Abstract Proceedings

(Abstracts are ordered to reflect actual presentation times and may differ from the printed conference program.)

Thursday, September 26, 2013 1:00-2:30 p.m. Salon I A Conceptual Framework For Exploring The Impact of Ambidexterity on Supply Chain Integration, Supply Chain Responsiveness and Manufacturing Performance Nehemiah Scott (University of Toledo) Abstract: As environmental uncertainty and economic turbulence continues to grow, an organizations ability to quickly and continually respond is increasingly important and heavily reliant on the responsive capabilities inherent within their global supply chains. However, firms within global supply chains have experienced difficulty in understanding how to quickly respond through turbulent periods. This study argues that the concept of ambidexterity may offer a solution in increasing the responsiveness of the supply chain and to enhance performance of the manufacturer. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the impacts that ambidextrous supply chain technological capability has on both supply chain integration and supply chain responsiveness, and ultimately on manufacturer performance in terms of cost, quality, speed and flexibility. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Leaping Into First Place: The Anterior Criterion For The Paradoxical Leapfrogging Paradigm Armond Sinclair (University of Toledo), Sandeepkumar Jagani (University of Toledo) Abstract: The adoption and adaptation of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) in many emerging markets in Africa has facilitated the development of new transactional methods of business. The significance behind this adoption and adaptation is attributed to the innovative processes that have allowed leapfrogging in the emerging markets to move technology adopters into a position of innovative prominence. This paper develops a conceptual model and presents a framework to better understand how leapfrogging occurs. Drivers and antecedents of leapfrogging are identified, as well as their relationships and interrelationships, leading to an explanation of the leapfrogging phenomenon from a macro perspective. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Environmental Social Governance (ESG) Management: A Theoretical Perspective for the Role of Disclosure in the Supply Chain Vincent Whitelock (University of Toledo) Abstract: This study proposes to examine the empirical association and relationship between voluntary disclosure of environmental, social, and governance management activity/practices and business performance, by investigating their causal effects. More specifically, employing data for the largest and most valued U.S. Stock-Listed Corporations, this study proposes to examine both the impact of voluntary disclosure of environmental, social, and governance management activity/practices on business performance, and the impact of business performance on voluntary disclosure of environmental, social, and governance management activity/practices, using a lag of E, S, G, ESG and BP variables. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1:00-2:30 p.m. Salon II: Session Chair- Erika Marsillac (Old Dominion University, USA) Emerging Outsourcing Trends in China: Beyond 2008 Beijing Olympic Shuting Li (University of Toledo) Abstract: China has been a huge outsourcing destination for over the past two decades. After more than thirty years of sustained rapid economic growth, the outsourcing patterns in China have also shown enormous changes that reflect the macro-economic conditions in China, the government policies established by Chinese government, and the global trends taking places in the global market. Although many studies have examined the role of outsourcing in China from various perspectives, these changing patterns and emerging outsourcing trends in particular have not yet been well-explored. This paper discusses how macro-level changes in Chinese industry characteristics, the policies of Chinese government and global trends have affected the emerging patterns of outsourcing in China. As China hosted Beijing Olympic in 2008, the country was ready to show its new face to the world. China is not merely a factory of the world for low cost products; rather, China is positioning to pursue more comprehensive-value-oriented and globally-competitive business leadership. In 2013, the total number of Chinese firms that are listed in Global Fortune 500 is 89—second only to USA, larger than that of Japan. With this rate of growth, the number of Chinese Global Fortune 500 firms would be more than 100 by 2015. This paper notes 2008 Beijing Olympic as an important turning point in analyzing Chinese macro-economic and global business practices. It aims to present three streams of macro-level changes, government policies, and global trends and discuss the corresponding changes of outsourcing patterns in China. Based on literature review and secondary data, this paper intends to provide an insight of where the future of Chinese businesses is heading from the perspective of emerging outsourcing trends. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Implementation Issues of Mass Customization from Perspective of Chinese Market Huilan Zhang (University of Toledo) Abstract: Mass customization (MC) has been a crucial competitive business issue. It aims to offer economies of scale of production for diverse customer segments. This requires a country that has huge customer base and at the same time rich customer segments. China, in this sense, fits for the mass customization for both Chinese and other global firms. However, little is known about the implementation issues of mass customization in Chinese market context. The aim of this article is to examine the implementation issues of mass customization in Chinese market context to fill the literature gap. Specific research questions are: (1) What are the key success factors of mass customization; (2) In what sense, Chinese market is ready for MC implementation for both Chinese domestic and global firms; (3) What are the challenges of MC in Chinese market; and (4) How to choose the MC strategy in Chinese Market? To explore the above research questions, literature review is conducted to define crucial dimensions of mass customization. Then, macro-economic growth data, demographic segments and regional differences are examined to see if Chinese market is in fact ready for MC implementation. A working mechanism for MC process is developed to demonstrate the complexity and challenge of MC in Chinese Market. A typology is also offered to illustrate how to choose MC strategy in Chinese market. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Choosing Pricing Strategy for the BOP Customers: Case in Chinese Market" Jindan Zhang (University of Toledo) Abstract: Increasingly, marketing strategy has become a strategic priority for firms’ competitive advantage because of their significant influence on revenue. Although these strategies have been approached by different perspectives, it has rarely been examined in the context of BoP market. BoP market is huge, although the individual members of BoP do not have much money to spend. Yet, two important characteristics of BoP market are: (1) BoP customers are willing to spend a portion of their disposable income for very carefully selected products (e.g., $500 per BoP household for no more than 10 specific products rather than $5,000 per middle income households for 100 different product items in China); (2) the total market size is attractively large (i.e., 1 billion of BoP households people for $50 per product vs. 100 million of upper income families for $50 per product). Any firm that intends to reach out these BoP markets of the world requires special marketing strategy. This article discusses such details that include pricing, distribution, product and communication as the dimensions of marketing strategies. The specific data from China’s BoP market are exhibited to provide solid arguments for the huge potential that BoP market can be the new fortune destinations. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1:00-2:30 p.m. Salon III: Session Chair- Jenell Wittmer (University of Toledo) “Greenness" of Information Technology and Systems: Employee Perspective Marouen Ben Jebara (University of Toledo), Jenell Wittmer (University of Toledo) Abstract: Green Information Technology and Systems is gaining importance for both academic researchers and practitioners. Sustainability in general and environmental responsible practices in practices in particular represent a new paradigm for business and key element to achieve competitive advantage. Information Technology and Systems is an ongoing research field and an enabler of new initiatives inside organizations. The current study proposes a conceptual framework to assess the “Greenness” of Information and Technology (IT/S) from an employee perspective. The study proposes measurement scales to assess the Greenness of IT/S and addresses the role of the employee green beliefs on the firm’s environmental performance. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The IT highway: relating public and private investments in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to supply chain performance and livability Sarah Schafer (University of Toledo) Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine public and private investments in integrative intelligent transportation system (ITS) technology to understand the effects on supply chain (SC) performance and livability/safety of the system. ITS technology is noted as a special infrastructure to promote integrated information sharing that can be used not only to improve livability and safety in communities, but also to enhance SC system performance. ITS combines better infrastructure with information and control technologies to reduce traffic congestion by maintaining traffic flow, to reduce transportation-generated pollution, to improve transport efficiency, and also to produce economic benefits (Zhou and Shen, 2010). Using a conceptual framework from business intelligence (BI) and contingency theory, a review of the literature suggests that a collaboration of investments between businesses and governments to further develop ITS will improve both SC performance and enhance livability and safety in communities. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The moderating influence of social network, trust, and shared goal over the relationship between knowledge sharing and IS outsourcing success Yaser Alahmad (University of Toledo) Abstract: The growth of outsourcing had led outsourcing to become an increasingly critical component of firm success. IS outsourcing has become a common strategy for many organizations. The current study conceptualizes how social network, trust, and shared goal strengths the relationship between knowledge sharing and IS outsourcing success. Next step of this study will collect primary data, refine the results obtained and find more adequate measure for the three dimensions of social capital. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3:00-4:30 p.m. Salon I: Session Chair- Nitya Singh (Eastern Michigan University) Assessing the Investment at the Country Level by using Supply Chain Concept Abdalla Garguri (University of Toledo) Extended Abstract: The research aims to build model can measure and evaluate the investment at the country level by using the Added Value concept with applying on the Automotive Industry. Because of outsourcing, the country benefits from the investment don’t depend on the type of investment as local or foreign but on the impact of the investment’s components on its local economic activity and Balance of Payment. Those components and effects are represented respectively by tier suppliers and tier customers. My main target is to build an integral fundamental model to measure the impact of the investment, whatever it is local or foreign, by looking at the country as one unit like a big reservoir determine, define, and measure all possible elements that may be impacted by the investment and affected the local economic activity and Balance of Payment. This topic is very important because it can explain the real effect of investment and I believe that it is very useful for developed and developing countries, especially in government subsidy policies to determine which industry sector or company needs a support from the government depending on its effects for the Balance of Payment and the Local Economics Volume. The impact of Balance of Payment can be measured by calculating the export and the import of the investment, and the Local Economics Volume can be measured by calculating the local sales, job opportunities and salaries, and local Purchases. Because the Automotive Industry contributed between 3 - 3.5 percent to the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the USA, it is worthwhile to measure its impact on the country level. Furthermore, many of components in this industry are done by outsourcing locally and nationally, so it is hard to accept the previous work without analyzing the impact of the first and second tier suppliers and tier customers too. Finally, this industry has few makers, focal companies, which have huge investments, thereby; they have massive impacts on the country level. I mean the Added Value is the country's benefit or harm as a result of investment, in other words it is like a Net Value Method to measure the output and input of the reservoir and in this case the reservoir is represented by the conditions of Balance of Payment and the Local Economics Volume. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A Typology of Global Supply Chain Effectiveness: An Analytical Framework for Global Firms in Emerging Economies Nitya Singh (Eastern Michigan University), Paul Hong (University of Toledo) Abstract: Within the past two decades, as globalization has intensified, firms have had to respond to the changing economic environment in which they operate. This is particularly true for firms sourcing products and depending on suppliers operating in developing countries. One variable that has significantly increased the risk of doing business in developing countries is the uncertain economic climate, and frequent changes in public

