمنه

Congratulations, congratulations, O' Ali! You have Congratulations, congratulations, O' Ali! You have become my leader And the leader of every believer, become my leader And the leader of every believer, man or woman.man or woman.

Abu Bakr did likewiseAbu Bakr did likewise

The multitude of others came to congratulate Ali The multitude of others came to congratulate Ali before heading homebefore heading home

Ghadeer Khum NowadaysGhadeer Khum Nowadays

The Sickness of the ProphetThe Sickness of the Prophet (pbuh)(pbuh)

Having arrived in Medina after the farewell Hajj Having arrived in Medina after the farewell Hajj Muhammad fell sick.Muhammad fell sick.His sickness intensified and aHis sickness intensified and a short time after short time after Muhammad became gravely ill. Muhammad became gravely ill. As sick as he was, Muhammad came out and sat on the As sick as he was, Muhammad came out and sat on the pulpit. After thanking and praising Allah he said,pulpit. After thanking and praising Allah he said,

اهللا عند ما العبد ذلك فاختار عنده ما وبين الدنيا بين عبدا خير هللا ا ن اهللا إ عند ما العبد ذلك فاختار عنده ما وبين الدنيا بين عبدا خير هللا ا ن إAllah has given one of His Servants the choice of receiving Allah has given one of His Servants the choice of receiving

the splendor and luxury of the worldly life or to accept the the splendor and luxury of the worldly life or to accept the good which is with Allah. good which is with Allah.

So he has chosen that good which is with AllahSo he has chosen that good which is with Allah

Abu Bakr’s ReactionAbu Bakr’s Reaction

Upon hearing the Prophet, Abu Bakr wept and he Upon hearing the Prophet, Abu Bakr wept and he said:said:

May our fathers and mothers be sacrificed for you!May our fathers and mothers be sacrificed for you!The companions wondered as to why Abu Bakr The companions wondered as to why Abu Bakr wept, and the people said,wept, and the people said,

Look at this old man! Allah's Apostle talks about a Look at this old man! Allah's Apostle talks about a Servant of Allah to whom He has given the option to Servant of Allah to whom He has given the option to choose either the splendor of this worldly life or the choose either the splendor of this worldly life or the good which is with Him, while he says "our fathers and good which is with Him, while he says "our fathers and mothers be sacrificed for you"mothers be sacrificed for you"

It turned out Muhammad himself was that It turned out Muhammad himself was that servant, as Abu Bakr later told the companions. servant, as Abu Bakr later told the companions.

U'sama ExpeditionU'sama Expedition

When the Prophet's fever developed he directed When the Prophet's fever developed he directed Abu Bakr to be in the expedition of U'samaAbu Bakr to be in the expedition of U'samaOmar was also directed to be in the expedition Omar was also directed to be in the expedition under U'samaunder U'samaU'sama who was 18, but the Prophet chose him to U'sama who was 18, but the Prophet chose him to lead because of his prowess and good leadershiplead because of his prowess and good leadershipNeither Abu Bakr nor Omar joined U'sama Neither Abu Bakr nor Omar joined U'sama expedition, they did not listen, they lingered expedition, they did not listen, they lingered instead in Medina, instead in Medina, Shi'a claim that both Abu Bakr and Omar figured Shi'a claim that both Abu Bakr and Omar figured the end of Muhammad was near, so they waited the end of Muhammad was near, so they waited for the sake of the Khilaafah after the Prophet.for the sake of the Khilaafah after the Prophet.

The Death of the ProphetThe Death of the Prophet

When Muhammad died Muslims gathered in Al-Masjid al-Nabawi When Muhammad died Muslims gathered in Al-Masjid al-Nabawi with sobs and cries and a feeling of despondency. with sobs and cries and a feeling of despondency. Abu Bakr came from his house at Sukh (suburb of Medina) on a Abu Bakr came from his house at Sukh (suburb of Medina) on a horse. horse. He dismounted and entered the Prophet's Mosque, but did not speak He dismounted and entered the Prophet's Mosque, but did not speak to anyone until he entered upon A’isha. to anyone until he entered upon A’isha. In Sunni accounts he went straight to Muhammad In Sunni accounts he went straight to Muhammad

Who was covered with Yemeni cloth. Who was covered with Yemeni cloth. He then uncovered Muhammad's face and bowed over him and kissed He then uncovered Muhammad's face and bowed over him and kissed him and wept, saying,him and wept, saying,

May we become sacrificed for you. May we become sacrificed for you. By Allah, Allah will never cause you to die twice. By Allah, Allah will never cause you to die twice.

