• AABHA PARIKH

• FARAN HATHIDARA

• KEYUR SHAH

• JANKI SUVAGIYA

• KRINA PATEL

• KEINS PRAJAPATI

ALLOYS Definition

◦ Combination of two or more metallic elements chemically.

Ferrous alloys Plain carbon steels

Alloy steels

Stainless steels

Cast irons

STAINLESS STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

•Main article: Architectural steel

•Is an alloy of chromium, nickel,molybdum,iron

•used for buildings for both practical and aesthetic reasons.

• Stainless steel was in vogue during the art deco period.

• Because of the durability of the material, many of these buildings retain their original appearance.

Manufacturing

For much of human history, steel has only been made in small quantities.

Since the invention of the Bessemer process in the 19th century and subsequent technological developments , mass production of steel has become an integral part of the world's economy

BESSEMER CONVERTER

SOME EXAMPLES The 630-foot-high (190 m), stainless-clad (type 304) Gateway Arch defines St. Louis's skyline

The pinnacle of New York's Chrysler Building is clad with nirosta stainless steel

An art deco sculpture on the Niagara-Mohawk Power building in Syracuse, New York

•Cala Galdana Bridge in Minorca (Spain) was the first

stainless steel road bridge.

Low-carbon steels

•Contain less than 0.25% Carbon.

•Not very responsive to heat treatments

•soft, weak, tough and ductile

•Machinable, weldable, not expensive

High strength low alloy steels (HSLA steels)

•Contain alloying elements such as Cu, V, Ni,etc in combined concentrations of >10 wt%

•Stronger than plain low-C steels

•Ductile, formable and machinable

•Use-It is often used when large quantities of steel are needed, for example as structural steel.

Medium-carbon steels

•Contain 0.25-0.60 wt.% carbon

•Can be heat-treated but only in thin sections

•Stronger than low-C steels but less ductile and less tough

•Good wear resistance

•Uses-Railway wheels & tracks, gears

High carbon steels

•Approximately 0.9–2.5% carbon content

•PROPERTIES-Hardest, strongest, ductile

•Especially wear resistant

•Form hard and wear resistant carbides, razors, springs and high strength wires.

•USE-cutting tools.

Cast irons

•The main elements: These are Carbon, Silicon, and Iron. Gray cast irons typically contain 3.0-3.5% carbon, with silicon levels varying from 1.8-2.4%.

•Since they become liquid easily between 1150 C and 1300 C, they can be easily cast

•Inexpensive

• wear resistant

•Uses- Essential parts in trains, frames, suspensions, and wheels, differential cases, automatic transmission parts, disc brake calipers, ect..

•4 types: gray cast iron, nodular cast iron, white cast iron, malleable cast iron

SOME EXAMPLES…

THE STEEL CABLE A ROLL OF STEEL WOOL

A STEEL PYLON SUSPENDING OVERHEAD POWER LINE

CONSTRUCTION OF ROCKET LAUNCHER

STEEL RODS SOME USES OF CAST IRON

SOME MORE ALLOYS OF IRON Elinvar(nickel, chromium)

Fernico (nickel, cobalt)

Ferroalloys(Category:Ferroalloys) ◦ Ferroboron

◦ Ferrocerium

◦ Ferrochrome

◦ Ferromagnesium

◦ Ferromanganese

◦ Ferromolybdenum

◦ Ferronickel

◦ Ferrophosphorus

◦ Ferrosilicon

◦ Ferrotitanium

◦ Ferrouranium

◦ Ferrovanadium

Invar (nickel)

NON FERROUS ALLOYS •Aluminum alloys

•Copper alloys

•Magesnium alloys

•Nickel alloys

•Titanium alloys

•Refractory metals

•Superalloys

ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

•FEW PROPERTIES..