policies. Majority of developing countries are attempting to bring about sustainable economic development. However, as countries open up their market and integrate into the global marketplace, they are being forced to understand how to allow firms to operate within their borders, while at the same time not negatively impact domestic industries and markets. A recent report by the World Economic Forum (WEF), in collaboration with Bain & Co. and the World Bank, concludes that concerted action to reduce supply chain barriers could increase global GDP up to six times more than removing all remaining import tariffs. In light of this factor, firms are now facing unique challenges while doing business in the emerging economies which contain both enormous challenges and opportunities for global firms. Based on literature review, this paper aims to present a typology of supply chain effectiveness that is determined by two key factors (i.e., Economic/Political Freedoms and Public Policies Effectiveness for Global Firms). A typology of supply chain effectiveness shows an analytical framework that is useful to examine how global firms can best implement their supply chain management practices in the contexts of diverse countries such as Nigeria, Brazil, North Korea, China and India. Lessons and implications are discussed. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A Journey toward Global Competitiveness: Case of the Chinese Automotive Industry Paul Hong (University of Toledo), Huilan Zhang (University of Toledo) Abstract: As of 2013, China has become the world’s fastest growing automotive producer. With the rising focus on rapid development, the ability to innovate has become crucial for its global competitiveness. Thus, developing innovative capabilities has been the strategic priority for China’s automotive industry. The aim of this article is to examine how the Chinese automotive industry is moving forward toward global competiveness with special attention to their innovative capabilities and R&D productivity. Specific research questions are: (1) How has the Chinese automotive industry (CAI) achieved their domestic advantage potential through their supplier base development?; (2) What are the critical success factors for CAI to rapidly catch up with global standards and move toward global competitiveness? To explore the above research questions, the macro environmental factors of the opportunities and challenges are examined. Literature review is conducted to understand the long path of birth and growth of the Chinese automotive industry. The current strategic challenges and strategic priorities for the Chinese automotive industry for global competitiveness are discussed. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3:00-4:30 p.m. Salon II: Session Chair- Sachin Modi (University of Toledo) Up In Smoke: Scope for Sustainability in the Indian Fireworks Industry Prashanth Anekal (Saginaw Valley State University), Sandeepkumar Jagani (University of Toledo) Abstract: India is the second largest manufacturer of fireworks in the world, with an annual industry turnover of more than $ 365 million while employing over 700,000 people. On the one hand, the output of the fireworks industry in India is a very significant aspect of Diwali (The Festival of Lights) and many other festivals and celebratory occasions. While on the other hand, the fireworks industry is responsible for adverse impacts on both the people and planet. In manufacture of the firework is done by cottage industries where all the safety issues are ignored. Moreover, due to fireworks, tremendous air pollution is created which surpasses peak pollution at any highly polluting industrial area in the country. This paper thus explores the scope for sustainability in this industry both at the end of the producer (sustainable production) and at the end of the consumer (sustainable consumption). In order to do this, we first outline the fireworks supply chain and identify the various components of this supply chain. Second, we identify scope for enhanced sustainability at various stages of the supply chain. Third, we suggest possible changes to structure and practices in the supply chain for improved sustainability. Finally we identify scope for innovation and future research. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3:00-4:30 p.m. Salon III: Session Chair – Jeen-Su Lim (University of Toledo) RFID Implementation for Healthcare Competitiveness: Lessons and Implications for Future Research Issa Wehby (University of Toledo) Abstract: Technology implementation in health care is an important issue. RFID adoption in particular has received much research attention (Roh, Kunnathur & Tarafdar, 2009; Yao, Chu, Li, 2011). Some regard it as limited technical usage objectives (e.g., tracking devices) and some others see much bigger potential for organizational capability development (e.g., strategic and operational roles)(Angeles, 2009; Anand et al. 2013; Leimeister et al., 2013). RFID technology has also been implemented in different service industries—including healthcare organizations (Thornley et al., 2011; Dwivedi et al., 2013; Matta et al., 2013; Van der Togt et al., 2011; Romero et al., 2013). Yet, its business value and organizational impacts are somewhat mixed (Tzeng et al., 2008; Park et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2013; Tsai et al., 2013). As healthcare industries require growing competitive pressures, it is meaningful to learn how RFID technology is implemented in healthcare organizations.

Specifically, this paper aims to examine RFID implementations in the health care industry from the competitiveness perspective. This paper addresses the following questions: (1) How have health care organizations implemented RFID for their competitiveness (i.e., cost reduction, information accessibility, process integration)?; (2) What are the successful cases of RFID implementations? (3) What are the major lessons and implications of the prior RFID research? (4) What are the areas for future research? Based on the articles published from 2005-2013 from operations and supply chain management, healthcare management, technology management journals, this paper examines previous research on RFID to explore the above questions and derive key implementation lessons and implications plus future research issues. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HealthQUAL Model: A Supply Chain Management Driven Healthcare Service Quality Model Jeen-Su Lim (University of Toledo), Kee-Sook Lim (University of Toledo), John H. Heinrichs (Wayne State University) Abstract: The recent shift to a market-driven approach for healthcare management necessitates measuring and improving perceived healthcare service quality and patient satisfaction. While the existing healthcare service quality measurement models have made meaningful contributions, these existing models do not fully reflect the supply chain driven perspective as well as the recent trends and changes in healthcare service delivery. This study critically reviews existing healthcare service measurement models and identifies important limitations of existing models. A new healthcare service quality measurement model called ‘HealthQual Model’ is developed and proposed. The model considers both the supply side and demand side dimensions of the healthcare supply chain to remedy limitations of existing models. Research and managerial implications are discussed. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Study on charge for EMS with using willingness to pay in Korea Seunghwan Leem (Waseda University), James Roh (Rowan University) Abstract: Emergency medical service (EMS) provides a crucial role in saving lives in jeopardy. The faster the ambulance arrives on the site, the more chances to save lives. For example, a heart attack occurs at every 20 seconds and 250,000 people suffer death without receiving any medical treatment in the U.S. Studies report that an early action such as the use of automated external defibrillator enhances the survival rate to 50-90%. However, the average arrival time of EMS is getting slower than before and on an increasing trend. A factor is that the demand for EMS exceeds its supply capacity. As there is no disincentive to screen out uncritical calls for EMS, people in a desperate need of the service suffer. There may be many solutions to tackle this important issue, and this study approaches it from giving a proper disincentive for such unimportant calls. Namely, would charging an appropriate amount of money discourage insignificant calls? This study investigates this issue by designing a survey questionnaire and collecting the data in South Korea. The regression analyses show the fees that would effectively address the concern: To suppress 20% of the EMS demand, it takes additional 15,000 Won (approximately $15) in Korea. Significant factors for stopping EMS are also investigated

and found to be reliability of emergency service arrival time, house income, the number of children, and the interest of the health of neighborhood. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Friday September 27, 2013 8:00-9:30 a.m. Salon I Hospital Purchasing for Implantable Medical Devices: A Triadic View Vafa Saboori-Deilami (University of Toledo), Mark Vonderembse (University of Toledo), Sachin Modi (University of Toledo), David Dobrzykowski (University of Toledo) Extended Abstract: Healthcare expenditure in the United States is higher than the total healthcare spending of the next ten biggest spenders: Japan, Germany, France, China, the U.K., Italy, Canada, Brazil, Spain and Australia (Brill 2013). According to a recently published data set (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2013), United States healthcare expenditure between 1980 and 2012, as a percentage of gross domestic product, is dramatically higher than any other country in the world. According to the same report, in 2011 the United States has spent 17.7% of its GDP on healthcare. One of the fastest growing fragments of this expenditure is the cost of implantable medical devices (IMD) (Burns, Housman et al. 2009). Cost of orthopedic IMDs are a major proportion of this extravagant spending. Annual expenditure on knee and hip replacements, for instance, is more than what Hollywood makes at the box office (Brill 2013). According to a government report, hospital expenditures on procedures involving IMDs increased from $16 billion to $20 billion over the period of 2004 to 2009. Orthopedic and cardiac procedures account for almost all procedures related to IMDs. Orthopedic procedures have caused most of the increase in the expenditure in above period. This increase in hospital spending is due to increased utilization as well as increased average payment for orthopedic IMDs. Following sections will offer details of this increasing trend in hospital expenditures (US Government Accountability Office 2012). This unprecedented increase in cost of IMDs and their related procedures along with new methods of reimbursement from Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) and insurance companies, e.g. bundled payment, increase the pressure on hospitals to take measures to reduce cost and increase efficiency while maintaining patient safety and satisfaction and the quality of care.  This situation prompts the hospital administration and specifically the purchasing departments to negotiate with IMD manufacturers and vendors for lower price and higher quality. For instance hospitals those work with smaller number of vendors for a specific device could enjoy volume discounts i.e. formulary model. Likewise, hospitals try to convince vendors to agree on a price maximum i.e. payment cap model (Montgomery

and Schneller 2007; Burns, Housman et al. 2009). However, according to a recent report hospitals are not able to achieve the best price in purchasing certain IMDs and face difficulties in achieving a favorable price (US Government Accountability Office 2012). One factor that explains his low performance of hospitals in purchasing IMDs is the influence of orthopedist physicians. Orthopedists are not directly involved in the process of purchasing IMDs, however they usually have a preference for a certain brand of IMD. This preference makes it hard for the hospital to purchase IMDs from another manufacturer that offers more favorable prices while maintaining the required standard quality. Moreover, if different orthopedists at the hospital have different preference for the same type of IMD, hospital cannot achieve lower prices through volume discount (US Government Accountability Office 2012). Another factor that affects the ability of hospitals to achieve lower prices in purchasing orthopedic IMDs is the relationship between the orthopedic surgeons and the hospital. Hospitals need to maintain a strong relationship with orthopedic surgeons in order to be able to manage their preference for orthopedic IMDs to gain leverage in purchasing negotiations. This will help hospitals to achieve lower prices (Burns, Housman et al. 2009; US Government Accountability Office 2012). For instance, hospitals try to engage orthopedic surgeons in different gain sharing programs to align their preference with the interest of the hospital (collaboration model) (Burns, Housman et al. 2009). This study conceptualizes a triad constituted of the buyer of IMDs (hospital), the supplier or provider of IMDs (vendor), and the customer of the IMDs (orthopedic physician). In this triad, both the hospital and the vendor try to maintain stronger relationship with the orthopedic physician in order to form his/her preference for their favorable product. This study investigates this phenomenon through the theoretical lens of service triads. A service triad has been defined as a triad consisting of three actors, a buying organization, a service provider or supplier, a customer, and the links between them (van der Valk and van Weele 2011). In this study the buying organization is the hospital, the service provider or supplier is the IMD vendor, and the customer is the orthopedic physician. This study intends to explore the factors that contribute to strength of the three relationships among hospital, IMD vendor, and orthopedists. In addition, this study investigates the effect of each relationship on the strength of the other two relationships, and consequently on the hospital cost containment. Finally this study examines mechanisms that hospital utilizes to affect the relationship between the IMD vendor and the orthopedist to maintain its strong position in purchasing decisions and direct the preference of physicians towards IMDs that are favorable for the hospital performance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Managing Emergency Medical System in Catastrophic Disaster: Lessons from Fukushima Earthquakes and Hurricane Sandy Seunghwan Leem (Waseda University), James Roh (Rowan University) Extended Abstract: At the time of catastrophic disasters, a number of lives in jeopardy depend on timely emergent medical services (EMS). Different from usual emergent situations, the aftermath of catastrophic disasters leaves a large number of people’s lives at risk. In particular, when it comes to an abrupt disaster like an earthquake, the damage would be beyond imagination because there is no room for EMS preparation in a large scale. The surge in demand for EMS necessitates proper planning and preparations, and yet there is a dearth of studies that shed light on this important area. Delving into the cases of Fukushima earthquakes that hit Japan on March 11, 2011 and Hurricane Sandy that caused serious damages on the East Coast of the US on October 28-29, 2012, this study aims to compare EMS management practices in Japan and the US and draw useful lessons and insight for the future EMS management from the comparisons. Figure 1 shows a typical flow of EMS activities under disaster from the search and rescue phase to treatment in hospital phase. The difficulty in catastrophic disasters lies in treating a multitude of patients in distress in a short period of time. When a disaster strikes, people are vulnerable to life-threatening situations that demand immediate attention from EMS teams. Despite the need, however, EMS teams are limited in responding to such a vast demand. In the case of Hurricane Sandy, the US government and community were in better positions to prepare for the upcoming disaster because the hurricane’s approaching was forecasted and broadcasted in real time. However, Fukusima and the surrounding regions suffered a great deal of damage due to the suddenness of the disaster that accompanied a series of tsunamis and the nuclear power plant meltdown. The EMS teams are circumscribed in capacity, and the fear to the exposure to radioactivity precluded volunteers from participating in rescue actions. This particular situation made phases 1 to 3 extremely restricted and preempted volunteers from participating in rescue activities. To make EMS worse is the limited number of experts who are dispatched to the site because of the legal regulation for the permitted degree of exposure to radioactivity. Experts of the nuclear power plant who exceeded the annual exposure limit had to leave the field after certain hours of work. The Fukushima disaster witnessed the difficulty in recruiting workers and continuing the repair process. Similarly, Hurricane Sandy left the issue of mass rescue in the face of adverse situation. It is important to understand the shortage of qualified human resources for the disasters and prepare for better practices against increasingly frequently happening humanitarian disasters. This study aims to examine the strength, weakness and opportunities of EMS practices exhibited in Fukusima and Hurricane Sandy disasters and to propose ways to overcome the shortage of human resources in emergent situations. The study also purposes to improve the supply chains of providing materials needed for rescue activities. Specifically, is it better to let volunteers to visit the impacted area directly and help the rescue activities? Or should volunteers apply for the EMS and let the administration