As for the death which was written for you, it has come upon you As for the death which was written for you, it has come upon you

In the Masjid: The Death of the ProphetIn the Masjid: The Death of the Prophet

Omar was making a speech to the people with an oath:Omar was making a speech to the people with an oath:““By Allah, he is not dead but has gone to his Lord as Musa By Allah, he is not dead but has gone to his Lord as Musa

ibn Imraan went and remained hidden from his people for ibn Imraan went and remained hidden from his people for forty days. forty days.

Musa returned after it was said that he had died. Musa returned after it was said that he had died. By Allah, the Messenger of Allah will come back and he will By Allah, the Messenger of Allah will come back and he will

cut off the hands and legs of those who claim his death." cut off the hands and legs of those who claim his death." Abu Bakr arrived and said,Abu Bakr arrived and said,

Sit down, O Omar!Sit down, O Omar!But Omar refused to sit down. But Omar refused to sit down. However, the people came to Abu Bakr and left Omar However, the people came to Abu Bakr and left Omar alone. Abu Bakr then said: alone. Abu Bakr then said: (see next slide)(see next slide)

In the Masjid: Abu Bakr SpeaksIn the Masjid: Abu Bakr Speaks

If any amongst you used to worship Muhammad, then Muhammad If any amongst you used to worship Muhammad, then Muhammad has died, but if you worship Allah, then Allah never dies. has died, but if you worship Allah, then Allah never dies. Allah said, Allah said,

"And Muhammad is no more than a messenger; the messengers have "And Muhammad is no more than a messenger; the messengers have already passed away before him; if then he dies or is killed will you already passed away before him; if then he dies or is killed will you

turn back upon your heels? turn back upon your heels? And whoever turns back upon his heels, he will do no harm to Allah And whoever turns back upon his heels, he will do no harm to Allah

and Allah will reward the grateful." (3.144)and Allah will reward the grateful." (3.144)When the Muslims recited it to themselves it brought them to their When the Muslims recited it to themselves it brought them to their senses. senses. Omar said, Omar said, By Allah, when I heard Abu Bakr reciting it, my legs By Allah, when I heard Abu Bakr reciting it, my legs failed to support me and I fell at the moment I heard it, declaring that failed to support me and I fell at the moment I heard it, declaring that the Prophet had died. the Prophet had died.

Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida بني بني سقيفة سقيفة ساعدةساعدة

After Muhammad's death leaders of the Ansaar met in a After Muhammad's death leaders of the Ansaar met in a resting place called Saqifa, resting place called Saqifa, There was a total of 6 Saqifas in Medina, the one Al-There was a total of 6 Saqifas in Medina, the one Al-Ansaar met in is called Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida Ansaar met in is called Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida بني بني سقيفة سقيفة ساعدةساعدةThe Ansaars met to discuss whom they would support as The Ansaars met to discuss whom they would support as their new leader after the Prophet. their new leader after the Prophet. There were many arguments and high emotions.There were many arguments and high emotions.All this and the Prophet has not been given the funeral All this and the Prophet has not been given the funeral rites as of yet!rites as of yet!The news of the meeting was given to Abu Bakr and The news of the meeting was given to Abu Bakr and OmarOmar

At Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida At Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida

When Abu Bakr was informed of the meeting, he, Omar, Abu When Abu Bakr was informed of the meeting, he, Omar, Abu Ubaida and a few others rushed to the SaqifaUbaida and a few others rushed to the SaqifaThey were to prevent the Ansaar from making an unwelcome They were to prevent the Ansaar from making an unwelcome decision. decision. In this highly charged atmosphere, Abu Bakr said the Prophet had In this highly charged atmosphere, Abu Bakr said the Prophet had already said the Khalifas after him are from Quraishalready said the Khalifas after him are from QuraishThus the Ansaars were excludedThus the Ansaars were excludedThe Ansaars consisted of Aus and KhazrajThe Ansaars consisted of Aus and Khazraj