•High electrical and thermal conductivities

•High ductility

•Low melting point and strengths

•Cast or wrought

•Temper designation

ALLOYS OF ALUMINIUM Aluminium forms complex metallic alloys used for electrical building wire

Al–Li (lithium)

used for Alnico (nickle, cobalt): permanent magnets

Duralumin (copper)

Hiduminium or R.R. alloys (2% copper, iron, nickel): used in aircraft pistons

Kryron

Magnalium (5% magnesium): used in airplane bodies, ladders,etc.

Nambe (aluminium plus seven other undisclosed metals), serveware, exclusively from the one manufacturer

Scandium–aluminium (scandium)

DURALUMIN • Duralumin is an alloy of 93.5 % Al, 4.4% Cu 1.5% Mg, 0.6%Mn. • Duralumin can be prepared by casting... • It’s light strong alloy of aluminum, copper, manganese, • started in the 1910 by Alfred William (German metallurgist) at

Germany.

HISTORY • In 1903, Wilm discovered that

after quenching, an aluminium alloy containing 4% copper would slowly harden when left at room temperature for several days.

• The name is obsolete today, and mainly used in popular science to describe the Al-Cu alloy system, or '2000' series, as per the International Alloy Designation System (IADS) originally created in 1970 by the Aluminum Association.

USES • It is used for making aircraft frames • It is used for making household articles

Light weight guns

FRAMES OF AUTOMOBILES

CORROSION PROTECTION

• Although the addition of copper improves strength, it also makes these alloys susceptible to corrosion.

• For sheet products, corrosion resistance can be greatly enhanced by metallurgical bonding of a high-purity aluminium surface layer.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Before a final heat treatment the alloy is ductile and malleable; after heat treatment a reaction between the aluminum and magnesium produces increased hardness and tensile strength.

light and desirable physical properties,

ALNICO

A "horseshoe magnet" made of Alnico 5, about 1 in. high. The metal bar(bottom) is a keeper. Placed across the poles when the magnet was not in use, it helped preserve the magnetization.

• Alnico is composed primarily of aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co), hence al-ni-co.

• They also include copper, and sometimes titanium

Uses Alnico magnets are widely used in industrial and consumer

applications where strong permanent magnets are needed; examples are electricmotors,electric guitar, microphones, sensors, loudspeakers and cow magnets. In many applications they are being superseded by rare earth magnets

Alnico cow magnet, used to bind sharp iron wire and other iron objects that may be ingested by the animal and otherwise cause damage to the digestive tract

PROPERTIES

•High melting point

•produce strong magnetic fields

•electrically conductive

•Brittle

COPPER ALLOYS •Soft, ductile, difficult to machine

•Highly resistant to corrosion

•Excellent electrical & thermal conductivity

•Can be alloyed to improve hardness

•Cold worked to get the maximum hardness

•Cu-Zn = brass; Cu-X = bronzes

ELECTROLYTIC TOUGH PITCH

• ELECTROLYTIC-TOUGH-PITCH (ETP) IS THE MOST COMMON COPPER.

• IT IS REQUIRED TO BE 99.9% PURE. IT HAS 0.02% TO 0.04% OXYGEN CONTENT.

• TENSILE STRENGTH =220(32) M PA(KST).

• YIELD STRENGTH = 69(10) M PA (KST).

• DUCTILITY IS 45.

USES IT IS UNIVERSAL FOR

ELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS.

ELECTRICAL WIRES

TO MAKE GASKETS,PANS,NAILSAND ALSO FOR SCREENING.

BUILDING FRONTS, GUTTERS, SKYLIGHT FRAMES, ROOFING, FLASHING, SPOUTING

BARYLLIUM COPPER • BERYLLIUM COPPER (BECU),

ALSO KNOWN AS COPPER BERYLLIUM (CUBE), BERYLLIUM BRONZE.

• COPPER ALLOY WITH 0.5—3% BERYLLIUM AND SOMETIMES WITH OTHER ALLOYING ELEMENTS.