screen the unqualified out before allowing them pto articipate in the rescue phases? What are better ways to offer the necessary materials for EMS such as lodging, food, equipment, oil and the like? The past practices restricted the voluntary participation of people in areas hit by disasters, and the use of human resources for the reconstruction has faced with inefficient utilization. This study attempts to explicate better practices based on the comparative analyses of two humanitarian disasters in different national settings. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hospital Board Governance: Does Ownership Matter? Kathryn J. Chang (Sonoma State University), Hassan R. HassabElnaby (University of Toledo), Amal A. Said (University of Toledo) Extended Abstract: Despite a broad statutory authority, the board of directors has significant influence over a limited number of corporate decisions (Mace 1971; Vancil 1987; Weisbach 1988). The most common, and perhaps more important, are decisions related to hiring, monitoring, and dismissal of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Prior literature provides empirical evidence that CEO turnover is inversely related to firm performance in publicly traded firms (Murphy 1999) and in healthcare sector (Brickley and Van Horn 2002; Eldenburg et al. 2004). However, these studies have neither explored the relationship between “scorecard” performance measures and board governance nor examined the possible incremental effect of ownership type on board governance. It is important and more appropriate to investigate factors leading to board / CEO turnover using multiple performance measures especially in the hospital sector whose operations are characterized as complex and multi-dimensional. We argue that a set of “scorecard” performance measures that is aligned with hospital objectives may be useful in predicting board / CEO turnover. And the sensitivity toward these performance measures in the board’s decision- making process may be different across hospital types. Moreover, incorporating multiple financial and nonfinancial performance measures can help to identify the exact source of variations in board governance among different types of hospitals, thus facilitating our understanding about the role of ownership in the board governance process. We use a sample of California short-term general, acute care hospitals to test the following research questions: (1) does a set of “scorecard” performance measures useful in explaining variations in board  governance between for-profit and nonprofit hospitals? and (2) to what extent does the ownership form influence the board’s sensitivity toward specific performance measures in its decision-makings? The overall result largely supports the claim that multiple financial and nonfinancial performance measures are useful accounting signals in explaining the difference in board governance practices between for-profit and nonprofit hospitals. Although there is no incremental effect of ownership type found in the equation estimating the determinants of board turnover, the results suggest that for-profit hospital boards do respond differently to multiple performance measures from that of nonprofit hospital boards in the decisions related to CEO replacement. This paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, it extends the corporate governance literature by examining the association between nonfinancial performance measures and board governance, based on an existing argument that both financial and nonfinancial performance measures should be considered for strategic decision-making and control purpose (Hayes and Abernathy 1980; Johnson and Kaplan 1987; Kaplan and Norton

1992; Neely et al. 1995; Ittner and Larcker 1998). Second, it provides empirical evidence about the usefulness of nonfinancial performance measures in board self-evaluation and CEO performance evaluation in the healthcare industry. Third, it facilitates our understanding about the process of hospital board governance. Because of the unobservable nature of the board governance process, the knowledge gained from current study about the sensitivity of hospital boards toward specific performance measures may advance our understanding about the role of ownership in the decision-making process. Finally, it is the first paper to apply factor analysis to governance research in the healthcare industry. In doing so, it allows a large amount of financial and nonfinancial performance measures to be examined in the reduced form to study the linkage between board / CEO turnover and firm performance. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8:00-9:30 a.m. Salon II: Session Chair- David Closs (Michigan State University) The Dynamics of Business Ecosystems in the context of Industrial Emergence: Case studies from the Chinese electric vehicle industry Tianjiao Shang (University of Cambridge), Yongjiang Shi (University of Cambridge) Evolution of sustainability management path progression from operations to extended supply chain Ozgur Isil (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Mark P. Finster (University of Wisconsin-Madison) Abstract: In this study, we examine the evolution of organizations’ environmental focus from their own operations to their extended supply chain. For most organizations, the brunt of environmental impacts of their products and services do not originate from their own operations but rather originate from the various stages within their extended supply chain. However, much of the early environmental impacts of organizations, and only more recent studies have increasingly started to explore the sustainability initiatives in the extended supply chain and beyond. Yet, how organizations progress to adopt initiatives to reduce environmental impacts in their extended supply chain is less explored. We intend to test the path progression proposition, as an articulation of how organizations first reduce their own environmental impacts, and then progress to reduce the impacts in their extended supply chain and beyond. Using recently available Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions data, the study empirically tests the relationship between internal and external emission performance in a longitudinal data sample. We conclude that the evolvement to managing extended supply chain environmental impacts does not happen randomly, but rather is predicated on experience and success managing internal environmental impacts first. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Efficiency and its influencing factors in port enterprises: Empirical evidence from Chinese port listed companies Shui-mu Ju (Zhejiang University) and Nan Liu (Zhejiang University) 8:00-9:30 a.m. Salon III: Session Chair- Brian Jacobs (Michigan State University) Demand Fluctuation and Supply Chain Integration: Case Studies of Japanese Firms Takahiro Tomino (Meiji University), Junjiro Shintaku (University of Tokyo), Youngwon Park (University of Tokyo), Mizuki Kobayashi (University of Tokyo) Abstract: To consider supply chain integration to cope with demand fluctuation, we suggest research framework. Current Japanese OEMs utilize both Make-to-stock (MTS) and Make-to-order (MTO). Production and delivery of component suppliers are based on the advance notification from their manufacturers. For this, most of automotive firms integrate marketing channels internally.

However, unlike automotive firms, most of healthcare firms do not integrate marketing channels internally. Consequently, it is difficult to forecast and control demand accurately like automotive firms. In this sense, for healthcare firms, it is a tremendous challenge to respond to demand fluctuation through integration with external marketing agencies.

In this paper, we introduced research framework between demand fluctuation and supply chain integration and analyzed comparative case studies of Toyota and Omron in China. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ How do foreign small buyers achieve successful sourcing performance in China? Mingu Kang (Zhejiang University), Shuting Li (University of Toledo), Guksung Li (Kyung Hee University) Abstract: In today’s global network economy, multi-national companies attempt to leverage globally dispersed resources for enhancing their strategic competitiveness and market expansion. Especially, China has gained increasing importance as one of the most attractive destinations of global sourcing and foreign direct investment. The issue of manufacturer-supplier relationship has also attracted more attention as a critical success factor of outsourcing success and firm performance. By focusing on the role of Chinese guanxi and formal control, the purpose of this study is to explore how manufactures achieve successful outsourcing performance in China. Based on survey data collected from manufacturing firms operating in China, we examine the influence that manufacturer’s dependence on supplier, Chinese guanxi, and formal control have on achieving desired outsourcing performance. Our findings explain that outsourcing performance is strongly influenced by Chinese guanxi and formal control usage. In addition, manufacturer’s dependence on supplier does not have effects on formal control, but has positive effects on Chinese guanxi that impacts outsourcing performance. By combining guanxi and formal control theory, this paper contributes to the better understanding of the outsourcing management in the context of China. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

“Good" and "Effective" Supply Chain Governance: How Firms Achieve Global Competitiveness? Prashanth Anekal (Saginaw Valley State University), Paul Hong (University of Toledo) Abstract: Recently, supply chain governance has received the attention of researchers and practitioners alike. As business networks, both strategic and operational, expand to form global supply chains, supply chain governance becomes crucial for network coordination, collaboration, and integration. Effective supply chain governance is quite critical for global competitiveness of supply chains. Although the concept of governance is well-understood in the context of corporate and political governance, supply chain governance with its diverse supplier network, distribution channels, and logistics configurations is somewhat elusive. There is a lack of understanding of what constitutes supply chain governance and more importantly, what constitutes ‘good’ and `effective’ supply chain governance. Based on prior research, common misunderstandings about supply chain governance are clarified by defining the nature, scope and role of supply chain governance. A research model is presented which suggests an ideal structure for effective supply chain governance. Case illustrations highlight the practices of successful firms in implementing supply chain governance. Future research issues are discussed as well. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8:00-9:30 a.m. Salon VI: Session Chair- Stephen K. Callaway (University of Toledo) Sustainable Use of Spaces for Renewable Solar Energy: A Case for US Metropolitan Cities Blaine Stout (University of Toledo), Paul Hong (University of Toledo) Abstract: Renewable energy—solar photovoltaic derived energy in particular—has received much research attention. However, its applications to commercial and industrial purposes are still fairly limited for various reasons. Especially in regard to the best utilization of city spaces [spatial areas comprised of open-land areas and roof- tops] for the purpose of developing distributed generation power networks. Solar photovoltaic distributed generation [SDG, hereafter] is simply defined as power that is simultaneously produced and consumed at the point of need. This article aims to examine the use of SDG in metropolitan cities as it relates to: 1) being economically, environmentally and social responsibility friendly. 2) Its importance as an abundant, accessible, and adaptive renewable energy source. 3) Its value to business communities who would be the primary consumer of SDG. Specific research questions are: (1) what factors hamper the implementation of SDG? (2) What simplified modeling system can be developed to determine the power producing potential of SDG? (3) What specific course of actions can be taken to influence greater acceptance of SDG within commercial/industrial segments? Based on literature review as well as primary data collected through solar projects a research model is presented. Lessons and implications as well as future research issues based on available secondary data are discussed. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Carbon Emission Modeling In a Two Stage Supply Chain Zhi Tao (Arkansas Tech University), Alfred L. Guiffrida (Kent State University), O. Felix Offodile (Kent State University) Abstract: Research on carbon emission management is becoming a very important part of the green supply chain landscape as more businesses continue to make it part of their business strategy. The carbon tax mechanism and carbon cap-and-trade mechanism represent market-based options used to lower carbon emission in practice. In this paper we integrate these mechanisms in the joint lot sizing decision between a manufacturer and a retailer in a two stage supply chain. The cost based models developed herein can be used to evaluate the impact of carbon tax and carbon trading on the inventory policies used in coordinating product flow within a two stage supply chain. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8:00-9:30 a.m. Salon VII: Session Chair- David Dobrzykowski (University of Toledo) Antecedents of value co-creation in healthcare supply chain and the role of coercive power David Dobrzykowski (University of Toledo) Abstract: The healthcare industry faces substantial pressure to improve performance through more collaborative approaches to value creation. Supply Chain Management (SCM) has been employed in other industries, such as manufacturing, to achieve similarly desirable outcomes. That said, healthcare supply chains operate in highly complex environments where power differentials often exist among actors. These factors have made the implementation of SCM in healthcare challenging, and a clear understanding of these issues is absent among scholars and practitioners. This study conceptualizes a model for healthcare supply chains which explains how complexity may influence collaborative supply chain practices, in turn facilitating value co-creation among actors aimed at improved performance. The influence of coercive power is modeled as an important variable capable of moderating key relationships in the model. The study provides a framework, grounded in literature, capable of supporting research into healthcare supply chains that can substantially improve the extant understanding of SCM in the healthcare context. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hospital at Home: the impact of supply chain management on readmission reduction Donato Borrillo (University of Toledo Medical Center), David Dobrzykowski (University of Toledo), Thomas Schwann (University of Toledo Medical Center), Sonny Ariss (University of Toledo), Kennedy Sanders (Case Western Reserve University) Extended Abstract: Introduction: Section 3025 of the Affordable Care Act added section 1886(q) to the Social Security Act establishing the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program, which requires CMS to reduce payments to IPPS hospitals with excess readmissions, effective