The Aus members voted for Abu BakrThe Aus members voted for Abu BakrThe Khazraj under their leader Sa’ad Ibn Abada The Khazraj under their leader Sa’ad Ibn Abada عبادة بن عبادة سعد بن سعدrefused him.refused him.Sa’ad Ibn Abada even left Medina to Syria without giving his Sa’ad Ibn Abada even left Medina to Syria without giving his pledge, where it is said he died mysteriously (apparently pledge, where it is said he died mysteriously (apparently murdered)murdered)

At Saqifa of Benu Sa’idaAt Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida

Accounts of this meeting vary greatly. All agree that during Accounts of this meeting vary greatly. All agree that during the meeting: the meeting:

Omar declared that Abu Bakr should be the new leader, Omar declared that Abu Bakr should be the new leader, thus he declared his personal allegiance to Abu Bakr, thus he declared his personal allegiance to Abu Bakr, Omar was followed by Abu Ubaida, then others, Omar was followed by Abu Ubaida, then others, At the Masjid Nabawi, this de-facto position was At the Masjid Nabawi, this de-facto position was announced and those present voted in support.announced and those present voted in support.

Ali and many others of Benu Hashim were busy Ali and many others of Benu Hashim were busy preparing for the funeral rites of the Prophet preparing for the funeral rites of the Prophet (pbuh)(pbuh)The needs of the moment was first and foremost to take The needs of the moment was first and foremost to take care of the Prophet (pbuh).care of the Prophet (pbuh).

The Shi’a Attitude of the SaqifaThe Shi’a Attitude of the Saqifa

Shi’a criticize Abu Bakr for forsaking the funeral of Shi’a criticize Abu Bakr for forsaking the funeral of Muhammad to attend the political gathering, Muhammad to attend the political gathering, They believe that Muhammad had already They believe that Muhammad had already appointed Ali in his lifetime as his successor appointed Ali in his lifetime as his successor (Ghadeer Khum). (Ghadeer Khum). This view portrays Abu Bakr and Omar as plotters This view portrays Abu Bakr and Omar as plotters in a political coup against Ali. in a political coup against Ali. Madelung Madelung (in his book: Succession to Muhammad)(in his book: Succession to Muhammad) portrays portrays Abu Bakr as a political opportunist whose character Abu Bakr as a political opportunist whose character as the founder of Sunni Islam has been extensively as the founder of Sunni Islam has been extensively embellished by subsequent kings and emperors embellished by subsequent kings and emperors (caliphs) making it difficult to openly criticize him(caliphs) making it difficult to openly criticize him

The Allegiance of AliThe Allegiance of Ali

Shi'as have maintained that Ali never paid allegiance to Shi'as have maintained that Ali never paid allegiance to Abu Bakr, and there is support for this in both Shi'a and Abu Bakr, and there is support for this in both Shi'a and Sunni historical texts. Sunni historical texts. A few Sunni sources, however, have suggested that Ali A few Sunni sources, however, have suggested that Ali withheld for only six months. withheld for only six months. The details of whether Ali ever consented to pay The details of whether Ali ever consented to pay allegiance to Abu Bakr is not mentioned in the sources allegiance to Abu Bakr is not mentioned in the sources themselves, but are generally taken as added by later themselves, but are generally taken as added by later interpreters. interpreters. Shi'a ideology maintains that Ali was forcibly taken to Abu Shi'a ideology maintains that Ali was forcibly taken to Abu Bakr, who later staged a mock allegiance ceremony to Bakr, who later staged a mock allegiance ceremony to consolidate his power.consolidate his power.

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Abu Bakr's First AddressAbu Bakr's First Address

Abu Bakr's first address as Khalifa was as follow:Abu Bakr's first address as Khalifa was as follow:I have been given the authority over you, and I am not the best

of you. If I do well, help me; and if I do wrong, set me right. Sincere regard for truth is loyalty and disregard for truth is

treachery.The weak amongst you shall be strong with me until I have secured his rights, if God wills; and the strong amongst you

shall be weak with me until I have wrested from him the rights of others, if God wills.

Obey me so long as I obey God and His Messenger. But if I disobey God and His Messenger, ye owe me no

obedience. Arise for your prayer, God have mercy upon you.

