a user centred methodology for the design of a robot assistant · [10] sherlock, g., rugg, g.,...

1
DescripƟon of the Project Only a few years ago, the idea of having autonomous service robots amongst humans was a subject of science cƟon. Today, following signicant developments in the area of roboƟcs, it is possible to cre- ate and program robots that can tackle many of the everyday tasks that humans nd re- peƟƟve, mundane or unexciƟng. Examples of such tasks include the delivery of objects between oces, assisƟng customers in nding products in large stores, helping elderly and disabled people with their navigaƟon requirements, providing elderly and chroni- cally ill people with their prescribed medicaƟon etc. (see exam- ples in [2], [3], [6] and [4]). However, despite the ability of today’s robots to achieve the above tasks (with the obvious benet in Ɵme and cost saving), very few truly autonomous robots are being used for such pur- poses. One of the main obstacles that prevent the more wide- spread use of this technology is related to the acceptance of the robots by the potenƟal recipients of the above services. For example in Japan (the producer of the most advanced ro- bots today) elderly and inrm people have rejected the idea of a robot caring for them in a hospital seƫng ([1]). The reasons behind this rejecƟon are many and complex and range from cultural factors ([7]) to reasons based on the indi- vidual circumstances of users (for example age, physical ability, health etc). Therefore, the design of an assisƟve robot requires a more user-focused approach that should aim to address the needs of a group of individual users with similar circumstances. AddiƟonally, it should be possible to propose general-purpose roboƟc plaƞorms that are exible enough to be able to adapt to the specic needs of their users. We propose that a user- centred, rather than a goal-centred, design should be followed for such robots. Very few examples exist in the literature that survey the needs and percepƟons of potenƟal robot users. For example in [5] and [8] the authors survey a populaƟon of elderly people in or- der to nd out how they perceive a parƟcular robot and the usefulness of its services. However, even in this case, most of the robot’s abiliƟes were prescribed/pre-programmed and po- tenƟal users were asked how they felt about these and wheth- er they would like such a robot as their helper. It is proposed here that a purely user-centred approach is fol- lowed to determine the percepƟon and requirements of a very specic group of potenƟal robot users. In parƟcular, people suering from Parkinson’s disease will be interviewed on several occasions. During ini- Ɵal interview sessions, subjects will be asked to answer open quesƟons in order to elicit their views about what they expect from a humanoid robot helper. A real robot will be shown to the subjects but no demonstraƟon of the robot’s abiliƟes will be given in or- der to prevent any bias in the subjects’ responses. Answers to the open quesƟons will be elicited using well established elicitaƟon techniques ([9], [10]). Following the above iniƟal session with subjects, the robot will be programmed in order to address the users’ views and expectaƟons. Another group of subjects, also suering from Parkinson’s disease, will then be invited to evaluate the ro- bot’s behaviour. The Robot The robot plaƞorm that we will be using is a SCITOS G5 ro- bot. This is a state-of-the-art research robot that employs sensors and actuators that can be used in order to facilitate interacƟon with humans. For sensing human behaviour, the robot has several video camera’s, a MicrosoŌ® Kinect® mo- Ɵon sensing device, a touch sensiƟve screen with micro- phones and several range-nder sensors. The robot can communicate to humans by projecƟng emoƟons through its humanoid head, by displaying images on its screen or by producing sounds and voice through its speakers. The SCITOS G5 robot is completely autonomous. All compu- taƟonal processing takes place using its on-board hi- specicaƟon computer. Acknowledgements This work is being supported by the Engineering and Physi- cal Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/J501591/1] “Bridging the Gaps AddiƟonal Sponsorship-Keele Universi- ty”. References [1] Michael Fitzpatrick, 4/2/2011, No, robot: Japan's elderly fail to welcome their robot overlords, BBC News, Tokyo, viewed 27/3/2011, <hƩp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12347219> [2] Illah Nourbakhsh, Rob Powers, Stan Bircheld, DERVISH An Oce-NavigaƟng Robot, AI Magazine, 16(2), 2012. [3] Chaitanya P. Gharpure and Vladimir A. Kulyukin , Robot-assisted shopping for the blind: issues in spaƟal cogniƟon and product selecƟon , Intelligent Service RoboƟcs, 1(3), 237-251, 2008. [4] Nicholas Roy, Gregory Baltus, Dieter Fox, Francine Gemperle, Jennifer Goetz, Tad Hirsch, Dimitris MargariƟs, Michael Mon- temerlo, Joelle Pineau, Jamieson Schulte, SebasƟan Thrun , Towards Personal Service Robots for the Elderly, Workshop on In- teracƟve Robots and Entertainment (WIRE 2000), 2000. [5] Amedeo Cesta, Gabriella Cortellessa, M. V. Giuliani, Federico Pecora, Massimiliano ScopelliƟ, Lorenza Tiberio , Psychologi- cal implicaƟons of domesƟc assisƟve technology for the elderly, PsychNology Journal, 5(3), pp. 229-252, 2007. [6] A. Cesta, A. Farinelli, L. Iocchi, R. Leone, D. Nardi, F.Pecora, and R. Rasconi. "RoboƟcally Rich" Environments for SupporƟng Elderly People at Home: the RoboCare Experience. In Proceedings of the Symposium on "Robot Companions: Hard Problems and Open Challenges in Robot-Human InteracƟon", AISB 2005 ConvenƟon, Haƞield, UK, April, 2005. [7] Bartneck, C., Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kennsuke, K., Cultural Dierences in Aƫtudes Towards Robots, Proceedings of the AISB Symposium on Robot Companions: Hard Problems And Open Challenges In Human-Robot InteracƟon, pp. 1-4, 2005. [8] Giuliani, M.V., ScopelliƟ, M., Fornara, F., Coping strategies and technology in later life, Proceedings of the AISB Symposium on Robot Companions: Hard Problems And Open Challenges In Human-Robot InteracƟon, pp. 46-53, 2005. [9] Shneiderman, B. Designing the User Interface: Strategies for EecƟve Human-Computer InteracƟon. 4th ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2004. ISBN: 0321197860. [10] Sherlock, G., Rugg, G., Using laddering and on-line self-report to elicit design raƟonale for soŌware Proceedings of EASE & PPIG joint conference, Keele University, 8-10 April 2003. A UserCentred Methodology for the Design of a Robot Assistant Theocharis Kyriacou 1 , Nicky Edelstyn 2 , Charles Day 1 1 Research InsƟtute for the Environment, Physical Sciences and Applied MathemaƟcs (EPSAM) 2 School of Psychology Keele University, Staordshire, UK [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