for discharges beginning on October 1, 2012. Congestive heart failure is a targeted disease of this program. The Hospital at Home is an acute home-based program in which elderly patients with risk factors for readmission are cared for, at home, by a multidisciplinary team that provides state of the art acute care services. This team includes a mid-level provider (Nurse Practitioner), pharmacist, home health care agency, DME provider, and the use of telemonitoring. Supply Chain Management drives the procure-to-pay process across the enterprise. The goal: To empower caregivers, in their delivery of world class healthcare, research and innovation focused on “Patients First,” with providing optimal resources at the best value. Materials & Methods: We studied data from a Western New York based Hospital-at-Home practice caring for 3,000 patients, which utilized thirteen (13) Nurse Practitioners, seven (7) pharmacists (of which 5 were PharmD and 2 residents), three (3) contracted home health care nursing agencies, three (3) durable medical equipment providers, one (1) respiratory care agency, one (1) mobile diagnostic company, two (2) mobile laboratory service providers, and remote tele-monitoring of 200 patients. Results: Supply chain management and just in time delivery of medication, in addition to prompt medical intervention was key in readmission reduction with some 1,000 scripts per month written by the Nurse Practitioners, with five medications on the average for patients with chronic conditions (e.g. congestive heart failure, diabetes). Between March of 2012 and March of 2013, a decrease in the readmission (30 day) rate of 60% was observed and remained below the national average for congestive heart failure. Missed dosing for pharmaceutical delivery of just in time medication did not occur. Discussion: in 2004, Hines provided a definition of supply chain management which caters to the patient as a consumer and hospital system efficiency. Supply chain strategies require a total systems view of the links in the chain that work together efficiently to create customer satisfaction at the end point of delivery to the consumer. As a consequence, costs must be lowered throughout the chain by driving out unnecessary expenses, movements, and handling. The main focus is turned to efficiency and added value, or the end-user's perception of value. Efficiency must be increased, and bottlenecks removed. The measurement of performance focuses on total system efficiency and the equitable monetary reward distribution to those within the supply chain. The supply chain system must be responsive to customer requirements. We provide a Hospital at Home model which utilizes the Nurse Practitioner as the primary care provider, with coordinated socio-technological healthcare delivery effectiveness. In addition to the patient centered focus, support members (e.g. family, friends) and ancillary services (e.g. laboratory, pharmaceutical) components are essential. Conclusion: The Affordable Care Act has thrust the importance of Readmission Reduction and bringing services to the patient’s home; thereby necessitating supply chain management as a key component of efficiency.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1:30-3:00 p.m. Salon I: Session Chair- Claudia Rosales (Michigan State University) Hospital Cost efficiency measurement using quality variables Jeong Hoon Choi (University of Akron) Abstract: This research measures cost efficiency of hospitals using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), while adding quality variables as output factors, and compares the results with those of traditional models where quality variables are not considered as output factors. This study employs quality variables measured by mortality rates of three major causes of death as well as traditional output variables such as total patient revenue, number of discharge, and the number of inpatient days. This study also analyzes cost efficiency differences in hospitals when they are grouped by control type, region, and size. According to the result, the inclusion of quality variables generates different results from those of the traditional models. This research fills the dearth of large-scale studies of measuring cost efficiencies of hospitals using quality variables. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1:30-3:00 p.m. Salon II: Session Chair- Anand Nair (Michigan State University) Assessing enterprise systems knowledge through a simulation game: preliminary results of a empirical study Carlo A. Mora-Monge (New Mexico State University), Jennifer Kreie (New Mexico State University), James Shannon (New Mexico State University) Abstract: The widespread implementation and use of Enterprise Systems (ES) has created a demand for a high skilled worker that not only has adequate business knowledge, but also analytical and ES related skills. This in turn has created a demand for workers that not only have the know‐how of particular ES software, but also can make intelligent decisions based on the information gathered. In an attempt to fulfill this demand, Universities around the globe are implementing curriculum related with ES and have implemented different strategies to teach this content. One of such strategies is the use of simulation games, which literature suggests as being a good mechanism for teaching complex subjects (Cronan and Douglas, 2012). This objective of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of simulation games in teaching ES related content. By empirically analyzing primary data from students who take part in the simulation, ES knowledge is measured before and after the simulation is completed. Our preliminary results indicate that the simulation environment was a key factor in the learning of ES content including: a better under‐ standing of business process, transactional data generated by ES systems, the ability to gather information, analyze it and make better decisions, and overall knowledge of ES functionality. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Towards a Competitiveness Audit Based on the Management of Technology Soon W Hong (Yongdong University), Pom-Jin Lee (Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology), Keun-Tae Cho (SungKyunKwan Universit), Yong-Gon Cho (Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology) Abstract: This study aims to build a framework to make an audit of an enterprise’s competitiveness based on the management of technology. We termed such competitiveness an MOTC (management of technology competitiveness). The proposed MOTC framework features two distinguished viewpoints of management theories, a resource-based view and a competence-based view, in order to audit technology and management capabilities in an integrative way. To elaborate the framework, we took a substantial review on the literature of management of technology and identified a set of major dimensions that are relevant to a firm’s MOTC. This paper mainly discusses those dimensions with a sense of how appropriate they are as candidates for MOTC measurement constructs. The results of this study may be adapted by individual firms as a base for self-assessment of their competitiveness from the viewpoint of management of technology. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Use of Information Technology in Collaborative Planning, Forecasting & Replenishment - Trends, Gaps in the Literature & Theoretical Directions David M. Simmonds (Old Dominion University), Russell P. Haines (Old Dominion University), Ling Xia Li (Old Dominion University) Abstract: In this paper, we analyze the current literature on the use of Information Technology in Collaborative Planning, Forecasting & Replenishment (CPFR) in support of Supply Chain Management. We analyze the literature along two dimensions. The first dimension is the function within CPFR—Planning, Forecasting or Replenishment. The second dimension is level at which the study addresses use of the technology, whether at the Operational, Tactical or Strategic level. Within this 3x3 matrix, we suggest that uses of Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment technologies would primarily fall along a line where the higher level functions are served by systems which have a longer-term orientation. While we find this to be true in many cases, we find an underrepresentation of Forecasting, especially at the strategic level. We conclude by offering explanations for these unexpected patterns in CPFR technology uses. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1:30-3:00 p.m. Salon III: Session Chair -Takashi Shimizu (University of Tokyo) Need For ‘Octapac’ Culture to Promote Inclusiveness in Logistics Service Provider (LSP) Firms a Study in the Indian Context Krishnaveni Muthiah (PSG College of Technology), N Sekar (PSG College of Technology), Santosh Birur (PSG College of Technology) Abstract: Purpose: The logistic industry around the globe is valued about US$3.5 trillion, out of which India‟s share is currently estimated at US$ 90 billion (CII, 2012), which points to the fact that logistics costs form 10-20% of Indian GDP. Moreover this sector generates

employment for 45 million in the country which is more than the IT (Information Technology) and ITES (Information Technology Enabled Services) sectors put together. It is expected to grow at a rate of 15% to 20% annually, and by 2015 industrial experts predict that the market share of organized logistics players is expected to double and reach revenues of approximately US$385 billion (Chopra, 2012). A review of the major human resources challenges in the sector reveals a limited pool of skilled employees and the need to develop skill sets to cope with emerging technologies and a global marketplace. The present study aims to explore the extent of HRD climate prevalent in LSP firms especially with focus on openness, confrontation, trust, autonomy, pro-activity, authenticity, and collaboration (OCTAPAC) to suggest areas for improvement, based on, the perception of the workers. Methodology: Data collection was made from a sample size of 314 executives of select organizations by administering a standard HRD Climate questionnaire. The data was analyzed using statistical tools like frequencies, mean, standard deviation, and ANOVA to understand the employee perception. Findings: The results indicate that, in spite of providing a host of welfare measures the LSP firms taken for study seem to be possessing average level of HRD Climate. Factors1like: lack of top management initiative in identifying and developing employee potential, employees not taking the given feedback seriously and similar reasons contribute to this state of affairs and hence offer a lot of scope for improvement. This study reveals the fact that much more can be done by organizations for development of HRD Climate by top management’s further involvement in employee development, supervisors showing more concern and maturity in handling employees and guiding them, seniors mentoring juniors in career development and fine tuning HRD Mechanisms. Value of the Study: The study reinforces the need for organizations to review its working culture based on the employee perceptions and strive for a culture that inculcates in workers the feeling of being a part of the organization. The findings of the study is based on the perception of workers and hence can be used by employers, HR practitioners and scholars to know the current trends and further their understanding of HRD Climate existing in LSP firms. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Product Risk Management and the Role of Project Managers A Comparative Analysis between U.S. and Japanese Firms Takashi Shimizu (University of Tokyo), Kihyun Park (Robert Morrison University), Youngwon Park (University of Tokyo) Abstract: In a tremendous uncertain business environment, it is easy for companies to suffer from various kinds of risks. Most of companies exist in business environment external to the project itself which poses a range of challenges and constraints. Risk