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Dilemmas Facing Abu BakrDilemmas Facing Abu Bakr

Dilemmas

1. Ali: No Allegiance

2. Fatima’s Protest

3. U'sama’s Expedition

4. To subdue the Ridda

5. Expansion beyond Arabia

Fatima: Fatima: Arguing the Matter of her InheritanceArguing the Matter of her Inheritance

أحسن …… ومن تبغون الجاهلية أفحكم لنا إرث ال أن تزعمون اآلن أحسن وأنتم ومن تبغون الجاهلية أفحكم لنا إرث ال أن تزعمون اآلن وأنتمكالشمس لكم تجلى قد بلى تعلمون أفال يوقنون لقوم حكما الله كالشمس من لكم تجلى قد بلى تعلمون أفال يوقنون لقوم حكما الله منقحافة أبي ابن يا إرثي على أأغلب المسلمون أيها ابنته أني قحافة الضاحية أبي ابن يا إرثي على أأغلب المسلمون أيها ابنته أني الضاحية

عمد أفعلى فريا شيئا جئت لقد أبي أرث وال أباك ترث الله كتاب عمد أفي أفعلى فريا شيئا جئت لقد أبي أرث وال أباك ترث الله كتاب أفيظهوركم وراء ونبذتموه الله كتاب ظهوركم تركتم وراء ونبذتموه الله كتاب تركتم

……Yet-now you claim that there is not inheritance for us! What! "Do they Yet-now you claim that there is not inheritance for us! What! "Do they then seek a judgment as in the Days of Jahiliyah? But How, for a people then seek a judgment as in the Days of Jahiliyah? But How, for a people whose faith is assured, can give better judgment than Allah? whose faith is assured, can give better judgment than Allah?

Don't you know? Yes, indeed it is obvious to you that I am his daughter. O Don't you know? Yes, indeed it is obvious to you that I am his daughter. O Muslims! Will my inheritance be usurped? O son of Abu Quhafa (Abu Bakr)! Muslims! Will my inheritance be usurped? O son of Abu Quhafa (Abu Bakr)! Where is it in the Book of Allah that you inherit your father and I do not Where is it in the Book of Allah that you inherit your father and I do not inherit mine? Surely you have come up with an unprecedented thing. Do inherit mine? Surely you have come up with an unprecedented thing. Do you intentionally abandon the Book of Allah and cast it behind your back? you intentionally abandon the Book of Allah and cast it behind your back?

Fatima: Fatima: Arguing the Matter of her InheritanceArguing the Matter of her Inheritanceقال إذ زكريا بن يحيى خبر من اقتص فيما وقال داو(د+ Zمان( +ي ل س( و+و+ر]ث+ يقول قال إذ إذ زكريا بن يحيى خبر من اقتص فيما وقال داو(د+ Zمان( +ي ل س( و+و+ر]ث+ يقول إذ

Zض(ه(مZع+ ب [ حام Zر+ Zاأل (وا (ول أ و+ وقال +عZق(وب+ ي آل] Zم]ن +ر]ث( ي و+ ]ي (ن +ر]ث ي ]يا و+ل Zك+ +د(ن ل Zم]ن ل]ي Zف+ه+ب Zض(ه(مZع+ ب [ حام Zر+ Zاأل (وا (ول أ و+ وقال +عZق(وب+ ي آل] Zم]ن +ر]ث( ي و+ ]ي (ن +ر]ث ي ]يا و+ل Zك+ +د(ن ل Zم]ن ل]ي Zف+ه+ب

Zن] +ي +ي Zث (ن Zاأل ح+ظ_ Zل( م]ث +ر] ]لذaك ل Zم) وZالد]ك+ أ ف]ي aه( الل (م( (وص]يك ي وقال aه] الل ]تاب] ك ف]ي +عZض% ]ب ب وZلى

+ Zن] أ +ي +ي Zث (ن Zاأل ح+ظ_ Zل( م]ث +ر] ]لذaك ل Zم) وZالد]ك+ أ ف]ي aه( الل (م( (وص]يك ي وقال aه] الل ]تاب] ك ف]ي +عZض% ]ب ب وZلى

+ أaق]ين+ Zم(ت ال ع+ل+ى ح+قا وف] Zم+عZر( ]ال ب ]ين+ ب +قZر+ Zاأل و+ Zن] ]د+ي Zوال ]ل ل aة( Zو+ص]ي ال d Zرا ي خ+ ك+ +ر+ ت Zن[ إ aق]ين+ وقال Zم(ت ال ع+ل+ى ح+قا وف] Zم+عZر( ]ال ب ]ين+ ب +قZر+ Zاأل و+ Zن] ]د+ي Zوال ]ل ل aة( Zو+ص]ي ال d Zرا ي خ+ ك+ +ر+ ت Zن[ إ وقال

Do you not read the Quran where it says: And Suleiman inherited Dawood'?Do you not read the Quran where it says: And Suleiman inherited Dawood'?