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Page 1: A User Centred Methodology for the Design of a Robot Assistant · [10] Sherlock, G., Rugg, G., Using laddering and on-line self-report to elicit design ra onale for so Lware Proceedings

Descrip on of the Project Only a few years ago, the idea of having autonomous service robots amongst humans was a subject of science fic on. Today, following significant developments in the area of robo cs, it is possible to cre-ate and program robots that can tackle many of the everyday tasks that humans find re-pe ve, mundane or unexci ng. Examples of such tasks include the delivery of objects between offices, assis ng customers in finding products in large stores, helping elderly and disabled people with their naviga on requirements, providing elderly and chroni-cally ill people with their prescribed medica on etc. (see exam-ples in [2], [3], [6] and [4]). 

However, despite the ability of today’s robots to achieve the above tasks (with the obvious benefit in  me and cost saving), very few truly autonomous robots are being used for such pur-poses. One of the main obstacles that prevent the more wide-spread use of this technology is related to the acceptance of the robots by the poten al recipients of the above services. For example in Japan (the producer of the most advanced ro-bots today) elderly and infirm people have rejected the idea of a robot caring for them in a hospital se ng ([1]).  

The reasons behind this rejec on are many and complex and range from cultural factors ([7]) to reasons based on the indi-vidual circumstances of users (for example age, physical ability, health etc). Therefore, the design of an assis ve robot requires a more user-focused approach that should aim to address the needs of a group of individual users with similar circumstances. Addi onally, it should be possible to propose general-purpose robo c pla orms that are flexible enough to be able to adapt to the specific needs of their users. We propose that a user-centred, rather than a goal-centred, design should be followed for such robots. 

Very few examples exist in the literature that survey the needs and percep ons of poten al robot users. For example in [5] and [8] the authors survey a popula on of elderly people in or-der to find out how they perceive a par cular robot and the usefulness of its services. However, even in this case, most of the robot’s abili es were prescribed/pre-programmed and po-ten al users were asked how they felt about these and wheth-er they would like such a robot as their helper. 