management is now widely accepted as an important tool in the management of projects and managing project risk is an inevitable part of a project. To compare previous research on Japanese firms, this paper analyzes complex risk management practices of Japanese and American firms. The research aims to examine how Japanese and American firms implement risk management. Specific research questions are: (1) in what particular ways do firms manage the overall organizational-level risks of firms as well as project-level risks in the areas of product planning and process designs? (2) How differently do Japanese and American firms to achieve risk management effectiveness (e.g., use risk managers or risk management departments or none as such) and what are their impacts? This study reports the differences in risk management practices between Japanese and American firms and contributes to academic literature and practitioners by suggesting key aspects of risk management practices. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Patterns of supply chain governance for global competitiveness: a study of global and indigenous firms in Indonesian context Aries Susanty (Diponegoro University), Ahmad Syamil (Arkansas State University), Paul Hong (University of Toledo) Abstract: Supply chain management is by nature about numerous forms in value chain working together for a shared purpose. As the market and competitive domains expand beyond regional and national markets to global markets in terms of sourcing of raw materials and marketing of products and services, the quality of supply chain governance impact the results of supply chain network efforts and processes. Since one supply chain competes against another supply chain, supply chain governance matters to the competitive performance of value chain networks. This paper aims to define key issues related to effective supply chain governance. Based on literature review a research model defines key variables and their essential characteristics and interrelationships. This paper is unique in that the issues of supply chain governance are discussed in the business contexts of Indonesia, one of the fastest growing countries in southeast Asia. In view of its rapidly growing wealth among middle and upper classes as well as the vast population with relatively small disposable incomes, the business landscape of Indonesia is quite dynamic and complex. Both global firms from USA, Europe, and Japan, Korea and China operates as well as an increasing number of indigenous firms from Indonesia. The governance styles of the non-Indonesian firms and indigenous Indonesian firms show interesting contrasts. In addition to the research model, case illustrations of these global firms depict the rich dynamics of supply chain governance in Indonesia. Lessons and implications are discussed for future research. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1:30-3:00 p.m. Salon VI: Session Chair - Gyewan Moon (Kyungpook National University) Leader-Vation: A Cultural examination on the effects of change management within South Korean Universities Maninderpal Singh Saini (Kyungpook National University), Gyewan Moon (Kyungpook National University) Abstract: LMX theory suggests leaders favour certain members of a group than other members during their interactions. With this issue, how does change management affect such dimensions? We develop this concept further and pay particular attention to culture. We examine South Korean universities and how certain alliances, networks between group and leaders may affect successful implementation of change. The education field remains an untapped source of curiosity. We explore concepts around innovation and leadership and where group identity is the potential foundation toward successful implementation of change. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The influential adaptation model of competitive priorities Thawatchai Jitpaiboon (Ball State University) Abstract: The purpose of this research is to introduce an influential adaptation model explaining how the buyers’ competitive priorities can influence the levels and choices of competitive priorities suppliers can adopt. Using empirical data collected from the Society of Manufacturing Engineer’s executives, the influential adaptation model results show that suppliers’ adaption of competitive priorities is largely influenced by buyers’ level of competitive priorities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1:30-3:00 p.m. Salon VII: Session Chair - Greg Rawski (University of Evansville) Using photovoice via social media to juxtapose corporate social responsibility strategies with stakeholder needs: An examination of Detroit Armond Sinclair (University of Toledo), Amanda Alexander (University of Texas at Arlington) Abstract: This research examines the potential use of Photovoice (a participatory action research methodology) via social media as a tool to depict current environmental and social conditions (specifically the City of Detroit), with the goal of the comparing and contrasting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies of multinational corporations with the stakeholder needs. This research proposes a conceptual model and framework that depicts how proper implementation, utilization and integration of Photovoice via social media platforms can create a shared-value for both shareholders and stakeholders, optimize the firm’s investments in CSR, and expose any misalignment between stakeholder needs and a firm’s CSR strategies. This research also shares the

results of the pilot test that was performed and explains the intended multi-phase plan for testing the postulated propositions. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Buyer-seller engagement on Social Media: An empirical Study on Facebook Greg Rawski (University of Evansville), Rupak Rauniar (University of Houston-Victoria) Abstract: The importance of communication and information sharing in an integrated product development environment is a well-established research stream in operations and supply chain related literatures. From the early fuzzy front end phase of product development to the commercialization of a new product requires intense information sharing and feedback by an engaged community of the developmental firm, key component suppliers, and customers. In recent years more and more businesses are trying to develop a vibrant and engaged community on social media sites. Understanding what motivates user engagement on popular social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn is of high interest to businesses and individuals in today's social paradigm. Today many stakeholder groups are found on social media such as customers, suppliers, and prospective employees. If businesses can better understand social media engagement, they can begin to collect information on how individuals network, exchange information, and better understand customer demands and requirements of customers. This exploratory study examines a number of drivers of user engagement from the world's most popular social media site: Facebook. An empirical model was developed from a primary data set of 398 Facebook users which looks at important constructs that create a meaningful understanding of engagement in social media. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Supply chain disruption handling: a dynamic extended resource-based (DE-RBV) view Baohua Qin (University of Toledo), Paul Hong (University of Toledo), Taeho Park (San Jose State University) Abstract: Harsh competition and rapid changing environment have made supply chain risk management a fashionable area of management research. But till now there is no research clearly analyzing the underlying mechanism in supply disruption handling. Drawing upon the Resourced Based View (RBV) including Dynamic Capability Theory, this paper developed Dynamic Extended Resource Based View (DE-RBV) to meet supply risk management requirement. Four different capabilities for supply risk handling are presented, i.e., Preventive Capability, Back-up Capability, Substitute Capability and Warning Capability. A conceptual model is set up which captures the relationships between supply disruption handling capabilities and supply disruption handling performance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3:00-4:30 p.m. Salon I: Session Chair - Kihyun Park (Robert Morrison University) How do pressures force organization to use social media in business? Jingru Sun, Juan Wang, Shao-Chi Wan (California State Univeristy, Fullerton), Yingxia Cao (University of La Verne) Abstract: Social media is increasingly playing a role of significance among many companies in current times. With varying social media usage options, companies or organizations can keep an effective communication with their customers, employees, business partners, and even competitors. This study focused on the factors that force the use of social media in many current companies. With interviews and surveys of different companies, it examined how pressures from the four different sources have influenced organizational decisions. Statistical analyses focus on the role of social pressures on social media usage and the outcome. Lessons and implications are discussed for future research issues. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Self-contained Localization Strategy: Case studies of Japanese firms Youngwon Park (University of Tokyo), Geon-Chul Shin (Kyunghee University), Paul Hong (University of Toledo) Abstract: The huge numbers of middle income groups are distributed in China and Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). With rapid economic growth and increase in the customer base with disposal income, these emerging economies hold amazing purchasing power potential for new products and services. It is crucial for firms to offer goods and services with high level of differentiation and market responsiveness. Thus, the sustainable competitive strategy in these emerging markets requires substantially different market penetration approaches. In this context, global firms recognize the need of localization strategy and strive to implement it. Yet, much is unknown about its successful implementation in the emerging economies. In this paper, we present the development of a self-contained localization system based on organizational capabilities. We have conducted case studies of Japanese firms in several countries. The foreign subsidiaries with self-contained units include their own R&D, operations, marketing, service and human resource functions. Such self-contained localization strategy allows the foreign subsidiary a large degree of autonomy in terms of appropriate local responsive practices. This study examines specific strategic and operational lessons and implications through such self-contained localization strategy to achieve higher global market share. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Network building strategy and supply chain management: Case studies of the transportation industry Ryosuke Sugie (University of Tokyo), Youngwon Park (University of Tokyo), Kihyun Park (Robert Morrison University) Abstract: The main goal of this paper is to examine the trucking businesses that have established a competitive advantage over other companies in Japan. We hypothesize that network building capabilities by discrimination of transaction methods are related largely to the ratio of sales and market share of the Japanese trucking business. In general, the terms utilized by transaction companies have been applied to the trucking business in this paper. The analogous terminology for the trucking industry is that the B2B is mass cargo delivery to another company from the corporate consignor, B2C is small cargo delivery to consumers’ shipper from the corporate consignor, and C2C is small cargo delivery (courier services) to general consumers from general consumers by trucking company. Based on the transaction system, we analyze each business model for the trucking industry. For this, we examine a comparative analysis between major trucking businesses in Japan such as Nippon Express, Fukuyama, Yamato Transport, and Sagawa Express and the differences among transaction systems were classified. The features of the network business in the trucking business and differences of profitability within these systems are discussed. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   3:00-4:30 p.m. Salon II: Session Chair - Sufian Qrunfleh (Eastern Michigan University) Agile supply chain strategy, supply chain practices, IT for flexibility: the moderated mediated relationship Sufian Qrunfleh (Eastern Michigan University), Monideepa Tarafdar (University of Toledo) Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effect of IT for flexibility on the mediating relationship of SCM practices on agile supply chain strategy. Theorizing from the supply chain literature, we develop a model to demonstrate the premise that implementing proper supply chain management practices to support and execute agile supply chain strategy will enhance the performance of the focal firm. We also propose that the indirect effect of agile supply chain strategy on firm performance, via SCM practices, differs in strength across low and high levels of IT flexibility. The respondent group for the web survey that was conducted was made up of 205 executives and senior managers in the purchasing and supply chain functions from manufacturing firms in the United States. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Do Firms Who Give Globally Secure Future Financial Performance? An Investigation of U.S. Service Firms Adrian Cowan (St. Mary’s University), Chia-Hsing Huang (SolBridge International School of Business), Prasad Padmanabhan (St. Mary’s University) Abstract: To date, there is extensive evidence on whether current domestic giving impacts future financial performance. However, to the best of our knowledge, no one has investigated the determinants of whether foreign charitable contributions or global charitable contributions made by US service firms impact subsequent financial performance. Using the Socrates KLD data base and the US M&A data for the 2004 -2010 period, we find evidence that current foreign giving by US service firms strongly influences future financial performance of firms only if they give domestically, but not if they give internationally or internationally and domestically. Specifically, after controlling for the variables traditionally associated with foreign giving, current giving is only strongly positively associated with future financial performance for the domestic service givers sample. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ High finance and sunk costs: the decline of big steel and financialization of the US economy Dwight Haase (University of Toledo) Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between the decline of the American steel industry and financial growth in the US economy, which in turn precipitated the global financial crisis of 2008. Traditionally, high costs of labor and managerial complacency are cited as the causes of the decline of American steel. While these factors are important, it also is necessary to consider how the conditions of ownership, the nature of steel production, infrastructural development, and the constraints of geography also rendered America’s big steel firms uncompetitive. The consequences of the decline of steel and Fordist manufacturing in general have been increased inequality and economic instability. The theoretical implication of this phenomenon is a more contextualized understanding of how crises of over-accumulation manifest themselves, in this case through a delinking of manufacturing from economic growth. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3:00-4:30 p.m. Salon III: Session Chair - Robert D. Yonker (University of Toledo) Inventory Management Aspects of Sustainability William T. Walker (StarTrak Information Technologies, LLC) Abstract: When sustainability studies look at air, water and energy consumption during a product’s lifecycle, such studies must also consider the inventory waste byproduct generated across the supply chain network. This tutorial presentation focuses on excess and no turn inventory drivers caused by common planning practices, purchasing practices and engineering practices. Forecast error, lot sizing, minimum buy quantities and engineering change orders (ECO’s) each contribute in their own way to excess and no turn inventory that unnecessarily consume scarce resources. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Role of Negotiation in Global Supply Chain Management: Suggestions for Sustainable Practice Paul Hong (University of Toledo), Robert D. Yonker (University of Toledo) Extended Abstract: Supply chain management by nature is to compete based on network capabilities beyond firm- specific competencies. This requires bringing together diverse organizational entities and cross- functional units business units whose interests are quite often in conflicts. As these supply chains are extended to global scope, then the challenges become immense. Thus, outstanding global supply chain includes high level of negotiation processes thorough which diverse business units and organizational entities strive to build relationships, create and deploy value. Sustainable competitive advantage requires the changing roles of negotiation far beyond traditional interpersonal and organizational processes and takes a wide range of value chain, strategic, operational, and project levels. Besides, negotiation affects in almost all crucial business priorities. As firms operates in multi-cultural, rapidly changing, and turbulent business environment, it is imperative for firms to define effective negotiation practices of global supply chains. The purpose of this study is to review literature on the role of negotiation in global supply chain managements and suggest a new research stream. We examine a major negotiation, global supply chain management and international business literature from 2000-2012 and present a framework that suggests evolving patterns of negotiation practices of firms in global contexts. This paper proposes a research model for implementing effective negotiation practices for global supply chain competitiveness. The main contribution of this study is the integration of the negotiation and supply chain management literature in global supply chain contexts and thus suggests key lessons and implications. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Role of Accounting Standards for Global Supply Chain Management: The Emerging Boundaries and Research Opportunities Mai Dao (University of Toledo), Paul Hong (University of Toledo) Abstract: This article aims to review the current literature on role of accounting standards for global supply chain management. Although the role of accounting has been examined on various areas, its impact on global supply chain management has not been well-explored. This articles examines accounting and supply chain literature and presents a Frame-work that suggests the emerging boundaries of accounting practices in global supply chain management. This study reviews articles published in major accounting and supply chain management journals including International Journal of Accounting, Management Accounting Research, Journal of Operations Management, Journal of Supply Chain Management, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. The role of Accounting Standards—both international financial standards and quality audit standards—is regarded as an important management tool for global