And when it narrates the story of Zakariah and says: `So give me an heir asAnd when it narrates the story of Zakariah and says: `So give me an heir as

from thyself (One that) will inherit me, and inherit the posterity of Ya'qoob'from thyself (One that) will inherit me, and inherit the posterity of Ya'qoob'

And: `And the kindred by blood have prior rights against each other in the Book And: `And the kindred by blood have prior rights against each other in the Book of Allah'of Allah'

And: Allah (thus) directs you as regards your children's inheritance to the male, And: Allah (thus) directs you as regards your children's inheritance to the male, a portion equal to that of two females. And, If he leaves any goods, that he a portion equal to that of two females. And, If he leaves any goods, that he make a bequest to parents and next of kin, according to reasonable usage; this make a bequest to parents and next of kin, according to reasonable usage; this is due from the pious ones.' is due from the pious ones.'

Abu Bakr answers FatimaAbu Bakr answers Fatima

عطوفا بالمؤمنين أبوك كان لقد الله رسول بنت يا وقال عثمان بن الله عبد بكر أبو عطوفا فأجابها بالمؤمنين أبوك كان لقد الله رسول بنت يا وقال عثمان بن الله عبد بكر أبو فأجابهادون أباك وجدناه عزوناه إن عظيما وعقابا أليما عذابا الكافرين وعلى رحيما رءوفا دون كريما أباك وجدناه عزوناه إن عظيما وعقابا أليما عذابا الكافرين وعلى رحيما رءوفا كريما

إال يحبكم ال جسيم أمر كل في وساعده حميم كل على آثره األخالء دون إلفك وأخا إال النساء يحبكم ال جسيم أمر كل في وساعده حميم كل على آثره األخالء دون إلفك وأخا النساءعلى المنتجبون الخيرة الطيبون الله رسول عترة فأنتم بعيد شقي إال يبغضكم وال على سعيد المنتجبون الخيرة الطيبون الله رسول عترة فأنتم بعيد شقي إال يبغضكم وال سعيدقولك في صادقة األنبياء خير وابنة النساء خيرة يا وأنت مسالكنا الجنة وإلى أدلتنا قولك الخير في صادقة األنبياء خير وابنة النساء خيرة يا وأنت مسالكنا الجنة وإلى أدلتنا الخير

رأي عدوت ما والله صدقك عن مصدودة وال حقك عن مردودة غير عقلك وفور في رأي سابقة عدوت ما والله صدقك عن مصدودة وال حقك عن مردودة غير عقلك وفور في سابقةأهله يكذب ال والرائد بإذنه إال عملت وال الله أهله رسول يكذب ال والرائد بإذنه إال عملت وال الله رسول

Abu Bakr answered her by saying:Abu Bakr answered her by saying:

"O daughter of the Messenger of Allah... Surely the Prophet is your father, not"O daughter of the Messenger of Allah... Surely the Prophet is your father, not

anyone else's, and he is the brother of your husband, not any other man's; surely anyone else's, and he is the brother of your husband, not any other man's; surely he preferred him over all his friends and (Ali) supported him in every important he preferred him over all his friends and (Ali) supported him in every important matter, matter,

He who loves you is the lucky and he who hates you is the wretched. You are the He who loves you is the lucky and he who hates you is the wretched. You are the blessed progeny of Allah's Messenger, the chosen ones, our guides to blessed progeny of Allah's Messenger, the chosen ones, our guides to goodness, our path to Paradise, and you are -the best of women- and the goodness, our path to Paradise, and you are -the best of women- and the daughter of the best of Prophets, truthful is your sayings, excelling in reason. daughter of the best of Prophets, truthful is your sayings, excelling in reason. You shall not be driven back from your right...You shall not be driven back from your right...

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Arabic Tribes RevoltArabic Tribes Revolt

Troubles emerged soon after Abu Bakr's succession, that Troubles emerged soon after Abu Bakr's succession, that have threatened the stability of the new community and have threatened the stability of the new community and state. state. Several Arabic tribes revolted against Abu Bakr:Several Arabic tribes revolted against Abu Bakr:

In four of the six centers of the insurrection, the rebels rallied In four of the six centers of the insurrection, the rebels rallied around people who claimed to be prophets, around people who claimed to be prophets, the most prominent among these was Musailema. the most prominent among these was Musailema.