• TENSILE STRENGTH=1140(165) M PA

• YIELD STRENGTH=690(100) M PA

• DUCTILITY=4 -10

USES ELECTRICAL SWITCH / RELAY BLADES, CURRENT CARRYING, BOLTS, VALVES

SHAFTS, HOUSINGS FOR INSTRUMENTS (BEARINGS)

TYPES OFBRASS 1. CARTRIDGE BRASS

2. DELTA METAL

3. LOW BRASS

4. MUNTZ METAL

5. RED BRASS(RED METAL)

6. WHITE BRASS

7. YELLOW BRASS

CARTRIDGE BRASS

• an alloy of copper and zinc (containing about 30% zinc) that is wrought into cartridges or tubing.

• Tansile strength= 300(44)M Pa

• Yield strength=75(11)M Pa

• Ductility=68

USES

• CLIPS, FASTENERS

• DECORATIVE HARDWARE

• RADIATOR CORES AND TANKS

• HINGES

• AMMUNITION CARTRIDGE CASES

• LAMP FIXTURES

DELTA METAL

• CONTAINS 60% COPPER ,37%ZINC,3%IRON

• ITS RESISTANCE TO CORROSION IS HIGH.

• USED IN PLACE OF MILD STEEL TO RESIST CORROSION.

LOW BRASS • CONTAINS 80% COPPER

AND 20% ZINC.

• MODERATELY STRONG

• USED FOR PUMP LINES,ORNAMENTAL METAL WORK

• MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

MUNTZ METAL • CONTAINS 60% COPPER AND 40%

ZINC

• IT HAS HIGH STRENGTH

• USED FOR CASTING,CONDENSER TUBE..

• VERY POPULER FOR HOT WORKING PROCESSES.

RED BRASS

• CONTAINS 85% COPPER AND 15% ZINC

• RESIST FIRMLY THE ACTION OF CORROSION

• PLUMBING LINES AND ELECTRIC SOCKETS

• VESSELS

WHITE BRASS

CONTAINS 10% COPPER AND 90% ZINC

ADDITION OF COPPER MAKES IT HARD AND STRONG

USED FOR ORNAMENTAL WORK

YELLOW BRASS

• CONTAINS 65% COPPER AND 35%ZINC .

• ITS SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS 8.47.

• IT IS VERY STRONG AND KNOWN AS STANDARD BRASS.

• USES IN GRILL WORK,SCREW,RIVETS,TUBES,ETC

BRONZE

BRONZE IS AN ALLOY CONSISTING PRIMARILY OF COPPER AND OTHER METALS.

TYPES OF BRONZE

1. BELL METAL

2. GUN METAL

3. MANGANESE BRONZE

4. PHOSPHOR BRONZE

BELL METAL CONTAINS 82% COPPER AND 18% TIN.

HARD AND BRITTLE

USED FOR MAKING BELLS

The Bell metal sculpture featured above is hand crafted by utilizing “lost wax process” technique, which dates back to 5,000 years ago.

GUN METAL CONTAINS 88% COPPER,10%TIN AND 2%ZINC

IT IS TOUGH ,HARD AND STRONG

WAS USED FOR CASTING IN TO CANNONS IN THE MIDDLE AGE

MANGANESE BRONZE

• CONTAINS 56% TO 60%COPPER AND REMAINDING ZINC

• IT RESSIST CORROSION BY SEA WATER& ALSO ATTACKED BY DILUTE ACIDS.

• USED FOR SHIP FITTINGS,SHAFTS AXLES

PHOSPHOR BRONZE

• CONTAINS 89%COPPER,10%PHOSPHOROUS

• USED FOR SUBAQUEOUS CONSTRUCTION BECAUSE OF HIGHT ENDURANCE LIMIT

• ALSO USE FOR SPRING,GEARS,BEARING ETC..

FEW OTHER ALLOYS.. •Magnesium alloy-Susceptible to corrosion in marine environments and Competing with plastics.

•Nickel alloy-Used in pumps, valves in seawater and petroleum environments

•Titanium alloy-Highly used in aerospace applications

•Refractory metal-extremely high melting metals used in x-ray tubes,filaments,etc

THANK YOU……