competitiveness. The changing role of accounting standards reflects the dynamic requirements of global firms that strive to remain competitive in the turbulent global market contexts. The study contributes to the accounting and supply chain management literature by identifying emerging boundaries of accounting standards and research opportunities. This article adopts a qualitative research perspective and future research may conduct empirical analysis of diverse firms for their global supply chain management practices. This article is unique in that it examines the role of accounting standards and presents the findings to suggest fruitful future research. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3:00-4:30 p.m. Salon VI: Session Chair - Ying Liao (Meredith College) External knowledge acquisition, network-oriented flexibility, and innovation: an empirical study Ying Liao (Meredith College) In today’s dynamic environment, building flexibility into product innovation has become increasingly important. This paper develops and empirically tests an integrative model linking external knowledge acquisition, supply chain flexibility and product innovation flexibility and examines the moderate effect of organizational awareness (a form of internal capability). It is one of the few papers that explores the effect of both internal capability and external knowledge on innovation flexibility. Results indicate that supply network flexibility and information spanning flexibility play a mediating role between external knowledge acquisition and product innovation flexibility, illustrating the importance of developing flexible supply network and information distribution structure in facilitating transformation of external knowledge into innovation. We further provide evidence that strong organizational awareness allows firms to leverage external knowledge and supply chain network capability and in turn influence the perceived effect on product innovation flexibility. By combining internal capability and external network management, our study should yield important implications that can help supply chain and human resource professionals to clarify how to contribute to a firm’s flexibility performance in product innovation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Re-shoring – reporting from the battlefront Angel Díaz (IE Business School), Luis Solís (IE Business School), Gamaliel Martinez (IE Business School) Abstract: High rates of unemployment are becoming common in most developed countries. This could arguably produce social unrest which may result in populist governments and protectionist practices, and can be partially explained by off-shoring practices. This paper examines a reverse phenomenon, the so-called re-shoring (or back-shoring) movement, analyzing its causes and citing examples from Spain, where unemployment has grown from 8,5% in 2008 to over 27% in 2013 (and almost 60% for

those under 25 years). The paper develops as follow: we first look in the academic and popular literature that tries to explain the formation of networks and examines off-shoring and re-shoring trends. We then look at some of the conceptual factors that can determine re-shoring; and at three cases in Spain where offshoring decisions have been discarded or reversed. We finally discuss those factors that should be taken in consideration when companies make location decisions, and which go well beyond the simple consideration of labor costs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A sustainable model for evaluating supply chain delivery performance Lihua Chen (West Liberty University) and Alfred L. Guiffrida (Kent State University) Extended Abstract: In today’s globally competitive business environment many organizations have integrated the supply chain management (SCM) philosophy into to their business strategy. Performance measurement of supply chain operations is essential to insure that financial and customer service objectives are met. Comprehensive performance evaluation frameworks as well as formal evaluation models such as the supply chain operations reference model (SCOR) have been developed and can be used by managers to gauge supply chain performance (see for example, Cuthbertson and Piotrowicz, 2011; Chan et al. 2006; Huan et al., 2004). As discussed in Neely et al. (1995), performance metrics are required to provide meaningful feedback. Reviews of supply chain performance metrics are found in Gopal and Thakkar (2012), Gunasekaran and Kobu (2007) and Gunasekaran et al. (2001). Within the set of supply chain performance metrics, delivery performance is classified by Gunasekaran et al. (2004) as a strategic level performance measure.

Delivery performance within global supply chains has been empirically investigated by several researchers. In a study of 485 companies from 19 countries in the metal products, machinery and equipment assembly industries Golini and Kalchschmidt (2011) found that a complex interrelationship exists between globalization of sales, supply chain investment and delivery performance. Based on responses from 243 manufacturers across 13 countries in the metal, machinery, electrical and transportation products and equipment industries, da Silveira and Arkader (2007) identified a direct relationship between customer coordination investment and delivery speed and reliability. On-time delivery was found to be the most important aspect of supply chain delivery performance by Tan et al. (2002) in a study of 1500 senior purchasing and materials managers of US firms. Quantitative models for measuring supply chain delivery performance are prevalent in the supply chain literature (see for example Hsu et al. 2013, Safaei et al. 2013; Roy et al. 2013; Bushuev and Guiffrida, 2012). A review of these models indicates that the models fail to address environmental sustainability in their formulations. Given the heavy emphasis placed on environmental sustainability and green supply chain management (Shuaib et al. 2011; Srivastava, 2007), this failure in the current portfolio of supply chain delivery performance models is an extreme limitation and therefore represents a gap in the research on supply chain delivery performance.

In this paper we present a supply chain delivery performance model that incorporates environmental sustainability into the model formulation thereby bridging the sustainability gap found in the literature on supply chain delivery models. Environmental sustainability is introduced into the supply chain delivery performance model presented herein through the incorporation of the carbon footprint associated with the delivery process. The contribution of this model is twofold. First, the model presented herein advances the literature on supply chain delivery performance models by including the carbon footprint as a measure of sustainability in delivery performance evaluation. Second, the model aligns delivery performance measurement with green supply chain management and contributes to the product level auditing of supply chains. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Saturday, September 28, 2013 8:00-9:30 a.m. Salon I: Session Chair - Deng Mingrong (Zhejiang University) A Dry Port Location Model in Perspective of Green Logistics Deng Mingrong(Zhejiang University), LU Xiujuan (Zhejiang University) Abstract: Dry port is an important link in global supply chain. After several decades of fast development, many of China’s sea ports have been ranked in top list in terms of throughputs. However, their dry ports are less advanced and not well distributed. A challenge lies in the different perspectives of various parties such as enterprises, seaports and local governments on the construction of dry ports. The enterprises and seaports may pursuit more of profits rather than green effects. In this paper, it is analyzed how the relations among network actors can be reshaped by dry ports. The dry ports can prompt propagation of green logistics’ target, standards, and behavior by increasing network density and network centrality. A dry port location model is proposed in perspective of green logistics. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Effects of followership characteristics on an innovative behavior: Moderating effects of Leader-Member exchange relations and job mode Gyewan Moon (Kyungpook National University), Chiwoo Lee (Kyungpook National University) Abstract: Though there are several researches on examining the effects of leadership characteristics on an innovative behavior, followership characteristics have not been highlighted. This study aims to examine the effects that followership characteristics, specifically suggested by Kelly (1992), play on an innovative behavior. After performing an empirical test using 336 subjects from domestic companies, we got the following results. 1) An independent, critical thinking and active participation are positively related to an innovative behavior. 2) Whereas a leader-member exchange relation moderated negatively the relations between an independent, critical thinking and an innovative behavior, it moderated positively the relations between an active participation and an

innovative behavior. And, after analyzing the moderating effect along the job modes, we found that in the area of sales/marketing and R&D job, a significant relation between an independent, critical thinking and an innovative behavior were found but, in other areas we could not. Theoretical meanings and practical implications are discussed based on these results. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Human Resource Management for Developing Intra-Innovators: The Case of Japanese Global Firms Youngwon Park (University of Tokyo), Paul Hong (University of Toledo) Abstract: This article examines how Japanese firms develop intra-innovators that are capable to implement linkage competence for global competitiveness. This article aims to examine intra- innovators personal requirements (e.g., behavioral and cognitive) and development conditions (e.g., education and experiences) based on in-depth interviews of human resource executives. Based on the interview results, we suggest nine characteristics of intra-innovators development. The research findings suggest that these intra-innovators are highly equipped with linkage competence which is the ability to integrate technology-based competence and market-driven competence. We discuss the lessons and implications of such Japanese approach of human resource development for innovative professionals. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8:00-9:30 a.m. Salon II: Session Chair - Jon H. Marvel (West Carolina University) Dynamic Analysis of Shipment Partitioning and Routing in a Transportation Network Jon H. Marvel (West Carolina University) Abstract: Research activity into the area of evacuation planning has increased due to recent natural disasters. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Tohuku earthquake and tsunami in 2011 are examples of natural disasters that identified weaknesses in humanitarian supply chain logistics networks. Research areas of evacuation planning include emergency building evacuation, disaster management and recovery, and homeland defense preparation. The same tools that are used to produce evacuation routes and schedules to evacuate population to safety in disaster management situation can also be applied to the shipment partitioning problem that is the focus of this research. Evacuation planning is typically divided into three categories: warning systems, linear programming approaches, and heuristic approaches. It is the heuristic approach that applicable to the shipment partitioning problem. Most of the heuristic approaches in evacuation planning consider only shortest path calculations to get the evacuees to nearest exit without any consideration of route capacity constraints and traffic from other sources. The shipment partitioning problem addressed in this research relates conveying a cargo of known size through a transportation network with capacity constraints according to published routing schedules. The objective is to transport the entire cargo from a source node to a destination node. Because the size of the cargo is larger than the capacity of the available paths through the network, the cargo will need to be partitioned.