The tribes claimed that they had submitted to Muhammad The tribes claimed that they had submitted to Muhammad only,only, and that with Muhammad's death, their allegiance and that with Muhammad's death, their allegiance had ended. had ended. Thus several tribes acted in accordance to this pre-Islamic Thus several tribes acted in accordance to this pre-Islamic practice and refused to pay Zakat.practice and refused to pay Zakat.

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Sites of Ridda Wars.Sites of Ridda Wars.

The many centers The many centers revolting against the revolting against the Ummah Ummah The most powerful The most powerful were two:were two:

Malik ibn NuwayrahMalik ibn NuwayrahMusailema and his tribe, Musailema and his tribe, the Banu Hanifa.the Banu Hanifa.

Within less than a year Within less than a year they were subdued, but they were subdued, but at a fairly high price.at a fairly high price.

Map detailing the sites of Major battles fought during ridda wars.

Ridda wars Ridda wars (Wars of Apostasy).(Wars of Apostasy).

The apostasy of central Arabia was led by self-The apostasy of central Arabia was led by self-proclaimed prophet Musailema of Yamama area, proclaimed prophet Musailema of Yamama area, The other centers were to the south and east in The other centers were to the south and east in Bahrain, Oman, Mahra region and Yemen. Bahrain, Oman, Mahra region and Yemen. Abu Bakr planned his strategy accordingly and Abu Bakr planned his strategy accordingly and formed the Muslim forces into 11 corps. formed the Muslim forces into 11 corps. The strongest corps, (and this was the main punch The strongest corps, (and this was the main punch of the Muslim army), was that of Khalid ibn al-of the Muslim army), was that of Khalid ibn al-Walid. It was used to fight the most powerful of the Walid. It was used to fight the most powerful of the rebel forces. rebel forces. Other corps were given areas of secondary Other corps were given areas of secondary importance in which to bring the less dangerous importance in which to bring the less dangerous apostate tribesapostate tribes

Ridda wars Ridda wars (Wars of Apostasy).(Wars of Apostasy).

Abu Bakr's plan was first to clear the area of west Abu Bakr's plan was first to clear the area of west and central Arabia (the area nearest Medina), and central Arabia (the area nearest Medina), then tackle Malik ibn Nuwayrah, and finally then tackle Malik ibn Nuwayrah, and finally concentrate against the most dangerous enemy concentrate against the most dangerous enemy Musailema. Musailema. After a series of successful campaigns, Khalid ibn After a series of successful campaigns, Khalid ibn al-Walid finally defeated Musailema and his tribe, al-Walid finally defeated Musailema and his tribe, the Banu Hanifa, in the Battle of Yamama.the Banu Hanifa, in the Battle of Yamama.The Campaign of the Apostasy was fought and The Campaign of the Apostasy was fought and completed during the eleventh year of the Hijrah. completed during the eleventh year of the Hijrah. The year 12 Hijrah dawned, with Arabia united The year 12 Hijrah dawned, with Arabia united under the central authority of the Khalifa at Medina.under the central authority of the Khalifa at Medina.

The The QuranQuran —Preservation —Preservation

Abu Bakr was instrumental in preserving the Quran in Abu Bakr was instrumental in preserving the Quran in written form. written form. It is said that after the hard-won victory over Musailema It is said that after the hard-won victory over Musailema in the Battle of Yamama:in the Battle of Yamama:

Omar saw many of the Muslims who had memorized the Quran Omar saw many of the Muslims who had memorized the Quran had died in battle.had died in battle.Fearing that the Quran may be lost or corrupted, Omar requested Fearing that the Quran may be lost or corrupted, Omar requested Abu Bakr to authorize the compilation and preservation of the Abu Bakr to authorize the compilation and preservation of the Book in written format. Book in written format.

After initial hesitation, Abu Bakr made a committee After initial hesitation, Abu Bakr made a committee headed by Zaid ibn Thabit which included the memorizers headed by Zaid ibn Thabit which included the memorizers of the Quran to collect all verses of the Book. of the Quran to collect all verses of the Book.