It is proposed here that a purely user-centred approach is fol-lowed to determine the percep on and requirements of a very specific group of poten al robot users. In par cular, people 

suffering from Parkinson’s disease will be interviewed on several occasions. During ini-al interview sessions, subjects will be asked to answer open ques ons in order to elicit 

their views about what they expect from a humanoid robot helper. A real robot will be shown to the subjects but no demonstra on of the robot’s abili es will be given in or-

der to prevent any bias in the subjects’ responses. Answers to the open ques ons will be elicited using well established elicita on techniques ([9], [10]). 

Following the above ini al session with subjects, the robot will be programmed in order to address the users’ views and expecta ons. Another group of subjects, also suffering from Parkinson’s disease, will then be invited to evaluate the ro-bot’s behaviour. 

 

The Robot The robot pla orm that we will be using is a SCITOS G5 ro-bot. This is a state-of-the-art research robot that employs sensors and actuators that can be used in order to facilitate interac on with humans. For sensing human behaviour, the robot has several video camera’s, a Microso ® Kinect® mo-on sensing device, a touch sensi ve screen with micro-

phones and several range-finder sensors. The robot can communicate to humans by projec ng emo ons through its humanoid head, by displaying images on its screen or by producing sounds and voice through its speakers. 

The SCITOS G5 robot is completely autonomous. All compu-ta onal processing  takes place using its on-board hi-specifica on computer. 

 

Acknowledgements This work is being supported by the Engineering and Physi-cal Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/J501591/1] “Bridging the Gaps Addi onal Sponsorship-Keele Universi-ty”.  

 

References

[1] Michael Fitzpatrick, 4/2/2011, No, robot: Japan's elderly fail to welcome their robot overlords, BBC News, Tokyo, viewed 27/3/2011, <h p://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12347219> 

[2] Illah Nourbakhsh, Rob Powers, Stan Birchfield, DERVISH An Office-Naviga ng Robot, AI Magazine, 16(2), 2012. 

[3] Chaitanya P. Gharpure and Vladimir A. Kulyukin , Robot-assisted shopping for the blind: issues in spa al cogni on and product selec on , Intelligent Service Robo cs, 1(3), 237-251, 2008. 

[4] Nicholas Roy, Gregory Baltus, Dieter Fox, Francine Gemperle, Jennifer Goetz, Tad Hirsch, Dimitris Margari s, Michael Mon-temerlo, Joelle Pineau, Jamieson Schulte, Sebas an Thrun , Towards Personal Service Robots for the Elderly, Workshop on In-terac ve Robots and Entertainment (WIRE 2000), 2000. 

[5] Amedeo Cesta, Gabriella Cortellessa, M. V. Giuliani, Federico Pecora, Massimiliano Scopelli , Lorenza Tiberio , Psychologi-cal implica ons of domes c assis ve technology for the elderly, PsychNology Journal, 5(3), pp. 229-252, 2007. 

[6] A. Cesta, A. Farinelli, L. Iocchi, R. Leone, D. Nardi, F.Pecora, and R. Rasconi.  "Robo cally Rich" Environments for Suppor ng Elderly People at Home: the RoboCare Experience.  In Proceedings of the Symposium on "Robot Companions: Hard Problems and Open Challenges in Robot-Human Interac on", AISB 2005 Conven on, Ha ield, UK, April, 2005. 

[7] Bartneck, C., Nomura, T., Kanda, T., Suzuki, T., Kennsuke, K., Cultural Differences in A tudes Towards Robots, Proceedings of the AISB Symposium on Robot Companions: Hard Problems And Open Challenges In Human-Robot Interac on, pp. 1-4, 2005. 

[8] Giuliani, M.V., Scopelli , M., Fornara, F., Coping strategies and technology in later life, Proceedings of the AISB Symposium on Robot Companions: Hard Problems And Open Challenges In Human-Robot Interac on, pp. 46-53, 2005. 

[9] Shneiderman, B. Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effec ve Human-Computer Interac on. 4th ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2004. ISBN: 0321197860. 

[10] Sherlock, G., Rugg, G., Using laddering and on-line self-report to elicit design ra onale for so ware Proceedings of EASE & PPIG joint conference, Keele University, 8-10 April 2003.  

A User‐Centred Methodology for the Design of a Robot Assistant

Theocharis Kyriacou1, Nicky Edelstyn2, Charles Day1 1Research Ins tute for the Environment, Physical Sciences and Applied Mathema cs (EPSAM) 

2School of Psychology 

  Keele University, Staffordshire, UK 

[email protected][email protected][email protected]