This would typically be the situation in the transportation of rail freight with capacity restrictions and published schedules. Kunnathur et al. (2005) addressed this issue by initially developing a mathematical formulation that defined this problem as the transportation of a fixed sized cargo shipment from a source node to a destination node in which the edges of the network did not have enough capacity to allow transportation of the complete shipment through one path of the network. Dastidar (2011) built on Kunnathur’s work to develop heuristics to minimize the total transportation cost subject to a total time constraint. The focus of this research is to extend the research of Kunnathur et al. (2005) and Dastidar (2011) by introducing dynamics into the static shipment partitioning and routing problem that was previously identified. Heuristics, from previous research or newly developed, will be evaluated based on the ability to minimize the makespan of the complete shipment. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Neural Network Based Performance Prediction and Modeling: Application to U.S. Class I Railroads He-Boong Kwon (Colorado State University-Pueblo) Abstract: The freight railroad in the U.S is gaining a growth momentum after suffering a decline as a result of economic recession in 2008 and the industry expects continuous growth in the upcoming years. The record high capital investment in 2013 reflects this hopeful prospect of future railroad operations. In this vertically integrated and capital intensive industry, efficient utilization of existing resources is a crucial impact factor not only for sustaining a current competitive edge but also for promoting a healthy growth of a firm. For these reasons, efficiency has been a keen interest to railroad managers and an important research agenda for researchers as well. The purpose of this study is to advance current performance measurement approach by adding predictive capacity to the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based efficiency framework throughout exploration of artificial neural network (ANN) and its adaptive learning paradigm. This research presents a noble approach of combining DEA and ANN for performance modeling of seven Class I railroads and demonstrates successful outcomes throughout empirical analysis using eight year industry specific time series data during observation period of 2005-2012. The proposed model can be a useful performance benchmarking tool and an effective decision support system. The model enables managers to test ‘what-if’ scenarios, thus supporting performance improvement planning process. In addition, the DEA-ANN combined approach can help managers monitor improvement progress via feasibility test and reality check during the implementation stage. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Simulation analysis of the effect of inbound logistics on the SCM performance in automotive parts procurement Seung-Chul Kim (Hanyang University), Jin-Young Kim (Hyundai Glovis, Korea), Je-Man Boo (Hanyang University), Dae-Chul Kim (Hanyang University) Abstract: To survive in automotive industry, it is important to produce and provide good quality cars to the customers, and also the company needs to maintain its production costs at the competitive levels by removing wastes in production process. Among many factors of wasteful cost, approximately 42% are accounted for by the logistics cost. For example, the obsolete inventories due to the facelift, the supplier’s unplanned urgent deliveries, and inefficient delivery method such as individual transportation are the reasons behind the high logistics cost. In this regard, it is essential that the production must be supported by the efficient inbound logistics of the parts supply in the upstream of the production process. This study will explore the effectiveness of various logistics models for automotive parts procurement by applying simulation experiment. Four logistics models of parts supply were developed based on the past literature about the inbound logistics. The simulation experiment was designed based on the operational situations of a real life Korean auto manufacturing company in the USA. The results of the study show that the efficiency of the inbound logistics model differs substantially depending on the operational environments. Overall, the cross-docking model and the hybrid model of cross-docking and milk-run model were dominant in long distance situation. The direct transportation model and the milk-run model were dominant in short distance situation. As a conclusion, it is suggested that a manufacturing firm needs to select an inbound logistics model by considering its operational environment.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8:00-9:30 a.m. Salon III: Session Chair - Luis E. Solís (IE Business School) Towards a governance model to improve alliances success: Insights from the practices of successful companies Jesus Morcillo (University Carlos III), Luis E. Solís (IE Business School), Angel Diaz (IE Business School) Extended Abstract: Inter organizational relations (IOR) have gone from representing a small share of the revenues of large corporations in the Fortune 1000 list, to represent more than 20% of the turnover of large proportion of these companies (Kale, Singh and Bell, 2009). Although the recent financial crisis of 2007, and subsequent collapse of institutions like Lehman Brothers, has caused a significant decline in the activity of the western economy, the need to do more with fewer resources has increased interest in partnerships as one of the practices that allow companies to conduct innovative projects. Hansen (2009) reports on one such project in the field of energy management improvement through customer-supplier integration models (e.g., energy service

companies, or ESCO, in which the income of one of the partners are conditioned by the savings of the other partner). The phenomenon of collaboration between organizations is not new, with strong developments of the different types of IOR, caused by factors such as globalization of markets and the development of new technologies (Porter and Fuller, 1986), the need to meet new customer requirements (Ohmae, 1989), the difficulty of being competitive throughout the complete value chain of the organization (Garcia-Ochoa, 2003, 2010), and limitations in resources (Williamson, 1985; Cobianchi, 1994). Collaboration can now be considered a pillar of economic sustainability (Shymko and Diaz, 2012). In this study we focus on a common type of IOR, strategic alliances, and follow Dyer & Sigh that identify four sources of competitive advantage in alliances (relation-specific assets, knowledge-sharing, complementary resources and governance capabilities) to focus on governance mechanisms of alliances.

Alliances exhibit however high failure rates: a recent study shows a failure rate of about 50% of all alliances studied (Kaplan et al., 2010), based on a study by McKinsey &Co. This is worrisome in a strategic move initially thought to improve competitiveness and to support development plans of many organizations. This phenomenon has been studied from different points of view, but it is essential to understand how cooperation with others, be they suppliers, customers or even competitors, is hindered by reasons which leads to failure, or facilitated by governance mechanisms. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A newsvendor perspective of remanufacturing using monte carlo simulation Rafael Diaz (Old Dominion University), Erika Marsillac (Old Dominion University) Abstract: Investigating random yields or uncertain supply is not a new topic in inventory management, but previous research has been largely limited to a focus on the issues of quality defects, uncertain capacity and sourcing in the traditional supply chain. In the areas of reverse logistics and remanufacturing, random yields in supply are extremely pertinent, as they comprise a large proportion of the supply source. Benefitting a growing topic area, the subject of random yields in reverse logistics and remanufacturing has received increasing attention in recent years. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of Monte Carlo simulation as an effective managerial tool to evaluate the performance and extent of engagement in remanufacturing operations. The problem is modeled as a newsvendor problem where supply and demand have stochastic components. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Responsiveness in the face of complexity--use of inter-organizational systems (IOS) and collaborative knowledge management (CKM) Prashanth Anekal (Saginaw Valley State University), Monideepa Tarafdar (University of Toledo) Abstract: Over the years there has been a steady increase in the level of complexity of products being manufactured. At the same time, firms and their supply chains have been forced to improve their responsiveness in order to compete successfully in the marketplace. However, previous studies suggest that an increase in complexity can have a negative impact on performance. This paper thus proposes a negative relationship between product complexity and supply chain responsiveness. Keeping in mind that product complexity is bound to increase over time and reducing product complexity may not always be possible; this paper explores mechanisms to manage the effects of complexity on responsiveness. Two mechanisms are identified, namely Use of Inter Organizational Systems (IOS) and Collaborative Knowledge Management (CKM). The proposed research model thus tests (1) a direct relationship between product complexity and supply chain responsiveness; and (2) indirect relationships mediated by the IOS and CKM. Data is collected from medium and large scale manufacturing enterprises to empirically test the proposed research model. Structural Equation Model (SEM) is used to test the proposed relationships. Finally, implications for theory and practice are discussed and scope for future research is identified. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   8:00-9:30 a.m. Salon VII: Session Chair - Alfred L. Guiffrida (Kent State University) Empirical study of the green supply chain management practices in foundry sector and their relation to the organizational performance R. Jayachitra (PSG College of Technology), S. Janaki, PSS Prasad, B. Revathi Abstract: It has been increasing in consciousness of the environment in the last few decades. More people are aware of the world’s environmental problems such as global warming, toxic substance usage, and decreasing in non-replenish resources. The Government has released campaigns to promote this problem to people. Several organizations responded to this by applying green principles to their company, such as using environmental friendly raw material, reducing the usage of petroleum power, and using the recycle papers for packaging. The green principles were expanded to many departments within organization, including supply chain.Green supply chain management (GSCM) was emerging in the last few years. This idea covers every stage in manufacturing from the first to the last stage of lifecycle, i.e. from product design to recycle. The Green Supply Chain (GSC) is a key element of an enterprise-wide green management strategy. A GSC can help agencies comply with new federal guidelines while achieving a wide range of economic, social, national security, and environmental

goals. This study aims to investigate the current green level of foundry ndustry in and around a specific city. The approach of the present research includes a literature review, in depth interviews and questionnaire surveys. The survey questionnaire was designed with 20 items using literature. This project evaluates the environmental assessment of small scale foundries to find the critical factors of green supply chain management and their relation to the organizational performance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Modeling the carbon footprint for supply chain market share growth Jay R. Brown (Loyola University Maryland), Alfred L. Guiffrida (Kent State University) Extended Abstract: In today’s globally competitive business environment many organizations have adopted the supply chain management (SCM) philosophy as a means to improve business performance. The SCM philosophy is based upon the integration and coordination of traditionally stand-alone processes and activities which are both internal to an organization (such as production planning, inventory control, purchasing and distribution) as well as external (such as vendor relations and customer relationship management). Several authors have discussed the role that marketing plays in forming the foundation and advancement of the SCM philosophy. Min and Mentzer (2000) highlight the role of marketing in SCM by linking the marketing concept (customer focus, coordinated marketing and profitability), market orientation (generating, dissemination and responding to market information) and relationship marketing (developing and maintaining close inter-firm relationships) into an integrated framework to support SCM in gaining profitable differential advantage. Ellinger (2000) empirically examined the impact of cross-functional collaboration between the marketing and logistics and found that customer service to the end customer in the supply chain is degraded by a shortage of cross-functional collaboration between marketing and logistics. Jüttner et al. (2007) examined the integration of marketing and SCM from the perspective of demand chain management and elaborate on managerial aspects of the integration between demand and supply processes, the structure between integrated processes and customer segments, and the working relationships between marketing and SCM. Madhani (2010) examined the relationship between the marketing mix components of an organization’s marketing strategy and the capabilities of the organization’s supply chain using a conceptual model that demonstrates the relationship between SCM capability and marketing mix effectiveness. The model is illustrated using examples from two firms in the retail supply chain. In this paper we examine the environmental impact of an organization’s marketing strategy to gain market share growth within their supply chain. Market share growth is a common objective of firms across many industries. As a metric, market share is useful since it is a summary of a firm’s past successes and an indicator of future events (Cook, 1985). Numerous studies have linked market share to the profitability and financial performance of firms across many industries. For example, Buzzell et al. (1975) report that a 10% change in market share translates to a 5% change in return on investment. A comprehensive review consisting of a meta-analysis of 276 market share – profitability studies is found in Szymanski et al. (1993). The findings of the meta-analysis indicate that, on average, market share has a significant positive effect on profitability.