The The QuranQuran —Preservation —Preservation

After collecting all Quranic verses from texts in the After collecting all Quranic verses from texts in the possession of various Sahaaba, possession of various Sahaaba, Zaid ibn Thabit and members of his committee verified the Zaid ibn Thabit and members of his committee verified the reading by comparing with those who had memorized the reading by comparing with those who had memorized the Quran. Quran. After they were satisfied thatAfter they were satisfied that

they had not missed out any verse or made any mistakes in reading they had not missed out any verse or made any mistakes in reading or writing it down, or writing it down, the text was written down as one single manuscript and presented the text was written down as one single manuscript and presented in a book form to Khalifa Abu Bakr. in a book form to Khalifa Abu Bakr.

Prior to his death, Abu Bakr gave this authorized copy of Prior to his death, Abu Bakr gave this authorized copy of the Quran to Omar. the Quran to Omar. It remained with Omar throughout his tenure as Khalifa. It remained with Omar throughout his tenure as Khalifa.

The The QuranQuran —Preservation —Preservation

Prior to his death, Omar gave this Book to his Prior to his death, Omar gave this Book to his daughter Hafsa, who was one of the wives of daughter Hafsa, who was one of the wives of Muhammad. Muhammad. Omar did not nominate his successor on his Omar did not nominate his successor on his deathbed, deathbed,

and thus he preferred to leave this copy with Hafsa.and thus he preferred to leave this copy with Hafsa.

Later on, it becameLater on, it becamethe basis of Uthman's definitive text of the Quran the basis of Uthman's definitive text of the Quran which was published far and wide which was published far and wide merely 18 years after the death of Muhammad. merely 18 years after the death of Muhammad.

Later historians give Uthman the principal credit Later historians give Uthman the principal credit for re-verification and publishing the Quran. for re-verification and publishing the Quran.

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Abu Bakr: General ViewAbu Bakr: General View

Abu Bakr's Khilaafah lasted for 27 months, during which:Abu Bakr's Khilaafah lasted for 27 months, during which:1.1. He crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes throughout He crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes throughout

Arabia in the successful campaign against Apostasy. Arabia in the successful campaign against Apostasy. 2.2. He launched campaigns against the Persian Empire and He launched campaigns against the Persian Empire and

the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) 3.3. Thus, Abu Bakr set in motion a historical trajectory that in Thus, Abu Bakr set in motion a historical trajectory that in

just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. empires in history.

4.4. He had little time to pay attention to the administration of He had little time to pay attention to the administration of state, though state affairs remained stable during his state, though state affairs remained stable during his Khilaafah. Khilaafah.

5.5. On the advice of Omar and Abu Ubaida he agreed to have On the advice of Omar and Abu Ubaida he agreed to have a salary from state treasury and abolish his cloth trade.a salary from state treasury and abolish his cloth trade.

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

Abu Bakr during the last 12 years of his life Abu Bakr during the last 12 years of his life Abu Bakr in Medina

Presence in the major encounters with the foes of Islam

His Khilaafah and its circumstances

His dilemma about the allegiance of Ali and others,

The strong objections of Fatima

Dealing with the Ridda wars

Preservation of the Quran in written form

The expansion against the Persian and Byzantine empires

Finally we quote the Quran:Finally we quote the Quran:

By the Token of Time By the Token of Time

Verily Man is in loss,Verily Man is in loss,

Except those who Except those who believe and do good believe and do good works, and exhort one works, and exhort one another to Truth and another to Truth and exhort one another to exhort one another to patience.patience.

حZمن] aالر الله] [ م Zس[ حZمن] ب aالر الله] [ م Zس[ ب

[ ح]يم aالر[ ح]يم aالر

Zع+صZر] Zع+صZر]و+ال و+ال

[ ا aن[ ] إ ا aن[ ر% الالإ Zخ(س +ف]ي ل ان+ ر% نس+ Zخ(س +ف]ي ل ان+ نس+

[ ]إ (وا الالإ و+ع+م]ل (وا آم+ن aذ]ين+ (وا ال و+ع+م]ل (وا آم+ن aذ]ين+ ال+و+اص+وZا و+ت ]ح+ات] +و+اص+وZا الصaال و+ت ]ح+ات] الصaال

Zر] ]الصaب ب +و+اص+وZا و+ت Zح+ق_ ]ال Zر] ب ]الصaب ب +و+اص+وZا و+ت Zح+ق_ ]ال ب

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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Be in Allah’s CareBe in Allah’s Care

Dr. A.S. HashimDr. A.S. Hashim