Prior research has studied the effects of market share growth on the distribution systems within supply chains (see for example, Reibstein and Farris, 1995; Farris et al. 1989) but does not address the environmental aspects of market share growth. Conversely, the environmental aspects of distribution systems within supply chains have been widely studied (see for example, Van Woensel et al. 2001; Ülkü, 2012; Liu et al. 2012), but do not directly address the environmental impact of market share growth. The model presented herein bridges this research gap by contributing a decision model which directly addresses the environmental impact of market share growth within a supply chain. The contribution of the paper herein is twofold. First, using the widely accepted and understood metric of the carbon footprint, we provide management with a decision model that can be used to estimate the increase in their carbon footprint that results from market share growth. In today’s business environment many firms are under pressures from customers, investors and governmental agencies to adopt environmental friendly practices (Vachon and Klassen, 2006). Hence, the ability to proactively assess the carbon footprint burden produced as a result of market share growth is integral to the implementation of a market share growth strategy. Second, decision models for estimating the carbon footprint generated by the distribution system of a supply chain are static in nature and are unable to address the impact of uncertainty in the level of customer demand on the carbon footprint. The model herein directly incorporates the stochastic nature of customer demand under a market share growth strategy. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10:00-11:30 a.m. Salon I: Session Chair - Mike Tracey (Western Illinois University) Developing a practitioner-oriented SCM Curriculum: Closing the Gap between academic premise and industry need Mike Tracey (Western Illinois University), Honey Zimmerman (Western Illinois University), Barton Jennings (Western Illinois University), James Patterson (Western Illinois University) Abstract: Firms often find it difficult to bring new personnel into their organizations that have the skills required for contributing straight away to improving today’s global supply chains. Part of problem is the curriculums at college-level supply chain management programs do not always matchup well with the needs of their business clientele. While the reasons for this vary, a central issue may be a lack of interaction between academics and industry regarding this specific issue. This paper demonstrates how one SCM program gathers and utilizes input from practitioners actively engaged in hiring its students to refine its program to produce the most desirable recruits possible. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A comparative study of organizational use of social media in China and Taiwan Yingxia Cao (University of La Verne), Paul Hong (University of Toledo) Abstract: The use of social media across different geographical regions is under-investigated in research. This study adapts a research model and applies a structural equation modeling approach (SEM) to compare differences between two groups of organizations in China and Taiwan. We hypothesized that the two regions should have similar patterns in factors and intentions. The study finds that the model still holds. In addition, the results show that the factors have different strengths in predicting organizational intentions and actual use. Conclusions are made. Implications for research and practice are discussed. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Collaboration in Product Development with the Local Supplier: A Case study of Japanese Manufacturing Company in China Mizuki Kobayashi (University of Tokyo) Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to disclose the relationship between Multinational Corporations (MNC)’s building process with their local software supplier at product development level. The research conducted a case study of a Japanese electronic machine company and its Chinese supplier (providing embedded software to the Japanese company). After investigating their collaboration process at product development level, author found 1each level of product development requires the supplier’s ability to perform; 2collaborative relationship goes through a qualitative change after high volume coordination for a long period of time. The Chinese supplier company transformed from an outsourcing company to an important partner for its Japanese client. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10:00-11:30 a.m. Salon II: Session Chair - Thawatchai Jitpaiboon (Ball State University) The interaction effects of a hybrid MRP-kanban production planning method and flexible manufacturing strategy on operational performance outcomes Zachary Moran Leffakis (Clemson University), Paul Hong (University of Toledo) Abstract: Intense global competitive forces have mandated that manufacturing organizations simultaneously become more flexible and efficient in increasing the level of product mix offerings for the market. One specific managerial area that may contribute to assist in minimizing the flexibility - efficiency trade-off effect is the production planning and control (PPC) system. The foundation of this analysis centers on empirically verifying that when manufacturers follow a product mix flexible manufacturing strategy they will exhibit better operational and system performance by integrating a hybrid push-pull PPC system rather than a pure MRP-push or kanban-pull approach independently. Using survey data collected in 2005 from the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey, moderated hierarchical multiple regression is used to test the research hypotheses. The statistical results of our empirical analysis indicate that

successful manufacturers implement a synergistic hybrid push-pull PPC system that facilitates the achievement of product mix flexibility in the manufacturing function and provide a high level of customer service over the pure MRP-push or kanban-pull approaches. However, contrary to expectations, cost performance was significantly better with a kanban-pull approach rather than the hybrid push-pull PPC system. The results of our scientific investigation provides a better understanding for researchers and practitioners of how and when manufacturing firms should implement PPC techniques to efficiently and effectively schedule production for wide product variety. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Exploring Effective Product Complexity Strategies to Create Innovative Outcomes Ryan Skiver (University of Wisconsin Oshkosh) Abstract: Literature suggests that added product complexity can create greater profits if the complexity is managed effectively (Kekre and Srinivasan, 1990; Meeker et al., 2009; Meyer and Mugge, 2001). Yet firms with higher levels of product complexity experience profit margins that are on average 3 percent lower than firms that do not (Hoole, 2006; Bozarth 2009). Because of this how to effectively manage product complexity poses great difficulty (Jacobs and Swink, 2011). Effective management includes coordinating mechanisms that fit in with the complex environment (Balachandran and Friar 1997; Miller 1988, 1991). Through creating coordination mechanisms in a complex environment innovation outcome as well as overall firm performance can be more successful (Askenas et al 2002). This research shows the importance of coordination mechanisms on the outcome of innovation, existing market and new market, as well as overall firm performance. The reason for doing this is two-fold: first it creates a better understanding of product complexity and how innovation is created in an increasingly complex environment. Secondly, it creates a model that is empirically tested to show that different product complexity types can benefit from different mechanisms for better performance outcome in this complex environment. Based on literature, a research model is presented, variables and items are defined, and the relationships among variables are explained by hypotheses. The development of the instrument for the model was completed in three phases: (1) item generation using literature review as explained by Churchill (1979) (2) a pilot study using pilot survey and structured interviews (3) a large scale-data analysis and instrument validation. These variables will then be studied through US manufacturing industry in high complex environments. The respondents are CEOs, and VP of R&D or new product development Theoretical and practical implications of this research as well as future research issues are discussed. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10:00-11:30 a.m. Salon III: Session Chair - P.S. Sundararaghavan (University of Toledo) A Literature Review on Sustainable Supply Chain: Antecedents, Practices, and Performance Outcomes Ma Ga Yang (West Chester University), James Roh (Rowan University), Paul Hong (University of Toledo) Extended Abstract: Over the past decade, organizations have begun to address sustainability as a megatrend, just as firms of the 1970s and 1980s coped with quality improvement efforts and the IT revolution. As such, sustainability has risen to prominence as firms vigorously pursue competitive advantage in a turbulent global environment. Recent studies suggest that many global companies have placed it on their agenda in the recent years and have made strategic commitments to the sustainability trend. There is a general consensus that the sustainability movement nears a tipping point. In spite of the increasing perception that sustainability is of strategic importance and boosts firms’ bottom line, however, it is still in early stage to understand how firms implement sustainability initiatives in their supply chains and benefit from such undertaking. In quest of the research gap, this study conducts a comprehensive literature review on such areas as (1) scope or dimensions of sustainability, (2) antecedents or drivers of sustainability, (3) supply chain practices that focus on sustainability, and (4) performance outcomes. In addition, this study provides the multiple theoretical perspectives to explain how a firm adopts sustainability initiatives under different levels of pressures. Through conducting a comprehensive literature review on sustainability and sustainable supply chain, this article aims to (1) develop a research model on sustainable supply chain of a focal firm, (2) identify the current supply chain practices that focus on the triple bottom line, and (3) address the future research opportunities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Critical level dynamic pricing mechanism in supply chain inventory management with multiple customer types: motivated by Chinese pharmaceutical supply chains among others P.S. Sundararaghavan (University of Toledo), Udayan Nandkeolyar (University of Toledo), Bo Li (Ashland University), Yue Zhang (University of Toledo) Abstract: Motivated by the study of the Chinese Pharmaceutical Supply Chains (PSC) and other similar supply chains, such as auto companies and carpet industry in the US market, we address the inventory problems faced by such supply chains. The supply chains face multiple customer-types with different characteristics defined by price and demand. We develop a critical level dynamic pricing mechanism associated with the inventory ordering policies. The objective is maximizing the total net revenue, when the firm adjusts its price and selling policy towards customers with different priorities in order to maximize profit per unit time. We use computer simulation to investigate the

effectiveness of the proposed policies. At the end, we also discuss some general recommendations for the managers of these supply chains. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Process modularity, trust, supplier empowerment and supplier performance: the mediating effects of supplier empowerment Kun Liao (Central Washington University), Xiaodong Deng (Oakland University), Ying Liao (Meredith College), Mark Vonderembse (University of Toledo) Abstract: Supplier empowerment is the task motivation of a supplier through its assessment of the potential value of participating proactively in supply chain activities. Based on the literature of psychological empowerment at the individual and team levels, this study proposes a research model that explores the role of supplier empowerment in moderating the relationship between situational factors (i.e., a supplier’s own process modularity and its trust in its customers/buyers) and a supplier’s operations and customer service performance (i.e., supplier’s inventory level and order fulfillment). In addition, a foundation of social capital and trust level theories is used to propose that shared vision, strategic alignment, and commitment are the antecedents of the supplier’s trust in its customers. This model is tested with 208 responses from automotive industry suppliers. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10:00-11:30 a.m. Salon VII: Session Chair - Canchu Lin (University of Toledo) Performance Measurement of Supply Chains: An Analysis Based on Length of the Supply chain Antony Paul Kunnath (PSG Institute of Management), R. Nandagopal (PSG Institute of Management), D. Kavitha (PSG Institute of Management) Abstract: This project aims to develop performance measures that can be computed through publicly available information. The project describes an approach for benchmarking using these performance measures and demonstrates how meaningful results may be derived from this exercise. The major factor considered for benchmarking is the Total Length of the supply chain, which measures the effectiveness of the supply chain management in an organization. By following this framework, a firm can identify areas of opportunity for improvement in its internal supply chain. Further, the framework can help to identify specific reasons behind the performance levels in the internal supply chain and stimulate performance improvement. To illustrate the methodology used, it is applied to seven different industries by taking approximately five companies in each industry. The project provides meaningful interpretation of the results for the companies in each industry. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Image Building on the Platform: An Examination of How Firms Attract Customers Canchu Lin (University of Toledo), Anand S. Kunnathur (University of Toledo) Abstract: Technology is an important driver for business diversification. Platform firms such as Google and Amazon secure an important role in today’s economy. While platform firms have attracted an increasing amount of attention from information systems researchers, they have been rarely examined in other fields of business research such as supply chain management research. Platform firms pose significant challenges to the concept of supply chain management in that their customers may not be their buyers or sellers. A common feature of platform firms is that they invest heavily in creating a huge user/customer base. The concept of network effects suggests that having a network of users/customers is critical to the survival of such platform firms. From this perspective, it is important to investigate strategies that platform firms use to create and develop such a network of users/customers. Drawing on the theoretical framework of image building from communication research, this study features a case study of a Chinese TV interactive program where platform firms compete to construct and sell their firm images to potential customers. The strategies they use to attract users/customers will be qualitatively analyzed. Findings will be discussed with respect to how they inform theory of supply chain management. Implications for managerial practices will be addressed as well. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------